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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  AcST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY    MS80 

(716)  873-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historlques 

1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  tachnlquas  at  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 


D 
D 


n 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag6e 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pellicul6e 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couvertui 


couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cart;  s  g6ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  cartaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pad  6t6  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  it*  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  imege  reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


D 
D 
D 
D 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pellicuiies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolorie*.  tacheties  ou  piquies 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachies 


V~nf  Showthrough/ 
I -I    Transparence 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  inigale  de  {'impression 

tary  materii 

iel  supplimentaire 


□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du 


D 
D 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6ti  filmies  A  nouveau  de  fapon  h 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Ce  do 
10X 

tcument  est  fil 

mi  au  taux  de 
14X 

ridu 

ction 
18X 

indii 

lui  c 

ides 

sous 
22X 

26X 

30X 

T 

12X 

16X 

20X 

mi 

28X 

32X 

Th«  copy  filmad  h«r«  hat  bMn  rtproducad  thanks 
to  the  ganaroaity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  reproduit  grAca  A  la 
ginArositi  da: 

La  bibliothAque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  Y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lea  images  suivantes  ont  AtA  reproduites  avac  la 
plua  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
dB  la  nettetA  de  Texemplaira  filmA,  et  en 
confcrmitA  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Lea  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commengant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  las  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  appar&itra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symtcie  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  rAduction  diff Arents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

.MnyjWUBHiiilllimpi      r 


IJ 


THE  WOKK8 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCKOET 


THE  WORKS 


OK 


iiriJKirr  iiowk  ijanoroft 


voij:mk  viir 


HlSTOilV   OK   CENTRAL   AMERICA, 

XCr..   III.      ).S()M887. 


SAN    PRANCrSCO: 
THE   IIISTOKV  COMI'ANY,   I'UBLIHIIERS. 

1H87. 


Knterud  iicidriliiiK  to  Atl  of  ('i>iiK'ri->N  in  tlie  Voar  iJ^ftT,  by 

HUBKUT    H.   HANCKOFT, 
111  the  onioo  of  tlic  I.Ihnirian  of  i;oii>;rcss,  iil  \Va.sliliigton. 


All  ItiiihU  l,',:H,',>y/. 


COXTKXTS   OF  THIS   \()J.rMK 


CIIAI'TKIl    I. 

LAST    HAYS   (IK  SPAXislI    lil't.K. 
1M)I     I.S1S. 

l'..l.ular  rVliuK  '"  <V.,tral  An...,ica--Kaf.t  of  EvontH  in  Spain-n..,....-' 
mt.nu  ot  A.m.ri.an  K.,..ality- Kei.re.entati.m  in  tlu-  Spanish  ( Virtcs 
I).l...s,v..  K...ur».«-  K„.l  of  Saravias  Ii„lc.-l'rt.8id,.nt  .lose  Hu.Ui- 
ii.aute  II,.  IVspoti,.  (•.mr...-l>t...mn.l.s  in  tl...  f.irtrs-C.nstitii- 
.<.nal  Kuanu.t..os  0„i..ial  H...tility-(a«,paign  in  Oajaea^  R.-v.,!,.- 
t-ouary  Movements  in  Salvador  War  in  Nicaragua- Conspiracy  in 
( -uatemala- 1  roatuumt  of  the  InsurKents^  I  >i„respect  to  tlJ  I  )i„uU»- 
cioii— Iho  Constitution  Revoke.!     Royal  IXerees 

CiJAI'TKK    II. 

INDKI-KNDKSCK   ACIirK.VKh. 
1818-lSl.'|. 

rn.si.le„t  Carlos  Urrntia  Mis  Liberal  Vie.s-Colon.l.ian  Assaults- 
S,,an>shConst.t„t,o,.  Restore.:  Ti.e  <ia.istas.  or  liaoos-  The  Ca.^s 
-  .lose  .el  Nalle  |.e.lr..  M„,,„  ,,,„,,,  Jnstitntions-Kxtent  ..f 
th.  J  ol.foal  <.nv..rnn.ent-|.;cdesiastieal  A,hni„istration-\V.,rk  of 
Amenean    .ep„t,..s  -  I'arty  Kxeiten.ent  in  .  M.aten.ala-l'rrntia  l.eh- 

gates  l.,s  1  owers-SnlKstitute  Presi.lent  .;avin..«iainza-C'hiapas  an.l 
;•■•  '-..nn.ent     Sh.-  See...!es  fn.n.  Spain  and  Joins  the  .Mexican 
'••   '1-v     ....aten.ala  Le.-lares  f..r  In.lepen.lenoe-Junta  (inherna 
--  <  iinvocatioii  ot  a  Cuiirress 


r»iiK 


nigress . 

(IlAI'TKi;    III. 

I  N  I.I.N     w  n  II    M  i;  \  no 
18'2I    IM.".'. 


xiuan 
va 


1,1  !•    u     .  -,.,.  •-" ■•^- """i.t  «  oiisuitiva     Itui- 

b   les  I)ev.cosM,ht:,ry  l'r,.s«ure-lli.  |Vop..,sals  Aceepte.l-JlleJ.l 
Annexat.on-I'n.tests  a,„l  Jtesistance-War  logins.  .  . 


42 


(V, 


VI 


iOXTKNTS. 


CIIAl'TKU    IV. 

•  KNTKAI,    AMKKK  AN    CON  KKKKItATION. 


Scc'cstiidii  from   Mi-xifti — Ar/ii's  ('iiiniiai);!!     I'rcvaric.iliini  i>f  S,ilv;iii( 

Kili sola's  N'irtory  Mi«  Siilwi'inunt  CcniiJif  Lilirral  Ti'iiiii:;)li  in 
Costa  Kicii-  lloiiiluras  Favors  I'liioii  National  liiilt'peiiili-iict;  Sc- 
«:iirc(l  Laliors  to  (Ir^aiii/c  a  Nation — Tliu  Constituent  Asscnilily — 
I'roviii'ias  I'niilas  del  Ct-ntro  ik-  Anu'-rira-  Aliolitiou  of  African 
Sliivory — IVovisioiial  (lovi'rnnicnt — Moilrrailos  or  Servilfs  —  l.ili"- 
riklim  or  Fii'lircs-  Principles  ami  Aims  of  i'artii's — Mexican  Forees 
Rotire — Seilitions  Hej{in  Salvailoran  Furi'e  in  ( Inateniala-  Confeil- 
eraeion  <li!< 'entro  Aint'riea-  Funilanielital  Lov  Finances-  Ailjourii- 
incnt  of  the  Cuustitucat  Asseinhlv 


\-\'.n 


r>ii 


CIIAITKIJ    V. 

cossTiTrrio.NAi.  (.o\  i  knmk.m. 

I8'.':>  is:«>. 

( ieiioral  Klcctionf" — Met'ting  of  the  First  Congress ManiU'l  .losi''  Arcc, 
First  I'rt^siilent  of  tlie  Uepulilie  Foreiirn  Itilations  Aree's  rre- 
varicatioiis — <  'onllict  with  (iuateniala  -  I'arty  Hickerings  —  I^ilierals 
Quarrel  with  Arcc — He  Joins  their  Opiionents  Hitterncss  Kngen- 
tiered  I'ri'sident  Versus  (luatenialan  Itulers  Ai'i'est  ot  .lefo  .luau 
Itarrundia  Uiots  at  (,>ue/.altcnango— Murder  of  Viee-jefe  < 'irdo 
Florcs- - Arcu  as  dictator  in  (iuateniala — War  against  Salvador — An  e 
Pefeated  He  (lives  Up  the  Presidency,  and  Cannot  Iteeover  It 
Woody  War  of  iS'iO  It  Mora/an  the  N'ietor  .lost'  Francisco  liar- 
rnnilia,  Acting  President  l.ilicral  Measures  j'eacc  iteston  d 
Spanish  Schemes T'.' 


("IIAITKU    VI. 

I'  I  \    I  1,      W  A  K  . 

is'jit  i,s:!.s. 

Ilevolntion  in  Homluras — Conservatives  Invade  the  State — Second  Oon- 
eral  Flections — Francisco  Moraziiu  Chosen  I'rcsidcnt — Plots  of  the 
Serviles — Aree's  Invasion  frtmi  .Mexico  ()ceu[iation  of  Honduras 
Ports  hy  Kxiled  lidiels — Spanish  l''lag  Hoisted  in  (hnoa,  and  Aid 
from  Ciilia— Salvailoran  Authorities  in  Uehellion — Third  (ieneral 
F'.lections — Mora/.an  l!i'ek'cte(| — Failure  of  Colonization  Plans  Ka\ - 
ages  of  Cholera— Indian  Revolt  tinder  Carrera — His  Furly  Lifi' 


KtS 


CHArTKU    VII. 

lu.ssoi.rridv  ok  rnK  kkithlk.'. 
1S;J7-1M0. 
Campaign  against  Camera — Several   I>c|iartment8  of  Cnateniala  in  Re- 
bellion— Jefe  (lalvez  Deposeil — Carrera  Takes  (tuatemala — .Munler 


roNTKNTS. 


N  II 


ill      111 

ff  s.- 

lildy  - 

kfriraii 

-Lil.- 

Fiirccs 

'oiifcil- 

Ijinirii- 


!>(» 


('•  Arcc, 
■•.s    Vrr- 

jilltTuls 

Kiii;<'ii- 
fu  tliiitn 
ririlii 

—  AlTl' 

It 

()   i!:ir- 
(ircil 


III 


(1  (iCIl- 

of  the 
iiiliira.s 

.1  Ai.l 

It'ucral 

Uav- 

t'f 


T'.t 


108 


ill  Kt'- 
Miifiler 


iif  Sala/iir — I'am-ra  Ai'ci'pt.-*  Mtniry  tn  Ia'iivi?  tlif  City—  I'ii.'t;iti>r.s|ii|i 
Otlrrt'il  Miiia/aii  liy  tlir  Ai'ist<H'i'al.s  ami  UrtiiMiil  < 'arrrraK  Siinnd 
Iti'lii'lliiiii  TIk'  lii'|iiiliii('  ill  I'ri'il  Miira/Hiii's  KtloitH  t<>  Saxc  1 1 
Nii'araj^'iia  aii'l  lluiiiliiras  FnrccH  liivailr  Salvailor  Miira/;iii  hi'tcits 
'riii'iii  llJM  Ui'trcat  til  Sail  Salvailnr  He  Kmliark-'  Is  Ucliix'.i 
lliis|iitality  ill  Ciwta  Kica-  (!<(»•«  to  Soiitli  Ainoiica — Tlu'  K(-|iul>lii  i-- 
IKmiI-  Salvador  .it  tlir  Mcri  y  <>i  ( 'arrcni 

(  IIAITKU    VIll. 

•  il'ATKM Al   \    AMI    IKiMirilA.S. 
I^-.M     IMO. 

St^itc  fJovcriiiiiciit  of  <iiiat<'iiiala— Harriimlia's  Hailiuali.Hiii — His  (Ivcr- 
tlii'ow-  X'ici'-jfff  I-'Iorrn  AMsa.iHiiiati'il  in  i^iu'/altfiiaiino  -  howiifall  of 
till'  Lilx'ial.M  in  I  iiiatt'iiiala  Arintorratic  Li'adiiw  Kviliil  .lifi-  Mo 
liiiu-  Him  hitlcrclKi's,  lin|i<.-ai-iiiii<'iit,  and  A(i|iiittal.«( -IliviTsl  t'a- 
Ik'/;i's  Ui'foriiis  Kartiii|iiaki'.H-  ( ialvc/.' Unit' ami  its  Ik'iii'lit.t-  I'arty 
( Imposition  to  Him  Indian  OiitiinakH  I'ari'erat'aptiiiVM  l  ■iiatiinaia 
— (lalvi/  lli'.-.ij,'ns  Siili^i(|u«nt  Itiilf  of  tlu'  ArLHtocratw  --<  iiiati  mala 
iigaiii  liidi|iriidi'nt  Honduras'  Stati;  <  oivi-nmicnt-  .I<fi'  |iioTii>io 
HfrnTii — Karly  |)is.Mcnsioiis  -  < 'oinayagua  Assaiiltfd  liy  ItilxU 
MoiMzaii  in  till'  Kiilcl  llomliiras  Scccilts  from  tin;  ('ciitral  Ann  li.  in 
<  'oiifuduratiou-  Fi'dcraliiiii  ikootcd  out  of  lii:r  Triitory 


ClIAI'TKli    IX. 


A    l:irA. 


SMAAIiul;,     Ml    \K\ol    A,     ANII    I'Os 

IS-J4  lN4(t. 
Salvador  State:  ( Jovirmnriil — Lilirrals  Ovrrtlirow  ii— Sici  ssioii  Ironi  tlu' 
riiioii  San  Salvador  us  the  Fi'di'ral  Scat  of  (ioveriimriit  taiati'- 
iiiala  Ih^iMisi's  liir  W'ill-.lufe  ( 'anas  am!  ( 'omaiidanti'  Mali'^iiiii  -  Nif- 
aragiia's  Karly  Troiililes — Sii,'j,'o  and  liomliardiuciit  of  !,ioii  t)ry;in- 
i/atioii  of  State  <  oivcriiiiiciit'Hissciisioiis  iiml  Warfare  -  Kriiiitioii  of 
< 'osigiiina— Sei'essioii  from  the  Coiifidcr.itioii  ( 'o-.t.i  Itiea  as  a  ('on- 
fedri'ated  State  .luaii  Mora's  Ailinilli.stration  Towns'  Uii'keriie^s 
Settled  -  JJraiilio  Carrillo's  Rule-- Final  Secession  fioiii  tlii' <  iiitiMl 
Anieiieaii  Kepuhlie      I'losiurity  of  the  State 

CIIAl'TKU    X. 

IllSSdl.l    llnv    OK     IIIK   IMUN. 

ls:!;)-is,v.'. 

Interstate  Dissensions — I'acto  de  < 'hiiiaiidega  —  Confeilnraeion  Centro 
Americana — Sujireiiio  l>elegado  ('liaimnro-  Hostility  of  (iuiiteinala 
ami  British  Otiieials — Arce  Invailes  Salvador  -War  of  tiio  Coiifeder- 
aey  against  (Guatemala — Helplessness  of  Cliamorro — Kiel  of  the 
I'acto  de  C'liiiumdega— (.'onditiou  of  the  State's— Ferrera's  IJad  Faith 


I'.T 


ii:> 


m 


iOXlKXTS. 


-  Siilvmlor  an«l  HoinluniH  a;,';iiiist  Nicriragna  Hormni  of  Iajoii 
Vice  lp|■l•^^llU!llt  •li>iU|uiii  K.  <iii/iiiuii  iloiiduniM  iiixl  Saiviulor  at  War 
(iiiarilinla  M  Vaiiilalixiii  Malt-Hpiii  Ovrrtlimwii  llciirwi-il  KfTort-i 
to  ( 'iirifcil)!r:itc  (iiiattMiial.t  an  ln<li  |iciiili'tit  U<'|)iililii---< 'imta  Hi<;a 
Follows  Salvailor,  Nicaragua,  ami  lloinliiraH  a  < 'oiifi:«liTai:y — It" 
Miort  I.ifu—  FiirtluT  UiiMiu-cr.s.ifiil  Attempts 180 

ClIAI'TKIl    XI. 

lIKIM'lll.ir  UK  ((isTA    KIIA. 
IS4I     IS.-M). 

Hull' of  Carrillii  C<iiitiriu(!<l  IMotH  for  itH  OviTtlimw  liivaHJoii  of  Mora- 
/aii  ( 'liaiii;t;  of  (lovcriiiiiunt  Mora/an'^  I'olicy  0|i|MH)tioii  \lu- 
Volts  Miirazan's  Defoatuml  Deatli  Satisfac-tioii  of  tlii' Oli^'arcliH  - 
Misi.suri's  of  tlio  V'ict<»rH — New  Coiistitiitioii  -  SuliSfi|ii('iit  Aincml- 
liiciits  Sedition  Cantro'H  A'lininiHtratioii  < 'osta  llica  iK'clan.'d  a 
|{op\ilili('  llfcofrnition  l»y  Spain  Knlatioiis  with  Other  I'owors — 
Hoiindary  (jiii^HtionH  with  Nicaragua  and  ('olonil>ia-  I'rvHidont  Juan 
liafai'l  Mora — Ilia  Itc-proHHivu  .Miiasures 21.") 

ClIAITKIl    XII. 

RKTI  III.IC   OF    MiAliAt^lA. 

I8:{8  18,-).-). 

State  fiovernincnt-  Director  Biiitnijjo's  ('oiiser\-atisin—  Briti.sh  Aggres- 
sion director  Sandoval's  llule  Internal  'I'rouides-duerrero'.s  Ad- 
ministration The  MoHipiito  Kingdom  Its  Origin  and  History  — 
HuliMes  Hritish  I'rt^tensions  Sei/nre  of  San  .luan  del  Norte  l)i[i- 
lomatii'  t'omplieations-  'layton-lJnlwer  Trinity  Nicaragua  Recovers 
lier  Own  Relations  w:  ,i  Foreign  Powers — An  American  War  Ship 
JMinilianlH  San  Jnan  del  Nort<!  Pineda's  (iovernment  Kstildisli- 
iiieiit  of  the  R<:pul)lic  Party  Dissensions  Legitimists  versus  Demo- 
crats— Chamorro  and  Castellon— (."ivil  War  -Death  of  Chauiorro — 
Fstracla  Succeeds  Him I'.'JS 


CMAITKIl    Mil. 

I!i;i'l  lil.lC   OK  <;i  ATKMALA. 

1840  18()5. 

Pii'sident  Rivcr.l  Paz  -  C'arrera's  Course  —  Pretonil(!cl  Sedition-  Dissolu- 
tion of  the  Assembly  A  ("oii.sejo  Cousliluyeuti!  Created  Cirrora 
IJeconies  President-  Attempt  against  his  Life — Revolt  of  Montt^r- 
rosa  Carrcra's  Despotism -Tlic  Rejpulilii'  Kstahlished  Relations 
witii  Otlii.'r  Powers-  Revolution  of  the  Mountain  -Constituent  As- 
seinldy  Convened — Camera's  Forced  llesignation  and  Kxile — Lilierals 
Triunipiiant- Their  SipiabMes  and  Disintegration  The  Moderado 
Party — Revolution  of  Los  Altos — Intrigues  of  the  Serviles — Presi- 


fONTKNTs. 


pCOII 

t  Wiir 

,  Ui.Ni 
y— Itx 


\m 


Mora- 
t.     Uo- 

ircliM  - 
ViiicikI- 
litivd  it 
(Wtirw — 
it  Juaii 


21  r> 


•  liiirits  (if    Martini;/,  .iinl    Kwcoliar     * '.ui^fH  nl    tlnir  llctiv;iiati(>iiH 
I'lircilfs      lli'rall   (>(    Ciincrii      PcfilM    iif    Vonni-alu'i'— ( 'lun'ni   iiy.-iiii 
I'lL.Hitlfiit  - I'aitiiil  K.st.. ration  ..I   Vvavv '2i'A 

CirAI'TKIl    XIV. 

•••■.•;  ilI.K'  OK   sAI.VAIMtl;. 

iH:«t  isn,'i. 

Malispiii's  Aft.^— Linilo'.s  ('(Ui>  il'Ktat  and  |)c|ii>s.'ii  .Icic  <iu/in.'in 
Kcviilt  at  Santii  Ana-  i'ri'Hiilcnt  Agnilar— Tin-  Hi.iliop  Kxinlleil 
N'itfri's  .Mlianco  with  Malrsiiin  iind  linniluran  ()li^.'arcli.s  I'rrsidcnt 
\'asi'iine«  Ills  Itiiti.sli  llllJltilitit^s-  Salvadcir's  Ui'litiiins  witli  Fi>rci>;n 
I'liwi-r.H-  San  Miirtin'H  Administration  -I Icstruftioii  <''  lan  .Sdva.lor 
I'rcsidi'nt  ('ani]i<>-  ('aniiiai^n  a^jainst  Walker  in  Nicar  i.  .1  i  Rstiili- 
lisliniiiit  111  till'  I{i|i\ililir  .S.uitin'H  OviTtlinnv  I'lfniil'iiry  of  <!o- 
rai'dii  liarriiis  War  of  Salvador  and  Moiidnra.s  ai^ainHt  <  inatcinalt 
and  N'ii'arauua  'I'lir  Litter  Vii'torimi.s  -Itarrins'  "''  <lit  —  licstorati  ii 
111  I'lMif  iMii'iia.s  as  I'lcsidnit  llarrins'  .Sulisi'<|u<'nt  !>  tur..  Ilin 
Tai.'  ire  and  Surri'iidtT  liy  Nicarajiua  111-  Kxi'iiitioii  iii  -^an  Salva- 
iiiH -S5 


AggroH- 
o's  Ad- 
story 
Dip- 
covers 
ar  Ship 
lalilisli- 
I  >oin<»- 
iiiirro— 


•j:» 


I  )issolu- 
|(  'arrora 
MontiT- 
rlatioiLS 
Imit  As- 

iherals 
|i)diTaiUi 

-Preai- 


CHAITKi:    XV. 

UKlMlll.ir   OK    IIDSDIUAS. 
IS^K)   KS(>.">. 
I'rt-siileiit    FiMTcra — Ilevohltionary   Movements      I'lilitieal    Kxeentions 
I'resideiu'y  of  Juan  liindo-  Xew  t'onstitiitimi     Liiido  Overthrown 
lU'li/e     Iliiiidiiras' Trmihles  \vith(ireat  Britain      liritish  ( tei-np.itinii 
III   Tiijer  Ishind     Homhardmeiit  of  Omna     Bay   Islands     I'residenl 
<'al)anas-    War  with  (luateniala — ( iiiardiola's   Assassination       I'm 
visional   iSiiIes  nl   (.'.istillaniis  and   Montis     Alli.inee  \\\A\  IViirios 
L'lisuecessfiil  War  with  <  Guatemala  and  Nicaragua      .Mniites  I)e]iiisi'd 

—  Kstiililitihineiit  of  the  liepublie — Jose  .M.  Medina  < 'Iiumu  rrr^idcnt 
^Amendment  of  the  t'oiistitution IMM) 

CirAlTKU    XV!. 

w  alm:i;"s  i  ami'aiiin   rs'   nh-vkai-i  \. 

IS.M     l,S.")t>. 

Kinney's  Hxpcdition-  W'illiaiii  Walker  .loius  the  l>eiiioerats  —  Failure  of 
his  Kxprditioii  to  Kivas  -('iiolera  Uieiniates  the  I,egitiiiiists  at  .Ma- 
nagua—I  >i'ath  of  .Mufioz  Walker. >  Victories  at  Li  X'lrgcu  and  <ira- 
iiada-  Kxecution  of  .Minister  Mayiir;,'a--\\'alkei-"s  (  iiiiventinn  with 
(  oiral  -  rrovisional  (iovernmeiit  O.-.-ani/.-d  I'resiilenI  I'.ilricio 
Kivas — ( 'oinmauiler  of  the  Forces,  Waiktr— Minister  of  War  (nrral 
I'lit  to  Ileath  for  Treiwon — lleeo'^nitioii  hy  .Salv.idor  and  Honduras 

—  .Seizure  of  the  Transit  (.'ompauy's  .Stcitmers^t'osta  Iticans  nii  the 
N\'.ir-[iath — Havoc  of  Cholera ''.'17 


X  C'UXTKXT.S. 

CHAPTER  xvrr. 

KNIt   OF   KIMHrsrKKINi;  IN  I'KNTHAL  AMKIIK'A. 

ISolJ-lSliT. 

I'Aiii-: 
Kccognitioii  of  Presitlciit  Rivas  by  the  United  Stiites — Walker's  Hostile 

Attitude — Kliiiiitof  Rivas — Walker  Makes  liiiiiself  I'resideut — AUi- 
aiKM'  auuiiist  Ilim  -iK'atii  of  Kstrada — The  Lei;itiiiiists  Aeeept  Rivas 
Costa  Kicaus  and  Xicaragiiaus  ill  Rivas — l>estriieti(iii  of  (Iraiiada 
— It  is  ()ee\i[(ied  hy  Allied  Forees — Walker  Reoeuupies  Rivas — Wlii'n- 
:Ie  is  Resici;ed — Siieeesses  of  the  t'osta  Rieaiis — Failure  of  l^oek- 
rid^e's  Kxpeilition — Surrender  of  Walker — War  of  Xiearagua  and 
Costa  Riea — Coiuiuodorc  Paulding  and  Walker's  Second  Attempt — 
Walker's  Invasion  of  Honduras,  Capture,  ami  Kxeeutiou — Govern- 
ment Keoriianized — I'resideut  Martinez'  Administratiuus •U'i 


CIlAPTKll  xviir. 

roi.rncAi.  i;\  kn  is  in  cosia  iticA. 
18.")(i-lSS(). 
Rewards  to  Walker's  ( 'oii(|ucriirs  Uceleetioii  of  Mora  — His  l>o\viifall  ami 
I'AJlf  His  Ititiirii,  Capture,  and  lv\eeution- Muntealeure's  Admin- 
istratioii  \'i(iKiieiM)f  Parties — Compromise  on  .lesus  .limeiie/  -His 
Peaeel'ul  Rule — President  Jose  M.  Castro — (  liai'gcs  against  Him — 
His  Overthrow — Several  Xew  Constitutions  -Jimenez  a^ain  I'resi- 
deut—  His  Ail)itrary  Aets — }low  He  was  Deposed — President  Car- 
raii/.a  (Ither  Temporary  Itulers— President  (Juardia's  Despotism — 
Failure  of  his  Warlike  Plans — His  Death  -Admiuistration  of  Prt'is- 
pero  Fernandez — Preparations  to  Defend  Independenee — His  Sudden 
Death— Rernardo  Soto's  Peaeeful  Jvule .'iTl 


CHAITKR  XIX. 

DEMOCUATIC    INSITririDNS    IN    SAi,VAI>OIi. 

1S().")-US85. 
Rule  of  President  Ihiefias — His  Conservatism — Quarrel  with  Honduras — 
The  l^atter  AUiid  with  Salvailoran  Liherals  -ISattle  of  Santa  Ana  • 
Duenas  Deposed — His  Impeaehment,  Release,  and  Temporary  F.xile 
-  Santia'^a  (ionzalez  Provisional  President -•  lonzalez  I'Ueeted  Chief 
Magistrate — (Uiatemala  and  Salvador  at  War  with  Homluias 
Murder  of  Viee-presiilent  Menclez—Kartluiuakes— President  Valle — 
Ti'oulil"  with  (luatcmala — Fxeunt  X'alU^  and  <  lonzalez-- Zaldivar's 
Long  Rule— Constitutional  Changes --AUianee  witli  Xiearagua  and 
Costa  Riea — Resistanee  to  liarrios'  Plan  of  CoiKpiest — Salvador  Vie- 
torious  Restored  Peaee  —  Zaldivar  Kliminated  —  Revolution — F. 
Menendez  Made  President 'M'2 


( ON  IKNTS. 


Hostile 
;-AlIi- 
t  Ilivas 
iniiiadii 

i  Li)ck- 
;iiii  iiuil 
eiiipt  - 
iovcrn- 


:U7 


ifallaii.l 

Ailiiiiu- 

lez  —  His 

.  Hini- 

II  Tix'si- 

iit  C'ar- 

tisiii — 

f  l'n')s- 

SiiiUlcii 


:?7I 


luras — 
\ua  - 
y  Kxilc 
ICiiii'f 
iliiras  - 
Vallo  - 
Miviii-'s 
,'iia  ami 
liii-  Vii'- 
idii  — V. 


'M-2 


CIIAI'TKU  XX. 

DKMOCUACY    KKSTDKKIi    IN    (iUATKMALA. 
l,S(ir.    |.S7:{. 


1'Ai;k 


I 


rnsidont  Coma's  Iliili — Partial  KiVdlt.s— LilnTaLs    in  the  A.sscnilily 
Ctiiia's   Kiclirticm-  Kiots   in   the    Caiiital-  Zavala's   Ciiursf-Cni/ 
Ueliuilidii,  lU'lVat,  ami  I Vatli— Arrests  of  Lilierals— Mdileration  ol' 
till'   (iDvuruinent — llcvohitioa    of    (!arc"a  (iranailos   ami    l>;irrios 
rian  ol   I'at/ieia— ('orna  Krfeatfil  ami    Overtiirown — (Iranailos  as 
I'residcnti!   I'rovisorio- -Seditions  Movements  (^hielled — Aliolition  ol 
I'riestly    Privileges — I'relatcs,    .lesnits,   and    ('ai>ncliiiis    Kx],»lli(l 
War  with   Homhiras — Bariios  as  Suhstitute   I'resident   -His  Sever- 
ity—  Kleetioiis — Barrios  Chosen  ( 'onstitut iunal  President IKS 

CUAITKU    XXI. 

KKNKWKD    Kimurs    H>l;    IKMKAl.   amkkhan    imtv. 

ls7:i  1>,S.-). 

Pi.  -idont  Barrios  of  ( !ii:iteniala—  l-'.ml  of  Uc.ietionary  War — (Inateinalan 
Proj;ress  -  War  witli  .Salvador  and  llmiduras  -  Kirrios'  Sueeesses 
and  (lenerosity  to  thi'  \'aiii|iiisheil  ^(  onstitntional  Kt'Liiine  in  ( iuati'- 
niala     Barrios"  Iteileitioiis-  His  \'isit  to  tiie  I'nited  States--  Pe.iee- 

fnl   ilti'ort  to  rtiito  ( 'iiilral  AniericM  — Besort  to  Arms-   AUiaiH f 

•  Inateiiiala  and  Honduras — Ilirrios  Attacks  Salvador  His  hdcat 
and  Heath-  His  Plan  Ahandoned --M.  L.  Barillas,  J'rovisioiial  i'lesi- 
delit  of  Guatemala — Itestoralion  of  Peaee Hi  I 

CTIArTKH    XXIl. 

noNHI   l;\S     AKKAIliS. 
INC.")    l.SSli. 

National  Flat;  and  KscutehefHi-  ( Inler  of  Saiita  UosaMedina's  Loiii,' 
Bidr  His  i)iirerenees  with  I  hn  nas,  and  Triuiiiiih  Warwitli  Salva- 
dor and  ( luatemala-  Medina  1  ii  fratt'il  and  ( )\  iitiiiuwn  (  eleo  Arias 
Sueeeeils  Him--His  l.ilnral  J'cilii'y  IB  is  Besit  hy  the  Conserva- 
tives—His Former  Suiiporters  Heiiu-e  Him  Pdiiciano  Beiv.i  Bicdines 
President  -His  Course  Hispleasis  iSarrios,  Wlio  Sets  Medina  against 
Him  -Hi'  is  I'oreed  to  lti-ii.'li  Mal'i'o  Aurelio  Soto  Made  i'l-i'sidi  lit 
liy  Barrios — Attemjited  lirMilt  of  Kx-piesideiit  Mi'diiia  llis'l'iid 
and  I'lxeeiition — Soto's  Administration-  He  ( iocs  Ahi'oad  -  His  '^Miar- 
icl  \Mtli  Barrios,  and  licsiirnation  Pri'siilcnt  Boj:ran  Filihustcring 
Schemes 4'>'A 

niAlTKlJ   XXIII. 

rOI.irlCAl.    AllAlltS    IN     MC.VUAIJITA. 

IM 17 -IKS'). 

I'rcsidont  Fernnndo  C.uzniau— Insurrection— ^^seonduot  of  Priests — 
Deteats  of   the   Insurgents-   Foreign    Mediation-  (ienerosity  of   the 


CONTKN'IS. 


( lovi'riiiiicnt — I'resiilent  Vicentu  Qumlni — Iiu-eption  of  tlic  .Irsiiits 
Aims  of  I'artii's — IiittTiial  aixl  FoPfii;!!  ('iiiriplicatiinis  Costa  liiua"s 
Hostility  ami  'i'iiioi'o's  Invasion  I'ri'siilents  (.'lianioiro  and  Zavala- 
^lori'  I'olitical  TronMi's  .Irsiiils  tin.'  I'roniotcrs  -'I'lieir  Kxpulsiim— 
I'lacu  Ucstorcil  -I'lo^n'ss  oi  tlic  Country  l'r<siili>nt  Ailiii  Car- 
ilunas — Uesistancu  to  rrcsidunt  IJarrios'  Plan  of  l'"orc-('il  Uci'oiistruc- 
tion 


471) 


CIIAPTKR    XXIV. 

IMiKI'KNI'KM  K   oK    rilK    IslllMrs. 

isoi  i.yj-J. 

Ailniinistralion  uinliT  Sjiain — Influence  of  Events  in  Kurojie  and  Spanish 
America  on  the  Isthmus — Hostilities  in  Nucva  (Jranaila — Constitu- 
tional Covernnient — Ceneral  llor<''s  Measures  to  Hold  tlu'  Istlinnis 
lor  Spain — Mae(  Jregor's  Insur>;ent  lv\iie(lition  at  I'ortohello  lie 
<  -taMishnient  of  the  Constitution — Captain-general  Murgeon's  Itide 
—  The  Jsthnnis  is  l>eelared  Inde[)endint  Its  Inoor])oration  with 
Colondiia  .lose  F.ihre^^a  in  Tenniorary  < 'onimand  -  .lose  Maria  Car- 
ri'fio  Appointed  Intendentc  and  < 'oniandante  ( ieneral— Aholition  tif 
African  Slavery 


4.SS 


CHAITKIJ    XXV. 

DIVEltS    i'll.\SKS    OK   SKr.l'-lMIVKKNMKS  T. 

isii)  I  so:?. 

I'an.'iniil  Con;,'ross — Provincial  Organizations — Al/nru's  Kclnllion  ;ind 
Kxecution  Secession  fi-oni  C.iloMihia  and  Iteincorporation  hill'cr- 
cncc's  with  Foreign  Covernineiits  -Crime  l{ani[iant  Summary 
Trcatnient  of  Criminals  Itiots  ,ind  Massacre  of  Fori'ign  Passen,i:crs 
-  .\ttcmpts  to  Itoh  Treasure  Tr.iins  Xeuti'ality  Tre.itics  Fstali 
li.-hnicnt  of  Federal  .System  Panama  as  a  State — Revolutionary  F.i  l 
.Succession    of   (lovcrnors     .Seilitious    Character    of    the 


n.' 


■ins 


-  A 

Po, 


unation- 


xi'volution  against  Covcrnor  Cuii'dia  .md   h 


l>cath      .\nothcr  Political  Orjjani/utioil — Rstado  Solicrai 


P 


I, 


al  Partv  in  Full  Control— .Strinuciit  Mea.sures ."ilO 


(  lI.M'TKll    XXVI. 


IM  111  IIKl!    \\.\l:s    AM.    Ki;\01,ri'IONN. 


I'rcsi.lents  ( ioitia,  .Santa  Coh 
Federal  Ollicials    Coluni 


181)3-1885. 
,  and  Calanclia— I'ndui    Tut 


crtcrenci"  ol 


•s  Adniinistratiiui-  President  Olarte's  Kn 
ergy  Knmity  of  tin'  Arraliil's  Nc^i'oes  -.Short  and  Uisturhcd  liule- 
of  |li,i/  and  Ponce  Prc-idi'uf  ( 'orrcos'i  Nc^ro  Flcnicnt  in  tin 
Am 


'udcnl      ( 'onscr\ativi 


d  arc  I)iscomhtcil — Ai'n 


P 


(  (»M  KMS. 


I  cs  II  its — 
t;i  Kicii's 
Zavala 
lulsiou — 
liii  Ciir- 
coiistruc- 


470 


r 
l(ir  :i  Tiiui'-    Fi'Vciisli   Uiilcs  nl   Xt'iivi,  Mini,  Aizidiru,  ( '(irri'o.sti,  and 

Ciisoiiii     C'crvt'i-ii's   Long  IViiuri;     'riinimrary  ituk- ot  X'ive.s  Ijcoii  - 

I'n'niili'iit  SaiitiMloiniiim)  \'ila  -Olitiiiii.s   Leave  of  AIimciici'     I.s  Siic- 

I'coik'il    Ity    I'alili)   Ari>si'iiieiia--Ai/iiunrs    li.'Volutioii       Arosfiin'iia 

Klfi's  ami    KcsiL'iis — Outrages   at  Culuii     Aiin'ricari    Korct's    I'rotrct 

I'aiianiii     <'i)llaj>so  ui    tiu'   Ucvohitioii     Aizimni  ami   Corrcoso    Im- 

prijioiifil — t'liicf  I'aust's  of  I)isturliaiift's  on  tlic  l.stliinii.i 


1  Spaiiisli 
t'onstitii- 
•  iHtliiniis 

ii'llo       It.' 

■on  .s  \'\u\v. 
tion  witli 
I  ana  Cai- 
lolition  ol 


4.SS 


("lIAITKiJ    XXVII. 

<  KMiiAi.  .\Mi;i;i('\N    issiin  rioNS. 
ISSii. 

Kxtrnt  of  the  ('onnti-\  -• 'liniate  -  Mountains  anil  Volcanoes— Ivirtli- 
(|nakes  Ui\ris  and  Laki's-  ( 'osla  Uiea's  Ana,  Possessions,  and 
I'olitiial  l»ivi>ion  and  ( oiverninent  Her  Chief  Cities  -Nieaiaj,'iiii, 
her  Territor.N,  'I'owns,  and  Munieiiial  Administration  Homlnias" 
K\tent,  Islan<l>.  Citie-i.  and  Loeal  ( ioveriiniciit  Salvador,  her  I'osi- 
tion.  Area,  Towns,  and  Civil  Itnli'  ( inatemala's  Kxtent  ami  Posses- 
sions Her  Cities  and  'Towns—  Inturnal  Administration  Isthmus  of 
I'anama  Area,  I5ays,  Ifivers,  and  I.slamls— I  department  and  histriel 
|{nle  'I'iie  Capital  and  Otiier  'I'owns  l'oi)nlation  Character  and 
Custonis — Education  -Kpidemics  and  Other  Calamities ."itlO 


ion    and 

Pill'er- 

•.lunmarv 

issenLiers 

Kstah- 

tiary  Kra 

of    the 

and   his 

le  I'ana- 


.".10 


■I'cnee  ot 
lie's  l''.n- 
id  Itnles 
t  ill  thi' 
Peace 


cHAiTKii  XXVI rr. 

riir.    I'KCil'I.K   ol'   lOSIA    UK  A,     NlrAlIAi.r  A,    AMI   SAI.VAIMIIl. 
IS(M»   ISST. 

<'entral  American  Population— Its  divisions — (ieiieral  (.'haracteristicsaiid 
Occuiiatioiis — Land  (irants — Ktl'orts  at  Colonization--  Failure  of  Por- 
eij;ii  .Schemes — Uejeetion  of  American  Negroes — Character  of  the 
Coitta  Kiean  J'eople  -Ihvcllings  l)ress-  Food  Ainu.senients-  Nica- 
raguan  Men  and  Women  'I'lieir  iKiinestie  Life  How  They  Amuse 
Themselves  People  of  .Salvador — Their  Character  and  Mode  of 
J^iving ."iyy 

CHAITKll    XXIX. 

TIIK    I'KOl'l.i:    OK    lloSlnliAS    AM>    ( i  I  A  IT.M  AI.A. 

l.S(H)-1887. 
Amalganiatioii  in  Honduras — Possilile  War  of  U.iees — Xieaipies  and  Payas 
/amhos  or  .Mosc|nitos  Pure  and  151acU  Carilis— Idstinguishing 
Traits— Ladiuos  Their  Modc>  of  Life  ( iiiati'inala  and  iier  People — 
Ditl'erent  Classes  Their  N'ocatioiis  Improved  Condition  of  the 
Lo«er  Cl.isses  Mestizos  i'nie  Indian  i  l^aealidoiies  White  and 
I'liper    (  l.iss      Manners    anil    (  nstoiiis       Privuiling    IHsea.sea — Epi- 


demics—  Provision  for  the  Indigeat, 


()08 


CONTKNTs 


CHAPTEll    XXX. 

INTKLI.K"   riAl,    ADVAMKMKNI. 

l.S(MI    I8S7. 

PACF. 

I'lililic  Education — Karly  KtlV)rts  at  Itcvtlopmuiit — Costa  Rica's  Measures 
— .Small  Success— Kducatiiui  in  Xicara.L'ua — Schools  ami  ('ollcj;cs — 
Nioara^uan  WiitiTs-  Pio^'irss  in  Salvador  ami  llonduias  ISrilliant 
Ki'sulls  iri(  Jiiatcinala  rnlytotiniii:  .Scliool  — Stlmols  of  Science,  Artfi, 
and  'I'rados^Instituto  fortiiu  Deaf,  l)unil),  and  lilind  L'uiversitj' — 
I'uMic  \Vriters — Absence  of  I'nlilic  Jjliraries — Cliui'di  History  in 
Central  Auurica  ami  Panama-  Creation  of  I Hoccses  of  Salvador  ami 
Costa  Kica — Immorality  of  I'rie.sts — Their  Strujjglcs  for  Supremacy 
—  Ktlorts  to  Break  their  Power  -Banishments  of  Prelates  -  Kxindsion 
of  Jesuits — Suiiprcssion  of  Monastic  Orders — Separatii>n  of  Ciiurcli 
and   State — Keliijioiis  Freedom ()-l 


ClIAITKK    XXXI. 


.ir  l>  I  e  I  A  I, 


AN    1 1 

1SS7. 


M  I  I,  1  r  A  i;  V. 


.ludit'ial  .System  of  ( luatemala — .lury  Trials  in  the.Si'veral  States —Courts 
nl  liond\iras  Alisi  lice  of  Codes  in  the  UeiiuMic  IHl.itory  .histicc  — 
Imimnity  of  ( 'rime  in  llondiir.is  .iml  NiearaLtUii-  ."^.dvadnr's  .ln<liciary 
hilatory  Procedure — Coilitication  of  Laws  in  Nicarauua — Costa 
Bican  Administration  —  Imjiroved  ( 'oilcs  —  J'anama  ( 'ourts — (  oiod 
Coiles  -Punishments  for  Ci'ime  in  tiie  .*^i.\'  States — .lulls  uiid  Peniten- 
tiaries—  Military  Service  -AvailaMi'  l-'orce  of  Kich  .State  -How 
Organized  —  Naval  —  l'"xiiemlitures  —  Military  Schools  -  Improve- 
ments    ti;>S 


CHAlTKll    XXXII. 

ism  sri;r\i.    i'i;i»:i;i;ss. 

KSOl)  ISST. 

Karly  .\!,'ri<'ulture-  ProtiH'tion  of  tlie  Industry  — Crcat  Progress  Attained 

Communal    l/ind-     Agricidtur.il  AWaltii     l>ecay    of   Cochineal  - 

I>evelojimcnt  of  Olliir  .Staples -Indigo,   Coffee,   .Sugar,   Cacao,   and 

Toli.icco  -  l''ood  ,iiid  Otlier  Products — Precious  Woods  and  Meilicinal 


P 


it.s   -L 


stock     A'all 


if  Annual   Proihution  in   Kacli  .State 


Natural    Products  of    Panama      Neglect  of    Agriculture — Mineral 


Wealth-YicM  of  Pri 


IS  Metals — Mil 


Honduras,  .S;dvador, 


d    Nicaragua     Heposits  of   (iiiatemala  and   CosUi   Ui 


.Mints 


Former  Yield  of  Panama  -Mining  Neglected  on  tiie  Isthmus     In 
cipiency  of  Manufactures — Proihicts  for  domestic  Use 


(;.i(i 


I 


(.ONllINTS. 


XV 


I'.MIF. 


Mciisiiri's 
L'olk'yos — 
^Brilliant 
:nec,  Arts, 
ivorsity — 
listdiy  ill 
vatlor  ami 
iiiprciiiai'y 
Iv\pulsii)ii 
<if  Clnircli 


(•>•_' I 


Bs— Courts 
,'  .rustifi' — 
s  .luiliuiary 
;iia — Cdsta 

ll'ts — (  1(1(1(1 

il  IViiitcn- 
tati'  -H(i\v 

(;:is 


CHAPTKR    XXXIII. 

I  OMMKIiCK    AN  l>    KISANCK. 


I  SI  1 1   iss: 


Early  State  of  Trade— Coiitimud  St; 


III  the  ("(UHts     Its  Heiiftiuial  Ktiects— Varief 


igiiatidii  alter  Iri(l(])eiiileiiee-  St 


I'AIIK 


earn 


Kutiy  and  'I'aritl's     I'liports  and    Kxpurt.s-    Fairs-   A 


rief_\-  ot'  Stajjle-s      I'oits   of 


Coiiipaiiy      Internal  Navii,'at 
Postal  Service  -  I', 


et't'ssorv   I'lansit 


1(111- 


lli>.'l 


iways —  M 


oiiev 


I'MIlk 


Railway  Tiatlie-   Local  'JVad. 


iii.U  - 
Isth- 


rallic—  Kocal    Jraile  of  the 
iiius  -I'earl  Fishery -Cojoiiial  Reveimo  in  Finances  of  tlie   Federa- 
tion—Sources   of    Hcvoniio    of    Ka.li    State -- Tlicir    Ueceipts    and 
Fxpeiiditlires— Foreign  and  Internal  l»el.ts (;,;;{ 


CirAlTKIJ    XXXIV. 

INI  T.lioi  1.  WIC     I  (iMMINIi  A  I  Ion. 
I  Si)  I     |,S,S7. 

Ancient    I.Kvis  on  tiie  Xortli-westM'assa-e-  From    Pern    to   La   Pl.ita- - 

(ai'C  Horn  I  tiscovercd  -  Aivlie  Kej;ions  MeClnre-s  SnceesMnl 
Voyage  (ro/iers  1  Hscovcry  -  Franklin's  Attempts  Findint,'  l.y 
Xordenskiohl  of  the  Xortli-east  Passage  -Projects  to  Tnite  th.^At- 
lanticaud  I'acilio  Oceans  across  the  Isthim.ses  PI  ins  al.ont  •)•(  linaii- 
t.^pee-Kxph.rati.ms  for  a  Ship-canal  Itoute  in  Nicaragua,  Panama, 
■id   Ilaricn      The  Nicaragua  Accessory  Transit  Conipanv   -Const  ruc- 


tion of  the  Panama  Itaihcay,  and  its  (Jreat  P.eii,  tits  Further  Ftlorts 
l-ra  Canal  Organi/.alion  of  a  French  Company  A  Ship-canal  under 
<  (mstrnclion  across  the  Lsthmus  of  Panama  I»i!Iiculties  and  Fxpec- 
tations  -Central  American  K.droads  and  Telegraphs- -Snhmunnc 
t  ahles 


<s  AttaiiU'(l 
'ocliincal  — 
Cacao,  and 
I  Medicinal 
ich  State — 
—  Mineral 
I,  Salvador, 
X — Mints — 
thinus — In- 


(Ml  I 


Pom 

] 
( 
J 
( 
J 

K 

r 

T 

ever 

ill  ^ 

tioii 

t'ami 

resii) 

Ihc 

cia,  i 

only 

belor 

•  lispL 

iards 

'Se. 
Hi 


HISTORY 


o» 


CENTRAL  AMEPvTCA. 


CHAPTER   T. 


LAST  DAYS  OK  SPANISH  ItULK, 

1801-1818. 

PopuLAU  Feelinc!  IN  Centual  Amicuica-  IOki-i:(  t  of  Kvents  in  Spain — 

ReCOONITIDN  of  AmEIUCAN  KylAI.ITV  -  i;  Kl'KI  SENTA  1  ION  IN  THE  Sl'AMall 

C6rtes  —  Delitsivf.  Ukfoums — I^nd  hv  >'\!:\via's  Role— I'liEsiDK.NT 
Josi!:  BnsTAMANTE--IIi.s  Despotk;  Coi'RSE -Di.MAND.s  in  tue  C6rti:s  - 
Constitution \L  (Juauantees— Ofuciaf,  Hostility — Campaicn  in  ()a- 

JACA— ReVOLUTIOiNAUY  AIoVEMENIS  in  SaI.VAIjOK — \VaU  IN  NlCAUA(iUA 

— CoNSPiUACY  IN  Guatemala — 'J'ueataient  of  the  Insurgents— Dis- 
respect TO  the  Dipotaoion — The  Constitution  Hevoked  —  Royal 
Decrees. 

The  opening  century  was  pregnant  with  important 
events  both  in  Europe  and  America.  By  1808  aft'airs 
ill  Spain  cuhninated  in  the  French  emperor's  deten- 
tion of  the  king  and  other  members  of  the  royal 
family  at  Bayonne,  where  he  forced  them  finally  to 
resign  in  his  favor  their  rights  to  the  Spanish  crown. 
The  circle  surrounding  the  captain-general,  audien- 
cia,  and  archbishop  of  Guatemala  was  made  up,  not 
only  of  European  Spaniards,  but  of  (Guatemalans 
belonging  to  the  so-called  noble  faniihes.  Popular 
displeasure  was  manifested  both  against  the  Span- 
iards and  against  the   provincial   aristocracy.*     The 

'  See  History  of  Mexico,  this  series.     The  maBSos  of  the  people  were  kept 
Hut.  Cent.  Am.,  Vol.  III.   1 


8  LAST  DAYS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 

oligarchy  was  hated  throughout  the  province  of  Gua- 
temala proper,  and  still  more  in  the  other  provinces 
of  the  presidency. 

However,  when  the  news  of  Napoleon's  usurpation 
reached  America,  it  caused  a  strong  revulsion  of 
feeling  in  Central  America,  as  well  as  elsewhere  in 
the  Spanish  dominions,  even  among  the  large  class 
which  had  hitherto  secretly  fostered  a  warm  desire 
for  independent  national  existence.  Creoles  of  pure 
Spanish  descent,  though  yearning  to  be  free  from  the 
old  thraldom,  could  not  bring  themselves  to  discard 
the  country  which  gave  them  blood,  religion,  and 
civilization.  As  to  the  educated  Indians,  who  were 
also  among  the  wishers  for  independence,  like  all  of 
their  race,  they  looked  up  to  the  ruling  power  with 
reverence  and  fear.  Thus  arose  a  struggle  between 
the  old  veneration  and  the  love  of  freedom;  a  strug- 
gle which  was  to  last  in  Central  America  a  few  years 
longer,  though  the  people  were  becoming  more  and 
more  impatient,  while  leaning  to  the  side  of  indepen- 
dent nationality.  Circumstances  seemed  to  demand 
that  the  ohl  connection  should  not  be  ruptured  till 
1821,  when  decisive  results  in  New  Spain  brought  on 
the  final  crisis  here.  When  the  news  of  Napoleon's 
acts  of  violence  and  usurpations  reached  Guatemala, 
popul  ir  loyalty  was  aroused,  and  showed  itself  in 
various  ways.  Manifestations  Ijy  the  authorities,  ex- 
pressive of  fealty  to  the  mother  country  and  the  royal 
family,  met  with  an  apparently  heart}"  response  from 
the  people. 

Advices  camo  on  the  30t]i  of  June,  1808,  of  the 
occurrences  at  Aranjuez  of  March  iOth.^  July  passed 
amid  mucli  unxiety  about  affairs  iti  S[)ain,  and  the 
public  mind  became  dej)ressed  by  unfavorable  news 
received  on  the    13tl)    of  August.     Next  day,  at  a 


in  utter  ifjiiorancc,  to  be  used,  if  iiecessarj',  aa  the  blind  tools  of  the  ruling 
oligarchy.   Montujar,  /.'r-iriln  /list.,  i.  0. 

T  have  toUI  in  my  llititorii  <•/  Mtxici,  how  Carlos  IV.  was  forced  to  abdi- 
cate, and  Ilia  sou  Feniuudo  raised  to  the  throne. 


SARA\aA  AND  FERXAXDO  VII. 


of  Gua- 
:ovinces 

irpation 
Ision  of 
^here  in 
ge  class 
11  desire 

of  pure 
froui  the 
J  discard 
ion,  and 
i-'lio  were 
ke  all  of 
Nver  witli 
between 

a  strug- 
iew  years 
nore  and 

indcpen- 
■)  demand 
Itured  till 
ought  on 
[apoleon's 
[latemala, 

itself  in 

Ities,  ex- 
Ithc  royal 

nse  from 

Is,  of  the 

lly  passed 

and  the 

Iblc  news 

lay,  at  a 

?>i  the  ruling 
reed  to  abdi- 


mecting  of  tlic  authorities,^  the  state  of  affairs  was 
anxiously  discussed.  The  mariscal  <le  campo,  An- 
tonio (Jonzalez  Mollinedo  y  Saravia,  liad  succeeded 
Dolmas  on  the  28tli  of  July,  1801,  in  the  ofhces  of 
governor,  cajitain -general,  and  president  of  the  au- 
diencia.  H(^  had  ^ecn  forty  years  of  service  in  the 
royal  armies,*  and  had  with  him  his  wife,  Micaela  Co- 
lartc,  and  offspring/ 

President  Saravia  read  to  the  meeting  a  despatch 
from  the  viceroy  of  Mexico,  and  a  copy  of  the  Gacctd 
jjfiviiiijr  an  account  of  the  abdication  of  Fernando  VII., 
and  of  (he  surrender  by  other  members  of  the  royal 
family  of  their  rights  to  the  Spanish  crown.  After 
due  onsideration,  the  meeting  declared  these  acts  to 
have  resulted  from  violence,  being  therefore  illegal 
and  unjust,  and  not  entitled  to  recognition.  It  was 
further  resolved  that  the  authorities  and  people  should 
renew  their  allecfiance  to  the  legitimate  soverei<Mi, 
continue  upholding  the  laws  hitherto  in  force,  and 
maintain  unity  of  action,  for  the  sake  of  religion, 
peace,  and  good  order.  Instructions  were  received" 
to  raise  the  standard  of  Fernando  VII.,  and  swear 
allegiance  to  him,  which  were  duly  carried  out/ 

The  opportunity  has  now  arrived  for  a  radical 
change  in  the  political  status  of  Spanish  America. 
The  colonies  have  hitherto  had  no  government,  save 

'There  were  the  governor,  archbishop,  oidorcs  of  tho  real  audicncia, 
Marqu(''3  do  Ayi-incna,  high  officials  of  tho  treasury,  dean  and  chapter  of  tlio 
archdiocese,  alcaUloa  and  regidores  of  the  'muy  noblo  uyaiitaniiento,'  oflietia 
of  tho  univcisity,  jnebites  of  the  religious  orders,  piior  and  consuls  of  thu 
real  consulado,  intoiidento  of  Coniayagua,  temporarily  sojourning  in  the  city, 
secretary  of  tho  iuidi';ncia,  commandaut  of  tho  artillery,  and  colonela  of  tho 
militia  regiments.  ])iario  Mix.,ix.^\Q~\^;  Guat. /'or  I'trn.  ('//.,  2-6,  83-94; 
SaraiHa,  Jlanif. 

*Hia  last  position  in  Europe  had  been  that  of  teniente  de  roy  of  Palma,  in 
the  island  of  Majorca.  Jitarros,  Guat.,  I.  273. 

''Gnat,  por  Fern.  VII.,  50.  In  1866  their  descendants  were  living  in 
Guatemala. 

•Dec.  13,  1808. 

'The  acts  were  performed  with  great  solemnity  and  magnificence,  the  peo- 
ple manifesting  much  joy.  This  evidence  of  loyalty  was  warmly  acknowl- 
edged. May  27,  1809,  by  the  Junta  Suprema  Guberuativa  of  Sp.iin,  sitting  at 
Seville  and  acting  for  tho  imprisoned  kuig.  Most  glowing  descriptions  of  tho 
ceremonies  appear  in  Vinrio  Mix.,  xi.  279-80;  OuOt.  por  Fern.  VII.,  7-82, 
94-101,  158-9. 


4  LAST  DAYS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 

that  of  rulers  set  over  them  by  a  monarch  whose  will 
was  absolute,  whoso  edicts  constituted  their  code  of 
laws;  the  subject  being  allowed  no  voice  in  public 
affairs,  save  occasionally  as  a  timid  petitioner.  But 
troubles  beset  Spain  at  this  time.  Her  king  is  pow- 
erless; the  friends  of  constitutional  government  have 
now  the  control,  and  proceed  to  establish  the  desired 
liberal  rdgime.  In  order  to  be  consistent,  and  to  some 
extent  satisfy  the  aspirations  of  their  fellow-subjects 
in  America,  the  provisional  government  decrees,  and 
the  c6rtes  upon  asser.bling  confirm,  all  the  rights 
claimed  for  Spaniards  dwelling  in  Spain,  together 
with  representation  in  the  c6rtes  and  other  national 
councils. 

The  Junta  Suprema  Central  Gubernativa  in  the 
king's  name  declares  on  the  22d  of  January,  1809,  the 
Spanish  possessions  in  America  to  be,  in  fact,  integral 
parts  of  the  monarchy,^  and,  approving  the  report  of 
the  council  of  the  Indies  of  N'ovember  21,  1808,  in 
favor  of  granting  to  the  American  dominions  repre- 
sentation near  the  sovereign,  and  the  privilege  of 
forming  by  deputies  a  part  of  the  aforesaid  junta, 
issues  to  the  president  of  Guatemala  an  order  to  invite 
the  people  of  the  provinces  to  choose  their  deputy  to 
reside  at  court  as  a  member  of  the  governing  junta." 


,14 


"  'No  son  propiamcnte  colonias,  6  factorlas,  como  los  de  otraa  naciones, 
Bino  una  parte  oscncial  6  intcgrante  de  la  Monarqufa  Espaflola.'  Otuit.  por 
Fern.  VII.,  1C3-C;  DiMin  sind  Lozauo,  Leg.  Mex.,  i.  32C-7. 

•Ayuntamicntosof  head  towns  were  to  choose  three  honorable  and  compe- 
tent men,  from  among  whom  each  ayuntamicnto  had  to  draw  by  lot  one  elec- 
tor, whose  name,  country,  age,  profession,  and  political  and  moral  qualifications 
must  be  at  once  made  known  to  the  president  of  the  audiencia.  After  the 
names  of  all  the  nominees  were  in  his  possession,  he,  jointly  with  the  electors, 
iiad  to  select  by  secret  ballot  three  candidates  of  the  highest  recognized  char- 
acter and  ability,  out  of  which  three  the  audiencia,  presided  over  by  the 
governor-general,  was  to  choose  the  deputy,  to  whom  all  the  ayuntamieutos 
must  forthwith  send  their  powers  and  instructions.  The  deputy,  duly  pro 
vided  with  means  to  journey  decorously,  was  required  to  embark  for  Spain, 
his  yearly  pay  being  fixed  at  §0,000.  Alavian,  llist.  M(j.,  i.  291-2.  A  later 
order  of  Oct.  G,  1 809,  lequired  the  deputy  to  be  a  native  of  Spanish  America 
and  a  resident  of  the  province  choosing  him;  ho  was  not  to  be  the  holder  of 
an/  of  the  chief  offices  therein,  such  as  governor,  intendente,  oidor,  etc.,  nor 
a  debtor  to  the  royal  treasury.  The  right  of  election  was  also  given  to  minor 
a^untamientos;  and  for  the  choice  by  plurality  from  among  the  candidates  of 
cities  a  board  was  constituted,  with  two  members  of  the  audiencia,  two 


DIPUTACION  AMERICANA,  5 

On  the  3d  of  March,  1810,  the  electors  asscniblcd  in 
Guatemala  and  chose  for  deputy  the  colonel  of  militia, 
Manuel  Josd  Pavon  y  Muiioz.'"  The  powers  given 
him  by  his  constituents  were  general,  but  enjoined 
allegiance  to  the  king  and  permanent  connection  with 
the  mother  country." 

The  supremo  government,  early  in  1810,  in  its  anx- 
iety to  be  surrounded  by  the  re[)resentatives  of  the 
people,  hastened  the  convocation  of  cortes  extraor- 
dinary. Fearing,  however,  that  there  might  not  be 
a  sufficient  number  chosen  for  their  timely  attendance 
at  the  opening  of  the  session,  it  apprised  the  provin- 
cial authorities,  reiterating  the  decree  a  little  later,'-* 
that  deficiencies  would  be  temporarily  supplied  until 
regularly  elected  deputies  presented  tliemselves  to 
occupy  their  seats  in  the  chamber.  Guatemala,  in 
common  with  the  rest  of  America,  was  unable  to  send 
her  deputies  in  time,  and  had  to  be  represented  at 
the  inauguration  ^y  suplentes,  or  proxies.  These  *^ 
were  Andrds  del  l^lano,  a  post-captain,  and  Colonel 
Manuel  del  Llano.  One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  c6r- 
tes"  was  to  confirm  the  principle  that  all  the  Spanish 
dominions  possessed  the  same  rights,  promising  to 
enact  at  an  early  day  laws  conducive  to  the  welfare 
of  the  American  portion,  and  to  fix  the  number  and 
form  of  national  representation  in  both  continents. 

At  the  suggestion  of  the  diputacion  americana,  as 
the  body  of  American  members  was  called,  a  general 
amnesty  for  political  offences  was  decreed,  with  the 


canons,  and  two  citizens  named  by  the  ayuntamiento.  Ouat,  por  Fern.  VII. , 
165-6. 

'"His  competitors  were  Josd  de  Aycinena  and  Lieut-col  Antonio  Jiiarros. 

^'  He  waa  not  to  give  assent  to  the  transfer  of  the  ^Spanish  dominions  to 
any  foreign  power;  tlio  nation's  rights  must  bo  upheld  at  all  hazards;  and 
the  last  drop  of  blood  shed  for  tho  catholic  religion,  and  for  king  and  countrj'. 

"Feb.  14  and  June  26,  1810.  Diario  M6x.,  xiii.  540-r)l. 

"  The  American  suplentes  were  lawyers  or  ecclesiastics  seeking  preferment 
at  court,  or  military  olficers  with  a  long  residence  there.  Alamait,  Hist.  Mij., 
iii.,  ap.  4;  Bualamante,  D^ensa,  16;  Dispoa.  Variaa,  ii.  fol.  10;  Zamacoin, 
Hist.  Mij.,  viii.  450-1.  The  second  named  proxy  in  Nov.  1811  gave  up  his 
seat  to  the  regularly  chosen  deputy.  C6rtes,  Diario,  1811,  93. 

"October  15,  1810.  Alaman,  Hist.  Mij.,  iii.  10;  Zamacois,  Hid.  Mij., 
viii.  458-9. 


r 


i  LAST  DAYS  OP  SPANISH  RULE. 

expectation  of  its  yielding  the  best  results  in  tuvor  of 
peace  and  conciliation.  Froruises  of  reform,  and  of 
better  days  for  Central  America,  were  held  out,  but 
the  provincial  government  paid  little  attention  to 
them.  Meanwhile  a  jealous  and  restless  i»olice  con- 
stantly watched  the  movements  of  suspected  persons. 
Informers  and  spies  lurked  everywhere,  seeking  for 
some  one  against  whom  to  bring  charges. 

The  promised  blessings  proved  delusive.  Instead 
of  reforms,  the  people  witnessed  the  installation  of  a 
tribunal  de  fidelidad,  with  large  powers,  for  the  trial 
and  punishment  of  suspected  persons.'^  This  court 
was  short  lived,  however,  being  suppressed  about  the 
middle  of  the  following  year,  under  the  order  of  the 
supreme  government,  dated  February  20,  1811.  And 
thus  Guatemala  was  kept  quiet  and  apparently  loyal, 
when  the  greater  part  of  Spanish  America  was  in 
open  revolt. 

Saravia's  rule  came  to  an  end  on  the  14th  of  March, 
1811.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
general,  and  appointed  by  the  government  at  Cddiz 
to  the  command  in  chief  of  the  forces  in  Mexico.  On 
his  arrival  in  Oajaca,  the  viceroy,  who  was  chagrined 
at  his  powers  having  been  thus  curtailed,  detained 
him  at  that  place.  In  November  1812,  the  city  be- 
ing captured  by  the  independents,  Saravia  was  taken 
prisoner  and  shot.'' 

The  succesfor  of  Saravia  wrs  Lieutenant-general 
Josd  Bustarac  ite  y  Guerra,  appointed  by  the  supreme 
council  of  re ,  >ncy,  and  soon  after  confirmed  by  the 
c6rtes   genert    s  extraordinarias.     He  was  a   naval 

IS  Installed  June  ,  1810.  Its  first  mcmbera  were  the  Spaniards  Jos6 
Mendez,  an  artillery  icer,  Gidor  Joaquin  Bernardo  Campuzano,  and  Auditor 
de  Guerra  Joa(^uin  If    ilez.  Mariire,  Bosq.  Hist.  Cent.  A  m. ,  5. 

"Saravia  died  li'  a  soldier,  nnd  hia  fate  was  deplored  even  by  the  ene- 
mies of  hia  cause.  Hist.  Mex.,  iv.  48U,  this  series.  Tiio  Mexican  writer  Uus- 
tamante,  who  was  not  prone  to  praise  Spanish  officers,  said  of  Saravia,  '  hoin- 
bre  do  bien,  humano,  religioso,  de  xm  corazon  recto,  digno  de  mejor  fortuna.' 
Cuadro  Hist.,  ii.  217;  Alaman,  Hist.  Miij.,  iii.  325.  He  was  accused,  how- 
ever, though  it  is  believed  the  charge  was  slanderous,  of  hp.ving  conni\  ed  at 
emuggling  by  the  treasury  officials.  The  charge  appears  in  Cancelada,  Tel. 
Mex.,  107-9. 


ibli 


BUSTAMANTE  Y  GUERRA.  7 

officer,  and  liad  made f^cvcral  important  cruises  in  tlio 
<au.sc  of  scienct;,''  and  latterly  had  been  civil  and  mili- 
tary governor  of  Montevideo,  a  position  that  he  filled 
efficiently.  His  zeal  against  the  indepiMidenls  in  that 
country  pointed  him  out  as  the  one  best  fitted  to  re- 
tard the  independence  of  Central  America.  On  his 
return  to  Spain  from  South  America  he  refused  to 
recognize  Joseph  Bonaparte, 

Bustamante  is  represented  to  have  been  an  inflex- 
ible, vigilant,  and  reticent  ruler.  He  lost  no  time  in 
adopting  stringent  measures  to  check  insurrections, 
and  displayed  much  tact  in  choosing  his  agents  and 
spies.  >«lo  intelligent  native  of  tiio  country  was  free 
from  mistrust,  slight  suspicion  too  often  bringing  upon 
the  subject  search  of  domicile,  imprisonment,  or  exile. 
He  never  hesitated  to  set  aside  any  hniient  measures 
emanating  from  the  home  government  in  favor  of  the 
suspected,  and  spared  no  means  that  would  enable 
him,  at  the  expiration  of  his  term,  to  surrender  the 
country  entire  and  at  peace  to  his  superiors.  He  was 
successful,  notwithstanding  there  were  several  at- 
tempts £.t  secession. 

Meanwhile  the  American  representatives  had  been 
permitted  to  lift  their  voice  in  the  national  councils. 
They  had  called  attention  to  the  grievances  of  their 
people.  In  a  long  memorial  of  August  1,  1811,  to 
the  c6rtes,  they  had  refuted  the  oft-repeated  charge 
that  the  friends  of  independence  in  America  were  or 
had  been  under  Napoleonic  influence.  They  st;t  forth 
the  causes  of  discontent, ^^  which  they  declared  was  of 
long  standing,  and  called  for  a  remedy.  Reference 
was  made  to  Mucanar's  memorial  to  Felipe  V.,''  where- 
in he  stated  that  the  Americans  were  displeased,  not 

"  One  WU8  a  cruise  round  the  world  under  Mitlaspina,  licing  tlio  next  iu 
rank  and  commanding  the  corvette  Atrtvida.  Juarros,  Guat.,  ii.,  a<lv.  ix. ; 
Marure,  Bonq.  Hist.  vent.  Am.,  i.  G;  Zamacois,  Hist.  Mej.,  vi.  134;  viii.  fl(i9; 
Los  AnnUit,  Sept.  1872,  30;  Salv.,  JiiuHoUjic.,  1874,  ap.  1. 

'* These  were  restrictions  enforced  by  tlio  crown  against  agriculture,  min- 
ing, fisheries,  manufactures,  and  commerce,  despotism  of  rulers,  and  disre- 
gard of  the  merits  of  Americans,  in  keeping  them  out  of  public  offices.  See 
Jlist.  J/cx.,  iv.  441-07,  thisBeries. 

'*Lu  the  first  half  of  the  18th  century. 


r 


B 


6  LAST  DAYS  OF  SPANISH  IIULE. 

SO  much  because  they  were  under  subjection  to  Spain, 
as  because  they  were  debased  and  enslaved  by  the 
men  sent  out  by  the  crown  to  fill  the  judicial  and 
other  offices.'" 

The  organic  code  was  finally  adopted  on  the  18th 
of  March,  1812.'^  The  instrument  consisted  of  ten 
titles,  divided  into  chapters,  in  their  turn  subdivided 
into  sections,  and  might  be  considered  in  two  parts: 
1st,  general  form  of  government  for  the  whole  nation, 
namely,  a  constitutional  monarchy;  2d,  special  plan 
for  the  administration  of  the  Indies.'^" 

In  lieu  of  the  old  ayuntamientos,  which  were  made 
up  of  hereditary  regidores,  whose  offices  might  be 
transferred  or  sold,  others  were  created,  their  mem- 
bers to  be  chosen  by  electors  who  had  been  in  their 
turn  chosen  by  popular  vote.  The  ayuntamientos 
were  to  control  the  internal  j/il'Vc  of  their  towns, 
their  funds,  public  instruction  within  their  respective 
localities,  benevolent  establishments,  and  local  im- 
provements. They  were  to  be  under  the  inspection 
of  a  diputacion  provincial,  formed  of  seven  members, 
elected  by  the  above-mentioned  electors,  in  each  prov- 
ince, under  the  presidency  of  the  chief  civil  officer  ap- 

**'In  the  matter  of  appointments  to  oflBce,  an  early  royal  order  piescribed 
that  American  descendants  of  Spaninrds  should  nave  the  preference  for  the 
position  of  curate;  and  yet,  during  the  last  thirty  years,  the  most  lucrative 
curacies  were  given  to  Eurnpeau  Sp;auards.  Of  the  170  viceroys  (hat  ruled 
in  America,  four  only  were  of  American  bii'tli,  and  clioso  were  reared  or  edu- 
cated in  Spain.  Out  of  602  captain-generals,  governors,  and  pi'csidents,  only 
14  were  Americans.  Of  982  bishops  and  arclibishops,  70.3  wero  Europeans, 
and  279  Creoles.  Most  of  the  latter  were  uomiuatcd  in  curly  times,  when 
Europeans  were  few,  navigation  diliicult,  and  mitres  alTorded  more  work  than 
money.  Giterra,  Rev,  N.  Ei<}).,  i.  278-85. 

"We  are  assured  that  Antonio  Larrazilbal,  a  clergyman,  Antonio  Juan-c.-], 
and  Jos(5  M.  Peinado  wero  the  chief  authors  of  the  instructions  for  Central 
American  deputies  in  Sjiain.  The  Central  American  deputies  whose  namet, 
were  appended  to  the  constitution  were:  Larrazdbal  for  Guatemala;  .Jos6 
Ignacio  Avila  for  Salvador;  Josi^  Francisco  Morejoii  for  Honduras;  Jos6  Anto- 
nio Lopez  de  la  Plata  for  Nicaragua;  and  Florcucio  Castillo  for  Costa  Rica, 
Gdrten,  Col.  Dec,  ii.  15S-62;  iii.  201-2;  C&rlcn,  J)iario,  181,3,  xvii.  210;  Pa/i. 
Var.,  ecr.  uo.  1,  109-17;  Count.  Polit.  Monarq.,  l-lo-l,  Larrazdbal  ably  de- 
fended in  the  c6rtes  the  rights  of  the  Americans,  specially  of  the  aborigines, 
and  above  all,  tlie  national  sovoreiguty.  l'"()r  this,  after  Fernando  Vlf.  re- 
turned to  Sjtain  in  1814,  he  was  denounced  by  the  absolutists,  t'onde  de 
Torre  Muzquiz  and  Marqu(5s  de  Mata  Florida,  and  confined  in  a  fort  in  Spain, 
linedado  Mont,,  in  Guat.  lit  cop.  Leyis,  iii,  348. 

"M^.,  Col.  Ley.  Fund,  34-91. 


NEW  ORGANIC  CODE. 


pointed  by  the  king;  tlic  (.-hief  and  the  diputacion 
were  jointly  to  have  the  direction  of  the  economical 
affairs  of  the  province.  No  act  of  either  corporation 
was  final  till  approved  by  the  national  cortes.  In 
America  and  Asia,  however,  owing  to  great  distances, 
moneys  lawfully  appropriated  might  he  used  with  thu 
assent  of  the  chief  civil  authority;  but  a  timely  re- 
port was  to  be  made  to  the  supreme  government  for 
the  consideration  of  the  c6rtes.  Such  wore  the  chief 
wheels  in  the  machinery  of  provincial  and  municipal 
administration.  Now,  as  to  popular  rights,  equality 
of  representation  in  the  provinces  of  the  Spanisji 
peninsula,  Asia,  and  America  was  fully  recognized. 
The  descendants  of  Africans  were  alone  deprived  of 
the  rights  of  citizenship.  This  exclusion  was  combated 
with  forcible  arguments  by  many  of  the  American 
deputies  setting  forth  the  fliithful,  efficient  services 
colored  men  had  repeatedly  rendered  and  were  still 
rendering  to  the  itation,  and  their  fitness  for  almost 
every  position.  Many  of  them,  they  said,  liad  re- 
ceived sacred  orders,  or  had  been  engaged  in  other 
honorable  callings,  in  which  they  had  made  good  rec- 
ords; besides  which,  they  comprised  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  useful  mining  and  agricultural  popula- 
tion. Unfortunately  for  the  negro  race,  the  American 
deputies  were  not  all  of  one  mind.  Larrazdbal,  from 
Guatemala,  probably  acting  both  on  his  own  judgment 
and  on  the  opinion  cxpre.'^sed  in  1810  by  the  real  con- 
sulado,  a.iserted  the  black  man's  incapacity,  advocat- 
ing that  persons  of  African  blood  should  be  conceded 
only  the  ])rivilege  of  voting  at  elections.  This  motion 
was  supported  by  a  Peruvian  deputy.  The  peninsular 
members  favoied  the  admission  to  lull  I'ights  of  colored 
priests,  and  all  colored  men  serving  in  the  royalist 
armies.  The  measure  was  lost,  however;  but  tln^ 
article  as  passed  authorized  the  admission  to  full 
])olitical  rights,  b}  special  acts  of  the  c6rtes,  of  colored 
men  proving  themselves  worthy  by  a  remai'kably  vir- 
tuous life,  good  service  to  the  country,  talents,  or  in- 


' ;'  in 

an   I 

I 
I 


10 


LAST  DAYS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


dustriousness,  provided  they  were  born  in  wedlock, 
of  fathers  who  had  been  born  free,  married  to  free- 
born  wives,  and  were  residents  of  Spanish  possessions, 
practising  some  useful  profession  and  owning  property. 

Pursuant  to  the  constitution,  the  c6rtes  ordered, 
Ma}'^  23,  1812,  elections  for  members  to  the  ordinary 
c6rtesof  1813.'* 

The  constitution  was  received  at  Guatemala  on 
the  10th  of  September,  1812,  [)roclaimed  on  the  24th,, 
and  its  support  solemnly  swoi'n  to  by  the  authorities 
and  people  on  the  3tl  of  November,  witli  great  satis- 
faction and  evidences  of  loyalty.  Gold  and  silver 
medals  were  struck  off  to  commemorate  the  event.'** 

The  installation  of  the  c6rtes  took  place,  with  the 
apparent  a[)proval  of  Guatemala.  The  president, 
members  of  the  audiencia,  and  other  dignitaries  who 
had  thriven  under  absolutism,  lot^king  on  Americans 
as  'our  colonists,'  became  at  once  liberals  and  con- 
stitutionalists, pretending  to  recognize  the  wisdom  of 
the  national  congress  in  declaring  that  the  Americans 
were  no  longer  colonists,  but  citizens  of  one  conanon 
country.  Their  manifestation  of  September  15,  1812, 
was  followed  three  days  after  b}^  one  from  the  ayun- 
tamiento  of  Guatemala  to  Deputy  Larrazdbal,  in  the 
same  strain,  suggesting  the  creation  of  a  board  ad- 


iud( 


mo- 


mala 
and 
all  I 
Anie] 


"The  junta  preparatoria,  Nov.  12,  1812,  designated  only  I'J  deputies  to  the 
Spanish  eortes  from  Central  Ameiiou  (Chiiipas  iiiuluiled),  based  on  the  inae- 
curate  census  of  1778,  which  gave  t.">c  wiiolo  country — with  lOl.ijOO  for  Chia- 
pas— 949,01.")  iuhal)itants  in  881  towi  a.  It  was  fixed  that  the  12  provinces  of 
Guatemala,  Chimaltenango,  Quezaiteuango,  Ciudad  Ileal  de  Chiapas,  Vera 
Paz,  San  Salvador,  San  5ligucl,  Chiquiniula,  Sonsonate,  Leon,  Costa  Rica, 
and  Comayagua  should  each  choose  one  deputy;  and  Guatemala,  Ciudad  Real, 
Leon,  and  Comayagua  the  four  suplentes.  Only  two  diputacioiics  provin- 
ciales  were  at  lirst  established,  one  in  Guatemala  and  cmc  in  Leon.  Coi-tcx, 
Act,  ord.,  i.  1813,  Oct.  12,02;  Mcndvz,  Mem.  in  Pap.  Var.,  ccxv.  no.  17,  10- 
17;  Conder'n  Mex.  and  O'uat.,  ii.  .110;  Modern.  Traveller's  A!cx.  ami  Ciiat.,  ii. 
309-10.  Later,  under  the  constitutional  regime,  Chiapas  was  represented  in 
the  Spanish  cortes,  and  had  a  diputaciou  provincial.  Lai-ralnzar,  JJitcurtio, 
12.  In  1812  a  census  was  formetl  to  ascertain  how  many  deputies  Chiapas 
should  have  in  tlie  eurtcs.  Pineda,  in  Soc.  Met-.  Oeog.  lioktin,  iii.  400. 

^*  Que/altenango  had  already,  Ijy  its  ayuntamiento  of  Aug.  12,  1812,  e.v- 
jiressed  approval  of  the  provisions  of  the  instrument,  promising  loyal  obedience 
to  it.  In  Honduras  Gov.  .Juan  Antonio  Tornos  granted  leave  for  tlie  erection 
of  a  monument  in  the  plaza  of  Comayagua,  which  was  carried  out,  Cvrics 
Diario,  ii.,  March  17,  18,  1822. 


Sj  . 


EXPEDITION  TO  OAJACA. 


11 


visory  to  the  cdrtes,  on  the  reino  de  Guatemala  legis- 
lation. 


After  the  fall  of  Oajaca  during  the  Mexican  war  of 
independence,  the  patriot  chief  Morelos  regarded  the 
rear  of  his  military  operations  as  secure.  Sympathiz- 
ing messages  had  reached  him  from  men  of  weight  in 
Guatemala,  which  lulled  him  into  the  belief  that  at- 
tack need  not  be  apprehended  from  this  quarter.  To 
Ignacio  Rayon  he  wrote:  "Good  news  from  Guate- 
mala; they  have  asked  for  the  plan  of  government, 
and  I'll  send  them  the  requisite  information."  It  was 
all  a  mistake.  His  cause  had  friends  in  Central 
America,  and  enemies  likewise.  Among  the  most 
prominent  of  the  latter  were  Captain-general  Busta- 
mante  and  Archbicjhop  Casaus.  The  ecclesiastic,  witli 
a  number  of  Spanish  merchants  from  Oajaca  who  hud 
sought  refuge  in  Guatemaki,  prompted  the  general, 
then  anxious  to  avenge  the  execution  of  his  pre- 
decessor, to  fit  out  an  expedition,  invade  Oajaca,  and 
harass  the  insurgents  even  at  the  gates  of  the  city. 

About  700  men,  mostly  raw  recruits,  were  accord- 
ingly put  in  the  field,  early  in  1813,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Lieutenant-colonel  Dambrini,  a  man  of 
little  ability  and  unsavory  record,  and  crossed  the 
line  into  Tehuantepec.  Dambrini  could  not  aban- 
don his  money- making  propensities;  and  having  been 
led  to  believe  he  would  encounter  but  little  or  no 
resistance,  took  along  a  large  quantity  of  merchandifie 
for  trading.  On  the  25th  of  February  a  small  in- 
surgent force  was  captured  in  Niltepec,  and  Dambrini 
had  its  commander,  together  with  a  Dominican  priest 
and  twenty-eight  others,  shot  the  next  day.  This  was 
the  usual  treatment  of  prisoners  by  both  belligerents. 
But  on  April  20th  the  Guatemalans  were  flanked  and 
routed  at  Tonalil  by  the  enemy  under  Matamoros. 
Dambrini  fied,  and  his  men  dis[)ersed,  leaving  in  the 
victors'  possession  their  arms,  amnmnition,  and  Dam- 


12 


LAST  DAYS  OP  SPANISH  RULE. 


brini's  trading  goods.     The  fugitives  were  pursued 
some  distance  into  Guatemalan  territory.'^° 

Germs  of  independence,  as  I  have  said,  were  fos- 
tered in  secret  by  the  more  intelligent,  and  slowly 
began  to  develop,  the  movement  being  hastened  by  a 
few  enthusiasts  who  were  blind  t<j  the  foolhardiness 
of  their  attempt.  The  government  tiied  all  means  to 
keep  the  people  in  ignorance  of  the  state  of  affairs  in 
Mexico  and  South  America,  and  when  unsuccessful, 
would  represent  the  royalist  army  as  victorious.  Other 
more  questionable  devices  were  also  resorted  to.*** 

Undue  restraint  and  ill  treatment,  as  practised  un- 
der the  stringent  policy  of  Bustamante,  soon  began 
to  produce  effects.  Restiveness  and  despair  seized  a 
portion  of  the  people;  the  hopes  for  a  government 
more  consonant  with  the  spirit  of  the  age,  which  had 
been  held  -out  from  Spain,  evaporated.  Men  were 
unwilling  to  live  longer  under  the  heel  of  despotism; 
and  the  more  high-spirited  in  Salvador  and  Nicaragua 
resolved  to  stake  their  fortunes  upon  a  bold  stroke 
for  freedom.  It  was,  indeed,  a  rash  step,  undertaken 
without  concert,  and  almost  without  resources.  It 
could  but  end  as  it  did  at  every  place  where  a  revo- 
lutionary movement  was  initiated. 

Matfas  Delgado  and  Nicoliis  Aguilar,  curates  of 
San  Salvador,  Manuel  and  Vicente  Aguilar,  Juan 

'*Some  authors  give  the  ] 0th  as  the  date  of  this  defeat.  Alaman,  Hint. 
Mij.,  iii.  343-4;  Bustamante,  Cund.  Hist.,  ii.  2G9-73;  Zamacoii,  Hist.  M('j., 
ix.  9-10,  110-11.  The  last-named  authority  asserts  that  Danibrini  again 
invaded  and  took  the  towni  of  Tohuantepcc,  February  1814.  During  tlie 
revolutionary  wars  of  Mexico,  Chiapas,  owing  to  lier  isolated  position,  was 
not  a  seat  of  war;  and  even  when  Morclos'  troops  fron\  Oajaca  visited  Tonal.1, 
as  above  stated,  there  was  no  resistance.  This  country  enjoyed  peace  during 
the  struggle  in  New  Spain.  Larrainzar,  Chiapan,  in  Soc.  Mcx.  Oeog.  Bolctin, 
iii.  100. 

'8 Letters  were  constantly  sent  to  the  Spanish  government,  and  to  private 
persons,  which  were  published  in  the  newspapers  friendly  to  the  Spanish 
cause,  representing  the  independents  as  banditti  and  murderers,  and  the 
Spaniards  as  exemplars  of  moderation.  It  was  the  emissarica  of  Hoiiaparte 
who  had  induced  tuo  Americans  to  rebel,  they  said.  Trumped-up  miracles 
and  punishments  from  heaven,  anathenuis,  and  every  means  suggested  by  foul 
fanaticism  were  used  to  make  the  friends  of  freedom  odious.  Arcliiii.sbop 
Casaus  granted  80  days'  indulgences  to  (tiiatemalaus  not  participating  in  the 
revolutiouaiy  movements  of  Mexico.  Puerto,  Couvite,  ptiii.,  '2-3. 


AYCINENA  IN  SALVADOR. 


IS 


Manuel  Rodriguez,  and  Manuel  Jose  Aroe  were  the 
first  to  strike  the  blow  for  Central  American  indepen- 
dence. Their  plan  was  carried  into  execution  on  Iht; 
5th  of  November,  1811,  by  the  capture  of  3,000  new- 
muskets,  and  upwards  of  §200,000  from  the  royal 
treasury  at  San  Salvador.  They  were  suj^ported  by 
a  large  portion  of  the  people  of  the  city,  and  in 
Metapan,  Zacatecoluca,  Usulutan,  and  Chalatenango. 
But  other  ))laces  in  the  province  of  Salvador,  namely, 
San  jMiguel,  Santa  Ana,  San  Vicente,  and  Sonsonatc, 
renewed  their  pledges  of  fealty  to  the  government, 
declarinjjr  the  movement  for  freedom  a  sacrile<»e.''' 

The  promoters  of  the  revolt,  which  had  been  started 
in  the  king's  name,  became  disheartened  and  gave  up 
further  effort,  and  with  the  dismissal  of  the  intendente, 
Antonio  Gutierrez  Ulloa,  and  other  officials,  peace  w as 
soon  restored.  San  Salvador  had  been  quiet  without 
other  goverimient  than  that  of  alcaldes  during  the 
disturbance. 

Upon  the  receipt  of  the  news  of  these  occurrences, 
Bustamante  despatched    Colonel  Jose  de  Avcinena 


with  ample  powers  to  take  charge  of  the  intendencia, 
and  I'cstore  quiet.  lie  had  been  getting  troops  ready 
to  send  down,  but  by  the  mediation  of  the  ayunta- 
miento  of  Guatemala  he  had  suspended  preparations, 
and  had  adopted  the  former  course.  A  member  of 
that  body,  Jose  Maria  Peinado,  was  associated  with 
Ayv'uena.^^  They  reached  San  Salvador  on  the  od 
of  December,  amid  the  acclamations  of  the  fickle  pop- 

'^'  The  invitations  sent  the  people  of  San  Miguel  to  cooperate  were  burned 
in  the  plaza  by  the  hands  of  the  public  excciitioucr.  Nur  were  these  towns 
left  without  the  usual  cheap  reward  of  niouarchs.  Sun  Miguel  received  the 
title  of  'nuiy  noble  y  leal ;'  Sau  \'ieeiil<'  was  made  a  city,  which  title  was  con- 
lirnicd  .Jan.  Kl,  ISL".  According  to  .luarros,  Gnat.  (Loud,  ed.,  \S'2[\),  'i.")?, 
many  noble  families  dwelt  in  the  iihux',  and  among  its  founders  were  sonic 
<lesccndnnts  of  Oonzaloand  Jorge  Alvarado,  brothers  of  Pedro,  tlie  conqueror. 
Santa  Ana  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  villa.  The  parish  priests  of  the  several 
places  were  promoted  to  be  canons  of  the  chapter  of  tJuatcmala.  COrte/i, 
Diario,  ISl'J,  xiv.  .38,  1G7;  Manirc,  Jiomj.  Illsl.  Cent.  ^l///.,i.  y. 

■-* The  archbidhop  sent  priests  to  preach  a^iainst  the  insurgents.  Muriire, 
Boaq.  Il'isl.  I'liit.  Am.,  i.  !).  liuslumante,  (iiadi-o  /JiM.,  i\.  270,  says  that 
the  w  iiole  country  would  have  Ijceu  dii.cu  into  nbellion  liut  lor  tiie  advice  of 
the  iible  secretary  of  government,  Alejandro  iiamirci:. 


14 


LAST  DAYS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


ulace;  their  j)resence  ana  the  exhortations  of  the 
missionaries  rliecke'l  all  revolutionary  symptoms. 
The  authors  of  the  revolt  were  leniently  treated 
under  a  general  annieisty,""  Pcinado  was  a  short  time 
after  appointed  Aycinena's  successor  as  acting  inten- 
dente.^ 

Another  and  a  still  luore  serious  attempt  at  revo- 
lution, which  may  be  called  a  sequel  to  that  of  Salva- 
dor, had  its  beginning  in  the  town  of  Leon,  Nicaragyia, 
on  the  13th  of  December,  1811,  when  the  people 
deposed  the  intendente,  Jose  Salvador.  This  action 
was  S' conded  on  the  22d  at  Granada,  where  the 
inhabitants,  at  a  meeting  in  the  municipal  hall,  de- 
manded the  retirement  of  all  tlie  Spanish  officials. 
The  insurgents,  on  the  8th  of  January,  j-3\2,  by  a 
coup-de-main  captured  Fort  San  Cilrlos.  The  officials 
ficd  to  ^lasaya.  Villa  de  Nicaragua. — the  city  of 
Rivas  in  later  times — and  other  towns  at  once  adopted 
the  same  course. 

Early  in  1812,  after  the  iirst  excitement  had  be- 
come somewhat  allayed,  a  board  of  government  was 
organized  in  Leon,  the  members  of  whicli  were  Fran- 
cisco Quiilones,  Domingo  Galar/a,  Cdrmeu  Salazar, 
and  Basilio  Carrillo.  Bisho[)  Fray  Nicolas  Garcia 
Jerez  was  recognized  as  gobernador  intendente  by 
all  the  towns,  and  his  authority  was  only  limited  in 
one  j)oint,  namely,  he  was  in  no  way  to  favor  the  de- 
posed officials.  The  people  of  Granada  resolved  to 
sencl  two  deputies  to  the  board.'^^ 

^*  Aycincna  was,  on  the  7th  of  Feb.,  1812,  made  by  the  Spanish  cartes  a 
councillor  of  state,  and  in  Aug.  181.^,  entered  upon  his  duties  at  Cddiz.  Cdrtrs, 
Diario,  181-,  xvi.  10;  181.3,  xxii.  21C.  According  to  Zatnacois,  the  appoint- 
ment waa  made  only  after  the  adoption  of  the  constitution;  it  is  possible  that 
the  appomtmeut  W!V3  then  renewed  or  confirmed,  ///•-■i.  Mrj,,  viii.  557;  Ayon, 
ApuntM,  li'i-JO;  RexK  Cent.  Am.,  "2-3;  Halv.,  Diario  Ofic,  Feb.  11,  1875; 
Valoi.%  Mex.,  '213-16. 

'"In  1813  he  was  elected  a  deputy  to  the  Spanish  cdrtcs,  but  declined  the 
position  on  account  of  ill  health.  Cdrkx,  Diario,  1813,  xxii.  216. 

"  A  person  writing  from  Guatemala,  and  referring  to  a  document  issued 
Aujruat  1811,  in  secret  session  held  iu  London  by  33  Spanish  Americans, 
after  registering  hi.j  disapproval  of  its  purpose,  positively  asserted  that  the 
masses  were  well  di.sposeil,  fond  of  peace,  and  respectful  to  authority,  if  somo 
agent  of  Satan  did  not  turn  their  heads  and  make  thcui  believe  thoy  were 
superior  beings,  who  needed  no  ruler  over  them.  Caneelada,  Td,  Mex.,  438. 


It 


REVOLUTION  IN  NICARAGUA. 


IS 


The  royal  officials  at  Masaya  having  called  for 
assistance  from  Guatoiiuila,  Bustaniaiitc  liad  1 ,000 
or  more  troops  placed  there  under  coimiiand  of  Sar- 
gciito  Mayor  Pedro  Gutierrez.  The  [)Cople  of  T^eo:i 
had  ere  this  accc})ted  an  amnesty  from  Bishop  Jere/, 
and  thereafter  took  no  part  in  movements  against  tlic 
crown.  Granada,  more  firm  of  purpose,  resolved  upon 
defence;  caused  intrencliments  to  be  built  to  guard 
all  avenues  leading  to  the  plaza,  and  mounted  thereon 
twelve  heavy  cannon.  A  royalist  force,  under  Josu 
M.  Palomar,  on  the  21st  of  April  apprcjaclied  Granada 
to  reconnoitre,  and  reached  the  plazuela  de  Jidteva.^' 
Early  in  the  morning  he  opened  a  brisk  fire  on  the 
town,  and  kept  it  up  for  several  hours.  After  a  par- 
ley, next  day  the  citizens  agreed  to  surrender,  on  Gu- 
tierrez solemnly  pledging  the  names  of  the  king  and 
Bustamante,  as  well  as  his  own,  that  they  should  in 
no  wise  be  molested.  But  after  the  royal  troops  were 
allowed  to  enter  the  city  on  the  28th,  Bustamante, 
ignoring  the  solemn  guarantees  |)ledged  by  iiis  subor- 
dinate, ordered  the  arrest  and  prosecution  of  the 
leaders.  The  governor  accordingly  named  Alejandro 
Carrascosa  fiscal  to  prosecute  the  conspirators  of 
Granada.  The  proceedings  occupied  two  years,  at 
the  end  of  which  the  fiscal  called  for,  and  the  court 
granted,  the  confiscation  of  the  estates,  in  addition  tf 
the  penalties  awarded  to  those  found  guilty.  Sixteen 
of  the  prisoners,  as  heads  of  the  rebellion,  were  sen- 
tenced to  be  shot,  nine  were  doomed  to  the  chain- 
gang  for  life,  and  133  to  various  terms  of  hard  labor.'''' 

''Before  the  .ittack  tlio  city  was  visited  by  Father  Benito  Soto,  as  pacili- 
tator  and  coinmissioner  from  the  l)ibliop  governor.  Ho  tried  to  fulfil  his 
mission  without  degrading  his  countrymen;  hut  aeoing  the  object  of  the  war 
was  to  crush  liberal  Americans,  ho  made  commou  cause  with  thcGranadiiios. 
Marure,  Boi<(i.  Hist.  Cant.  Am.,  i.  ll-TJ.  Ayon,  Apuntia,  17,  gives  the  at- 
tack as  occurring  in  August,  which  is  an  error. 

"Miguel  Lacayo,  Teli5sforo  aud  Juan  Argiiello,  Manuel  Antonio  de  la 
Cerda,  Joaquin  Chamorro,  Juan  Ccrda,  Francisco  Cordero,  Josi5  D.  Kspinosa, 
FjCOH  Molina,  Cleto  Ikndafia,  Vicente  Castillo,  lircgorio  llobledo,  Gregorio 
liracanionte,  Juan  D.  llobledo,  Francisco  Gomez,  and  Manuel  I'arrilhi  were 
to  suffer  death.  Among  tlio(!  sentenceil  to  hard  h.lior  lor  life  were  .IiKiii  l']s- 
]Mnosa,  the  adelantado  ot  Goala  liiea,  Diugo  Montiel,  :n\d  I'io  Ar^iieilo.  A^juii, 
ApuiUe^,  17-18;  Manii\,  JJu.-i'i.  IliM.  Cent.  Am.,  i,  IJ-ll;  Ikv.  Cent.  Am. ,3, 


lU 


LAST  DAYS  OF  SPANISH  RULB. 


The  sentence  of  death  was  not  carried  out,  however. 
The  condemned  were  taken  to  Guatemala,  and  thence 
transported  to  Spain,  where  the  majority  died  as  ex- 
iles. Four  otliers  were  removed  as  convicts  to  Omoa 
and  Trujillo.  The  survivors  were  finally  released  by 
a  royal  order  of  June  25,  1817.^* 

The  conduct  of  the  Leonese  in  leaving  Granada  «o 
bear  alone  the  consequences  of  the  revolution  had,  as 
I  remarked,  a  bad  effect  upon  the  country."'  From 
that  time  dates  a  bitter  feeling  between  Leon  and 
Grarada,  and  between  Managua  and  Masaya  on  the 
one  J  art  and  Granada  en  the  other.^" 

Notwithstanding  the  existing  grievances  and  the 
generally  depressed  condition  of  business,  the  people 
did  not  fail  to  respond  to  the  calls  from  the  home  gov- 
ernment upon  all  parts  of  the  Spanish  dominions  for 
pecuniary  aid  to  meet  the  enormous  expenses  of  the 

•*  One  of  them,  Manuel  Antonio  de  la  Cerda,  refused  to  accept  the  pardon 
unless  coupled  with  leave  to  prefer  cliargcs  against  Dustaiuantc.  But  an 
inlhicntial  friend  of  tl;  j  general's  prevented  its  being  granted,  and  Cerda,  to 
get  out  of  tile  countrj-,  escaped  on  a  vessel  bound  to  Sweneu;  tlience  ho  went 
to  Cuba,  and  lived  tliere  several  years  under  an  assumed  name.  Lns  Anales, 
Sejyt.  1,  1872,  30.  The  noted  !Nicaraguan  siatesniau,  Tonu'is  Ayon,  justly 
bewail;!  the  seeming  ingratitude  of  some  if  his  eountry".s  writers  in  saying 
that  Nicaragua's  independence  had  cost  nothing.  The  liistory  of  that  period, 
1811-21,  it  is  true,  records  no  bloody  fields,  no  brilliant  feats  of  urnis;  but  it 
prcKcnts  an  array  of  victims  to  the  cause,  of  men  who  sacrificed  their  lives, 
liberty,  and  fortunes  to  secure  their  country's  freedom;  and  these  sacrifices, 
Ayon  claims,  should  bo  remembered,  and  the  sull'urers'  memory  held  in  rev- 
erence. Apnntes,  18.  Squicr,  in  7\-avdis,  ii.  37S,  speaks  of  a  suppressed 
revolution  in  Leon  in  1S15,  giving  that  city  the  whole  credit  of  the  first  im- 
pulse to  liberal  sentimeut  in  Central  America.  There  was  no  such  movement 
in  that  year,  and  he  probably  had  reference  to  that  of  ISU,  tliough  to  Salva- 
dor certainly  belongs  the  honor  of  the  first  attempt  for  independence.  Pim'a 
Gate  of  the  Pac,  3b,  prints  the  same  cn-or. 

'*  More  empty  rewards  for  Leon,  In  ]  812  the  cc'rtes  acceded  to  the  bishop's 
petition  for  the  creation  of  a  university  in  this  town  It  was  long  delayed, 
however.  The  ayuntamiento  had  conferred  on  it  the  title  of  ■  miiy  noble  y  leal; ' 
and  that  of  Nueva  Segovia  was  similarly  honored.  Tlie  dean  of  Nicaragua 
was  much  commended  in  the  cortes,  Aug.  1813,  for  his  loyal  and  judicious 
conduct.  C6rteSy  Diario,  1811-12,  xi.  198;  1S13,  xvii.  2-17,  xxi.  45-G;  Cdrtea, 
Col.  Dec,  ii.  47-8,  iii.  177;  Junrros,  Gaat.  (Lond.  ed.,  1823),  333-8;  Belli/, 
Nil-.,  i.  227;  Conders'  Mcx.  and  Guat.,  ii.  309.  Bishop  Jerez  had  written  the 
captain-general  a  warm  letter  on  behalf  of  the  Leoucsc,  for  whom  ho  had  a 
special  predilection,  and  said,  'Si  me  desterrasen  un  Leones  dcjo  de  ser  obispo.' 
Perez,  Bio(j.  Sacasa,  7. 

'*  This  bitterness  originated  bloody  wars,  and  did  much  harm  to  Nicara- 
gua. Rev.  Gent.  Am.,  3;  Ayon,  Apuntes,  15,  18-19;  Regittro  Ofic,  Nov.  21, 
1846,  381. 


FANATICISM. 


17 


war  against  Napoleon's  forces,  and  other  pressing  de- 
mands. In  1812  there  were  collected  and  remitted 
as  donations  $43,538.  The  citizens  of  San  Salvador 
also  agreed  to  give  $12,000  for  1812,  and  an  equal 
sum  in  1813,  if  they  could  obtain  a  certain  reform  for 
the  benefit  of  indigo-planters.^' 

We  have  seen  how  the  first  steps  toward  indepen- 
dence failed.  Nor  could  any  other  result  have  been 
expected  from  the  degraded  condition,  socially  and 
intellectually,  of  the  masses.  The  people  were  con- 
trolled by  fanaticism,  in  abject  submission  to  king  and 
clergy.  Absurd  doctrines  and  miracles  were  impli- 
citly believed  in;  and  every  eflfort  made  to  draw  the 
ignorant  people  out  of  that  slough  was  in  their  judg- 
ment treason  and  sacrilege,  a  violation  of  the  laws  of 
God,  an  attempt  to  rob  the  king  of  his  rights;  certain 
to  bring  on  a  disruption  of  social  ties,  and  the  wrath 
of  heaven.  The  lower  orders  had  been  taught  that 
freedom  signified  the  reign  of  immorality  and  crime, 
while  fealty  to  the  sovereign  was  held  a  high  virtue. 
Hence  the  daily  exhibitions  of  humble  faithfulness, 
the  kneeling  before  the  images  of  the  monarch  and 
before  their  bishops,  and  the  more  substantial  proof 
of  money  gifts  to  both  church  and  crown.^ 

"The  §43,538  went  on  the  ship  Venganza  to  Cddiz,  and  the  arrival  w.as 
announced,  Feb.  15,  1813,  to  the  c6rtcs  by  the  deputies  of  Guatemala.  Cdrte-i, 
Diario,  1813,  xvii.  239-40. 

"Marui'e,  on  the  authority  of  the  Gaceta  de  Oiiatemala,  xiii.  no.  11'2,  and' 
xiv.  no.  191,  assures  tis  that  nearly  one  and  a  half  million  dollars  had  been 
remitted  by  Central  America  to  Spain,  from  donations  and  other  sources,  to 
cancel  royal  warrants.  Bosq.  Jlist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  18.  Tliis  work,  that  I  have 
occasion  to  quote  so  often,  bears  the  title  Bosqiiejo  Ilittdrico  de  las  licvolii- 
clones  de  Centra  Amdrlca  desdelSll  hasta  1S34.  Its  author,  Alejandro  Maruru, 
who  was  a  professor  of  history  and  geography  in  the  university  of  Guatemala, 
and  otherwise  a  prominent  citizen,  issued  in  Guatemala  his  1st  volume,  sin. 
4to,  295  pp.,  with  designs  on  the  frontispiece,  in  1S37;  containing  events  to 
18'2Gonly.  The  publication  of  the  otlicr  two  volumes,  it  is  understood,  ho 
was  obliged  to  witlihold  by  order  of  his  government.  Montiifar,  llc.-eua, 
Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.,  preface  pp.  iii.  and  iv.,  tells  ns  the  circulation  of  the  2ii 
vol.  was  not  allowed;  'un  solemno  auto  de  f(S  dcvoni  la  cdicion  cntera.'  One 
copy  escaped,  however,  from  which  another  edition  was  printed  in  later  years. 
It  scathes  the  so-called  conservative  party,  more  properly  entitled  to  tho 
appellations  of  fanatical  and  servile,  for  the  infamous  acts  of  its  men  tliat  for 
many  years  misgoverned  tho  country.  Its  contents  have  been  fully  used  by 
Montiifar.  Tho  3d  volumo  has  not  been  published,  and  tho  author's  heirs' 
Hut.  Onrr.  Ax.,  Vol.  IU.   2 


LAST  DAYS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


The  first  efforts  on  behalf  of  emancipation  were  not 
wholly  lost,  as  they  led  to  definitive  results  in  the  near 
future.  The  next  attempts  also  met  with  failure,  and 
brought  u[)oii  their  authors  the  heavy  hand  of  Busta- 
mante.  The  first  one,  in  1813,  was  known  as  the 
Betlen  conspiracy,  which  derived  its  name  from  the 
convent  where  the  conspirators  usually  assembled. 
Much  importance  was  given  to  this  affair  by  the  gov- 
ernment and  the  loyalists.  The  meetings  were  pre- 
sided over  by  the  sub-prior  Fray  Ramon  de  la  Con- 
cepcion,  and  were  sometimes  held  in  his  cell,  and  at 
others  in  the  house  of  Cayetano  Bedoya,  under  the 
direction  of  Tomds  Ruiz,  an  Indiau,^^  All  were  sworn 
to  secrecy,  and  yet  the  government  suspected  the 
plot,  and  arrested  some  persons  who  had  the  weakness 
to  divulge  the  plan  and  the  names  of  their  associates.*" 

The  conspirators,  all  of  whom  were  men  of  charac- 
ter and  good  standing,  soon  found  themselves  in  prison, 
excepting  Jos^  Francisco  Barrundia,  who  remained 
concealed  six  years,  and  afterward  was  one  of  the 
most  prominent  statesmen  of  Central  America.  Ma- 
jor Antonio  del  Villar  was  commissioned  fiscal  to 
prosecute  the  prisoners.  He  spared  no  one  in  his 
charges,  and  managed  to  bring  into  the  meshes  of  the 

long  refused  to  allow  any  one  to  see  the  manuscript.  This  work  furnishes 
an  interesting  account  of  political  affairs  in  Guatemala  from  tlio  first  attempt 
at  separation  from  the  motlicr  country  in  ISll  to  its  accomplisliment  in  1821, 
from  an  American  standpoint;  the  intrigues  by  which  Central  America  was 
yoked  to  IturbiJc's  Mexican  empire,  and  subsequent  events  culminating  ia 
the  second  and  final  enforcement  of  independence,  followed  by  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  federal  government;  rupture  between  Guatemala  and  the  general 
government,  and  victory  of  the  latter;  church  and  military  aflairs;  intrigues 
of  parties;  authorities  being  freely  quoted  to  sustain  statements.  Tho  author 
does  not  enter  into  much  detail  on  military  operations,  but  is  quite  full  in  his 
description  of  party  workings,  which  affords  a  clear  understanding  of  their 
antagonistic  interests.  Under  the  title  of  Efemirvles  de  Iok  herhoa  notables . . . 
de  Centra  America,  the  same  writer  gave  to  the  press  at  (Guatemala,  in  1844, 
a  r2mo  of  77  pp.,  furnishing  a  very  brief  synopsis  of  the  chief  events  that 
occurred  from  1821  to  1842,  with  tabular  lists;  quite  useful  as  a  chronology. 

"Among  the  implicated  were  a  number  of  military  officers  whose  role  was 
to  win  over  tlie  troops,  and  gain  possession  of  tlicir  arms. 

*"  The  plan  was  to  seize  Bustamantc,  Auditor  do  Gucrra  Ibaficz,  Archbishop 
Casaus,  and  all  the  high  military  officers;  after  which  the  Grauadan  prisoners 
were  to  bo  liberated,  and  tlio  country's  independence  proclaimed.  The  royal 
ofiScials  chose  to  add  that  tho  parties  had  harbored  '  incendiary  and  horrible 
■chemes  of  plunder  and  devastation.' 


THE  PLOT  OF  BETLEN. 


10 


prosecution  several  persons  who  were  innocent.**  On 
the  18th  of  September,  1814,  ho  asked  the  military 
court  for  the  penalty  of  death,  by  garrote,  against 
Ruiz,  Vfctor  Castrillo,  Jos(5  Francisco  Barrundia  j)ro 
contumacia,  and  Joaquin  Yi'idico,  who  were  hidalgos; 
and  the  same  j)onalty,  by  hanging,  against  the  sub- 
prior  and  ten  others  who  were  plebeians."  Ten  years 
of  hard  labor  in  the  chain-gang  of  the  African  posses- 
sions, and  a  life  exile  from  America,  were  pronounced 
upon  others  against  whom  no  guilt  was  proved.  Tho 
prisoners  were  all  set  free,  however,  in  1819,  under  a 
royal  order  of  tho  28th  of  July,  1817. 

Among  the  men  regarded  as  the  most  dangerous, 
and  strongly  suspected  of  being  tho  real  managers  of 
the  Botlen  plot,  was  Mateo  Antonio  Marure,  who 
had  been  confined  two  years  in  a  dungeon  ibr  the 
part  he  took  in  the  disturbances  of  1811."  Busta- 
taniantc  dreaded  his  presence  in  Guatemala,  and  in 
1814  despatched  him  as  a  prisoner  to  the  supreme 
council  of  regency  in  Spain,  with  his  reasons  for  this 
measure.  After  recounting  the  Betlen  afiair,  and 
namincT  Marure  as  the  real  instifjator  and  manajjfer  of 

*^  ^farure,  Bosq.  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  Iti;  Romero,  Bosq.  Hist.,  42;  Mern. 
Jiist.  Cf7it.  Am.,  2,  3. 

^'Miilian  Ibnria,  Amlrds  Pardon,  Manuel  de  San  Jos6,  Manuel  Yot.  The 
names  of  tho  other  six  do  not  appear.  Pineda  de  Mont. ,  in  Gnat. ,  I'ecop.  Leijca, 
iii.  ol7-S;  Hodrhjnez,  Prohlma  Jli.'tt.,  iu  Salv.,  Diario  Ofic,  1873,  Apr.  1  and 
Miiy  23.  The  author  of  Mem.  I!cv.  Cent.  Am.,  7,  who  was  evidently  Lliuiled 
by  prejudice  against  Barrundia  and  against  tho  cause,  says  that  the  Litter 
lost  credit  for  being  mixed  up  in  the  IJetlen  affair  with  'hombrca  shi  luees, 
Bin  cr^dito,  y  sin  costumbres;'  and  forfeited  tho  character  for  Ormnt-'ss  lie 
had  held  in  public  estimation  by  needlessly  petitioning  for  a  pardon  wlieu  lie 
had  not  been  imprisoned,  and  could  at  any  time  have  left  tho  country  with 
out  risk.  Lorenzo  Moutufar,  a  statesman  and  writer,  tells  us,  in  rebuttal, 
that  theso  men  were  of  good  intelligence  and  position;  that  Barrundia's  peril 
was  imminent  all  the  time  of  his  concealment,  and  as  only  Spanisli  vessels 
visited  the  ports,  it  would  have  been  risky  to  attempt  escape  upon  one  of 
tlicm.  Moreover,  it  w-.j  impossible  to  foresee  when  independence  would  bi; 
attained.  Under  Ltio  circumstances,  Barrundia  had  to  ask  for  pardon  when 
he  could  get  it.  Costa  II.,  Gaceta,  Sept.  2,  1854.  Villar,  tho  prosecutiuL;  olii- 
cer,  became  notorious  in  1817  for  cruelties  and  wanton  murders  of  unfortunate 
inhabitants  of  Peten-Itza,  when  he  was  commandant  there.  Fajardo,  Inf. . . 
al  Mill,  de  I'd.,  Campeche,  1828,  sm.  4to,  17  pp. 

"  He  was  the  father  of  Alejandro  Marure,  born  iu  Guatemala,  and  one 
who  had  attained  a  respectable  rank  iu  letters,  at  a  very  early  age,  in  his  coun- 
try. At  the  time  he  began  to  figure  in  its  political  aiTairs  be  waa  a  master  of 
philosophy.  Boaq.  Hint.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  14-15. 


LAST  DATS  OF  SPANISH  RULE. 


'    !i 


it,  ho  arlcls  that  the  conspirators  counted  on  him  as  a 
fearless  man  to  carry  it  out,  and  that  liis  l)old  language 
and  writings  rendered  his  sojourn  in  America  a  con- 
stant menace  to  Spanish  interests. 

Another  and  a  worse  planned  attempt  at  revolution 
than  the  one  of  1811  occurred  in  Salvador  in  1814. 
The  government  quelled  it,  and  the  promoters  were 
arrested,  Manuel  Jos^  Arce  suffering  an  imprisonment 
of  several  years.* 


44 


The  reader's  attention  is  now  called  to  matters  con- 
cerning the  capitanfa  general  of  Guatemala,  which 
occupied  the  government  both  here  and  in  Europe 
immediately  before  King  Fernando's  coup-d'dtat. 

Bustamante,  evidently  hostile  to  constitutional  gov- 
ernment, and  loath  to  suffer  readily  any  curtailment 
of  his  quasi-autocratic  powers,  proclaimed,  under  the 
pressure  of  necessity,  the  national  constitution,  and 
l)crmitted  elections  under  it;  but  between  this  and 
allowing  the  diputaciones  provinciales  and  ayunta- 
mientos  free  action  under  the  fundamental  law,  there 
was  a  wide  chasm.  He  had  no  intention  of  tamely 
submitting  to  such  innovations,  whatever  might  be 
said  of  their  merits  in  the  abstract.  In  the  first 
place,  he  postponed  for  three  whole  months  the  in- 
stallation of  the  diputacion,  and  when  it  was  installed, 
refused  to  honor  the  evofit  with  a  high  mass  and  te 
deum,  which  would  have  b;  en  the  proper  thing  to  do. 
Such  a  recognition  of  the  importance  of  the  diputa- 
cion might  have  shake;^.  ''.he  faith  of  the  populace  in  a 
one-man  power.  He  next  insisted  on  the  diputacion 
having  its  sittings  at  the  government  house,  where  it 
would  be  at  his  mercy.  He  treated  the  body  disre- 
spectfully in  several  ways,*"  and  as  he  could  not  make 

**  Arco  began  to  figure  in  the  rebellion  of  1811,  After  tlic  organization  of 
the  federal  r(?gimc  he  was  the  first  constitutional  president  of  the  republie. 
liev.  Cent.  Am.,  3;  Sali:,  Diario  Ojlc,  1875,  Fob.  13. 

*5Iu  disregard  of  the  rank  and  standing  of  th'.^  'excelentisima  diputaeion,' 
he  would  append  only  his  media  iirma,  or  surname,  to  its  decrees  and  docu- 
ments, when  he  should  have  used  his  nanao  and  surname — a  serious  breach  of 
etiquette  in  those  til"'". 


END  OF  BU.STAMAXTE.S  RITLE. 


31 


it  subservient  to  his  will,  tiied  l»y  all  nicaiia  in  his 
power  to  destroy  its  iniluenee  unci  usefulness.  In  fact, 
lie  looked  upon  it  as  a  mere  consultative  oor])oration, 
whose  advice  he  might  ask  for  or  not,  as  suited  his 
fancy.  Lastly,  he  would  not  permit  the  acts  of  the 
(liputacion  to  bo  published;  and  for  the  matter  of 
Uiat,  there  was  no  liberty  of  the  press. 

These  complaints  were  laid  before  the  national 
cortos"  for  redress,  coupled  with  a  petition  that  the 
loyal  authority  should  remove  Jiustamante  from  office. 
IJut  grievances  were  unredressed,  and  their  author 
continued  wielding  power  in  the  country  several  years 
more.  Indeed,  this  was  not  to  be  wondered  at.  The 
Spanish  government  had  rarely,  if  ev(ir,  shown  incli- 
nation to  do  justice  to  the  ruled  against  the  high 
rulers  it  placed  over  them,  or  to  punish  the  despotic 
acts  of  the  latter.  Residencias  had  of  late  become 
mere  matters  of  form.  If  the  complainants  had 
w'^alth  and  influence  at  court,  they  might  obtain  the 
recall  of  the  ruler  obnoxious  to  them,  but  no  other 
])unisliment.  The  prestige  of  authority  must  be  up- 
hold; such  was  the  principle  acted  upon.*^  Guate- 
mala was  finally  relieved  of  Bustamante's  hated  rule 
on  the  28th  of  March,  1818. 

The  people  of  Central  America,  like  the  rest  of  the 
Spanish  dominions,  were  soon  invited  to  another  view 
in  the  political  kaleidoscope.     Fernando  VII.,  upon 

*'' The  chamber  now  had  but  a  short  time  to  live.  Manuel  Michco  had 
Itieseuted  his  credentials  in  Jan.  1814,  and  been  admitted  to  his  seat  as  dep- 
uty from  Chimaltenango,  Guatemala.  Luis  Aguirro's  claim  to  admission  was 
referred  back  ou  the  petition  of  citizens  of  Ciiiquimula  for  his  election  to  be 
declared  null.  Cdrtes,  Act.  ord.,  1814,  Jan.  '21,  i.  487,  Maroli  20,  ii.  121. 

"Se''cral  accusations  had  been  preferred  hitherto  against  Bustamante;  all 
remained  unheeded,  so  far  as  it  ever  became  known.  One  more  was  that  of 
.luan  Argiiello  of  Granada,  in  Nicaragua,  who  charged  t'lo  governor  with  un- 
just treatment  of  him  in  1814,  and  demanded  his  trial  and  punishment.  This 
case  was  ''cfore  the  c6rtes  Oct.  20,  1820.  But  as  the  second  constitutional 
epoch  was  so  short-lived,  Arguello's  deznand  for  justice  had  no  better  result 
than  preceding  ones.  A  memorial  of  the  ayuntamiento  of  Guatemala,  on  the 
liolitical  condition  of  the  province,  expressing  fear  that  the  harsliness  ex- 
tended to  men  f ^  r  political  opinions  might  lead  to  evil  consequences,  and 
asking  for  the  pardon  of  prisoiii;rs,  was  presented  March  24,  1814,  to  the 
ci'irtes.  It  was  referred  to  a  committee,  and  that  was  all  the  action  taken, 
till  the  king  in  1SI7  granted  an  amnesty,  t'dr/ct.  Act.  ord.,  March  24,  1814, 
ii.  1,'32;  Id.,  Diario,  Oct.  20,  1820,  ix.  4. 


fl  LAST  DAYS  OP  SPANISH  RULE. 

his  release  by  Napoleon  a  few  months  after  the  treaty 
of  Valenjay,*^  returned  to  Spain  without  delay,  and 
on  arriving  at  Valencia,  issued  his  manifesto  of  May 
4,  1814,  setting  aside  the  constitution,  and  assuming 
the  authority  of  an  absolute  sovereign.  He  did  this 
with  fair  promises,  which  he  carried  out  when  and 
how  it  suited  him.*^  Among  many  decrees  issued  by 
the  monarch  soon  after,  which  were  of  interest  to 
Central  America,  was  one  enjoining  on  the  archbishop 
and  bishops  to  see  that  their  subordinates  did  their 
duty  faithfully,  and  entertained  only  wholesome 
opinions.  No  associations  or  leagues  were  to  be 
tolerated  which  might  lead  to  a  disturbance  of  the 
public  peace;  in  other  words,  liberty  and  constitutional 
government  were  not  to  be  thought  of '^''  Another 
decree  of  June  l7th,  demanded  of  the  deputies  from 
America  having  in  their  possession  petitions  from 
their  constituents  to  lay  them  before  the  royal  gov- 
ernment, in  order  that  they  might  be  acted  upon. 
Several  measures  for  the  protection  of  morals  and  the 
advancement  of  civilization  were  also  enacted. 

«Ck)ncluded  Dec.  11,  1813. 

**  Upon  the  news  of  the  king's  acts  becoming  known  in  Guatemala,  the 
archbishop  and  his  clergy,  and  the  other  authorities,  offered  thanks  to  God  for 
hia  release  and  restoration  to  the  throne.  Juarros,  Ouat.,  ii.,  adv.  xii. 

^Tho  pope  lent  his  support  with  an  encyclical  letter  of  Aug,  15,  1814, 
against  fre..r --^ovry  and  otner  secret  societies,  which  was  published  June  2, 
1815.  All  persons  afiiliating  in  such  organizations  were  required  to  sever 
their  connection  with  them.  Fern.  VII,,  Decretos,  27-32, 


CHAPTER  II. 

INDEPENDENCE  ACHIEVED. 

1818-1821. 

Presidknt  CIblos  Urrutia— His  Libeual  Views — Colombian  A.ssaui.ts 
—Spanish  Constitution  Restored— The  Gazistas,  or  Bacos— The 
Cacos— JosA  DEL  Valle— Pedro  Mdlina— Liberal  Institutions- 
Extent  OF  THE  Political  Government — Ecclesiastical  Administra- 
tion— Work  of  American  Deputies— Party  Excitement  in  Gi;ate- 

MALA — UKROTIA      DELEGATES      UIS      POWERS  —  SUBSOTUTE      PRESIDENT 

Gavino  Gainza— Chiapas  and  her  Government — She  Secedes  from 
Spain  and  Joins  the  Mexican  Empibk— Guatemala  Declares  for 
Indefendencb — Junta  Gubernativa — Convocation  op  a  Congress. 


Successor  to  Bustamante  in  the  position  of  gov- 
ernor, president,  and  captain-general,  in  March  1818, 
was  Lieutenant-general  Cdrlos  Urrutia,^  knight  grand 
cross  of  the  military  order  of  San  Hermenegildo, 
which  entitled  him  to  be  calbd  excelentisimo  senor. 
It  was  a  difficult  position.  The  country  was  at  peace, 
it  is  true,  but  a  political  volcano  was  at  work,  and  :k) 
one  could  foretell  vr^ien  the  upheaval  of  revolution 
might  occur,''  letting  loose  the  elements  of  destruction, 
!is  had  happened  in  other  parts  of  Spanish  America. 
However,  anocher  constituti(uial  term  under  the 
Spanish  monarch  was  about  being  inaugurated,  and 
this  fact  helped  to  bring  un  definitive  results. 

'  A  native  of  Habana,  Cuba.  He  bad  £llcd  several  liigh  otDces,  the  last 
bo-'  •  lat  of  governor  of  Santo  Domingo.  Jucrron,  GiuU. ,  ii. ,  adv.  ix.-x. ;  Salv. , 
/><...  .iO/c,  Apr.  1,  1875,4. 

'Convulsions  of  nature  bad  been  oonstaiitly  occurrinrj  in  Qiiezaltenango 
'li.ring  two  months,  wliich  greatly  alarmed  tho  iiopulaLKu.  (tut'!'"  17th  of 
Jan.,  1818,  a  hill  on  tho  south  of  the  town  bni'stoncn  and  threw  o'n,  enormous 
(luaiitities  of  ashes,  covering  the  whole  country,  nin  to  'ho  distance  of  35 
loiiguos,  and  flames  were  oocaaionallv  seen.  <'''r.ui\  (ai;i,  isi  Noiiciuao  Oen., 
March  16,  1818,  4 

(28) 


24 


INDEPENDENCE  ACHIEVED. 


Urrutia  was  a  man  of  expeiljnce,  with  a  well-bal- 
anced mind,  whose  political  opinions  leaned  to  the 
side  of  progress.  Ho  would  have  been  well  adapted 
to  guide  the  course  of  events  in  Central  America  had 
it  not  been  for  the  infirmities  of  old  age.  Guatemala, 
being  as  yet  under  the  sway  of  Spain,  was  open  to 
attack  from  the  enemies  of  that  government,  or  at 
least,  to  such  action  as  they  might  adopt  in  aid  of  the 
disaffected  portion  of  the  people  to  secure  their  coun- 
try's independence.  The  latter  was  the  plan  of  the 
Colombian  insurgents  in  fitting  out  a  combined  sea 
and  land  expedition  to  operate  against  the  ports  of 
Omoa  and  Trujillo  in  1820.' 

On  the  21st  of  April  the  watch-tower  at  Capiro, 
in  Trujillo,  announced  the  approach  of  a  Colombian 
flotilla  of  small  vessels  from  the  windward.  The  gar- 
rison, commanded  b}'  Josd  M.  Palomar,  at  once  made 
preparations  for  emergencies.  The  flotilla,  consisting 
of  two  brigantines,  four  large  and  as  many  small 
schooners,  one  felucca,  and  one  sloop,  under  Com- 
modore Aury,  sailed  in  at  two  o'clock,*  and  despatched 
a  boat  to  shore  to  demand  the  surrender  of  the  place 
within  one  hour.  Nothing  further  was  done  on  that 
day,  however;  but  early  the  next  morning  the  flotilla 
moved  toward  the  mouth  of  the  Guaimoreto,  and  after 
raconnoitering  the  defences,  opened  a  bombardment 
with  ball  and  grape-shot  on  the  intrenchment  and 
demolished  it,  which  compelled  the  defenders  to  fall 
back.  Th3  assailants  landed  400  men  and  15  horses, 
and  advanced  against  the  garrison,  meeting  with  a 
repulse  at  the  fourth  parapet.  The  garrison  retreated 
to  the  fifth  line,  at  which  the  enemy  was  a  second 
time  driven  back.'  The  vessels  fired  broadside  upon 
broadside  on  the  shore  batteries,  which  were  warmly 
returned.     The  bombardment  was  kept  up  from  nine 

•Tho  Spanish  oflBcial  account  published  by  the  governiiient  of  Guatemala, 
May  1  and  13,  1820,  and  copied  lu  tho  Oaceta  of  Mex.  of  Juno  17th,  same 
year,  has  it  that  tlic  attempt  resulted  in  tha  discomfiture  of  tho  assailants. 

*The  commander's  ship  hoisted  a  flag  with  two  blue  bars  and  a  white  one 
between  them  showing  an  escutcheon. 


It   S€ 

sub- 


ATTACK  ON  TRUJILLO. 


25 


A.  M.  till  two  P.  M.,  when  the  flotilla  retired  out  of  reach 
of  the  batteries.  A  portion  of  the  land  force  then 
attempted  to  enter  the  town  by  the  rear  of  it,  but 
was  detected  and  compelled  to  retire.  Early  in  the 
morning  of  the  23d,  the  invading  troops  returned  to 
the  vessels,  leaving  their  horses;  and  soon  afterward 
the  flotilla  put  to  sea,  each  vessel  firing  a  broadside, 
on  passing  Point  Castilla,  against  the  watch-tower. 
During  the  night  of  the  24th  the  Colombian  vessels 
dropped  out  of  sight.^  On  the  25th  the  flotilla  ap- 
peared off  Omoa,  and  for  several  days  was  making 
attempts  to  effect  a  landing,  which  being  unsuccessful, 
it  retired  on  the  6th  of  May,  after  setting  fire  to  the 
larger  brig,  which  had  been  damaged  by  the  fire  from 
the  town. 

Fernando  VII.,  under  compulsion,  restored  the  con- 
stitution of  1812  throughout  his  dominions.  On  the 
9th  of  March,  1820,  he  swore  to  support  it,  and  the 
next  day  issued  a  manifesto  conveying  an  apology  for 
having  set  it  aside  in  1814,  and  giving  plausible  reasons 
for  his  present  change  of  mind.  On  the  1 1th  of  April 
be  issued  another  manifesto,  addressed  to  the  people 
of  America,  expressing  sorrow  at  not  having  sooner 
r(:in.siai,ed  the  constitutional  government.  In  another 
dccrc!  of  April  15th  he  restores  to  full  force  and  vigor 
aH  vh/nees  of  the  c6rtes,  both  the  extraordinary  and 
ordinar}',  for  t7  o  better  government  and  progress  of 
the  J.  \   mces  in  x^merica. 

It  seems  that  Brigadier  Gavino  Gainza,  appointed 
sub-inspector-general  of  the  forces  in  Central  America, 
was  commissioned  to  bring  out  the  royal  proclamations 
and  decrees  for  the  reinstatement  of  the  constitution, 
and  of  the  laws  which  were  passed  under  it  by  the 
c6rtes.  There  is  nothing  to  show  the  precise  time  o[' 
!iis  arrival  in  Guatemala,  but  it  will  suffice  to  statu 


Tlio  Spanisli  ofBcial  account  seta  tho  cnciny's  casualties  at  40  kilkd  ami 
wounf'jil  on  Hhorej  thoso  on  boiuJ  could  not  bo  ascertained.  Tho  .Spauisli 
luus  is  giveu  at  uue  killed  und  two  wuuudotl. 


II! 


M  INDEPENDENCE  ACHIEVED. 

that  the  diputacion   provincial  was  installed  at   the 
capital  on  the  13th  of  July. 

At  a  preparatory  sitting  of  the  c6rtes,  on  the  26th 
of  June,  1820,  Juan  N.  San  Juan  and  Josd  Sacasa 
were  present  as  representatives  from  Guatemala,  and 
on  the  2d  of  August  Juan  N.  Tuero,  or  Fuero,  pre- 
sented his  credentials  as  a  deputy  elected  from  Chi- 
apas for  the  c6rtes  of  1815-16,  which  body  he  found 
closed  on  arriving  in  Spain  at  the  end  of  1814.°  The 
necessity  -^i  such  a  diputacion  was  ably  discussed  in 
the  cdrteit.  -  'le  30th  of  April,  1821,  by  Deputy 
Hermosilla,  t  ided  by  Dej  uty  Milla,  both  support- 
ing the  report  oi  the  committee  on  the  subject.  On 
the  I7th  of  June  the  chamber  was  officially  informed 
of  the  installation  of  the  diputacion,  and  commended 
its  patriotic  labors.^ 

The  'junta  suprema  de  censura,'  created  to  adjudi- 
cate upon  alleged  ojffences  against  the  law  regulating 
the  press,  had,  on  the  9th  of  August,  1820,  nomi- 
nated, and  the  c6rtes  confirmed,  the  members  of  the 
junta  de  censura  for  Guatemala.^ 

The  reestablishment  of  the  constitutional  regime 
under  such  favorable  circumstances  soon  brought  into 
life  two  great  parties  that  for  a  long  time  bore  the  re 
spective  names  of  Gazista,  or  Baco,  and  Caco.     The 
gazista,  with  Josd  del  Valle  as  its  leader,'  was  made 

*06rte8,  Diario,  1820,  ii.  19;  Apr.  30,  1821,  extra,  xvi.  15-16;  Id.,  Act. 
Pii6.,  i.,  June  26, 1820,  6;  Aug.  2,  1820,  2. 

^A  congratulatory  address  from  the  newly  created  corporation  was  re- 
ceived with  marks  of  satisfaction,  Odrtes,  Diario,  June  17,  1821,  xxii.  6. 

*  From  the  ecclesiostio  state,  Juan  Joa6  Batres  and  Jos^  Maria  Alvarez, 
with  Pedro  Ruiz  de  Bustamanto  for  a  substitute.  From  the  secular  class, 
Pedro  Molina,  Jos^  Barrundia,  and  Lie.  Vcnancio  Lopez.  Secular  substi- 
tutes, licenciados  Francisco  Javier  Barrutia,  Felipe  Neri  del  Barrio.  Cdrtes, 
Diario,  1820,  ii.  228-9. 

•A  native  of  Cholutcco,  in  Honduras.  Rev.  Cent,  Am.,  1.  He  ,  aa auditor 
de  guerra.  Velio  was  undoubtedly  an  able  man;  a  speech  of  his  on  equality 
before  the  law  is  spoken  of  with  high  commendation.  Obsero.  de  la  Hep. 
Mex.,  ii.,  Oct.  3,  1827,  128-33.  Subsequently  was  a  deputy  to  the  imperial 
congress  of  Mexico,  and  when  Iturbido  was  on  the  eve  of  succumbing  under 
the  dIows  of  the  republicans,  ho  appointed  VuUc  his  minister  of  state,  which 
ofiBce  ceased  with  tlio  fall  of  the  empire.  Vallo  returned  to  Guatemala  and 
figured  prominently  in  the  government.  In  1826-29  ho  was  a  federal  deputy, 
and  died  on  the  2d  of  Marcli,  18.'i4,  soon  after  being  elected  president  uf  the 
republic.    The  assembly  on  the  21at  of  March  of  the  same  year  decreeU  honors 


BACOS  AND  CACOS. 


27 


up  of  Spaniards  and  artisans.  The  cacos  recognized 
as  their  chieftain  Jose  Maria  Delgado.^°  Their  party 
was  composed  of  members  of  the  nobiUty,  and  of  the 
men  calling  themselves  independents.  This  party 
from  the  first  aspired  to  independence,  and  its  candi- 
dates were  taken  from  the  independent  wing  at  the 
election  of  deputies  and  other  officials. 

The  gazistas,  or  bacos,  were  numerous  and  strong, 
for  they  had  in  their  ranks  the  rulers,  many  wealthy 
merchants,  and  the  artisans,  and  abundant  funds  at 
command,  whic'  were  scattered  without  stint  among 
the  needy  and  ignorant,  who  were  ready  enough  to 
sell  their  votes. ^^  They  likewise  strengthened  their 
influence  with  the  lower  class  by  means  of  a  pre- 
tended hostility  to  the  aristocracy,  or  to  what  from 
that  time  went  by  the  name  of  'espfritu  de  familia.' 
They  won  the  elections,  but  their  triumph  proved  to 
be  far  from  a  solid  one. 

The  cacos  now  resolved  to  use  every  endeavor  to 
accomplish  independence.  The  connection  with  the 
aristocratic  element  was  a  drawback;  and  the  abso- 
lute necessity  of  winning  over  the  mechanics  being 
recognized,  a  middle  party  was  at  once  organized, 
which  attached  itself  to  the  independents,  and  would 
have  no  connection  with  the  nobles.  This  arrange- 
ment facilitated  the  accomplishment  of  the  object  in 
view. 

The  political  struggle  was  now  fairly  inaugurated. 
Pedro  Molina  ^'^  began  the  publication  of  El  Editor 


to  hia  memory.  Ouat.,  Recop.  Ley.,  iii.  338-9,  348.  Salvador  did  the  name  in 
April.  A  likeness  of  Valle  iu  given  in  Monh'ifar,  Resena  Hint.  Cent.  Am.,  ii, 
lUO.  Vallo  had  been  honored  with  the  friendship  of  Benthani  and  other 
l']uropean  tiavans;  and  he  was  a  member  of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences. 
Marure,  iifem^rides,  36. 

'"The  same  man  who  afterward  appointed  himself  bishop  of  Salvador. 
Suarez  y  Navarro,  Hist.  Mtj.,  386. 

"They  cajoled  the  artisans  with  the  promise  of  checking  the  trade  with 
Iklize,  and  of  prohibiting  the  importation  of  foreign  manufactures. 

"  He  was  born  in  Guatemala  on  tlio  2'Jtli  of  Apr.,  1777;  studied  humani- 
ties under  Father  Ooicoechea,  one  of  iho  lights  of  his  time,  aud  received  liis 
diploma  of  a  licentiate  of  medicine  and  surgery  at  the  ago  of  J'J;  served  in 
Nicaragua  as  surgeon  of  the  batallou  lijo  early  in  tliu  century,  and  returned 
with  it  to  hia  native  city  in  ISll.    lleatterward  Hilled  the  position  of  professor 


28  INDEPENDENCE  ACHIEVED. 

Constitucional,  to  defend  American  rights.  The  Amigo 
de  la  Patria  appeared  at  the  same  time,  and  often 
opposed  Molina's  radical  doctrines.  Urrutia,  now 
styling  himself  jefe  politico  y  capitan  general,  made 
an  address  to  the  people,  congratulating  them  and 
himself  on  the  happy  termination  c"  the  election  in 
the  several  parishes,  and  giving  assui  mces  that  every 
voter  should  have  full  liberty  to  cast  h  s  vote  for  repre- 
sentative in  the  general  congress,  the  diputacion,  and 
the  ayuntamiento."  A  portion  of  his  address  was 
specially  devoted  to  artisans  and  laboring  men,  whom 
he  warned  not  to  allow  themselves  to  be  tampered 
with  to  the  discredit  of  the  government  on  the  ques- 
tion of  trade  in  cotton  goods;  for,  he  told  them,  it  was 
a  positive  misconception  that  the  government  had  it 
in  view  to  decree  freedom  of  foreign  trade;  on  the 
contrary,  it  had  endeavored  to  check  illegal  traffic, 
which  had  been  carried  on  to  the  detriment  of  national 
interests  and  the  royal  treasury. 

The  measures  adopted  by  him  had  to  some  extent 
corrected  that  evil.  By  making  the  traders  pay  im- 
port dues,  thf»  treasury  had  profited,  and  the  people 
had  been  saved  from  new  taxes.  Formerly,  English 
goods  were  paid  for  wholly  in  coin;  now,  only  one 
sixth  of  their  cost  was  covered  with  money,  and  the 
remainder  with  the  produce  of  the  country." 

The  gobierno  politico  de  Guatemala  had  jurisdic- 
tion over  the  same  extent  of  country  as  the  metro- 

of  medicine  in  the  university.  The  degree  of  doctor  was  given  him  in  18I7f 
and  the  ofiQce  of  protom^dico,  or  head  physician  of  the  province  of  Guate- 
mala. Salv.,  Oaceta,  Oct.  12,  1854. 

"  He  adjured  all  to  free  themselves  from  party  influences,  and  to  give  their 
suffrages  only  to  men  vrho  had  their  country's  interests  at  heart.  He  de- 
manded of  all  citizens  to  love  their  country,  to  bo  true  to  the  constitution, 
and  to  respect  the  legitimate  authorities. 

'*  Urrutia,  Modeh,  2-3.  Constant  complaints  had  been  made  to  the;'  na- 
tional government  since  1813  against  the  foreign  trade.  The  regulations  of 
1778  had  been  made  to  appear  advantageous  to  Spain  and  her  American  colo- 
nies. Foreign  trade  was  declared  a  means  of  corruption  which  placed  arms 
in  the  hands  of  Spain's  foes.  In  the  report  now  before  me,  the  mechanics  of 
the  country  are  represented  as  hostile  to  the  foreign  trade.  ArriUaga,  In- 
formtt  in  Ceduiario,  66-7. 


ARCHBISHOPS. 


29 


politan,"  namely,  214  leagues  from  the  ejidos  of 
Motocinta  on  the  west,  and  116  leagues  from  Golfo 
Dulce  on  the  Atlantic,  to  the  Pacific  coast " 

The  first  archbishop  of  Guatemala  appointed  by 
the  Spanish  crown  in  the  present  century  was  Luis 
Penalver  y  Cdrdenas,"  who  reached  his  see  the  3d  of 
June,  1802,  and  on  the  26th  took  possession.  During 
his  brief  incumbency  he  founded  several  rectorships, 
and  two  primary  schools  for  girls.  His  sight  be- 
coming seriously  affected,  he  relinquished  the  mitre, 
and  returned  to  his  native  city,  secretly  denarting 
March  1,  1806.^*^ 

Rafael  de  la  Vara  de  la  Madrid,  Penalver's  succes- 
sor, arrived  in  Acajutla  on  the  13th  of  December, 
1807 ;  in  Guatemala  city  on  the  4th  of  January,  1808 ; 
and  on  the  3d  of  February  took  possession  of  his 
office.  In  April  1809  he  visited  th;  province  of  Vera 
Paz,  where  he  died  on  the  31st  of  December,  much 
regretted,  as  he  had  endeared  himself  by  his  peace- 
able disposition  and  affability." 

Antonio  Bergoza  y  Jordan,  bI.:hop  of  Oajaca,  was 
nominated  for  the  succession,  but  declined  the  po- 
sition. 

The  next  and  eighth  archbishop  of  the  diocese  was 

•^Tho  latter  had  three  suffragans — Leon,  Comayagua,  and  Ciudad  Real 
de  Chiapas.  It  had  also  20  vicars,  161  curacies  in  424  towns,  85  valleys,  23 
doctriuas  under  missionaries,  of  which  16  were  in  charge  of  Dominicana,  4  of 
Franciscans,  and  3  of  the  order  of  Mercy. 

'"Deputy  Jos6  Mariano  Mcndcz,  from  Sonsonate,  gave  the  province  of 
Guatemala  110  leagues  from  tiio  Pacific  to  Santo  Tonuls,  and  a  width  of  100 
leagues  in  some  parts,  and  less  in  others,  with  two  cities  and  about  294 
towns.  Mem.,  12-13,20;  ^f('moria  del  cstado  poHtico  y  <cle,<i(Utico  de  la  capi- 
taiiia  general  de  Guatemala,  Mad.,  1S21,  sm.  4to,  30  pp.,  gives  data  on  tlic 
economical,  political,  and  ecclcsia.'itical  condition  of  Central  America  in  gen- 
eral, and  of  each  of  the  divisions  or  provinces,  including  Chiapas  in  particu- 
lar, and  proposing  to  tlio  Spauisli  government  reforms  deemed  advisable. 

"A  native  of  llabana,  at  wliich  university  he  received  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor. Juarros,  Ouat.,  i.  29G-7. 

"  Ho  consecrated  in  his  catliedral,  on  the  12th  of  Sept.,  1802,  the  treasurer 
of  the  diocese,  the  licentiate  of  theology,  Ambrosio  Llano,  as  bishop  of 
Ciudad  Ileal  de  Chiapas. 

'•  He  had  been  bishop  of  Santa  Cruz  do  la  Sierra,  in  Peru.  At  the  time  of 
his  death  ho  was  5.')  years  old.  The  remains  were  interred  in  the  cathedral, 
Juarroa,  C/vcU.,  i.  297;  Diario  Mix.,  xii,,  Jan.  26,  1810,  104. 


I 


I 


i 


10  INDEPENDENCE  ACHIEVED 

Ramon  Casaus  y  Torres,  nominated  by  the  supreme 
council  of  regency  on  the  30th  of  March,  1811;  who 
entered  the  capital  •  m  the  30th  of  July,  and  being  a  con- 
secrated bishop,  at  once  began  to  perform  episcopal 
functions.*'  His  nomination  was  ratified  by  the  king 
on  the  27th  of  August,  1814;  the  papal  bulls  of  con- 
Ih'uiation  were  issued  on  the  15th  of  March,  1815,  and 
Casaus  received  the  pallium  on  the  28th  of  Septem- 
ber of  the  same  year. 

At  the  sitting  of  the  Spanish  c6rtes  on  the  25th 
of  June,  1821,  the  American  deputies  laid  before  that 
body  a  memorial  setting  forth  the  condition  of  their 
provinces,  and  the  measures  which,  in  their  opinion, 
would  lead  to  a  definitive  peace.  They  not  only 
assured  their  Spanish  colleagues  that  Americans  were 
fully  conscious  of  their  rights  as  freemen,  but  also 
of  their  determination  and  ability  to  defend  them; 
nevertheless,  if  those  rights  were  respected,  and  jus- 
tice was  done,  existing  difficulties  might  be  obliterated. 
They  believed,  however,  that  a  constitutional  system 
would  be  impracticable  in  America,  unless  new  and 
efficacious  measures  were  adopted  to  enable  the 
three  branches  of  government  to  act  freely  within 
their  respective  bounds,  and  likewise  to  make  eflfective 
the  responsibility  of  public  officials  for  their  acts. 
Another  point  upon  which  they  laid  stress  was  the 
inutility  of  American  deputies  at  the  Spanish  c6rtes 
unless  they  were  effectively  upheld  from  their  respect- 
ive countries.  They  found  other  faults  with  the  exist- 
ing government,  and  declared  that  the  solution  of  the 
great  problem  would  be  found  in  the  establishment 
of  autonomic  governments  in  America. 

^^  He  was  a  native  of  Jaca,  in  Aragon;  took  the  Dominican  habit  in  Zam- 

foza,  and  completed  there  his  education;  joined  the  province  of  Santiago  in 
Icxico  at  the  age  of  23;  became  a  lecturer  in  Porta  Coeli  college,  and  a  pro- 
fessor in  the  university  of  Mexico,  by  which  he  was  made  a  doctor,  ana  by 
his  order  a  maestro.  On  the  9th  of  Nov.,  1806,  as  bishop  of  lloscn  in  partibns 
infidelium,  he  was  made  bishop-coadjutor  of  Oajaca,  and  consecrated  on  the 
2d  of  Aug.,  1807.  Juarros,  OuaL,  ii.,  adv.  p.  xi.-xii.;  Cdrtes,  Diario,  xviii. 
395;  Puerto,  Convite,  p.  iii.  1. 


RIPE  FOR  INDEPENDENCR 


81 


Commerce  between  Spanish  America  and  the 
mother  country  should  be  treated  as  internal  trade, 
the  Americans  having  equal  rights  and  privileges  with 
their  brethren  of  Europe.  The  same  equality  in 
respect  to  civil  rights  and  appointment  to  office  was 
likewise  to  exist  between  the  natives  of  America  and 
Spain.  If  such  demands  were  conceded,  Mexico  and 
Central  America  would  pay  to  Spain  ten  million  dol- 
lars within  six  years,  in  yearly  installments  from  Jan- 
uary 1,  1823,  to  be  applied  to  the  cancelling  of  the 
national  debt.  They  would  also  allow  Spain  two 
million  dollars  yearly  for  the  support  of  the  royal 
navy.*" 

It  was  now  too  late,  however,  for  conciliatory  efforts 
to  be  successful.  Events  crowded  upon  each  other, 
and  were  beyond  the  control  even  of  the  men  who 
made  them.  Central  America  was  at  peace,  but  the 
constitutional  system  recently  established,  with  its 
popular  elections  and  a  free  p»*css,  after  the  spirit  of  na- 
tionality had  gained  so  much  ground,  naturally  tended 
to  excite  the  public  mind,  emboldening  the  timid,  and 
increasing  the  number  of  the  friends  of  independence. 
Party  spirit  controlled  everything ;  it  was  felt  even  in 
the  domestic  circle.  The  people  were  prepared  and 
anxious  for  a  change,  when  vague  rumors  were  set 
afloat  of  renewed  revolutionary  efforts  in  Mexico.^^ 
Party  leaders  were  of  one  mind  on  the  desirability  of 
separation.  It  was  generally  admitted  that  the  sub- 
jection of  the  country  to  Spain  could  no  longer  be 
maintained.  Only  a  few  high  officials  and  Spaniards 
dissented.  Now  was  the  time,  if  ever,  for  a  sound 
head  and  s^crong  hand  to  helm  the  ship  of  state.  Ur- 
rutia,  owing  to  age  and  physical  ailings,  was  not  the 
man  for  the  occasion;  nor  was  he,  though  opposed  to 
the  scheme  of  secession,  able  to  retard  it.     Under  tho 

''The  payments  were  to  begin  no  later  than  ouo  year  after  the  installation 
of  tho  autonomic  government.  The  allowance  was  to  be  increaaed  when  tho 
condition  of  tho  two  countries  should  become  improved. 

^■^  Positive  new8  of  Itiirbide's  defection  had  not  yet  reached  Guatemala, 
Mem.  Rev,  Cent,  Am.,  2. 


:i^ 


32 


INDEPENDENCE  ACHIEVED. 


circumstances,  the  diputacion  provincial  prevailed  on 
the  jefe  superior  polftico  to  delegate  his  powers  to  the 
sub-inspector  of  the  troops,  Gavino  Gainza.^^  This 
officer  at  first  tried  to  stem  the  torrent  of  revolution, 
to  act  as  the  agent  of  Spain,  disapproving  the  plan  of 
separation,  but  at  the  same  time  maintained  intimate 
relations  with  the  independents  and  aided  their  efforts. 
This  party  publicly  circulated  a  paper  for  signatures 
to  ask  Gainza  to  proclaim  independence  himself.  He 
pretended  to  be  indignant;  and  upon  the  receipt 
of  the  plan  of  Iguala,  formed  in  Mexico  by  Iturbide 
and  Guerrero,'^*  he  issued  a  manifesto  depicting  it  in 
the  blackest  colors,  and  ordered  that  all  who  had 
called  on  him  to  declare  independence  should  be 
prosecuted.*^'  The  independents  became  disgusted,  but 
had  to  make  the  best  of  the  situation.  They  then 
resolved  to  play  upon  his  personal  ambition,  assuring 
him  that  for  his  cooperation  in  their  plans  he  would 
be  retained  in  command,  and  afterward  chosen  the 
first  chief  magistrate  of  the  young  nation.  While  he 
still  hesitated,  they  despatched  Cayetano  Bedoya  to 
Oajaca  for  military  aid  from  General  Bravo.  But  on 
the  messenger's  arrival  at  Ciudad  Real  de  Chiapas, 
he  found  that  the  place  had  followed  the  example  of 
Oajaca  and  Tehuantepec,  accepting  the  plan  of  Iguala. 
This  step  hastened  events  in  Guatemala,  and  Bedoya 
had  no  need  of  going  farther. 

The  act  of  Ciudad  Real,  received  Septerabe**  13th, 
caused  the  greatest  excitement  in  the  city  of  Guate- 
mala, and  the  government  had  to  give  way.  Urged 
by  the  diputacion,  Gainza  summoned,  on  the  14th,  the 

*'  He  is  represented  aa  a  fickle  man,  one  easily  influenced,  and  likely  to 
act  under  the  impressions  of  the  moment.  Marure,  Bosq.  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i. 
21;  Salv.,  Diario  Qfic,  1875,  Apr.  1,  4.  Events  showed  he  waa  a  man  of  no 
settled  principles  or  character,  who  proved  himself,  first  a  traitor  to  hia  king 
and  country,  and  next,  for  self-aggrandizement,  betrayed  the  men  that  in  an 
evil  hour  placed  their  trust  in  him. 

■■'♦This  plan  is  described  in  Hist.  Mex.,  iv.  709-10,  this  series. 

**  The  order  was  a  dead  letter,  however.  Gainza  evidently  issued  it  to 
cover  his  responsibility  in  Madrid;  at  any  rate,  no  one  was  arrested,  and  the 
manifesto  was  soon  after  retired,  public  affairs  being  allowed  to  take  their 
Bourse.  Mem.  Rev.  Cent.  Am.,  4;  Marure,  Bosg-  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  21-2. 


GAINZAS  MEETING 

mands  of  the  people  ^«  responsive  to  the  do- 

"P. '!«  masses,  aud  at  the  safn.  r       ' '™'''''  *"  "''"• 
pauoLstas  or  royal  part  sanf   lf'«"-'  *"  "'^  ">«  es- 

athrongofiDdependents fined thonoV'"-  °"  "'''  '^th 
liails,  and  ante-chambers  of  (h    ^    ''"'''' ''""'■'-yard, 

Amongthernandins  r„cin°.thf  ^"^f'n'^nt  h™so 
Barrundia,  Basilio  PorZindl?""^!  'T"  Molina, 
after  began  to  arrive  at  the  j"'"""  ^'^'''^-     Soon 
officials  called  to  take  part  „  ,ff  ?•?""'  '""'««  the 
'"eetmg,  namely,  twoCnlrt'ot'' V°"^  "^  "^o 
deputized   therefor;  the   archM  I      '''"''!  <=«P°'-ation 
tlio  religious  orders     heehLf^ffl^P  "?!  P''«''"''»  "f 
treasury;  who,  to-rJther  IvUU  ,f^^  "^ *•>«  «™y  and 
ciaUnd  undor'the-presd  „c     'f  ?, '''P''^'"''  P-'^vin- 
nor  politico,  Gainza,"  at  o"ce  Z     "  f  '"gJ«f«  ™Pe- 

After  reading  the  deelaratio„ri„'^??r'''''  *°  '^"»"«««- 
bers  briefly  expressed  f  ^l-'"  ^'""Pas,  several  mom- 
was  Vall/lead'^r  ofihe' gLIs^ •    ,^'"=, "-'  ^P^r 
vocated  independence  as  nfSl'  '"''?  ^'"Quently  ad- 
«dmi„gthatit  should  noUeT^, ''."'' j"^t^«ten^ 
^ecions   had   formally  dete"!''™^'' «"«>« other 
■notion  was  seconded     Thi       .•"  ."^  '^^O''.     The 
posed  all  action  untU  final  ^<„r*'""!,tP'=°'''-''>ts-  o  ! 
received.     Every  a  Lmn.    *        '".Mexico  should  fe 
defeated  by  the  energetic  .ff  "f  ^"J'^^ting  policy  was 
-''o  voted'^fo,  an  Sdiat^dfchr *?-^  indepenlente! 
-Oata  „.  a,.  ,3^  _      """""  declaration  of  indepen! 

»'-£s»&|r>x,«s^^^^^^        «...  ,„.„„ 


ffnoK..!  *u.""''V^'fi8,  without  fin.*  ..k.!.""    '•g**'/. absented  to  tho 


.-      .guuiea  tae  rea 


ii>i 


i 


11 


84 


INDEPENDENCE  ACHIEVED. 


dence.'*^  Every  vote  favorable  to  indopendencc  was 
received  by  the  people  with  loud  applause,  and  every 
one  against  it  with  groans.  The  popular  preference 
became  so  marked  and  boisterous  that  the  anti-inde- 
pendents, fearing  for  their  lives,  retired  from  the 
palace. 

The  diputacion  and  ayuntamiento  then,  as  the  legiti- 
mate organs  to  express  the  public  will,  drew  up  the 
Acta  dc  Independencia,  which  was  adopted,  signed, 
and  sworn  to  by  all  the  members  present.**  This 
instrument,  after  declaring  the  aspiration  of  Guate- 
malans to  be  a  free  and  independent  people,"^  invited 
all  citizens  of  the  provinces  to  choose  without  delay 
representatives,  on  the  basis  of  one  for  every  15,000 

"TLo  supporters  of  this  resolution  were:  Canon  Doctor  Jos6  Maria  Cos- 
tilla, Dean  Doctor  Antonio  Garcia  Kedondo;  Regente  of  the  audiencia  Fran- 
cisco Vilches,  oidores  Miguel  Larreinaga  and  Torods  O'Horan;  deputies  from 
the  university,  doctors  Mariano  Galvez  and  Serapio  Sanchez;  deputies  from 
the  college  of  lawyers,  Joa6  Francisco  C('>rdoba  and  Santiago  Milla;  Antonir 
Rivera  Cabezas,  Mariano  Beltrancna,  J.  Mariano  Calderon,  Rev.  Doctor  J 
Matiua  Delgado,  M.  A.  Molina,  members  of  the  diputacion  provincial;  Mu 
riano  and  J.  Antonio  Larrave,  Isidoro  Castriciones,  Pedro  Arroyave,  and 
Mariano  de  Ayclnena,  members  of  the  ayuntamiento;  Lorenzo  Romafia,  gov- 
ernment secretary;  Domingo  Dieguez,  secretary  of  the  meeting;  Friars  Ma- 
xiano  Perez  and  Jos6  Antonio  Taboada,  prelates  respectively  of  the  Recollects 
.and  Franciscans.  Some  Spaniards  also  recorded  their  names  in  favor  of  such 
.action.  lb.  The  Memoriaa  de  laa  Revoluciones  de  Centra  AmMca  give  among 
the  members  of  the  diputacion  Jos6  Valdds,  and  leave  out  M.  A.  Molina,  5. 

^"297  years,  3  months,  and  19  days  from  June  24,  1524,  when  Pedro  do 
Alvarado  arrived  with  his  300  conquistadores. 

"'  Article  2d,  speaking  of  the  congress,  says:  It  is  to  decide  upon  the  point 
•of  'independencia  general  y  absoluta,  y  lijar,  en  caso  de  acordarla,  la  forma  do 
gobierno  y  ley  fundamental  quo  deba  regir.'  Marure,  who  gives  the  text  of 
the  acta,  iiascrts  that  the  declaration  actually  was  for  an  'independencia  ab- 
soluta do  MC'jico  y  de  cualquiera  otra  nacion;'  and  that  Gainza,  who  favored 
.annexation  to  Mexico,  had  beforehand  prepared  an  oatli  to  support  it.  Bosq. 
Jlist.  Cfut.  Am.,  i.  27,  and  ap.  ii.,  iii. ;  Alamaii,  Hint.  M6j.,  v.  340-":  Ayon, 
jlpitntes,  21;  Sqiiier's  Trav.,  ii.  378;  Squier'a  Cent.  Am.,  G7;  Ciirvan,  Porvenir 
•de  Aldx.,  252.  Another  vitul  clause  in  the  instrument  was  that  the  Roman 
■catholic  religion  ^^  hich  the  Central  Americans  had  professed  in  past  centuries, 
"y  profcsaremos  en  los  siglos  venideros, '  must  bo  prcsenxd  ' pura  6  inalterable, ' 
its  ministers  respected,  and  protected  in  their  persons  and  property.  Tlio 
prelates  of  the  various  religious  communities  were  invited  to  cooperate  in  bo- 
Lalf  of  peace  and  harmony,  endeavoring  to  do  away  with  personal  passions. 
Tlie  whole  proceeding  was  novel,  this  of  Spanish  officials,  presided  over  by 
the  chief  agent  of  the  king,  meeting  with  natives  of  the  country  to  decide 
■whether  Guatemala  should  cast  off  the  old  mother  country  or  not.  Several 
other  things  worthy  of  notice  happened  then  among  them.  Canon  Castilla, 
though  a  friend  of  the  archbishop,  his  prelate,  who  had  advocated  anti-iudc- 
pendence,  favored  the  separation.  Many  of  the  officials  declared  for  secession, 
chief  among  their  number  the  gazista  leader  Jos6  del  Valle,  who  held  the  high 
office  of  auditor  de  guerra.  Mem.  Rev.  Cent.  Am.,  5-6. 


"The 
Bcltraner 
Molina, 
Isidoro 
Secretarie- 
-^fy.  Guat 
was  made 
Diario  exi 
5;  Kojnero 
''^This 
"The;, 
"y  persona 
and  abetto 
than  fori 
erty,  undej 

"TheT 


PROCLAMATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE.         H 

inhabitants,  to  a  national  congress  that  was  to  meet 
IMarch  1,  1822.  In  the  mean  time  the  Spanish  laws, 
courts  of  justice,  and  public  functionaries  were  to  con- 
tinue as  heretofore.  The  representatives  were  to  be 
chosen  by  the  same  juntas  electorales  that  had  lately, 
since  the  restoration  of  the  constitution,  elected  depu- 
ties to  the  cdrtes,  without  excluding,  as  the  constitu- 
tion did,  men  of  African  descent  from  the  rights  of 
full  citizenship.^''  The  clause  giving  the  last  electoral 
college,  with  its  majority  of  Valle's  partisans,  the 
power  to  choose  the  members  of  the  constituent  con- 
gress, is  said  to  have  been  inserted  in  the  acta  by 
himself^ 

On  the  I7th  Gainza  issued  a  proclamation  formally 
placing  before  the  people  the  resolutions  adopted  on 
the  15th,  and  enjoining  on  all  the  duty  of  abiding  by 
them,  and  of  respecting  the  laws  and  authorities 
recognized  by  them.  Any  attempt,  by  word  or  deed, 
to  restore  Spanish  domination  was  declared  high 
treason,  punishable  with  death.®*  The  powers  of  the 
congress  would  be  constituent  to  adopt  u  form  of  gov- 
ernment and  frame  the  national  constitution.  Mean- 
time Gainza  held  civil  and  military  authority,  acting 
with  the  advice  of  a  provisional  junta  consultiva, 
formed  with  the  diputacion  provincial  and  seven 
additional  nembers,  representing  respectively  Leon, 
Comayagua,  Costa  Rica,  Quczaltenango,  Solold,  Chi- 
maltenango,  Sonsonate,  and  Ciudad  Ileal.^'^     Neither 

"The  following  names  appear  in  tlio  acta:  Gavino  Gainza,  Mariano  do 
Beltrancna,  Jos(5  Mariano  Cakleron,  Jos6  Mattas  Dclj^ado,  Manuel  Antonio 
Molina,  Mariano  de  Larrave,  Antonio  de  Rivira,  Jos^  Antonio  do  Larravo, 
Isidore  de  Valle  y  Castriciones,  Pedro  do  Arroyavc,  Mariano  do  Ayciiiena. 
Secretaries,  Lorenzo  de  RomaQa,  Domingo  I)icp;uoz.  Pineda  de  Mont.,  Recop. 
Ley.  Glial.,  i.  1-14.  Tlie  news  of  this  declaration  readied  Spain,  and  mention 
was  made  of  it  in  the  cortea  Dec.  15,  1821,  by  Deputy  Navarreto.  COrtrs, 
Diario  extraord.,  vi.,  1821,  Dec.  15,  34;  Cortes,  Diarh,  viiL,  1822,  Feb.  12, 
5;  Romero,  Bosq.  Hist.,  43-4,  66-130;  Mem.  Rev.  Cent.  Am.,  8-9. 

^^  This  clause  gave  rise  to  much  trouble  afterward. 

'*  The  authorities  were  to  be  apprised  of  any  plots  against  the  new  rdginie 
by  persons  becoming  aware  of  them,  or  the  latter  would  bo  held  as  aiders 
and  abettors  of  treason.  Carrying  concealed  weapons,  ringing  of  bells  other 
than  for  religious  service,  and  injuring  or  destroying  public  or  private  prop- 
erty, under  any  pretext,  would  be  severely  punished.  Mix.,  Oac.  Imp.,  Dec. 
1,  1821,  260-3. 

*^  The  additional  members  were  Miguel  de  Larreiuaga,  Jos6  del  Valle,  J. 


i 


86 


INDEPENDENCE  ACHIEVED. 


the  people  at  large  nor  the  meeting  of  the  15th  created 
such  a  body.  It  was  the  creation  of  the  men  who 
remained  behind  in  the  hall,  including  Valle,  who 
drew  up  the  acta.^^  Continuing  his  double  dealing, 
Gainza  had  issued  his  proclamation,  on  the  IGth,  for 
the  election  of  representatives  to  congress.  He  spoke 
therein  of  the  longing  for  independence  since  1810,  of 
the  popular  love  for  the  cause  which  had  been  so 
forcibly  sustained  at  the  meeting  of  the  preceding  day, 
and  concluded  by  inviting  the  whole  people  to  approve 
the  plan,  and  to  appoint  their  deputies  to  complete 
the  work. 

Before  proceeding  further  with  the  political  situa- 
tion at  the  capital  of  Guatemala,  I  will  devote  a  little 
space  to  laying  before  the  reader  some  information  on 
one  of  i's  most  important  sections,  namely,  Chiapas. 
The  population  was  computed  in  1813  at  over  100,000 
inhabitants,  of  whom  70,000  were  Indians;  the  re- 
mainder were  Spaniards  and  mixed  breeds,  with  a 
few  negroes.^'' 

As  a  reward  for  good  services  and  generous  pecu- 
niary contributions  to  the  nation,  the  Spanish  cortes 
passed,  October  29,  1813,  a  decree  bestowing  the  title 
of  city  on  the  cown  of  Comitan,  and  that  of  villa  on 
those  of  Tusta,  Tonald,  Tapachula,  and  Palenque.^ 


38 


Antonio  Alvarado,  Marquds  <lo  Aycinena,  Josd  Valdds,  Jos6  M.  Candina,  and 
Antonio  Roblcs.  Domingo  Diegucz  and  Mariano  Galvez  were  made  the  sec- 
retaries, Marure,  Efemdrides,  59. 

"^Tho  acta  was  signed  at  Gninza's  ho'jso  o:i  the  IGth,  and  the  extra  mem- 
bers were  appointed.  Men,  Jiev.  Cent.  Am.,  G. 

"  Ciudad  Re;il,  the  capital,  had  in  the  city  proper  6,00(',  chiefly  Spaniards; 
the  outsi'.'o  districts  and  suburbs  swelled  t'.io  population  to  14,000.  Mazarie- 
gos,  ."ifetti.  llirt.  Chiapa,  51.  Tlio  canon  of  Chiapas  Mariano  Robles  Domin- 
tuez  de  Mazariegos,  bcinc  the  deputy  from  his  province  in  the  Spanish  c6rte3 
in  181."?,  laid  beioio  the  clinmber  an  intsresting  memorial,  which  was  after- 
ward given  to  the  press  at  Cild'",  in  one  volume,  18mo,  of  71  pages,  under  the 
title  ol  Memorhi  JHntdrica  de  la  Provinc'ui  de  Chiapa,  He  suggested  means 
to  develop  the  commerce  of  the  province  on  its  navigable  rivers,  and  particu- 
larly with  Guatemala  and  Vera  Cruz.  His  recommendations  were  heeded, 
and  several  porta  and  rivers  were  opened  to  trade.  Id.,  33-4,  54-9;  Cdrlen, 
Diario,  1813,  xix.  392;  Noticiono  O'-.i,.,  Aug.  30,  1816.  Mazariegos'  Buccb;<sor 
was  also  a  clergyman,  Fernando  Antonio  Diivila,  who  took  his  seat  in  Nove  n- 
ber,  1813.  Cdrtci,  Act.  ord.,  i,  275. 

**From  the  time  of  the  conquest  there  existed  in  all  Indian  towns  ayan(»< 


THE  SUBDELEGADOS. 


37 


In  contravention  of  law,  the  first  name  of  tlic  three 
proposed  by  the  intendentc  to  the  president  of  G  uutc- 
niala,  for  chief  of  each  of  the  eleven  subdelegaci(Mics, 
was  that  of  some  creature  of  the  intcndente.  Unfit- 
ness for  the  place  or  innnorality  counted  for  nothing 
if  the  nomination  suited  the  proposer  or  the  confirm- 
ing power.  Tliese  subdelegados,  by  means  of  their 
comisarios,  collected  the  tribute  and  speculated  with 
it;  each  being  a  tyrant  who  oppressed  the  Indians  at 
his  will. 

Education  was  neglected;  ignorance  prevailed  to 
such  an  extent  that  a  large  portion  of  the  inhabitants 
did  not  know  even  the  first  rudiments  of  their  reli- 
gion. The  poorer  Spaniards  and  the  mixed  1 -reeds 
were  entii'oly  without  education.  Indeed,  in  nearly 
thn^e  centuries,  not  only  had  the  Indians  not  learned 
to  speak  Spanish,  but  the  native  Spaniards  spoke 
the  six  Indian  t(mgues  of  the  province  better  than 
their  own.** 

Chiapas,  it  is  well  known,  had  been  an  episco]:)al  see, 
with  its  cathedral  at  Ciudad  Ileal, -since  the  first  years 
of  the   conquest.**^     The  country  is  fertile  and  well 


micntos  called  oabildo!';  nn<\  composed  as  follows:  a  gobcrnador,  who  was  a 
caci(ino  oi*  )iol>!o  liuliau,  gencvally  for  life,  though  'sin  jurisdiccion,'  appointed 
formally  in  writing  by  tho  principal  e\ceiitivo  of  tlic  pnivincc;  two  alcahlea; 
four,  six,  or  eiglit  rcgidorcs,  according  to  ])opulation;  and  sonio  ollicers  called 
in  some  'ilacea  niayores,  and  in  others  alguaeiles,  who  aided  tho  regidores, 
took  earo  of  tho  eabildoa'  houses,  and  furnished  sujtpHes  to  travellers  going 
through  their  towns.  They  were  elected  on  tho  first  day  of  .Tanuary  of  eacli 
year,  and  were  subject  to  tho  alcalde  mayor  and  the  tcnientc  of  each  town, 
by  whom  tlicy  were  too  frequently  badly  treated.  Mazuricjos,  Mem.  Jlist. 
Chin  pa,  28-i!'J. 

''••  In  somo  Indian  towns,  so-called  maestros  were  salaried  from  the  com- 
munity funds  of  tho  iidiabitants.  Such  maestros  could  scarcely  real  and 
write,  and  most  of  them  were  immoial  and  given  to  drunkenness.  Of  com  so 
no  j.'ood  results  could  i)C  obtained  from  .uch  teachers.  Tho  Sitanioh  eiirte.s  in 
ISIU  decreed  tho  adoption  of  me;isurcs  fo;-  promoting  public  iustiuctioii,  and 
<j.i  '.'lo  '24tli  of  October  enacted  the  establishment  of  a  univ-ersily  in  tho  prov- 
ince. Ml  .'n-iegos,  Mem.  Hist.  C/iiapa,  51-5^;  Cdrles,  Uiario,  LSl.'!,  xix.  'M2; 
id..  Art.  ord.,  1813,  i.  li:i,  141. 

*^Tho  cathedral  chapter  was  composed  of  four  dignitaries,  one  simplo 
canon,  six  choir  chaplains.  Tho  revenue  of  the  diocese  wfis  limited.  Tlio 
nuuiber  of  its  parishes  was  forty -seven,  which  included  tho  eleven  of  tla  capi- 
tal and  suburbs.  J/i/:nn'(';/os  J'cw.  Hint.  Chiajin,  -IS.  From  181:)  lo  i8;tC, 
according  to  Larrainzai-,  religion';,  educational,  ami  gener.il  aii'airs  had  at- 
tained nuich  improvement.     In  the  diocese  theic  were,  besides  t'le  calliedral, 


s 


• 


hi 


38 


INDEPiiNDENCE  ACHIEVED. 


watered.  Its  agricultural  products  were  wheat — of 
which  there  was  a  surplus  for  exportation — maize, 
beans,  rice,  coflfee,  and  cacao."  A  variety  of  vegeta- 
ables  in  abundance,  and  the  fruits  of  all  climes,  could 
also  be  obtained.  The  maguey  was  extensively  culti- 
vated for  pulque  and  aguardiente.  A  great  deal  of 
sugar-cane  and  good  tobacco  were  grown.  Indigo 
and  cochineal  were  cultivated  to  some  extent.  The 
countrj'-  had  likewise  excellent  grazing.  Cattle,  sheep, 
goats,  horses,  and  mules  abounded.  The  mines  of 
gold,  silver,  lead,  copper,  and  iron  were  not  worked, 
owing  to  the  poverty  of  the  inhabitants.  The  gov- 
crnor-intendento  of  Chiapas  in  1817,  Cdrlos  Cas- 
taiion,  as  appears  in  the  records,  was  a  coufirniod 
royahst." 

From  the  time  that  Iturbide  proclaimed  the  inde- 
pendence of  Mexico,  the  canons  of  the  chapter  in  the 
diocese  of  Ciudad  Real — bitterly  hostile,  like  the  ma- 
jority of  the  Mexican  and  Central  American  clergy, 
to  the  reforms  of  the  Spanish  cortes  respecting  the 
church*'' — had  been  in  comumnication  with  that  chief- 
tain's auditor  do  guerra,  Fernandez  Almansa,  who 
kept  them  informed  on  the  progress  of  the  revolution. 
The  clericals  looked  upon  the  Mexican  chief  as  the 
savior   of   their   ancient   prerogatives   and    inonopo- 


'Mill,,,. 


m^ 


tliroo  conveuts  of  friars  and  one  of  nuus;  a  hospital,  founded  by  Bisliop  Juan 
..Ivarc/,  do  Toledo;  an  ecclesiastic  college,  founded  by  Bishop  Bravo  do  la 
Serna;  primary  school;!  and  a  university.  Shice  1819  existed  the  Socieilad 
de  Aiaigos  del  I'ais,  to  develop  agriculture,  industry,  and  learning.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  capital  were  quite  cultured.  Disrnrso,  17-18.  In  181. '{the 
Spaiii^ih  cintes,  among  other  measures  for  the  benelit  of  Chiapas,  decreed  that 
the  friars  of  Guatemala  should  undertake  the  conversion  of  the  Indians  of 
Palenque.  CorUs,  Diario,  181.'},  xix.  .SO'2. 

^'  .Soeonuaco  cacao  being  considered  the  best  of  America,  some  loads  of  it 
Mere  sent  every  year  to  Spain  for  the  use  of  the  royal  family. 

*'-  On  the  'JUtli  of  Dec. ,  1S17,  he  congratulated  the  viceroy  of  Mexico  on  the 
triiimphsof  the  royal  arms.  The  capture  of  Mina  and  other  bu  -esses  were 
enthusiastically  celebrated  in  Ciudad  Real.  Xotklono  Gen.,  Feb.  li,  1818,  4; 
a,iz.  dcMcx.,  IS  18,  i.K.  141-2. 

"Tlio  bishop  of  Chiapas,  Salvador  San  Martin,  incurred  the  wrath  of  tho 
curtes,  wiien  lie  was  acting  as  deputy  from  Porto  Rico,  for  hia  support  of  tho 
royal  decree  of  1S14,  tliat  overtlirew  tho  national  constitution.  San  Martin 
was  dead  when  (,'liiapaa  followed  the  exam]ile  of  Mexico  in  1821.  Alainan, 
Jiid.  Mij.,  v.  344;  Mdx.,  Gaceta  Imp.,  i.  11,  173. 


CHIAPAS  ACCEPTS  ITURBIDE. 


39 


lies,  and  with  this  end  in  view,  prepared  public  opin- 
ion for  setting  aside  the  authority  of  Fernando  VII. 
and  his  c6rtes." 

The  governor-intendente,  Juan  N.  Batres,  together 
with  the  ayuntamiento  of  Ciudad  Real,  proclaimed, 
on  the  3d  of  September,  1821,  the  separation  of  Chiapas 
from  Spain,  and  her  acceptance  of  Iturbide's  plan  of 
Iguala.     On  the  8th  all  the  authorities  and  officers, 


Chiapas. 

civil  and  military,  took  the  oath  to  support  that  act, 
which  was  ulministered  bv  the  cjovernor  of  the  dio- 
cese;  after  which  they  had  high  mass  and  a  sermon 
ill  the  cathedral,  where  the  secular  clergy  and  the 

"  In  Ciudad  Real,  Iturbide  was  called  'padre  Salvador  de  la  religion  y  de 
la  patria.'  Id.,  10-12. 


40 


INDEPENDENCE  ACHIEVED. 


people  took  the  same  oath*'^  before  the  aforesaid  ec- 
clesiastic authority.  The  oblij^ations  assumed  were 
to  support  the  Roman  catholic  apostolic  religion;  to 
secure  the  independence  of  the  empire,  preserving  to 
that  end  peace  and  union  between  Europeans  and 
Americans;  and  to  obey  Fernando  VII.,  should  he 
adopt  and  swear  to  support  the  constitution  to  bo 
enacted  by  the  c6rtes  of  the  Mexican  empire.  Chiapas 
was,  therefore,  the  first  province  of  the  captain-gen- 
eralcy  of  Guatemala  to  throw  off  the  Spanish  yoke; 
sh(j  at  the  same  time  separated  herself  from  Guate- 
mala, and  manifested  her  determination  to  link  her 
future  with  Mexico.  All  this  was  made  known  Sep- 
tember 21st  by  the  comandunte-general  of  Oajaca  to 
Iturbide.  The  example  of  Ciudad  Real  was  unhesi- 
tatingly followed  by  the  other  towns  in  the  province. 

We  have  seen  that  Guatemala,  at  her  declaration  of 
independence,  did  not  at  once  accept  annexation  to 
the  Mexican  empire.  This  course  did  not  suit  the 
rulers  and  notables  of  Ciudad  Real,  who  hastened 
to  manifest  their  displeasure  at  a  meeting  held  Sep- 
tember 20th,  and  attended  by  the  intendente,  ayun- 
tamiento,  and  other  official  bodies,  prelates,  and  a 
larijfc  number  of  citizens. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  desire  of  Chiapas  to  be 
detached  from  Guatemala  and  annexed  to  Mexico 
existed  with  some  strength  even  before  the  declara- 
tion of  independence;*"  and  Guatemala  having  failed 
to  return  an  answer  to  the  letter  from  the  authorities 
of  Chiapas,  announcing  her  action  of  the  3d,  this 
neLjlect  had  strengthened  the  notables  of  the  latter 
in  their  resolution  to  recognize  no  other  government 
than  that  of  the  Mexican  empire  under  the  treaties  of 
Cordoba.  It  was  also  resolved  at  the  meeting  not  to 
circulate  the  declaration  of  independence  which  the 

^^Tlic  act  of  inilependeDcc  was  signed  by  Juan  N.  Batres,  Josd  Ignacio 
Larraiuzar,  JosiS  Dicgn  Lara,  Julio  JostS  Florca,  JostS  Nicolda  Osuua,  Esttvan 
Gonliilo,  aiul  Lie.  Joa6  Vivos. 

■•"Soou  after  tliis  net  that  desire  began  to  assume  proportions.  Larrainzar, 
.A'o/Jc.  Hid.  Soconusco,  '2S. 


CHIAPAS  A  PART  OF  MEXIOO. 


41 


jefe  polftico  of  Guatemala  liad  sent.  These  senti- 
ments were  duly  seconded  by  the  other  cities  and 
towns. 

In  order  to  guard  against  any  action  Guatemala 
might  take  because  of  the  course  of  Chiapas,  at  a 
formal  session  of  the  diputacion,  presided  over  by  the 
jcfe  politico,  and  held  on  the  22d  of  October,  it  was 
resolved  to  send  to  Mexico  a  commissioner  to  take  the 
necessary  steps,  and  procure  his  province's  separation 
from  Guatemala,  even  if  the  latter  should  come  to  be 
thereafter  a  part  of  the  Mexican  empire.*^ 

*'For  particulars  on  the  final  separation  of  Chiapas,  and  incorporation  as  a 
state  of  the  Mexican  confederation,  see  Hist.  Mex.,  v.  '22^,  this  series.  'J'he 
clergyman  Pedro  Solurzano  was  the  agent  appointed  under  tlio  resolution 
referred  to  in  the  text,  and  he  accordingly  repaired  to  the  city  of  Moxieo. 
Lm-rinnznr,  2ioLic,  Ilist.  Soconusco,  29;  Mdx.  Oaceta  Imp.,  i.  1G9-73,  270-1, 
319-23,  337-9. 


CHAPTER  III. 

UNION  WITH  MEXICO. 

1821-1822. 

First  Acts  of  Gitatemalam  Rulers — Intriodes  or  Paeties— Theib  Evil 
CoNSEQnENCES — Gainza's  Intrigoes — Independence  in  the  Other 
Provinces — Rewards  to  Gainza — Troubles  in  Salvador— Dissen- 
sions IN  Honduras — Local  Squabbles  in  Nicaragua — Predilection 
FOR  Imperialism— Costa  Rica  Neutral — Condition  of  Various 
Sections — Seceding  Districis  of  Guatemala — Perplexities  of  the 
Junta  Consultiva — Iturbide's  Devices — Military  Pressure— His 
Proposals  Accepted — Illegal  Annexation — Protests  and  Resist- 
ance—War Begins. 


Among  the  first  acts  of  the  junta  at  Guatemala 
was  the  promotion  of  two  officers  who  were  suppt)sed 
to  be  rchable  supporters  of  the  late  movement.^  Both 
proved  themselves  afterward  recreant  to  their  pledges, 
by  their  hostility  to  the  republican  cause. 

The  cacos  were  republicans.  They  strove  to  rid 
the  country  of  the  antiquated  errors  and  practices, 
including  in  their  plans  the  abolishment  of  the  priv- 
ileges of  the  clergy,  and  the  restriction  of  their  power, 
wliicli  had  been  a  constant  source  of  injury  to  the 
people  at  large.  They  wanted  the  adoption  of  demo- 
cratic institutions,  in  order  to  place  the  masses  on  the 
level  heretofore  occupied  only  by  the  ruling  class. 
They  succeeded  in  prevailing  on  the  people  to  take  an 
interest  and  a  direct  intervention  in  public  affairs. 
Barrundia,  Molina,  and  Cordoba  led  them  to  the  gal- 

'  They  were  Lorenzo  Roniafia,  who  was  made  colonel  of  the  battalion  of  reg- 
ulars, superseding  the  Spauiard  Fiilix  Lagrava,  and  Manuel  Arzii,  who  obtained 
the  command  of  the  artillery,  with  the  same  rank.  Marure,  Boaq.  Hist.  (JetU. 
Am.,  i.  28. 


PARTY  STRIFE. 


43 


I 


lories  of  the  junta  chamber  to  witness  its  acts,  and 
even  take  part  in  its  deliberations."  They  attacked  ^ 
Vulle  for  the  clause  he  inserted  in  the  acta  of  the 
15th,  to  which  I  have  alluded  in  the  preceding  chap- 
ter. On  that  point  they  certainly  had  a  well-founded 
grievance,  but  their  manner  of  presenting  it  resulted 
in  a  loss  of  confidence  in  the  junta,  the  organization 
of  new  parties,  and  general  distraction.  The  point 
taken  by  them,  however,  was  decided  in  their  favor 
by  the  junta.  But  the  latter  held  secret  sessions 
after  the  20th  of  September,  significant  of  sinister 
purposes. 

The  other  party — formerly  constituting  the  ruling 
class — scouted  the  idea  of  equality.  Most  of  the 
churchmen  had  the  same  feeling;  for  in  joining  thu 
movement  for  separation  from  Spain  their  motive  had 
been  to  shield  their  menaced  prerogatives,  rather  than 
love  for  America  or  freedom. 

On  the  18th  of  September  Gainza  wrote  Iturbide, 
generalissimo  of  the  so-called  empire  of  Mexico,  that 
his  course  had  been  hailed  with  jo}^  and  that  political 
parties  had  consolidated  on  the  proposition  of  indo 
pendence  from  Spain;  hence  he  had  proclaimed  it. 
And  that,  since  then,  amid  the  transition  from  one 
system  to  another,  the  minds  of  the  people  of  Gua- 
temala had  been  fixed  on  Iturbide,  and  they  had 
desired  to  tender  him  their  congratulations  as  the 
liberator  of  New  Spain.^ 

^  A  writer  of  the  opposite  party  asserts  that  tlio  practice  caused  much  con- 
fusion, arifiiiig  from  ignorance.  Tlio  populace  abused  tiio  privilege,  and 
had  finally  to  be  excluded  from  the  chamber.  The  same  author  speaks  dis- 
paraginj,dy  of  the  three  leaders.  Mem.  /.Vt».  Cent.  Ant.,  7.  It  is  saiil  of  Uain 
tliut  they  often  addressed  from  tlio  gallery  petitions  to  the  junta,  demanded 
removals  of  officials,  and  had  disputes  with  its  member.,  or  with  Ciainza.  I 
have  already  given  some  account  of  Liarnindia  and  Molina.  Curduba  had 
sulFered  imprisonment  and  prosecution  for  beiui;  concerned  in  the  revolution- 
ary movements  of  1811. 

^  'Acordeal  fin  en  sus  sentimientos,  se  reuni6  iiltimamente  eu  la  opinion 
quo  dcbi6  Biempre  ser  cl  vinculo  cstrccho  dc  su  voluntad.  Asi  consta  del  tcs- 
timonio  quo  acompano  d  V.  E.'  The  last  sentence  must  refer  to  a  copy  of  tho 
acta  de  independencia.  Mc:,  Gaceta  Imp.,  i.  G0-'2.  And  yet,  another  journal 
of  Mexico,  alluding  to  that  letter,  after  erroneously  giving'  tlic  writer's  name 
as  Gabriel  Quinia,  actually  asserted  its  contents  to  be  that  (iuatemala,  like 
Chiapas,  liad  submitted  to  Mexico,  party  spirit  having  been  powerless  to  dis- 


■■■  'iff 


44 


UNION  WITH  MEXICO. 


r  !:■ 


The  junta  consultiva  passed  a  number  of  decrees, 
.which  were  sanctioned  by  Gainza.  Urrutia,  the  ex- 
ca[)tain-general,  was  tendered  his  salary  and  the  con- 
siderations due  liis  rank  and  former  office  if  he  would 
formally  rccojvnize  the  independence.*  He  declined 
with  thanks,  departing  for  Habana  soon  after.  At 
the  time  of  the  .idoption  of  the  acta,  peaceable  persons 
were  assured  of  protection  to  their  persons  and 
property,  which  pledge  was  faithfully  fulfilled.  No 
opponent  of  independence  was  molested.  Officials 
desirous  of  returning  to  their  country  were  allowed 
to  do  so.^ 

The  junta,  which  bore  the  compcllation  of  excelen- 
tisiiua,  unanimously  appointed  Gainza  captain-general, 
with  the  salary  of  $10,000  a  year,  decorating  him  also 
with  a  three-colored  scarf,  commemorative  of  the 
throe  guarantees.  A  gold  medal  was  voted  to  the 
members  of  the  ayuntamiento,  who  made  the  solemn 
declaration  of  independence  on  the  23d  of  September.* 
(Committees  were  next  appointed  to  study  and  report 
to  the  junta  on  public  instruction,  safety  and  de- 
fences, statistics,  industry,  and  finances.  Jose  del 
Valle  was  instructed  to  form  a  plan  of  government.' 

Several  financial  measures  engaged  the  attention 
of  the  junta.  One  of  them  proposed  to  levy  a  duty 
of  ten  per  centum  on  gold  and  silver  exported  to 
Spain.  This  was  never  strictly  enforced.  Restric- 
tions to  foreign  commerce,  and  monopolies  existing 
under  the  Spanish  government,  were  abolished.  Lib- 
eral principles  were  introduced,  including  freedom  of 

turb  the  peace  or  general  will  of  the  inhabitants!  M^x.,  Nolicioao  Oen,,  Got. 
11),  1821, 

*  Decree  of  Sept  20,  1821. 

''  Decrees  of  Sept.  20  and  2'.',  1821.  They  were  given  two  months'  extra 
pay.  Mem.  Ren.  Vent.  Am.,  C-V. 

•'  Tliia  act  was  elTectcd  amiilst  great  enthusiasm,  and  rejoicing  at  its  ac- 
complishment witliout  bloodshed.  I'ersons  then  residing  in  the  city  who  had 
favoi-cd  the  niovemeut  had  tlieir  names  inserted  in  a  book.  Marure,  Boaq. 
JJU.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  27-.TO. 

'  Another  committeo  was  to  count  the  population  in  order  to  apportion  the 
deputies  to  congress.  Oracias,  Vuad.  U^tud. ,  23. 


SALVADOR  INDEPCNDENT. 


45 


the  press,  which  had  been  guaranteed  by  the  Spanish 
constitution,  and  was  now  continued  in  tbrce.^ 


In  Salvador  absolute  independence  had  been  de- 
clared by  the  ayuntaniiento  on  the  21st  of  September, 
and  proclaimed  eight  days  after.  Pedro  13arricre, 
who  as  tenientc  Ictrado  was  temporarily  acting  as  chief 
civil  authority,  together  with  the  ayuntaniiento  of 
San  Salvador,  decreed  the  election  of  seven  persons 
to  form  a  "junta  subalterna  econdmica  y  consultiva." 
There  was  great  commotion  stirred  on  the  one  hand 
by  the  vicar  Ignacio  Saldaua,  and  on  the  other  by  tlio 
liberals,  Arce,  Ramirez,  and  others.  The  next  day, 
the  people  being  assembled  to  effect  the  election, 
Barriere,  pretending  that  his  friends,  the  so-called 
scrviles,  were  in  peril,  retracted  his  former  action. 
His  words  enraged  the  populace.  Then  he  called 
out  the  troops  to  disperse  the  crowds,  and  arrested  the 
republican  leaders  Arce,  Rodriguez,  and  Domingo 
Lara."  But  on  the  news  of  his  course  reaching  Guate- 
uiala,  Delgado  was  despatched  to  Salvador  as  a  peace- 
maker, clothed  with  ample  powers.  On  his  way  to 
the  capital  he  liberated  prisoners,  all  of  whom  joined 
his  following  and  entered  the  city  with  him.  Bar- 
riere was  sent  out  of  the  province;  the  troops  were 
disarmed;  peace  was  restored;  a  subordinate  junta, 
consultiva  was  installed,  and  Delgado  continued  at 
the  head  of  the  government.^" 

*  Before  the  news  reached  Spain  of  the  change  in  Guatemala,  Deputy  Milla 
spoke,  on  the  18th  of  Nov.,  in  the  c6rte8  of  the  insufficiency  of  Spanisli  bot- 
toms for  the  transportation  of  American  produce,  and  demanded  the  privdcgo 
of  using  foreign  vessels  therefor.  He  alluded  also  to  the  inability  of  tlio  royal 
navy  to  protect  Spanish  merchantmen,  in  proof  of  which  he  stated  the  fact 
tiiat  five  vessels  had  been  carried  off  by  insurgent  privateers  from  Nicaraguan 
ports,  t'drtes,  Diario  t'xtraonl.,  Nov.  IS,  1821,  iv.  12-13. 

•Men  who  had  relations  with  Delgado,  one  of  the  junta  in  Guatemala. 
Mnn.  Itev.  Cent.  Am.,  9-10. 

'"Delgado  assumed  authority  on  his  arrival  at  t.»nta  Ana.  jtnd  used  it 
effectively,  though  without  violence.  Marure,  Bosq.  Hint.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  "'O-?. 
The  extent  of  the  province  of  Salvador  was  50  leagues  long  and  .30  wide;  it 
was  divided  into  the  partidos  of  Santa  Ana,  San  Salvador,  San  Vicente,  and 
San  Miguel,  with  three  cities,  uve  villas,  and  140  pueblos.  Meudez,  Afnti.,  9- 
10.  The  following  were  the  signers  of  independence:  Pedro  Barriere,  Casi- 
miro  Garcfa  Valdeavellano,  Jos6  Ignacio  Saldaua,  Joa6  Rosi,  Millan  Bustos, 


ml 


mm 


46 


UNION  WITH  MEXICO. 


In  Honduras,  on  the  receipt  at  Comayagua  of  the 
news  that  Guatemala  had  seceded  from  the  Spanish 
crown,  the  governor-intendente,  Brigadier  Josd  Ti- 
noco  de  Contreras,  and  the  diputacion'^  refused  to 
recognize  the  government  constituted  in  that  city,  and 
took  an  oath  to  support  the  plan  of  Iguala.  This 
was  a  virtual  annexation  of  Honduras  to  the  Mexican 
cuii)ire.  The  partidos  of  Tegucigalpa  and  Gracias, 
and  the  })orts  of  Omoa  and  Trujillo,  would  not  accept 
as  valid  the  act  of  the  authorities  at  Comayagua,  and 
maintained  relations  with  those  in  Guatemala.  The 
independence  from  Spain  had  been  declared  on  the 
IGth  of  October. 

Tinoco  took  the  two  ports  above  named,  which  were 
treacherously  surrendered  to  him."  He  also  fitted 
out  a  force  to  march  on  Tegucigalpa.  A  counter- 
revolution, however,  on  the  1st  of  December,  sup- 
ported by  an  approaching  Guatemalan  liberal  force, 
set  aside  Tinoco's  control  and  restored  that  of  the 
junta  consultiva." 

Gei  onimo  do  Ajuria,  Fraucisco  tlel  Duquc,  Santiago  Rosi,  Trinidad  E?tupinian, 
.liiim  Ji.  do  Otonto,  Francisco  Ignacio  do  Urnitia,  Narciso  Ortega,  and  Pedro 
Miguel  Lopez,  secretary.  Jiiiiz,  C'cdcnd.  Solv.,  G7-8;  Sal  v.,  Diur'to  O/ic,  Jan. 
'2(i,  IST.'i,  ;j;  IJuKtamaufc,  Cuad.  Hist.,  vi.,  no.  187,  1-29;  Mem.  liev.  Cent. 
Am.,  '2,  D-IO.  Alainan  has  it  that  Delgado  seized  tlie  government  by  a  revo- 
lution ill  lS-22.  J  IK  Mr/.,  V.  474-5. 

"  Jn  the  Spanisli  cortes,  March  20,  181.'^,  was  read  and  passed  to  a  com- 
mittee a  petition  of  tlio  uyuntamiento  of  Comayagua,  objecting  to  the  limited 
sco[)e  of  tlio  decree  of  May  24,  1812,  which  authorized  the  establishment  of 
only  two  iliputaciones  in  the  whole  of  Guatemala,  and  asked  for  one  in  Coma- 
yagua witli  Omoa,  Trujillo,  and  the  jiartiilo  of  Tegucigalpa,  and  that  of  San 
Miguel  in  .Salvador,  within  its  jurisilietion,  which  would  give  the  new  di%u- 
tiicion  a  territory  of  140  leagues  from  N.  to  S.,  and  as  many  from  E.  to  W. 
Cortes,  JJiario,  1S1.'{,  xviii.  (Jl.  I  have  no  evidence  as  to  when  Honduras 
was  granted  the  diputacion,  but  the  fact  apjiears  that  it  had  such  a  corpora- 
tion in  September  1S21.  The  province  was  larger  tiian  Nicaragua,  and  divided 
into  tlio  partidos  of  Comayagua  and  Tegucigalpa,  anil  the  nine  sub-delegations 
of  (iiaciasa  Dins,  San  Pedro  Zula,  Tciicoa,  Yoio,  Olaiichito,  Olancho  Viejo, 
'JVgucigalpa,  Clioluteca,  and  Trujillo,  h.iving  within  it  the  ports  of  Omoa, 
Puerto  Caballos,  Puerto  Sal,  Triunfo  de  la  Cruz,  Trujillo,  and  Cartago.  The 
bishopric  of  Comayagua  embraced  the  whole  iiitendeiicia,  with  3j  parishes, 
■)iiu  mission,  and  143  churches.  Meiulez,  .Mem.,  iS,  21.  In  1821  there  lived  in 
Tvujillo  about  2,r)00  Caiibs,  the  original  iiihaljitants  of  Saint  Vincent,  later 
occupying  the  island  of  lloataii,  whence  they  removed  to  Trujillo.  They 
were  a  rather  induoirious,  honest  people.  C't);/;/e^7ia//',s  I'oy.,  2d  scr.,  101-3. 

'-'Omoa  by  Captain  Bernardo  Caballero,  i'.  Pedro  Brito,  and  others,  who 
seized  and  imprisoned  the  commandant,  Antonio  Prado.  Marure,  Bosq.  Hint. 
Cent.  Am.,  i.  3o. 

''The  junta  in  Guatemala  passed  an  act  on  the  11th  of  Dcs.  to  reward  the 


-J 


LIBERTY  IN  NICARAGUA. 


47 


Nicaragua  had,  since  1813,  a  diputacioii  provincial, 
under  the  decree  of  the  Spanish  c6rtcs  of  May  24, 
1812.  Its  jurisdiction  extended  over  the  di.stricts  of 
Leon,  Granada,  Segovia,  Nicaragua,  and  Matagalpa. 
Under  the  new  system,  estabhshcd  in  1821,  and  since 
TJrrutia's  retirement,  constant  questions  of  jurisdic- 
tion arose  between  the  intendente  and  the  superior 
jefe  poHtico." 

On  the  3d  of  October  Colonel  Crisanto  Sacasa, 
commandant  at  Granada,  issued  a  general  order  to 
the  officers  to  report  with  their  troops  next  morning, 
and  take  the  oath  to  support  national  independence, 
pursuant  to  the  instructions  he  had  received  from 
Captain-general  Gainza.  Intendente  Saravia  had 
been  at  enmity  with  Gainza,  and  when  the  first  stops 
were  taken  in  Guatemala  for  independence,  he  throw 
off  his  authority.  In  this  he  had  the  aid  of  Bishop 
Jerez  and  Colonel  Joaquin  Arechavala,  commander 
of  the  militia,  all  three  being  natives  of  old  Spain. 
They  induced  the  diputacion  and  the  ay untam lento, 
by  an  act  of  the  11th  of  October,  to  declare  Nicara- 
gua seceded  from  Guatemala.^'  This  action  occurred 
in  Leon.  But  Granada  refused  to  concur,  and  sent 
its  representatives  to  the  congress  called  to  meet  in 
Guatemala.  Later,  October  21st,  the  authorities  in 
Leon  formally  accepted  the  Iguala  plan,  thereby  an- 
nexing the  whole  province  to  the  Mexican  empire. 


villa  of  Tegucigalpa,  raising  it  to  the  rank  of  a  city,  and  bestowing  on  its 
ayuntuniicnto  the  title  of  'patriotico. '  Muriirc,  JJonq.  Jli.it.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  37). 

"  As  a  matter  of  fact,  ill  feeling  had  always  existed  in  the  provinces  against 
the  capital.  This  haired  was  intensiticd  by  tlrj  respective  intendeutes  in 
forwarding  their  ambitious  purposes,  ^[cln.  lie  v.  Cent.  Am.,  2.  Lieut-col 
Miguel  Gonzalez  Saravia,  sou  of  the  old  lieut-gen.  shot  in  Oajaca,  was  the 
guv.-iutendento  of  Nicaragua  since  1818.  Naturally  lie  hated  the  indepen- 
dents for  his  father's  rxccution.  Mariirr,  Dosq.  Hint.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  .'?4;  Ayon, 
Ajiunti's,  22;  Juarro/i,  Ouat.  (Loud.  ed.  182;j),  S37-8. 

'^  They  would  remain  independent  of  the  Spanish  crown,  they  saiil,  until 
the  clouds  disappeared.  Mem.  licv.  Cent.  Am.,  8;  Marure,  lioxq.  Hid.  Cent. 
Am.,  i.  .34;  Ayon,  Apuntes,  22;  Siiarez  y  Navtrro,  Jlist.  MiJj.,  .'JST;  Bn.ita- 
vianie,  Cuatl.  Hist.,  vi.,  no.  187,  1-29;  Alaman,  Hist.  Mi'j.,  v.  340-8;  Wells' 
J/ond.,  408.  Tomds  Ayon,  Apuntes  sobre  aljunos  de.  los  aeontecimieiifos  poH- 
licos  de  Nicciragua,  Leon,  1875,  8vo,  50  pp.,  gives  a  few  important  memoranda 
on  the  political  events  of  Nicaragua  in  181 1-24,  in  a  clear,  concise,  and  ap> 
parcntly  impartial  manner. 


Simv 


>4-W^.- 


48 


UNION  WITH  MEXICO. 


l!  ' 


The  country  was  accordingly  divided  into  two  antag- 
onistic parties,  the  imperialist  and  the  republican." 

Gainza  said  to  the  diputacion  at  Leon,  on  the  22d 
of  October,  that  neither  they  nor  the  junta  consultiva, 
nor  any  other  body  of  men  then  existing,  could  decide 
upon  the  future  of  the  country;  none  had  a  legal  right 
to  declare  for  or  against  annexation  to  Mexico.  This 
could  be  arrived  at  only  by  the  representatives  of  the 
people  in  the  general  congress."  He  appointed  Colonel 
Sacasa  comandante  general  of  the  forces  in  Nicaragua, 
and  directed  him  to  install  in  Granada  a  subordinate 
junta  gubernativa  of  five  members,  clothed  with  the 
functions  of  a  jefe  politico,  and  which  was  to  continue 
in  power  til.  the  status  of  the  country  should  be 
fixed.'*  Sacasa  frankly  notified  the  rulers  in  Leon  of 
what  he  was  to  do,  and  took  steps  to  carry  his  orders 
into  execution.  But  Saravia,  with  the  bishop  and 
the  diputacion,  determined  that  no  srjh  junta  should 
be  installed.  The  diputacion,  on  the  1st  of  Decem- 
ber, by  a  special  act,  forbade  its  organization,  declar- 
ing all  attempts  toward  it  subversive  of  good  order 
and  hostile  to  the  Mexican  empire,  to  which  they 
owed  allegiance;  and  warning  all  citizens  to  abstain 
from  such  efforts. 

"Saravia  kept  up  a  sort  of  underliandel  war  against  Granada,  obstructing 
her  relations  with  Guatemala.  Mature,  Boaj,  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  35.  Tho 
extent  of  tho  province  of  Nicaragua  was  85  leagues  long  by  75  wide;  detach- 
ing Nicoya,  there  were  four  partiJos,  Leon,  Realejo,  Suti.iba,  and  Matagalpa, 
with  88  towns  in  all.  Meiulez,  Mem.,  7.  According  to  Miguel  G.  Saravia, 
Bosqufjo  politico  estadistico  de  Nicaragua,  its  population  in  181.3  waa  of  149,- 
751,  a  very  imperfect  census.  Squier's  States  Cent.  Am.,  50.  The  bishopric 
of  Leon  comprised  all  tho  intendencia  of  Costa  Rica,  with  40  parishes,  3 
missions,  and  88  churches.  Mendez,  Mem, .  20.  A  considerable  military  force 
had  been,  since  179G,  kept  at  San  Juan  del  Norte;  and  in  1821  additional  de- 
fences were  erected,  by  government  order  of  May  2d.  This  force  was  expelled 
after  tho  declaration  of  independence  oy  tho  patriots.  Squier's  Trav. ,  i.  83. 

''  On  the  nth  of  Nov.  ho  answered  in  similar  terms  the  diputacion  at  Co- 
mayagua.  Marure,  Bosq.  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  44-6. 

"  Its  members  were  to  be  chosen  by  electors  appointed  by  tho  ayunta- 
mientos  supporting  the  Granada  rdgime.  Tliese  members  to  choose  every 
month  from  their  own  number  the  president.  Perez,  Biog.  Sacasa,  5-6.  Perez, 
Jerdnimo,  Biografia  del  coronel  Don  Crisanto  SMasa,  1875,  fol.,  18  pp.,  fur- 
nishes important  data  on  the  origin  and  life  of  a  man  who  figured  prom- 
inently and  honorably  in  the  affairs  of  Nicaragua  from  1821  to  his  death  in 
1824.  In  connection  with  them  appear  several  official  letters  on  events  during 
the  period  between  secession  from  Spain  and  annexation  to  Mexico. 


Sj 
supp 
di.sa[ 
2  2d 
Aiiic 
Mexi 

St'lvL't 

sumo 
a  ropi 
at  Lc 

Cos 

from 

She  iij 

and  se 

called 

Leon,  6 

A  mee 

■  Ml  1  set 

<r'  .11  tl: 

^'artag( 

uas  foi 

the  two 

•'II  the  J 

tlio  han« 

monegiL 

cial  capi 

was  prcs 

the  injp€ 

.     "Thepe, 

Kal  complic) 

'"-IS;  .S'a/y. 

.     -"It  had. 

Its  own,  but 

'iiiateniala. 

(iita,  Boiq.  Cu 

fe''''vo  it,  toge 

-•''«.,  54.     In 

and  black  mei 

jJ.V  (jO  leagues 

l^jarraz,  Villa 

^uevo,  Escasi 

Ifltlian  towns  a 

Hist.  Cew 


COSTA  RICA  NEUTRAL. 


40 


Sacfiba  had  every  right  to  expect  that  Gainza  would 
sup|)ort  him  aj^ainst  attacks  iVom  Leon,  but  he  was 
tlisappointed.  The  captain-general  wrote  him,  on  the 
22(1  of  December,  that  it  was  doubtful  if  Central 
America  could  maintain  a  government  se])arate  from 
Mexico,  many  towns  having  already  attached  them- 
selves to  the  empire;  and  that  he  had  expressed  the 
same  opinion  to  Saravia.  Whereupon  Sacasa,  though 
a  republican,  made  no  further  opposition  to  the  powers 
at  Leon. 


Costa  Rica  was  privileged  by  distance  to  keep  aloof 
from  political  troubles  threatening  the  other  provinces. 
She  had  seceded  from  Spain  on  the  27th  of  October, 
and  set  aside  the  governor,  Juan  Canas;  but  when 
culled  upon  to  adopt  the  plan  of  the  capital  or  that  of 
Leon,  she  declined  both,  preferring  a  neutral  attitude.^'' 
A  meeting  of  notables  confirmed  the  act  of  secession, 
nn  1  set  up  a  provisional  government  entirely  detached 
i'v  n  that  at  Leon,  which  was  to  reside  alternately  in 
Cartage,  San  Jos6,  Heredia,  and  Alajuela.  But  this 
was  found  inconvenient,  owing  to  rivalries  between 
the  two  first-named  towns;  and  finally  it  was  decided, 
on  the  27th  of  November,  to  place  public  affairs  in 
the  hands  of  Manuel  Peralta,  Rafael  Osejo,  and  ller- 
nienegildo  Bonilla,  who  were  to  reside  at  the  provin- 
cial capital,  Cartage.  Under  this  arrangement  peace 
was  preserved,  and  the  province  never  was  really  under 
the  imperial  rule.^" 

"  The  people  acted  prudently;  they  could  but  reap  trouble  from  the  polit- 
ical complications.  Mem.  Uev.  Cent.  Am.,  2;  Molina,  Bosq.  Costa  liica,  4-5, 
17-lS;  iS'a/y. ,  Diario  OJtc,  May  23,  1875;  Loitd.  Oeorj.  Sac,  vi.  135. 

-"  It  had,  from  the  time  of  the  conquest,  a  civil  and  military  government  of 
its  own,  but  under  dependence  of  the  audiencia  and  cajituiu-generalcy  at 
<  luatemala.  In  matters  ecclesiastic  and  financial  it  had  been  under  Leou.  Mo- 
lina, Boiq.  Costa Hica,  92;  Mem.  Rev.  Cent.  Am.,  2.  The  Spanish  constitution 
gave  it,  together  vith  Nicoya,  a  diputacion  provincial.  Astaburuaija,  Cent. 
Am.,  54.  In  1812  the  province  had  22  towns— 12  of  Indians  and  10  of  white 
and  black  men — besides  farms,  largo  estates,  etc.  The  extent  in  1821  was  IGO 
by  CO  leagues.  The  cities  m  ere  Cartago  and  Esparza;  tlie  villas,  San  Jos(5  ^o 
Ujarriiz,  Villa  Vieia,  and  Villa  Hermosa;  the  villages,  Espiritu  Santo,  Pueblo 
Nuevo,  Escasu,  Alajuela,  Bagasses,  Las  Cauas,  Barba,  San  Fernando,  and  tho 
Indian  towns  and  settlements;  adding  Nicoya  and  Guanacaste,  there  would  be 
HiBT.  Cent.  Am.,  Vox.  III.    4 


50 


UNION  WITH  MEXICO. 


Dissensions  had  now  brought  the  country  to  the 
brink  of  civil  war,  and  no  time  was  to  be  lost  in  avert- 
ing it.  Measures  were  adopted  to  hasten  the  meeting 
of  congress.  With  tbc  view  of  restoring  peace  between 
the  sections,  and  of  renderinj?  harmless  disturbinfj  ele- 
nients  without  resort  to  arms,  the  junta  at  Guatemala 
concluded  to  despatch  trusty  commissioners  to  the 
provinces  where  secession  was  rife,  who  were  to  pre- 
vail on  them  to  send  deputies  to  the  general  congress. 
Other  agents  were  to  be  despatched  to  Mexico  to 
watch  the  turn  of  events  at  the  capital.^*  What 
good  results  those  agents  might  have  accomplished,  it 
is  impossible  now  to  say.  They  had  no  occasion  to 
try  their  efforts.  Events  in  Mexico  succeeded  one 
another  with  such  rapidity,  and  their  influence  on 
Central  America  was  so  powerful,  that,  even  among 
the  best  patriots,  many  made  up  their  minds  to  coop- 
orate  toward  the  unfon,  carried  away  by  the  idea  that 
■only  under  the  a)gis  of  the  northern  empire  could 
peace,  safety,  and  stability  be  secured. 

Costa  Rica,  we  have  seen,  was  in  fact  out  of  the 
field;  at  any  rate,  it  had  no  share  in  the  political  strife. 
The  provinces  of  Guatemala  proper  and  Salvador 
were  the  only  ones,  at  present,  which  together  with 
Granada,  in  Nicaragua,  and  some  portions  of  Hon- 
duras, attempted  to  preserve  an  independence  from 
Mexico  under  whatever  form  of  government  rai<Tfhtbe 
adopted  in  that  country.  The  idea  of  annexation  to 
Mexico  had  been,  however,  growing  popular  from  day 
to   day  in    Guatemala.      The    important   section    of 


27  towns.  Tlio  populntion  was  computeil  at  between  GO.OOO  and  70,000,  be- 
sides the  three  nations  of  heathen  Indians  in  the  mountains  and  northern 
coasts,  and  known  respectively  as  indies  do  la  Talamnnca,  indios  del  norto, 
and  indios  Mosquitos,  al'  quite  numerous.  Cdrtcs,  Diario,  1813,  xix.  404-5. 
In  1813  tlio  deputy  from  Costa  Rica  in  the  Spanish  cortes  petitioned  for  a 
bialiopric;  but  at  tho  time  of  the  separation  the  matter  had  not  bee.i  acted 
on.  Mendez,  Mem.,  7. 

'•"Juan  do  Dios  Ma^orga  and  tho  provincial  of  la  Merced,  Fray  Luis  Oar- 
cin,  were  selected  for  Comayuj;ua;  tho  prolate  of  tho  Franciscans,  Fray  Josi'! 
Antonio  Taboada,  for  Leon;  tho  prcbendado  Jos6  Maria  Castilla,  Pedro  Mo- 
lina, and  Jo86  Francisco  Barrundia,  for  Mexico.  Mar. ire,  Bosq.Ilist.  'Jent.Am., 
i.  37-0. 


ITURBIDE'S  EFFORTS. 


HI 


Quczaltcnango  adhered  to  the  scheme,  on  the  13th  of 
November,  inviting  Suchitepequez,  Solold,  and  An- 
tigua Guatemala  to  follow  the  example,  which  they 
did  soon  after.  And  Cirilo  Flores  and  Antonio  Corzo, 
wlio  in  latex"  years  figured  as  most  prominent  cham- 
pions of  derr.ocracy  and  suffered  martyrdom  for  their 
cause,  then  supported  the  action  of  Quezaltenango. 

It  was  contended  that  Central  America,  after  throw- 
ing cff  the  Spanish  yoke,  acquired,  with  independence, 
the  riglit  of  forming  such  associations  as  might  be 
mutually  beneficial.  This  doctrine  was  warmly  ad- 
vocated by  a  largo  portion  of  the  reflecting  class. 
Under  such  circumstances,  Guatemala  and  Salvador, 
hemmed  in  as  they  were  between  provinces  that  had 
already  become  annexed  to  Mexico,  could  not  main- 
tain an  absolute  independence. 

Iturbide  had  largo  ideas  of  imperial  sway,  and  was 
bent  on  the  acquisition  of  entire  Central  America, 
aided  efficiently,  as  he  was  on  this  side,  by  the  aristo- 
crats and  other  dissentient  elements,  who,  perceiving 
the  insignificance  they  would  come  to  if  the  nation 
finally  became  constituted  under  a  democraiic  govern- 
iiicr.t.  which  their  opponents  were  aiming  at,  labored 
with  might  and  main  to  defeat  the  plan."  They  won 
over  with  money  and  fair  promises  a  part  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  with  Gainza,  who  expected  high  rank  and 
offices  from  the  new  empire,  bound  Central  A.merica 
hand  and  foot,  as  will  hereafter  bo  seen. 

--Some  of  them  asked  for  titles,  decorations,  and  other  rewards  for  their 
services  in  harnessing  their  country  to  Mexico's  inipeiial  car.  1^1  Pro^rc^o, 
Apr.  11,  1850.  Tho  organ  of  the  empire  spoko  of  tlio  chimeriiul  ideas 
of  tho  republicans  and  federalists,  adding  that  the  opposition  to  them  was 
largo,  and  to  bo  found  in  tho  ollicials,  the  liiglicr  classes,  and  indeed  all  sen- 
sible persons,  who  well  knew  how  small  was  tho  niunbor  of  tho  educated 
among  them.  It  elaiiued  that  the  journals  published  in  Guatemala  expressed 
the  views  of  only  a  few  deluded  men,  uIkksu  ranks  were  becoming  thinner 
every  day.  That  same  organ  had  given  to  the  public  certain  letters  from  tho 
ayuhtamiento  of  Comitan,  in  Chiapas,  oujicting  to  tho  'Jil  art.  of  tho  Guate- 
malan acta  of  Sept.  loth,  on  tho  ground  that  tho  country  had  no  resources  to 
sustain  a  separave  government,  which  had  been  evident  since  tho  yearly  al- 
lowance of  $r2,00U  ceased;  superadded  to  which,  they  said,  tho  safety  of 
Mexico  might  bo  imperilled  should  Spain  at  somo  future  time  recover  posses- 
sion of  Cent.  Am.,  which  the  latter,  if  independent,  could  not  prevent,  and 
vindicate  her  authority  over  tho  former.  Mix.,  Qaceta  Imp.,  i.,  Nov.  21  and 
Dec.  8,  1821,  202-7,  281-2. 


m 


ill;- 


UNIOX  WITH  MEXICO. 


The  junta  consultiva  was  imicli  perplexed  in  view 
of  the  .situation.  The  iniperiaHsts  daily  became  more 
insolent  and  exacting.  At  this  critical  time — Novem- 
ber 28th — Gainza  laid  before  it  a  letter"^  from  the 
generalissimo,  making  allusion  to  the  much  abused 
second  article  of  the  acta  de  independencia,  and  de- 
claring tliat  Guatemala  was  not  able  to  occupy  as  yet 
a  ])lace  in  the  family  of  nations,  and  should  therefore 
link  her  fate  with  Mexico.'^*  Whereupon  the  junta, 
at  the  suggestion  of  the  marques  do  A^-cincna,  hastily 
answered  that  the  popular  wishes  must  be  ascertained 
before  adopting  any  action ;  promising  to  send  the  ])ro- 
posal  at  once  to  the  ayuntamientos  and  local  author- 
ities, with  instructions  to  call  on  the  people  to  give  a 
formal  expression  of  their  will  on  the  subject.  This 
pronii  .e  was  kept  in  a  measure — the  ayuntamientos, 
not  the  people,  wore  given  one  month's  time  to  mani- 
fest their  preference.-^ 

Soon  after  the  arrival  of  Iturbide's  messenger,  the 
persecution  of  republicans  was  begun.  The  rough 
element  of  the  population,  instigated  by  their  adver- 
saries, during  the  night  insulted  them  at  their  liomes.''" 
Any  one  who  either  by  word  or  writing  opposed  the 

"^  Dated  Oct.  19th,  and  brouglit  by  Jos6  de  Oflatc. 

°'  'Uuatcinala  no  dtbiii  qucdar  indcpeudiontc  dc  M(5jico,  sino  formar. .  .un 
gran  inii)Ciio  Imjo  el  plan  do  Imiala.  y  tratados  do  Cordolja:  que  (Juatoniala 
Be  hallaba  todavfa  imjiotpntc  para  gobcrnarso  per  si  misina,  y  quo  podria  scr 
por  lo  niisiiio  objeto  dc  la  anibicion  extraiijcra.'  Marurc,  JJosq.  ll\st.  Cent. 
Am.,  i.  ;}t)— U.  The  ariHtocrats,  now  suru  of  Iturbide's  aid,  grew  bolder  in 
tlicir  plotting.  Squkr'n  Trail,  ii.  HTS;  Montufar,  Iieseua  Uht.,  iv.  3.VJ. 
Iturbido  directed  the  eoudo  dc  la  Cadena,  on  the  20th  of  Nov.,  to  write  very 
courteously  to  Mariano  do  Aycincna,  who  was  well  connected  and  had  ad- 
dressed a  communication  to  tl  e  libei'ator.  IJiistamanle,  Cucul.  Hist.,  vi.,  no. 
187,  28;  Moiiti\far,  Ifcr  na  JIuL,  iv.  20-2,  :i3-9. 

'■'■'' The  circular  directed  the  ayuntamientos  to  read  at  a  public  sitting  Itur- 
bide's letter,  and  express  their  opinion  upon  each  poiuc  embraced  in  liia  pro- 
posal. Their  answers  as  to  whether  they  wanted  annexation  at  once,  or  to 
await  the  action  of  congrer^s,  wei'o  to  bo  in  Giiatcmala  city  on  or  before  the 
aistof  Uec,  1S21.  Peti'n-Ilzd,  Manif,  dnlo  Jit.sl.,  2.  This  circular  was  drawn 
up  by  Valle.  Tho  electiona  fi;)  iiiunibers  of  the  congress  that  had  been  called 
to  meet  in  February  wero  to  bo  made  as  formerly  directed.  In  Guatemala 
tho  votes  of  heads  of  ''amilics  wcro  taken  at  each  house  by  municipal  agents 
in  tho  prcHi'aco  oi  a  nota.y  public,  and  duly  registered.  Mem.  liev.  Vent. 
Am.,  '.0-11;  Alamnii,  Jlixt.  M'j.,  v.  47.")-C. 

'■"Till!  cxilo  of  Barrundia,  Molina,  and  others  was  demanded  by  Pedro  Ar- 
rovavc,  sindico  of  the  ayiintamiento.  Gainza  was  suspected  of  inciting  cer- 
tain imperialists  to  prefer  charges  against  tlieso  parties. 


'^'  A  iiuni 
Jos(j  chuich 
iilr.ildo  Man 
iiii-'ii>.M;u(la 
■        ••-',  18.-> 

(''<•'",'/    ,    .c,   .      , 

-'■'  Mdfiirf 
A/n  111,(11,  Hit 

•'J  I  is  a.o 
'f.  :\lcn  of  J 
iia\e  .--inco  eo 
iiiilliing  by  tl: 
rendont  natic 


VOTE  OF  THE  AYUNTAMIENTOS. 


53 


plan  of  annexation  was  treated  as  seditious.  At  last 
the  opposing  parties  had  a  scuffle  in  the  streets,  on 
the  night  of  November  30th,  which  ended  in  the  dis- 
roniliture  of  the  republicans  engaged  in  it.^^  Barrun- 
(Ua  and  Molina  were  present  and  exJiibitod  much 
energy.  The  latter  was  in  great  peril  of  losing  his 
][■■' 

On  the  day  appointed  for  the  receipt  of  the  returns 
from  the  several  ayuntamientos — naniel}^  the  31st  of 
December — the  junta  provisional  consultiva  proceeded 
to  the  count.  The  result  was  as  follows:  21  ayunta- 
mientos declared  that  none  but  the  general  congress 
had  authority  to  decide  for  or  against  the  union  with 
]\rexico;  104  favored  the  annexation  at  once  and 
iiu(!onditionally;  11  approved  of  the  union,  provided 
certain  terms,  which  they  appended,  were  sti[)ulated 
in  the  act  of  incorporation;  32  left  the  matter  wholly 
to  the  provisional  government;  and  two  declined  the 
connection  in  toto."'^''  Many  others  had  not,  for  some 
reason,  returned  any  answers;  or  if  they  had,  the 
tjovernment  in  Guatemala  failed  to  receive  them  on 
the  appointed  day.  The  result  was  made  known  to 
the  regency  in  Mexico  on  the  3d  of  January,  1822, 
and  on  the  5th  the  subject  was  discussed  in  all  its 
l)earings.  Valle  moved  that  the  decision  should  be 
jiQstpiHied  until  the  receipt  of  the  returns  of  the  G7 
ayuntamientos  not  yet  heard  from.  Rivera,  Calderon, 
and  Alvarado  objected  to  any  action.  Gainza  advo- 
cated the  acceptance  of  the  aid  and  [)rotection  teji- 
dcrcd    by    Mexico. ^^      The    junta,    disregarding   all 

■^' A  number  of  republicans,  when  acclaiming  their  principles  near  San 
Josu  church,  were  lircil  upon  by  an  armeil  force  patroUiny  the  town  willi  the 
alralilc  Mariano  L:irrave,  and  two  killed  outriL,'ht,  Mariano  Bciloya  and  Uc- 
iniLric  .Maida.  Several  were  wounded;  some  arrests  were  made.  Salt'.,  (iai  In, 
'■J,  1S.j4;  Maniri',  Dosq.  /list.  Cent,  A7n.,  i,  41-2,  47;  J^icc.  Unir.  llisi, 
Cr'c'u'/  ,  i„^  _   ,  i.  lil'J;  Dunlopx  Cent.  Am.,  'o7. 

■"^  Afrirmr,  Bosq.  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.,  ap.  v.;  Mem.  llev.  C-nl.  Am.,  11; 
Alaiiiiin,  Hid.  Mrj.,  v.  474. 

•"•'llis  arguments  were  not  founded  on  fact.  Subsequent  cvcata  proved 
it.  Men  of  greater  weight  than  (iainza,  such  aa  Mora,  I'occhio,  and  Zavala, 
liiive  .'-ince  contradictcil  hia  assertions.  Zavala  said  tliat  viiiatemala  ^'ained 
uuthmg  by  the  union,  and  that  it  had  resources  uf  its  own  to  exist  as  an  inde- 
pendent nation,     lie  added  that  the  provinces  viewed  with  dislike  the  course 


54 


UNION  WITH  MEXICO. 


objections  adduced,  and  the  marked  differences  in  the 
opinions  of  the  ayuntamientos,  decreed  on  the  same 
day,  January  5,  1822,  that  the  whole  of  Central 
America  should  be  annexed  to  the  empire  of  Mexico, 
without  other  conditions  than  the  fulfilment  of  the 
plan  of  Iguala  and  the  treaties  of  Cordoba.^"  In  a 
manifesto  of  that  date,  it  assured  the  people  that,  after 
obtaining  the  votes  of  all  the  authorities,  corporations, 
and  prominent  persons,  and  in  view  of  the  census  of 
population  formed  in  September  1821,  it  was  evident 
that  the  vote  for  the  union  with  Mexico  had  reached 
a  majority  in  Guatemala  proper;  and  including  the 
votes  of  Nicaragua,  Comayagua,  Ciudad  Real  de 
Chiapas,  Quezaltcnango,  Solold,  and  other  towns 
which  had  a  few  days  previously  declared  themselves 
for  annexation,  it  would  be  found  that  almost  the  whole 
population  had  expressed  itselfin  favor  of  connection.^* 
No  member  failed  to  record  his  name  in  favor  of  the 
loss  of  nationality,  though  some  had,  as  before  stated, 
suggested  that  certain  guarantees  should  be  required 
previous  to  the  completion  of  the  surrender. 

G;iinza  issued  a  manifesto  full  of  generalities,  de- 
clared there  was  no  further  need  of  electing  deputies 
to  congress,  and  assured  the  people  of  a  liberal  gov- 
ernment, and  future  peace  and  prosperity 


32 


Erelong 

of  the  aristocrats  at  tho  capital.  It  could  not  be  otherwise.  Where  was  the 
ailvantaj,'c  of  a  connection  with  the  city  of  Mexico,  which  was  ahnost  inac- 
cessible to  them?  But  tho  rich  men  of  Guatemala  would  havo  it,  regardless 
of  conseqnei.'ccs.  Ensatjo  Hist,  lievol.  Mex.,  i.  180-7. 

^^Sco  Jtl4.  JAl'j-.,  iv.  710,  7-2S-d,  this  series. 

"'  Tho  junta  had  on  tho  .3d  indicated  to  Itnrbide  that  its  duty  was  to  annex 
tho  country  to  Mexico;  'coino  ya  so  lo  indico  en  oficio  do  trea  del  corriente.' 
Other  reasons  were  given  by  it  for  the  action  taken,  tho  chief  one  being  tho 
necessity  of  preserving  the  country's  entirety  and  repose,  which  had  Ijcen  in 
danger  of  a  rupture.  The  names  affixed  to  tho  manifesto  arc:  Gavino  Gainza, 
Marquoa  do  Ayciuena,  Miguel  do  Larreinaga,  Joso  del  Valle,  Mariano  do 
IJeltranena,  Miguel  Antonio  Molina,  Antonio  Rivera,  Jos6  Mariano  Calderon, 
Jos6  Antonio  Alvarado,  Angel  M"-  Candina,  Eusebio  Castillo,  Jos(i  Valdds; 
Jos(5  Domingo  Diegucz  and  Mariano  Galvez,  sccrotai'ies.  O'uat.,  Jiecop.  Lci/es, 
i.  14-lG;  Maritre,  llosq.  Hist.  Cmt.  Am.,  i.,ap.  iv„-vi. ;  Montii/ar,  liesena  Hist.. 
iv.  18-23,  40-'J;  Mem.  Rev.  Cent.  Am.,  8-9,  11;  Bustamante,  C'ucul.  Hisl.,  vi., 
no.  187,  1-29;  Alaman,  Jlist.  M('j.,  v.  470;  Sua.rez  ;/  Navarro,  IIM.  M('J., 
.380-7;  Lastarria,  in  La  America,  249;  Salv.,  iJiario  OJic.,  Feb.  13,  1875,  4, 
and  March  28,  1870,  003;  Rivera,  Hist.  Jalapa,  ii.  218;  Sqiiier's  Trav.,  i. 
383:  Kewen's  Nic.  and  IValker,  MS.,  33-G;  Runiero,  Bosq.  Jlist.,  103-0. 

°^'Laa  ideas  do  prosperidaid,  objcto  do  la  indoj-endencia,  van  d  substi- 


1       i 


GAIXZA'S  EDICT. 


bo 


events  came  to  show  how  dohisive  were  the  promises 
thus  held  out  by  the  incoming  regime.  It  was  pre- 
posterous on  the  part  of  an  unconstituted  country,  as 
Mexico  then  was,  with  a  government  whose  existence 
was  preccirious,  to  undertake  the  task  of  affording  pro- 
tection to  the  people  of  Central  America — to  a  people 
that  had  been  brought  under  the  yoke  of  the  so- 
ealled  empire  in  such  an  unprecedented  manner. 

Forgetting,  after  a  few  days,  the  honeyed  words  of 
his  manifesto,  Gainza,^  on  January  9tli,  issued  a 
stringent  edict,  countersigned  by  Jose  Maria  Cclaya 
as  secretary,  giving  renewed  force  to  his  former  edicts 
of  September  iTtli  and  December  1st,  and  ibrbid- 
ding,  under  the  penalties  provided  by  the  laws  against 
sedition,  that  any  one  should,  either  by  tongue  or  ])en, 
ccnsuT'e  or  refute  the  action  adopted  as  the  will  of  the 
majority.  Conversations  on  the  subject  in  the  streets 
or  ])ubli('  ])laces  were  prohibited,  and  citizens  were 
enjoined  to  report  at  once  to  the  authorities  any  at- 
t(';ii[ite(l  conspiracy  against  the  new  government  whieli 
mi' 'lit  come  to  their  knowledu'e.  Constitutional  al- 
(•aides  and  other  local  authorities  were  charged  with 
the  execution  of  this  decree. 

Cainza  and  his  junta  thus  gave  way  to  the  wishes 
of  the  would-be  oli'j;'arclis  and  the  cler<n\  iixnoriniji;  the 
fact,  formerly  recognized  by  them,  that  to  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  [)eople  in  congress  exclusively  be- 
longed tlie  decision  of  the  question  on  the  future 
status  of  the  countr3^'"  The  aristocrats  and  clericals 
brought  about  difticulties  to  prevent  the  election  of 

tuirso  ii  los  partuloaoniiaosoa. .  .iK'Utralizar  las  tuntativiis  del  potior aibitraiio 
y  ilo  Ids  inoviuiiuntos  populurca. '  Gninza,  Mnnijlcsto,  O'accla  O'uh.  Giuvldl., 
IS'JJ,  March  '2,  .•{02-4;  Aliix.,  OarHa  Imp.,  ii.  057-1);  Kc.wen,  Nir.  and  WnlLrr, 
.Ms.,  .SU-O. 

^'' Ho  now  yivos  himself  a  long  list  of  titles,  viz.;  knight  o'  justice  of  tlio 
sricreil  religion  of  St  John  of  Joi'iisiilem;  lieutvnaat-general  by  acclamation  of 
the  in.loi)enilent  army  of  Guatemala;  decorated  with  the  banda  nacional;  her 
captain  general;  inspector-general  of  all  her  :.  ms;  superior  political  chief, 
intendiMit-geucral,  and  president  of  the  junta  provisional  consultiva.  J/tj;., 
ilacrla  Imp.,  1.  5(37-1);  (jacrta  Oob.  (JiiaddL,  March  2,  1822,  304. 

^'  Only  two  niontha  earlier  tho  diputaoioncs  of  Comayagua  and  Leon  wero 
told  that  neither  tho  junta  conaultiva  nor  any  other  body  then  existing  had 
any  such  power. 


=  m 


5G 


UNION  WITH  MEXICO. 


IS 


representatives,  and  took  advantage  of  them  to  carry 
out  their  designs.  The  truth  is,  that  the  device  re- 
sorted to,  of  acting  upon  the  opinions  of  ayunta- 
mientos  which  they  well  knew  had  no  authority  in  the 
premises,  was  illegal.  And,  indeed,  could  a  popula- 
tion of  upwards  of  one  million,  scuilered  over  75,000 
square  miles  of  territory,  have  duly  considered  so  vital 
a  niatter  as  the  abdication  of  their  national  autonomy 
within  the  short  period  of  thirty  days?  The  whole 
secret  of  the  aristocratic  success  lay  in  the  pressure 
brought  to  bear  on  the  country  with  a  military  force 
sent  by  Iturbide  to  support  his  pretensions."  The 
following  facts  appeared  in  the  imperial  gazette  of 
Mexico:  The  regency  announced  on  the  12th  of  No- 
vember to  the  junta  soberana  that  Chiapas,  as  well 
as  the  towns  of  Guatemala,  had  signified  a  wish  to 
be  received  as  a  part  of  the  Mexican  empire,  asking 
for  military  aid  to  uphold  its  acts.  The  regency 
added,  that  the  military  aid  must  then  be  quite  near 
(Jhiapas,  under  the  orders  issued  beforehand  by  the 
generalissimo,  5,000  men  having  already,  under  the 
^onde  de  la  Cadena,  crossed  the  Tehuantepec  River. 
Tjie  junta  graciously  assented  to  the  so-called  wishes 
of  the  peo[)le  of  Chiapas  and  Guatemala,  giving  them 
the  rights  of  Mexican  citizens.^*' 

A  division  under  Briu'adier  Vicente  Filisola,  with 
Colonel  Felipe  Codallos  as  his  second  in  command, 


lUiX 


37 


'"'It  was  rnmored,  ami  doubtless  believed  by  the  people,  that  a  formidable 
force  was  on  the  way — 5,000  men — whioh  Central  x\nicrica  in  its  present  di- 
vided cundition  could  not  resist;  heucc  tlie  premature  submission  with  an 
appii rent  good  grace.  J/cm.  Iicv.  Cent.  Am.,  10-11. 

'■^'^d' tied  a  Imp.,  i.  1G2-3.  According  to  Bustamante,  Ciiad.  Hist.,  vi.,  no. 
187,  I -'21),  the  party  in  favor  of  absolute  independence  in  Cluateuiala  sus- 
tained itself  till  a  Mexican  force  was  sent,  and  it  was  by  tliis  means  tlic 
absorption  was  cITcctcd.  The  force  Iiad  not  arrived,  but  was  certainly  e.\- 
pcctetl.  Luis  G.  Cuevas,  a  Mexican  senator,  tells  us  that  the  people  uf  Cent. 
Am.  were  mostly  very  enthusiastic  for  Iturbide,  and  at  tho  same  time  anx- 
ious to  rid  themselves  of  the  liberal  party,  whoso  members  ho  calls  an  un- 
bridled set  of  demagogues.  Moreover,  they  wanted  to  belong  to  a  nation 
having  so  much  credit  abroad,  and  such  largo  resources  to  aid  them.  For- 
venir  dr  Mcx.,  'loZ. 

^''  Conde  de  la  Cadena  was  first  in  command,  but  ho  resigned  it  on  account 
of  sickness.  Alamaii,  Hint.  MrJ.,  v.  474-8;  Suarez  y  Navarro,  Ilkt.  Mvj., 
387-S;  Fdisola  a  la  Junta  Soberana,  note  .'5, 


TROUBLES  IX  SALVADOR. 


57 


began  its  march  in  November  1821;  but  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  men  deserted  on  the  way,  and  the  ranks 
had  to  be  recruited  in  Chiapas;  and  yet  Fihsola  linally 
arrived  in  Guatemala  with  only  GOO  men.^"* 

The  junta  provisional,  after  its  action  of  January 
Stl-c,  had  no  further  reason  for  continuing,  and  so  dis- 
solved itself  on  the  2 1st  of  February.  Gainza,  retain- 
ing the  offices  of  jefe  superior  politico  and  captain- 
general,  called  into  life  a  diputacion  provincial.^^  His 
authority,  liowevcr,  was  not  regarded  in  Chiapas, 
Honduras,  Nicaragua,  nor  a  great  part  of  Salvador. 
Costa  Rica  still  remained  aloof  and  was  unmolested. 

During  Iturbide's  occupation  of  his  rickety  throne, 
Central  America  ]iad  de])uties  in  the  im])erial  con- 
gress,*" and  the  orders  of  the  emperor's  government 
were  generally  obeyed.  Nevertheless,  pkicky  little 
Salvador  kept  up  the  «ti'uggle  against  foreign  domi- 
nation. Nearly  a  majority  of  its  ayuntamientos,  to- 
gether with  the  pricbt  Delgado,  tlie  acting  p')liiical 
chief,  had  signilied  their  wish  to  await  the  action  of 
congress;  and  on  hearing  of  the  surrender  to  Mexico 
by  Gainza  and  his  junta,  entered  a  protest  and  seceded, 
resolving  to  remain  independent  till  the  representa- 
tives of  the  whole  people  of  Central  America  should 
decide  the  question  of  nationality.*^ 

But  even  here  dissensions  ibstered  from  Guatemala 
liad  their  pernicious  effects.  Santa  Ana  and  San 
j\Iiguel  had  voted  for  annexation  to  Mexico,  and  to 
U})li()ld  this  action,  seceded  from  their  own  j^rovincc, 
wITk.-Ii  in  that  year  led  to  a  war  between  Salvador 


288(iuior,  Gnat.,  5S0-1,  has  it  700. 

="9  Tiie  3il  ^  It  w;i3  installed  March  '20,  1 S-22.  Mariire,  Boaq.  Hist.  Cent.  A  m. , 
i.  47;  /(/.,  E/ondrklfs,  5. 

'"Amoiij^  tlieiu  were  .Josi5  del  Vallc,  Jnan  do  Dioa  Mayorga,  and  Mnrcial 
Zeliiulua.  Xarala,  Eiiaii'/o  J 114.  Rev.  Mvx.,  i.  1S7.  Suurez  y  \:u';iit(j  says 
that  Mayorga  had  a  secret  niissiou  from  Salvador  near  the  Mexican  govern- 
ment, limt.  Mi'j.,  3S7. 

■"  JAm.  AVc.  (.'('lit.  Am.,  11-12.  The  province  was  ruled  by  a  junta  i^uher- 
nativa,  one  of  wlioso  niombcr.i  was  Antonio  Jose  Canaa,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
gui-ihcd  among  Cent.  Americans,  lie  soon  after  became  the  second  in  command 
of  tlio  'batallou  lijo,'  or'^anized  to  resist  Iturbide's  pretensions.  Salv.,  Diario 
Oik:,  Feb.  13  and  10,  1S7j. 


iyi 


l> 


i  ' ''  ^ 


58 


UNION  WITH  MEXICO. 


and  Guatemala.  The  government  at  San  Salvador 
gave  the  chief  command  of  its  forces  to  Manuel  Josd 
Arce,  with  orders  to  bring  the  people  of  Santa  Ana 
to  reason,  peaceably  if  he  could,  forcibly  if  he  raust.*^ 

Arce  marched  on  Santa  Ana,  when  Padilla,  com- 
manding a  portion  of  the  Sonsonate  force  which  had 
been  stationed  in  that  city,  retreated  within  its  own 
territory.  After  compelling  the  town  to  revoke  its 
act  of  secession,  Arce  went  in  pursuit  of  Padilla,  oc- 
cupied Ahuachapam,  then  an  annex  of  Sonsonate, 
and  fmally  routed  that  officer  in  the  hacienda  El 
Espinal."  This  was  the  first  act  of  a  bloody  war, 
which  will  be  treated  in  another  chapter. 

In  Honduras,  the  districts  of  Tegucigalpa  and 
Gracias,  together  with  the  ports  of  Oinoa  and  Tru- 


Defeat  of  Padilla. 

jillo,  repudiated  the  union  with  Mexico.**     Brigadier         j 
Tinoco,  on  hearing  that  a  Salvadoran  force  had  en-         | 
tered    Honduras,    resigned   his    office    of    governor. 
Comayagua,  however,  continued  recognizing  the  au- 
thority of  Mexico,  but  not  that  of  Guatemala.*^ 
In  Nicaragua,  the  city  of  Granada  disregarded  the 

"Gainza  bad  meantime  stationed  troo^os  iu  Sonsonate,  a  town  whicli 
liitherto  belonged  to  the  province  of  Guatemala  proper,  and  afterward  became 
a  part  of  Salvador. 

"  J/cm.  Jiev.  Cent.  Am.,  12-13. 

•*Tlie  rest  of  the  province  had  accepted  that  arraMgpent.  Gov.  Tinoco 
had  made  himself  master  of  Gmoa,  but  a  revoluty^pileased  it  from  his 
grasp.  His  authority  over  Trujillo  ceased  about  thl3lddle  of  January  1822. 
Jd.,7-d. 

*'^  The  inhabitants  were  influenced  to  that  courSe  by  Canon  Nicolda  Irias 
and  Juan  Lindo.  The  diputacion  sent  Tinoco  to  Mexico  to  report  the  state 
of  atfairs  iu  Honduras.  AJarure,  lioaq.  Hist,  Cent,  Am,,  37. 


sibl( 
He 


NICARAGUA  AND  COSTA  RICA. 


I 


authority  at  Leon,  and  held  relations  with  Gainza, 
oven  after  Colonel  Sacasa  had  placed  himself  under 
the  orders  of  the  former.^*  Sacasa  had  surrendered 
his  charge  in  Granada  to  Cleto  Ordonez,*^  who  thus 
became  the  leader  of  the  liberal  party  in  Nicaragua. 
After  the  act  of  annexation  to  Mexico,  and  Salva- 
dor's act  of  secession,  both  Sacasa  and  Ordonez  sup- 
ported the  independents. 

Ordonez,  finding  himself  in  possession  of  irrespon- 
sible power,  soon  gave  a  loose  rein  to  his  bad  instincts. 
He  began  to  seize  private  property,  not  excepting 
even  that  of  foreigners.  Sacasa's  person  and  prop- 
erty did  not  escape.*^ 

Costa  Rica  did  not  fail,  though  maintaining  a  neu- 
tral attitude,  to  manifest  her  discontent  with  the 
course  of  Guatemala, 

'"  There  was,  in  consequence,  a  bitter  correspondence  between  Saravia  and 
Gainza.  Mem.  Jiev.  Cent.  Am.,  14. 

*'  Tiu3  man  was  of  the  lowest  class;  bad  been  a  common  servant,  and 
afterward  an  artilleryman,  lie  was  once  confined  in  a,  dungeon  at  Trujillo, 
from  wliich  he  escaped.  When  ho  began  to  figure  in  politics  his  wit  made 
him  popular  with  the  citizens.  It  was  said  that  he  had  some  knowledge  of 
medicine,  and  hud  written  some  creditable  poetry,  lie  was,  however,  given 
to  cards  and  free-love,  but  abstained  from  the  bottle.  lie  was  twice  mar- 
ried, but  left  no  children.  Perez,  Biog.  Sacasa,  8;  Mem.  llev.  Cent.  Am.,  14; 
Marure,  Hosq.  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  T3-4. 

**  Ordonez  had  Sacasa  and  others  confined  in  irons  in  Fort  San  C;irlos. 
Public  opinion  accused  him  of  being  the  most  active  instigator  of  hatred  be- 
tween the  white  and  other  races.  Id.,  74;  Mem,  Bev.  Cent.  Am.,  14;  Salv.f 
Diario  OJic.,  Feb.  19,  1875. 


CHAPTEK  IV. 

CENTRAL  AMERICAN  CONFEDERATION. 

1822-1825. 

Secession  from  Mexico— Arzu's  Campaign— Prevarication  of  Salvadob — 
Filisola's  Victory — IIis  Subsequent  Course — Liberal  Triumph  in 
Costa  Rica— Honduras  Favors  Union — National  Independence 
Secured — Labors  to  Organize  a  Nation — Tue  Constituent  Assemblt 
— Provi.ncias  Unidas  del  Centro  de  America— Abolition  op  African 
Slavery — Provisional  Government — Modicrados  or  Serviles — Li- 
berales  or  flebres — principles  and  alms  of  parties — mexican 
Forces  Retire — Seditions  Begin — Salvadoran  Force  in  Guatemala 
— Confederacion  de  Centro  Am^ric^ — Fundamental  Law — Finances 
— Adjournment  of  the  Constituent  Assembly. 

Arce's  invasion  of  territory  occupied  by  Guate- 
mala afforded  the  latter  a  sufficient  pretext,  if  any 
were  needed,  to  declare  war  against  her  high-spirited 
and  troublesome  neighbor.  Colonel  Arzii  was  there- 
upon despatched  on  the  19th  of  March,  1822,  at  the 
head  of  a  ibrce,  which  in  a  few  days  had  been  increased 
to  1,000  men,  to  bring  Salvador  under  subjection. 
Arzii's  dilatory  movements,  however,  defeated  the 
object  of  the  expedition.^  He  lost  two  months  and 
more  waiting  for  reenforcements  and  artillery,  and  by 
indecision  as  to  whether  or  not  he  should  heed  the 
protestations  of  the  Salvadorans.''  The  latter  em- 
ployed the  time  thus  gained  in  fortifying  their  city, 

•  His  orders  were  to  take  the  city  of  Sau  Salvador  on  or  before  the  5th  of 
April.  Mem.  Rev.  Vent.  Am.,  12. 

■■'  They  claimed  that  their  declaration  of  independence  did  not  imply  hos- 
tility to  Guatemala,  and  in  support  of  it  expressed  a  willingness  to  furnish 
hostages.  Their  representations  were  of  no  effect,  however;  'habiaenipeao 
cu  sojuzgar  i.  San  Salvador,  y  &  este  interns  se  eacrificaba  todo.'  Marure, 
Bosq.  J  Hat.  Cent.  Am.,  51. 

(GO) 


thou 
Art)  I 
conti 

of  N; 
t;ikir 
ad\ai 
the 
to  clis 
tliat  t 
light 
^Vrzi'i 
were 
the  UK 
the  in) 
suit  wi 
Arzi 
temala 
cxpcdil 
care, 
ilorans 
mala, 
pleased 
l^'ilisolaj 
was  sui 
Filisola 
1822,  an 
ment. 


Against 
and  had  fori 
^'m.,  13;  At 

*IIo  wen 
which  quart 
expected. 

''The  cas 
12-13. 

"It  was  cl 
Buhscquently 
^-'i-'ut.  Americ 
years  ravaged 
-10  answ( 
Cnit.  Am.,i.i 
^yex.,  -203-4, 1 
At  any  rate,  h 
aitle-de-cainp 


DEFEAT  OP  ARZO. 


ei 


thouijli  short  of  arms  to  equip  a  sufficient  garrison. 
Aroused  at  last  by  Gainza's  positive  commands,  Arzii 
continued  his  march/  and  avoiding  the  fortifications 
of  San  Salvador,  entered  the  city  on  the  3d  of  June, 
taking  its  defenders  by  surprise.*  Having  now  every 
advantage,  Arzii  might  have  made  himself  mast'  r  of 
the  place  had  he  not  carelessly  permitted  his  tit)op3 
to  disband  for  purposes  of  plunder.  The  result  was, 
tliat  the  Salvadorans  had  time  to  rally,  and  a  street 
li''ht  ensued,  ending  with  the  total  discomfiture  of 
Arzii  and  his  force,  who  with  the  loss  of  their  arms 
were  driven  from  the  city.°  Had  the  victors  made 
the  most  of  their  success,  they  might  have  annihilated 
the  invading  force;  but  they  failed  to  conduct  the  pur- 
suit with  any  skill.** 

Arzu's  defeat  produced  a  deep  impression  in  Gua- 
temala, where  such  a  result  had  been  unexpected,  the 
expedition  having  been  fitted  out  with  the  utmost 
care.  Fears  began  to  be  entertained  that  the  Salva- 
dorans might  become  aggressors  and  invade  Guate- 
mala. The  friends  of  Mexico  were  therefore  much 
pleased  on  hearing  that  the  Mexican  commander, 
Filisola,  had  been  ordered  to  supersede  Gainza,  who 
was  summoned  to  Mexico.^  With  about  GOO  men 
Filisola  arrived  in  Guatemala  on  the  12th  of  June, 
1822,  and  ten  days  later  took  possession  of  the  govern- 
ment.    He  inaugurated  a  comparatively  good  state 


'  Against  Filisola's  expressed  wishes.  That  general  was  then  in  Chiapas, 
ami  had  forbidden  all  military  operations  till  his  arrival.  Mem.  Jiev.  Cent. 
Am.,  13;  Alaman,  Hist.  MeJ.,  v.  478;  Filisola  d  la  Junta  Soberana,  note  G. 

*  lie  went  in  by  the  road  sloping  from  the  volcano  to  the  west,  from 
wliich  quarter,  owing  to  the  roughness  of  the  ground,  no  attack  had  been 
expected. 

•'The  casualties  were  not  heavy  on  either  side,  ^fem.  liev.  Cent.  Am., 
12-13. 

"  It  was  chiefly  on  the  superiority  exhibited  on  this  occasion  that  Salvador 
subsequently  based  her  claim  to  a  prominent  place  in  the  councils  held  upon 
Cout.  American  affairs.  Many  of  the  internal  wars  which  for  a  number  of 
years  ravaged  the  country  may  be  traced  to  this  pretended  superiority. 

'  To  answer  charges  preferred  against  him.  Id.,  15;  Manire,  JJosq.  /list. 
Cnit.  Am.,i.  53,  {oMowaahy  Alaman,  Hist.  Mej.,y.418.  Cucvas,  Porvenir  de 
.^fex.,  '2o',i-4,  makes  the  doubtful  assertion  that  Gainza  went  of  his  own  accord. 
At  any  late,  he  after.vard  was  made  a  lieut-gen.  of  the  imperial  army,  and  on 
aide-de-camp  of  Iturbide's. 


Wm 


m  CENTRAL  AMERICAN  CONFEDERATION. 

of  affairs;  for  though  as  a  supporter  of  the  Mexican 
cause,  and  specially  of  the  empire,  he  aimed  at  con- 
solidation, yet  his  policy  was  a  conciliatory  one.* 
Ho  ondoavored  to  obtain  the  assent  of  Salvador  to 
union  with  Mexico  without  resorting  to  force.  At 
first  his  course  presented  a  pr<iniising  aspect,  inasmuch 
as  the  representatives  of  the  former  apparently  made 
little  objection;  and  on  the  news  of  Iturbido's  call  to 
the  Mexican  throne,  among  the  many  congratulations 
received  by  Filisola  were  those  of  Salvador,  delivered 
by  a  special  deputation.  But  the  object,  as  it  turned 
out,  was  merely  to  gain  time.  The  negotiations  were 
continued  several  months,  hostilities  having  been  sus- 
pended by  both  belligerents,  till  early  in  September 
it  was  uufiecd  that  further    neg-otiations   should  be 

•  •  • 

carried  on  directly  with  the  executive  and  congress 
of  Mexico."  This  agreement  was  not  carried  out, 
however,  owing  to  new  difficulties  raised  by  San  Sal- 
vador. Filisola,  who  evidently  would  not  assume  the 
responsibility  of  war,  referred  the  whole  matter  to 
Mexico  for  instructions.  Iturbido,  who  had  just  dis- 
solved the  Mexican  congress  for  its  opposition  to  his 
plans,^"  felt  no  inclination  to  permit  little  San  Salva- 
dor to  dictate  the  terms  of  union,  and  disallowing  the 
armistice  concluded  by  Filisola,  ordered  him  to  begin 
hostilities  forthwith  if  unconditional  submission  were 
refused." 

Leaving  his  second  officer,  Colonel  Codallos,  in 
charge  of  the  government  at  Guatemala,  Filisola  be- 
gan the  military  operations  toward  the  end  of  Novem- 


*  His  proclamation  of  July  8,  1822,  expressed  bis  desire  to  be  guided  only 
by  the  best  interests  of  the  country.  Mix.,  Oaccta  Imp.,  1822,  C57-9. 

'••Duly  authorized  agents  of  Salvador  were  to  go  for  that  purpose  to  Mexico 
in  Nov.  1822;  the  districts  of  San  Miguel  and  Santa  Ana  bc.vng  permitted  tu 
recognize  the  government  at  Guatemala  till  an  understanding  should  bo 
arrived  at  in  Mexico.  Other  clauses  referred  to  the  surrender  of  arms  seized 
by  Arcc  in  Sonsonate,  to  the  commercial  interests  of  the  two  provinces,  and 
to  rules  to  be  observed  before  renewing  hostilities.  Marure,  Bosq.  Hist.  Cent. 
Am.,  5G-7. 

>"Oct.  31,  1822.     Sec  Hist.  Mex.,  v.,  this  series. 

"  Filisola  d  la  Junta  Soberana,  notes  9,  10. 


!,  ;.'!! 


FILISOLA'S  CAMPAIGN. 


la 


bcr,  taking  possession  of  Santa  Ana  and  marching 
upon  the  city  of  San  Salvador,  after  having  routed 
several  small  hostile  detachments  which  attempted  to 
check  his  i)rogrcss.  At  the  same  time  ho  published 
the  decree  of  the  Mexican  government  of  November 
4tli,  making  of  Central  America,  or  the  former  captain- 
generalcy  of  Guatemala,  three  comandancias  gene- 
rales,  namely,  those  of  Chiapas,  Sacatcpequez,  antl 
Costa  Rica,  the  capitals  being  respectively  Ciudad 
Real,  Nueva  (.Tuatemala,  and  Leon  in  Nicaragua.'' 
The  government  of  San  Salvador  was  in  a  precarious 
situation;  although  disposing  of  an  army  whose  nu- 
merical force  and  equipment  were  not  inferior  to  Fili- 
sola's,  yet  it  had  neither  discipline  nor  experienced 
officers.  The  few  encounters  which  had  already 
taken  place  between  the  two  forces  had  made  it  evi- 
dent that  the  Salvadorans  could  not  cope  with  Fili- 
sola's  military  skill.  Under  the  circumstances,  the 
authorities  of  San  Salvador  resolved  upon  incorpora- 
tion with  Mexico,  and  demanded  that  Filisola  shoukl 
proceed  no  farther.  They  declined  to  inform  him  of 
the  terms  under  which  they  would  submit  to  anni;xa- 
tion,  though  offering  to  lay  them  before  the  congress 
in  Mexico.  They  based  this  action  on  the  ground 
that  if  their  purpose  became  known  in  Salvatlor  a 
revolution  would  certainly  follow." 

The  Mexican  commander  paid  no  heed  to  these 
ambiguous  statements,  which  he  considered  devices 
to  gain  time,  and  continued  his  march. ^^ 


'■'His  force  consisted  of  about  2,000  men,  chiefly  from  Guatemala,  Santa 
Ana,  San  Miguel,  Sonsonatc,  and  Honduras. 

^'■^  Marure,  Bosq.  Jlist.  Cent.  Am.,  GO-1;  Molina,  Costa  Ilka,  9."];  Squier\t 
Traveh,  ii.  .383.     Tlie  decree  never  went  into  ellcct,  however. 

'*  The  principal  conditions  were;  establishiiient  in  Mexico  of  a  roprestnta- 
tive  government;  Salvador's  absolute  indcpoudenco  from  (jiuateniala;  paiiici- 
patii in  of  lier  delegates  in  framing  the  national  constitution;  continuation  in 
ollice  of  the  present  incumbents;  and  erection  of  an  episcopal  see.  For  loss 
important  terms  demanded  on  that  occasion,  see  also  Mem.  llev.  Cent.  Am., 
10-17;  Marwe,  Bosq.  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  02. 

'■^  It  seems  that  ho  again  asked  for  instructions  from  the  emperor,  who 
pL'i'uniijtorily  directed  him  not  to  lose  mure  timo  in  negotiations.  '  V.  S.  no 
cs  mas  que  uu  soldado  quo  dubo  atacar  la  ciudad,  posesiouarae  do  ella  y 
tratar  a  los  cabecillas  como  perturbadores  del  tirden.'  Mevi.  I'er.  Cent.  A7n., 


C4 


CENTRAL  AMERICAN  CONFEDERATION. 


lllKf 


I 


ir  i 


It  was  at  this  critical  moment  that  the  contrress  of 
San  Salvador,  carried  away  by  hatred  to  Guatemala 
and  Mexico,  resolved  upon  a  singular  step.  On  the 
2d  of  December,  1822,  the  act  of  incorporation  with 
Mexico  was  repealed,  and  the  state  was  placed  under 
the  protectorate  of  the  Anglo-American  states,  as  an 
integral  portion  thereof.  Solemn  protests  were  made 
in  tlie  name  of  that  republic  against  Filisola's  hostile 
acts.  A  member  of  the  congress,  Juan  Manuel  Ro- 
driirucz,  was  commissioned  to  make  known  the  incor- 
poration  to  the  government  of  the  United  States.^* 
For  a  short  time  it  seems  that  hopes  were  entertained 
of  an  armed  protection  on  the  part  of  the  northern  re- 
public in  favor  of  the  new  acquisition;  but  soon  the 
folly  of  sucli  expectations  became  apparent.  Filisola 
disregarded  the  protests,^"  and  after  several  victorious 
encounters,  routed  the  Salvadorans  under  Arce  at 
Mejicanos,'^  and  entered  the  city  of  San  Salvador  with- 
out further  opposition  on  the  9th  of  February,  1823. 
Filisola  fulfilled  the  promise  he  had  made  the  preced- 
ing day  to  the  ayuntamiento,  that  he  would  respect 
all  rights,  and  not  treat  the  town  as  a  conquered  coun- 
try. The  only  Salvadoran  force  remaining  was  com- 
pelled, on  the  21st  of  February,  to  surrender  at  Gual- 
cince,  a  town  on  the  other  :^ide  of  the  Lempa  River. '^ 
This  was  the  end  of  the  war.""  Arce,  who  departed 
for  the  United  States,  wrote  Fihsola  from  Belize  a 
letter  full  of  firmness  and  dignity,  meanwhile  thank- 

17.  Filisola  himself  coiifirnicd  the  above  in  his  address  t  -  the  junta  soberanr> 
of  Cont.  Am.  of  June  21,  18-2.3,  note  10. 

'"Scjuier,  in  his  yVrnv/x,  ii.  383-4,  rather  emphatica'  y  comments  on  this 
'step  exi)ressive  of  sympathies  and  sentiiricuts  which  st  .1  exist.' 

"  '  With  a  declaration  that  he  was  not  waging  war  -i  the  \J,  S.,  he  con- 
tinued his  operations.' 

'8 Feb.  7,  18'J3.     ^fem.  Rev.  Cent.  Am.,  17-18. 

'^  Filisola  issued  passports  to  all  who  wished  to  quit  the  country,  and  cvcu 
furnished  tliein  money  to  leave.  To  the  poor  soldiers  he  afforded  every  facil- 
ity to  reach  tiieir  homes. 

*"  It  must  be  aclinowledged  that  to  the  gallantry  and  constancy  of  the 
sons  of  this  little  province,  Central  America  owed  to  a  g'xat  extent  its  exist- 
ence as  a  sovereign  commonwealth.  Znvnla,  Rev.  N.  E.-^n.,  i.  142.  See  also 
Ataman,  Hint,  Mi'j.,  v.  470;  Marure,  Jlo.'iq.  J/i^l.  Cent.  A7n.,  i.  47;  Suarez  y 
Nauarro,  Hist.  Mij.,  387;  Mem.  Uev.  Cent.  Am.,  11-12. 


mg  I 

at    ]] 

giaiK.' 
to  G 

rih  o 

tJie  II, 
nf  lU 
(.illaLij 
to    Jii, 

Xicai'i 
ei'iioi' 
com  pi  i 
and  af( 
govern 
the 


0  pl'O 

tlieni  tl 

iii'.sfc  ul) 

vinceu 

iallon  1)1 

that  he 

Central 

'j^'cn  ma 

i'ortor.s, 

govenini 

it  from  a 

tn-.     Al 

^'-vohilio 

''t'lfl  othei 

^'Dce  to  11 

I>ein;g  ; 

iiices  ol"  ( 

<'ive  oil  ( 

'"irrriiio-  ^ 

^iJ'd  been  i 

\\ith  Afoxi 

^^'the  indo] 


^'ColF 


elqio 


i  inoL'o  ha, 

"'•'ilisolii'sc 
UiBT.  Cent. 


FALL  OF  ITURDIDI': 


65 


ill'-'-  liiui  lor  his  liuiuauo  (•(Miduct.  Dclgado  rctnainod 
at  his  liacicnda.  The  local  authorities  swore  allo- 
(-iaiK.'u  to  tlic  ^Mexican  oinpirc.  Fili.sola  now  retiii'LH.'d 
to  Giiatcuiala,-^  where  he  arrived  about  the  Gth  or 
rih  of  Marcli.  lie  had  already  received  the  news  of 
the  movement  in  ^lexioo  rcsultinL^  in  tlio  overthrow 
(if  Iturbide.  It  was  this  that  hastened  his  return  to 
(jruatemala,  and  induced  him  to  adopt  a  c»jursc  opposed 
to  his  last  instructions  IVoni  jNIexico.  Granada,  in 
Nicaragua,  had  not  been  reduced  to  obedience.  Gov- 
ernor Gonzalez  Saravia  had  asked  for  troops  to  ac- 
complish it,  but  Filisola  declined  to  employ  coercion; 
and  after  informing  him  and  Juai\  Fernandez  Lindo, 
•  ■•overnor  of  Honduras,''  as  weM  as  other  officials  in 
the  provinces,  of  the  state  of  affairs  in  ]Mex.ico,  assured 
llieui  that  he  would  take  no  important  step  witlujut 
tirst  obtainin;*;  their  assent.  Indeed,  after  no  con- 
vinced  liimself  that  the  imperial  government  had 
fallen  never  to  rise  aij^ain,  he  arriveil  at  the  conclusion 
that  he  had  no  right  to  keep  annexed  to  Mexico  the 
Central  American  provinces;  as  the  annexation  had 
Ijeen  made  solely,  as  claimed  by  ]\Iexico  and  her  sup- 
[torters,  for  the  sake  of  securing  stability  to  their 
government,  and  the  rosoect  which  would  be  afforded 
it  from  a  long  distanco  by  a  great  aud  wealthy  coun- 
try. All  this  pr'stige  had  disappeared,  owing  to  tho 
revolution  at  Casa  Mata  in  ]\[oxico,-^  the  pi<p  .r  money, 
and  other  arrangements  made  by  Iturbide  with  refer- 
once  to  these  nvovinces. 

L 

Being  asked  to  summon  a  congress  of  all  the  prov- 
iuees  of  Central  America,  he  complied,  issuing  a  de- 
cree on  the  29ih  of  March,  18-J;],  with  the  view  of 
carrying  out  the  acta  of  Septend)cr  15,  1821,  whicli 
had  been  annulled  by  the  incorporation  of  the  country 
with  jMexico.  This  was  tantamount  to  a  recognition 
of  the  independence  of  Central  xVmerica  from  Mexico.-* 

^'  Col  Felipe  Coil;illo3  was  ap[)ointcd  governor  of  tlic  province, 
■'-Tinoco  liail  gone  to  Mexico. 
Ill.'^f.  Mcx.,  v.,  tliia  serica. 

'■'  Filisola'a  course  luis  been  open  to  criticism.     Somo  atLributeJ  it  to  a  cou- 
IJitJT.  (Jknt.  Am.,  Vol.  III.     5 


60 


CENTRAL  AMERICAN  CONFEDERATION. 


:; 

:    j 

1 

His  (locrco  was  hailed  withjo}'  by  the  party  friendly 
to  absolute  inde])endcncc.  The  Mexican  or  imperial- 
ist party  was  vanquished,  and  the  people  were  ready 
to  take  an  active  i)art  in  the  cominix  elections.  Peace 
was  not  only  temporarily  restored  in  Guatemala  and 
Salvador,  but  in  Nicaragua  and  Costa  liica  party 
sti'uggles  were  brouglit  to  a  close. 

In  Granada,  Ordonez  had  continued  committing 
many  outrages. ^^  lie  liad  successfully  repulsed  Sara- 
via,  who  had  come  against  him  from  Leon.  'J'he  lattci- 
was  in  the  act  of  pre[)arlng  another  expedition,  when 
Filisola's  decree  was  ])romulgated,  and  he  was  sum- 
moned to  Guatemala.  Nicaragua  subsequently  con- 
stituted a  junta  gul)eriuitiva  of  its  own."" 

In  Costa  Kica,  Saravia,  with  the  aid  of  Bishop 
Ji'rez,  attempted  to  force  the  ])rovincc  into  the  union 
with  ^[(ixico,  and  with  that  view  endeavored  to  over- 
throw the  provincial  <>-overnment  established  at  Car- 
tago.  A  ct)nspiracy  was  p/lanned  there,  and  its  authors, 
second(!(l  in  Ciudad  Vieja,  openly  espoused  the  cause 
of  Iturbidc!  on  the  2!)th  of  March.  The  men  of  the 
liberal  partv  tied  to  San  Jose,  and  after  strenu'theu- 
ing  their  ranks  there  and  at  Ala'uela,  attacked  the 
im])erialists  on  the  ticM  of  Las  Lagunas,  near  Cartage, 
and  defeated  them.-'  The  town  had  to  surrender, 
and  was  occupied  by  the  victorious  independents,  but 
the  seat  of  government  I'emained  in  San  Jose.'-^ 

victim  lliat  Cent.  Am.  cdiild  not  I>c'  liolil  iis  a  proviiict!  ili'iK'ndciit  iioin  .a  re 
pilliiio,  wliiili  was  pnictii^ihlo  as  ii  tli'|n'iiili'nco  of  an  c'm|>ii'e.  Others  li:ivi; 
mililioscd  that  ho  was  iiroinptcd  liy  iirrsoiial  iiinliition.  Marmo,  Jiu!<q.  Hi-'. 
Cm/.  Am.,  7.'!,  ami  .l/r/N.  1,'rr.  Ceiif.  Am.,  IIV,  chiim  tiiiit  it  was  tlio  iiiiavi)i'l- 
.iii)lo  result  lit  the  situation,  wiiicii  is  not  exactly  true.  With  the  force  at  lin 
comniaiul,  he  niii^'ht  have  maintained  sujireniacy  tor  ii  eonsideralilo  time  at 
Toast.  Filisola  himself  said  tiiat  his  olijiMt  had  Ijeen  to  fivert  civil  war.  hi 
his  address  of  July  "Jl,  IS'J;{,  to  the  junlii  of  (iuatemala,  ho  assured  t^iat  hoilv 
tliiit  his  ieeo;j;nitiou  of  its  sovereij^nty  had  been  with  tiie  sanction  if  the  .~u- 
prcnie  executive  tjoverninent  of  Alexico,  communicated  to  him  on  the  18tli  f 
June.  Fillfola  a  1 1  Juidn  Sohrranii  dii  iliial.,  1-H;  /(/.,  Kl  i'hldndano,  lU-IT. 

-' Anionj^  otlu'i's,  that  of  seizinjr,  without  any  legal  foriiiality,  the  8[)ani  li 
vessel  Siiinrnm,  whose  cargo  he  sold  to  jirocurcj  provisions  and  otlier  supph  s 
for  his  garrison.   Afnriiir,  V/ow/.  J/isf.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  7");  Aj/on,  AjiHii/f^,  '2-  '■'■ 

-''It  was  installed  at  J^eon  on  tiie  17th  of  April,  ISL'IJ.   Mariirc,  Kj'i:m.,  >• 

-'  On  the  l>")th  of  April.  Mitvin-f,  tj'i  m.,  (». 

''''Several  of  the  conspirators  were  iinju-isoned  at  the  capital,  though  oily 
for  a  sliort  time.   Molina,  i'o'<la  liici,  !U;  AxUOmrun'jd,  (\nt.  Am.,  \'l. 


II 

tJl,' 
ot  JlC] 

cmist 
Ce 
iic('ti( 
it  iiat 
^»  < » aci 
"11  tht 
fh,.    c 
(iiipty 
•  •'Uisecj 
ah  uses 
and  m 
iJitai- 

■'<  AX   w 
t(n'  Jloi 

Ii;id  fdp 

•'niiiK'ii 

l<illowe( 

■■<s  foes. 

■'I lid  dis( 

t"  wliifj 

dueled  \ 

tlic  field 

(  'oiigi 

iindi'f  tl 

-vccorih 
'■"!'■"•  Ituihi, 
"•'I'l rial  i\xn 
■'"J>epiitii 
''''.-''^  eoiHiiiii 
'-"yrvvl  the,,, 

"  Ciiov.is 
"lis  to  c,,,,^^  _ 

"""'')ie  imp 

'•'""•II  lo  I'luiii 

•'"'■, -S-J-;!.  ' 
.^■•■■'li.icero.li,' 
'i'-i  'llechos  pos 
,  "'■Ii0j.,t, 
""I'liii'y  Work 
"•'iil.v  delayed. 
f  "' 'Ilia pas  V 
''■"||<-'ont.  All 


SEPARATION  FROM  MEXICO. 


67 


III  II(Muluras,  the  jirovincial  assembly  resolved  on 
tlie  lOtli  of  ^[uy  to  enter  into  tlio  union  with  tbo 
other  jiroviiiccs  of  Central  America,  with  the  view  of 
constitut'.ng  an  independent  nation."^ 

Central  America  then,  after  a  fii'teen  months'  con- 
nection with  Mexico,  was  again  in  tin;  same  position 
it  had  occu[)icd  at  the  time  of  separation  Irom  Spain. 
Xo  ad\antaires  had  been  derived  ii'om  that  union ;  but, 
(111  the  contrary,  numerous  heavy  taxes  had  exhausted 
the  country,  though  the  treasury  '.vas  invariably 
eiiiptv-  Tlie  whole  country  v.as  sulfei. ing  from  other 
('onse(]uenc(>s  of  the  internal  wars,  in  the  form  of 
ahuses  on  tlif  ])art  of  unscru[)tdous  political  jiarties 
and  military  cliiefs;  none  worse,  however,  than  tho 

ilitary  sway  imposed  l)y  jSIoxico.^'*  There  have  not 
!i(  ^jii  wanting  th<^se  who  believe  the  separation  fioni 
the  noi'thern  republic  was  a  false  step.'"^  'J'he  ])eo[)le 
had  i'or  centuries  lived  under  the  same  superior  gov- 
ernment, subject  onlj^  to  tho  S[ianish  ci'own.  "^{'hi'ii 
I'ollowed  a  period  when  they  often  faced  one  another 
as  foes.  Now  they  were  invited  to  sit  side  by  side 
and  discuss  measures  ibr  tlie  benefit  of  the  great  family 
to  which  thev  all  belon<>'ed.  The  elections  were  con- 
ducted  with  enthusiasm  on  the  pai't  of  the  re[)tdjlicans, 
the  Held  having  been  loft  to  them  by  the  imj)erialists."'' 

Congress  assend)led  on  the  21th  of  June,  IS^.T,^^ 
uiidei'  tlie  jiresidency  of  Jose  Mafias  JJelgado,"'*  tlie 

■•"Ai'Cdriling  to  Maniro,  Ej'  iw  rides,  (i,  rcscrviii'^  the  lil»eTty  of  I'ccii.u'iii/.iiiL; 
nni'W  Itui'liidi;  as  tho  Icgitiiiiiito  ciupcror,  slioulil  lio  liu  aj^aiii  ri'Simcil  to  llio 
ii.iliri  i.il  throiii'. 

•'' l>i'])iitii'a  fi'din  Cent.  A\\\.  to  the  Mi.'xitMii  tMiugres.s  comi)laiii(.'il  of  out- 
r:im's  comiiiittoil  liy  ]''ili.si)l.i'.s  solilii'is,  to  which  hi.s  attention  was  calkil  to 
iiimil,  thc'iii  liy  tho  c.'.t'iuitivo  of  tluit  i-cimlilic. 

"  Ciicvas,  I'o.-iriiir  i/c  JA.c. ,  L'.Tl-O,  laiiionts  it,  considering  it  an  ad  injiiii- 
ims  to  Cent.  Aniorica'.s  licst  interests. 

■'-The  imperialists  '.-e  liniifjiron  a  (([loiieiics  .-dmiiias  nianiohras  sord.is,  no 
ti'iiiru  lo  iininio  (k,  (iisj)utarhis  ;\  (.'lira  di  seuhicrta.'  ,]Jitnnr,  JJok'/.  Jlisl.  ('(lit. 
Am.,  S'.'-.'i.  Tho  intle[iendeut.s  'eontrajerou  sns  plani^s  :i  yauar  las  elecciones, 
y  ii  ii.irer  odiosa.s  las  tropa.s  mogicanas,  jiroeuranilo  a  toda  eosta,  y  por  todfia 
kia  iiii'dios  posihles  liaterliis  ovacuar  la  reiiuliliea.'  Man.  lliv.  ('cut.  Am.,  I'O. 

^'Tho  1st  of  Jnno  hiid  jjoen  tho  date  originally  tixod  npon,  but  Eoino  prc- 
liiiiiiiary  work  not  having  lieen  completed  in  time,  tho  installation  waa  necea- 
sarily  delayed.  Muriirc,  Jionq.  JJist.  (J<  iit.  .liii.,  i.  HIJ. 

"Cidapaswaa  not  ropresented,  that  proviuco  having  continued  dutuuhud 
from  Cent.  Am. 


63 


CENTRAL  AM  EUR' AN  CONFEDKRATION. 


Ill-; 


'  !,i 


installation  boin<4-  gi'aced  hy  tliu  pn.'sonco  of  Filisola 
and  tlio  municipal  council  of  the  city."' 

Ou  the  2d  of  July  f  )lknving  it  assumed  the  name 
of  Asambloa  Nacional  Constitu3'ente.  The  body  was 
in  session  nineteen  months,  closing  its  labors  on  the 
2-k\  of  January,  1825.  Its  work  was  momentous, 
having  to  organize  a  government  imbuetl  with  the 
prevailing  liberal  spirit;  to  improve  the  im[)erilled 
linanccs;  to  establish  relations  with  foi'cign  powers; 
and,  what  was  of  the  highest  importance,  to  bring 
unity  out  of  chaos.  The  lirst  step  toward  the  ac- 
complishment of  these  purposes  was  taken  on  the  1st 
of  July,  1823,  with  the  adoption  of  the  ordinance 
which  declared  the  provinces  of  the  former  ca[)tain- 
goncralcy  of  Guatemala  to  be  free  and  independent 
states,  confederated  "ato  a  nation  under  the  name  of 
Provincias  Unidas  .el  Centro  do  America.^"  Inas- 
much as  a  consideral)le  number  of  representatives 
had  not  arrived  on  that  date,  the  ordinance  was  sub- 
se(|uently  ratified  on  the  1st  of  October.^^  The  new 
confederation  was  recognized  by  jMoxico  only  a  littk^ 
ujoro  than  a  year  after."'^ 

Shortly  after  independence  was  proclaimed,  a  divis- 
ion of  the  powers  of  government  into  three  branches 
was  resolved  on;  namely,  the  legislative,  to  be  vested 
in  the  asamblea;    the  executive,  composed  of  three 

'5 It  is  sail!  tliat  Filisola  installed  tlic  congress,  the  Mexican  troops  takiii,' 
part  witli  the  native  ones  iu  payini,'  honors  t  j  tlio  national  representatives. 
Till  tlic  ori,':uii/ation  of  an  executive,  the  fir.st  dcci'cc.s  were  addressed  to 
Filisola,  as  superior  politieul  chief,  f  ir  tlicir  execution.  Mem.  I'cr.  ( 'viit.  Am., 
20.  That  Innly,  tho  lirst  as  well  as  tlic  most  numerous,  was  at  the  same  tinii^ 
the  most  cnli,'htcncd  that  tho  republic  c\  er  had.  Mararc,  JJoi'q.  Hist.  Cent. 
Am.,  i.  81!;  /(/.,  Khm.,  7;  Uimt.  Jt'irop.  L'nc",  i.  1G-'21. 

"''The  full  text  with  the  names  of  tho  delegates  present  appears  in  Mannv, 
nof<i.  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  xiii.-xviii.;  and  I'oi/ia,  C'ddijo  Xic,  i.  l'.)-'2',].  Iti 
principal  clauses  were:  'That  the  said  provinces. .  .are  free  and  independent, 
from  old  Spain,  from  Mexico,  and  every  other  power,  alike  of  the  old  an  I 
the  new  world,  y  que  no  son  ni  deben  ser  cl  patrimonio  do  persona  ni  faniiiia 
nlijuna.'  Translations  into  other  languat,'e3  may  be  seen  in  J'rvue  Am^ricnii.i . 
i.  ;i77-'J7;  Dtmorralic  Riv.,  i.  480-7.  Tho  act  was  drawn  up  by  the  deputy 
Josii  Francisco  Cordoba,  who  was  a  member  of  the  committee  to  whom  the 
matter  had  been  referred,   ^[<'m.  fict'.  Cent.  Am.,  '21, 

^' GiKtf.,  Ii(cop.  Lrijes,  i.  '21-,']'2. 

*^Aug.  '20,  1824.  Ditblan  and  Lor.aiio,  Lnj.  .Mcx.,  i.  713;  Alamav,  Mem.  a 
las  Cam.,  9. 


f 


•ft 


niciii 

body; 

<'()iir;.- 

be  11). 

.•■■Iinnh 

debt  y. 

to   be 

decree 

Troi 

OccU[)Ii 

J'arlies 
di])cnd 

Ji'  :'tion 

'  I    (hi'  { 
ililr   ill 

Nli'W.S  i'v 

Jiaffy,  a 

<']'poncn 

Juistocra 

b"M,  and 

]iii  's  also 

Vhelil 

frdcral  re 

]''iti'iotisii 

"iijust  j)ri 

lIK'llt.       J( 

iiiciitand 
:\^';linst  til 

inillK'Dce  c 

I'l'^'doinina 
era  Is  wqix 
tlionty,  lui 

.'"II I  > 

1 'ecreo  ot  , 
''Tiio  p:irty 

';;:i-'las.-3<,;Uic 

-Vi    III!    \-,;,,    , 

^•■'•'  I  '  i»e  hi:)  s,|| 
l'"'''''ii.  it  w.'is 


OIKIAXI/ATIOX. 


nu'iuljers,  to  l)c  clcctud  bv  and  to  be  .subject  to  tbat 
b(»;lv;  and  Ihe  judicial,  to  be  exercised  by  the  exisliug 
ri)ui;s.''''*  The  executive,  as  tlien  constituted,  \v;is  to 
lie  merely  })rovisi()na],  and  luitil  a  i'undaniental  code 
slmuld  give  it  a  perniarient  or'j;anization.  The  j)ul)hc 
ikbt  ^\as  recoLMii/ed;  (lie  catliolie  I'eli'.'ion  was  drclai'cd 
io   be   that  ol'  the  state;  luid   i"reed(jU(   of  the  pri's.s 


decri 


■ed. 


b'roui  the  moiiient  that  the  choice  of  the  excculivc 
occu[)ied  the  attention  of  the  assenil)ly  a  division  of 
])arties  became  manifest.  The  friends  of  absolute  in- 
(iL'j)endence  fornKcl  a  lai'ge  mnjority;  those  f)f  the  for- 
mer Mejicanistas  were  fmv  in  number.  The>  lar;Li'er 
|i' ■•tion  of  tlie  deputies  v/as  composed  of  t  lie  best  uien 
(  r  l!ii'  country,  v.halever  Iheir  ])ai'(y  ailihations,  and 
Ihi'ir  intentions  were  n])i'iL!^li(.  'jliose  of  moderate 
views  from  all  sections  lurined  tliemselves  int(j  one 
party,  and  went  by  the  name  of  moderados;  their 
oj)])onents  a])plyin^'  lo  tlieni  the  epithets  ol' ser\il  and 
aristocrata.^'  The  radicals  formed  another  oru^aniza- 
tlon,  and  v/ere  called  ]iel.)res  and  libcrales,  their  enc- 
mi's  also  giving  them  tlie  a[)pellation  of  anarrpiistas. 

The  liheral  party  advocated  the  establishment  of  a 
f.'dei-al  re[)ublic,  and  as  a  rule  was  guided  l,)y  a  liheral 
]iatrIotism,  and  a  desire  to  see  the  abolisluneiit  of 
niijiist  ])rivileges  and  anli(juated  Ai(.H's  in  the  goxeru- 
iiuut.  Its  ojjponents,  in  I'avor  of  a  centrali:',ed  goverii- 
inriitand  the  coutinualion  of  the  old  I'lieros,  struggled 
ng;!inst  the  restrictions  tliat  were  being  ])ut  to  the 
iihliienee  of  Guatemala.  Xevertheless,  a  lihei'al  spirit 
predonxinated  for  a  time,  and  thro(^  well-known  lib- 
erals Vv'ere  chosen  to  constitute  the  executive  au- 
t'.ierity,  namely,  ]\[auuel  Jo.su  Arce,''  J)octor  IVdro 

■■■'I\vivoof.Tiily  l.\  1SC3.   GiiuL,  Vrcop.  /,- yrs,  i.  .T-'-^. 

"Tho  ]i:irly  was  siiaiuly  compusud  <>!'  nicuibcis  of  tlio  £;)-c;.lli'.l  imMo 
faniili  ■:),  iS^iuaiard;),  iivil  ;iihI  miii.ury  Oiiiecrs,  Uio  t'kr,'.  y,  iuul  tho  must  iiiio- 
i';i;i,  rliis:3  {,i  Uio  jiif-ilaUou.  It  wa.i  lliL'iX'ioro  tliu  moai  iuiiikjioiis.  MoiUii/ai; 
y.'   '.'(  n,.4.,  iv.  2)J. 

■"  A  1  ho  \va;3  tlioa  in  tho  Umlcil  Status,  the  c\uion  AiitDiii)  do  l^Miraziilial 
v,::i  I  )  ho  hi:3  siili*  i;ii;o  il\iri!i :  hU  alisoiico.  I.:ura;:.il)  J  ha\  in;,'  iloiiiiu.l  tho 
iM  i.i  'U,  it  was  given  to  Aivtouiu  llivcra  Cahczua.  (juul.,  Jtcrop,  L(i/(.i,  i. 


'■,;■■.  C^ 


70 


CKNTRAL  AMEUICAX  CONFEDERATION. 


•m 


li.'i 


f 


Molina,  and  Juan  Viccnto  Villacorta.^"  It  must  be 
aeknowlodu'ctl  that  tliis  ijovcrninont  was  not  a  stroni; 
one,  the  only  man  of"  superior  talent  in  it  being  Mo- 
lina, and  he  had  little  experience  wherewith  to  found 
a  republic  and  manage  its  affairs  at  such  a  critical 
period. 

A  constantly  increasing  coolness  between  the  gov- 
ernment and  Filisola  became  intensified  when  the 
deputies  from  Costa  Rica  and  Nicaragua  refused  to 
occupy  their  seats  in  the  assembly  while  a  jMexican 
army  had  virtual  sway  over  the  capital.  Complaints 
also  came  from  various  quarters,  of  abuses  committed 
by  the  ]\l.e.\ican  soldiers,'^  and  demands  were  made 
for  their  departure.  Some  time  ela[)sed  in  discussions 
and  negotiations,  partly  b(.^cause  of  tlilhculty  in  rais- 
ing the  needed  funds.  Ijut  linally,  all  oljstacles  being 
removed,  Filisola  d<.'[)arted  Vvith  his  ibrce  on  t\u:  ud 
of  .Vugust,  f  823,  leaving  behind  him  a  good  name, 
which  was  little  affected  by  ciiarges  preferred  against 
him  at  a  later  date.*' 

The  lil)L'!;ds  now  were  at  u'reater  liberty  t(j  carry 
(Hit  tlieir  plans,  which  involved,  among  other  things, 
the  disappearance  ;f  old  j)ractices,  including  titles  and 
connx'llations,'-'  not  i-ww  the  hackneyetl  'don'  esca[>ing 

104-70;  Mitviii-c,   JJusf/.    llUt.    CcnI.    Am.,   i.  SS;   /-/.,   Klhu.,  S;    M<in.  ]!rv. 

Cent.  Am., '1-1. 

■•'Tlie  inodrr.idos  wanted  Josu  Dioni>io  llcvnvix  of  Iloiiduras!,  in  tlu;  tii 
umvirate,  lo  avoiil  tlio  uniliie  iiilliicnco  Sahadm  v.  ould  cxr/cisc,  iKivini;  twn 
of  licr  citizens  ill  the  executive,  and  because  tliey  <  .:.'.'«id''r<///  llf iniu  iiilcl- 
leetually  superior  to  Villaeorta.  No  one  tli(ni<,'lit  of  ihid  (!■  <  Vulle,  wii'y  wn- 
then  ill  Mexico.  CucvaH,  J'orrcnir  d;>  Mc.v.,  'l'^^^-'!,  cnoiifcoji  Jj^  stutea  tliiii 
the  supreme  autliority  was  (jifcrcd  Filisola  and  lie  di dined  it,  hu  decline'! 
the  olliee  of  jefn  ]iolitieo  of  (iuatemalii 

'^.fust  ill  sonic  instance'!,  no  doubt;  Imt  it  became  know  /t  tiiat  G.iaf<  iniiliii, 
tlisguiscd  s  .Nb-'xicans  (■■miiiiitted  hostile  acts  to  bring  the  ■•i'ddjer.-)  \i\io  di- 
ci<Mlit.  J'ilisola  certainly  strove  to  ni.-iintain  order  and  tliselidino.  Mnriii' 
l!os<[.  Ilisl.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  Sil-iKi:  Filisola,  J-Ji  Cli"/nilt(,io,  •22-S. 

^' Josi-  Francisco  llanuiidia,  of  whom  iiromiiient  mention  is  niad<!  in  tlii 
history,  sr'vcrely  attackiil  I'llisola's  course  in  a  pamphlet,  which  was  n  jilii  i 
to  in  a  small  book  entithd  HiCiiulahini) .  .  .  Vhrnlc  I'i/i.^ota  d  Jo!<4  Fi'n  iieis-  • 
linrruiulUi,  I'ucbia,  IS-I,  \Vl\i.  The  author  defends  himself,  employing  strou-.' 
iiiveetivo  against  his  accuser,  charging  him  with  hypocrisy  r.iid  cowardic. 
The  book  gives  some  historical  data,  but  owing  (oits  bitterness,  must  be  re- 
ceived with  e.iiition.  /'Hisola  after  Ihat  time  figured  a,  a  prominent  soldii  i' 
of  the  Mexicdii  republic  in  Texas,  and  during  the  war  of  tlio  U,  S.  and  Mcn- 
ico  in  IStii  S. 

*'Cutit.  Itieiip.  l^ni' '<  ••  «>77-8. 


DECREES  OF  THE  UOVEUXMENT. 


71 


the  g'encral  refonnatory  teiulcnc}'.''*'     A  coat,  of  arms 

was  likewise  decreed,  showing  the  national  name  in 

'j;ijlden   letters,*''   as   also  a 

liiiL;',  the  latter  consisting'  of 

tiircc  horizontal  stripes,  the 

middle    one     bcini^     white, 

with    the    national  coat  of 

iirms  about   hall-way  from 

the  mast,  and  the  other  two 

hill.". 

Among  other  decrees  en- 
acted by  the  assembly  in 
1823,  the  following  are 
worthy  of  mention :  One  of 
Auu'ust  2 1st,  to  annul  all 
acts  of  the  late  unperial  government  affecting  Cen- 
tral America;  one  of  August  2(;tli,  dei'lariuLj  the  15th 
of  September  to  be  the  national  aimiversarv,  and  how 
it  was  to  be  observed — this  decree'  was  reiterated 
by  the  legislative  assembly  ctn  the  Ijth  of  October, 
1834;  one  of  October  27th,  directing  the  Central 
American  deputies — those  of  Chiapas   e.Kcepteil — to 


Seal  or  Central  America. 


Wl 


lh(l 


raw 


f. 


•  •ni 


the    Mexican   cou'jre.- 


aml 


(jue    o 


f 


Xovember  loth,  to  I'orm  a  general  (,'ensus.'^ 

Another  measure  adt)p(;eil  was  thiit  wliieli  autlior- 
izcd  the  executive  to  dismiss  without  formality  all 
(illicials  having  their  a[)j)ointments  from  the  Spanish 
^*r  Mexican  governments.  Little  discretion  was  shown 
ill  this,  and  <liseontent  resulted,  which  was  made  man- 
ifest in  the  opposition  met  with  by  every  measure  of 
the  government,  wven  siieh  as  were  LToncrallv  reeosf- 
iiizcd  to  be  e4' pubhc  ut  iiii  \ .  Financial  ;iiid  military 
afi'aii's  were  m  '^\vc  worst  possibf  cmdition.  I'm  im- 
j»rove  the  ftrmer  was  a  iliilicull  task,  the  c\[ienscs 


'  Practicallv,  tli<'  word  'iloii '  iicvui' 


tVll 


ilitu  disuse 


Tl 


lo  111  iiiior  (it  cncliii'; 


oH'iciiil  littLTi  \\:i.-.  I  lianiTi-'d  fnnii  the  fiininr ']  >iii.s  iruiircl*- il. 


iinicliiis  iuiii.-i, 


til  'Dius,   Union,   J.iljeiti 


JA 


LA 


l!u.sfi.    lli^l.    ('<,<>.    Am.,   i.   til;    /■/. 


'IVorces  of  tlio  national  :i.ssi'iiil)!y  of  Aug.  '21  ami  \ov.  ."i.  IS'2.'?.  Jlor/m, 


C6'i(ii>t  Sk.,  i.  liij;  (liii't..  lid'op.  I. 


*H!i<at.,  I, 


tcop 


L 


1.  ;i:i 


M, 


!'■•/.   IH<\  Svh.   C 


""J. 


.'19. 


72 


CENTRAL  AMERICAN  CONFEDERATION. 


::|    1 


being  greater  than  during  the  colonial  period,  and 
several  branches  of  rovenue,  which  formerly  yielded 
coii.siderable  resources,  having  disap|)eared  with  the 
oM  (](.'[)( •ndence.'*^  As  to  the  army,  the  greater  part 
of  it  had  been  disbanded,  and  onlv  one  battalion  of 
the  regular  Ibrce  and  a  few  bodies  <jf  militia  ibrmed 
the  entire  defensive  power  of  the  republic.  The  gov- 
ernment was  almost  at  the  mercy  of  a  handful  of  men, 
and  it  was  not  long  before  they  exhibited  their  lack 
of  discipline  and  loyalty.  The  soldiers  had  i'or  some 
time  [last  shown  dissatisfaction  at  the  neglect  of  the 
govei'nment  to  pay  them  lluir  dues.  Under  the  cir- 
eumstanees,  it  was  rather  easy  to  prevail  on  them  to 
revolt,  and  it  was  done,  the  leader  being  Captain  lla- 
I'ael  Ari/,a,  y  Tori'es.'^'^  J'he  authorities,  though  aware 
of  his  nuichinations,  had  taken  no  decisive  measures 
to  defeat  them,"'  otlier  than  commissioning  Ignacio 
Larrazdbal  to  make;  an  investiijiation.  Ariza,  iearinu: 
that  dela}'  might  cause  the  failure  of  his  plan,  in  the 
evening  of  the  loth  of  September  assumed  the  title  of 
oon)mander-in-chier  of  the  forces;  and  the  next  morn- 
ing''-  volleys  of  musketry  and  other  manifestations 
apprised  the  alarmed  inhabitants  of  the  insurrection. 
A  scene  of  excitement  ensued.  The  assembly  hastily 
met,  and  amidst  the  coni'usion  a  riiessensfer  came  irom 
Ariza  to  assure  tlie  chamber  of  his  loyal  clisjiosition 
toward  the  government,  and  to  add  in  explanation 
that  the  position  of  conmiander  had  been  forced  upon 
him  by  the  troops.  The  messenger  was  perempt(»rily 
ordered  to  retire  without  receiving  any  answer.  A 
nundjer  of  enthusiastic  citizens  asi'ailed  a  portion  of 
Ari/ca's  men,  only  to  be  driven  back  fo  the  university 

^''I'lvcn  the  statistics  tliat  niiglil  liiive  Sdvoil  as  ahasis  fur fstaMisliiivj;  iiu- 
posla  wcvu  lint  ti)  lie  fduiid.  It  way  said  that  they  had  iii'  boeu  I'o^  \»uidt'il  to 
Mexii'i)  d'.iriiiy  tiie  iiii[H'rial  rulo. 

-'"Jle  was  oU'eiided  at  nut  buiii^'  appointed  coi)iTnandiii>:;  olxcer  of  Ihe  bat- 
talion. 

^'Thc  author  of  .}rriii.  Hrr.  Cciil.  Am.,  '23-7,  fioeiiscd  the  ^'ovoii^nieiit  of 
allowing  the  eonspiraey  to  assiune  serious  ju'oportioiis  with  the  \  ie\v  of  oi.'^iiu- 
iiig  l;ir.L;ur  p  )\vei'3,  iiiehuling  that  of  levying  ton.'cd  loans. 

"-The  lltii  and  ITith  liail  been  desi_i;nated  to  con\nicnioiato  tlie  indepen- 
dcnee. 


ARIZA'S  TEVOLT. 


78 


buildinpf,  wlicrc  the  assembly  held  its  sittings.  A 
bIiow  of  defence  was  made  there,' ^  to  enable  the  as- 
.sciublyinen  to  seek  safety  in  lliglit.  Few  of  their 
mi'uber  remained.  Negotir..tion.s  were  then  Ix'gun  to 
jircvcnt  the  commission  of  outrages  by  the  mutinous 
.soldiers,"  and  the  government  finally-  gave  way,  and 
conrerrcd  on  Ariza  the  title  of  conjmander-in-chief; 
lie  thereupon  took  iho  oflicial  oath  on  that  day.  The 
concession  was  uiade  onl}-  to  gain  time,  ho[)es  being 
entertained  that  the  auxiliaries  summoned  from  the 
surrounding  country  and  other  states  would  soon  ar- 
ilvo. 

The  rebellious  captain  had  in  the  uiean  time  begun 
to  realize  his  awkward  jiosition.  Assuming  a  submis- 
si\L'  tone,  he  pi'otested  his  readiness  to  obey  the  gov- 
eiinnent;  M-]iL'reu[)ou  ho  was  commanded  to  leave  the 
city  and  retire  to  Antrg'ua,  where  his  i'orce  dispersed 
before  any  coercive  action  on  the  part  of  the  govern- 
UK'nt  and  its  allies  became  iiecessarv.  Ariza  himself 
esra})ed  by  llight  the  punishment  which  Lis  reckless 
behavior  deserved.^' 

Jkit  the  difficulties  were  not  yet  over.  The  feeble 
conduct  of  the  government,  and  the  liumillatin<>-  con- 
cessions  it  had  made  t(j  the  rebel,  rellected  so  nmch 
discredit  that  the  labors  of  the  moderatlo  party  for 
til  '  election  of  a  new  executive  now  gave  promise  of 
iViiitful  results.'''^  On  the  4th  of  October  congress  re- 
assembled, and  the  same  day  Villacorta,  jSIolina,  and 
liivera  tendered  their  resignations,  which  were  ac- 
cepLod;   and   in  their  stead,  on   the  4tli  (;f  October, 


''  A  number  of  persons  were  killml  and  otlici  3  woninlud  iii  the  street  fight. 
Muri'i-r,  Ilo^q.  Ili^t.  Vent.  Am.,  i.  102-.'].  On  the  lOtli  of  .Jan.  folluuin;,'  tlmso 
\\\j->  ])i;ii.slieit  in  defence  of  the  assciiiljly  were  deelared  'benciiieiilns  de  la 
Jni',:  la  eu  griido  IieruiLO.'  /(/.,  i.j'cm.,  S. 

■ '  Mariire,  IJ^imj.  IIM.  (.'cut.  Am.,  i.  101,  gives  tlie  almost  iucrcdili'.e  ae- 
eoiiiit  that  the  soklieiy  behaved  in  an  orderly'  manner. 

■''His  luincipal  asai.staiit  and  second  in  eoMniand,  flannel  l'?strada,  was 
Ka]  liiuned  lunl  exeeuted.  An  erroneonsaceoniit  of  Ariza'y  revolt  is  ^'i'.en  liy 
i'uyilt  and  Binckum,  Culoniiulioii,  ILS-l',),  who  plaee  it  in  \S'2'>,  and  assert  it 
Waj  etlfcted  hy  ordur  of  the  government  in  Sjjain. 

'•^It  found  Hunport  among  sonu'  of  the  deputies  who  had  not  been  present 
at  the  clectiuu  of  the  members  of  tlie  cxeeutivo.  Mem.  lUj,  Cent.  Am.,  '23. 


74 


CENTRAL  AMERICAN  CONFEDERATION. 


Muliiicl  Joso  Arce  was  again  elected,  togjtlicr  with 
Joso  del  Valle  and  Toinds  O'Horan,'''  and  as  substi- 
tutes I'or  the  two  first,  then  absent,  Jose  Santiago 
Milla  and  Vilhicorta,  the  same  person  who  had  re- 
signed.^^  The  new  government  found  at  once  its  at- 
tention engrossed  by  the  troublesome  situation,  which 
had  arisen  from  the  coming  of  a  Salvadcjran  force, 
called  to  iielp  against  the  revolting  .soldiers.  Although 
forljidden  to  apprcjach  the  city,  and  ordered  to  return 
home,  it  refused  to  comply,'"^  and  on  the  12th  of  Octo- 
ber entered  the  city  of  Guatemala,  all  remonstrances 
to  the  contrary  having  proved  unavailing.  The  Sal- 
vadorans  occupied  the  cajjital  three  weeks,  during 
which  rumors  were  rife  of  their  plans  to  pillage  the 
place  in  retaliation  of  Guatemalan  troops  having  oc- 
cupied San  Salvador  the  previous  year.  Brawls  and 
fights  between  them  and  soldiui's  from  other  provinces 
were  of  daily  occurrence. 

The  I'ogular  garrison  and  all  the  inhabitants  breathed 
more  I'reely  when  at  last,  on  the  3d  of  November,  the 
unwelcome  guests  departed.''"  The  same  day  tlie 
auxihary  troops  from  Quezaltenango,  who  had  been  of 
gootl  use  in  keeping  otliers  somewhat  in  check,  als(j 
returned  home. 


:;^   I 


"'  The  lust  named  being  a  foreigner,  congress  repealed  the  law  wliitli  ad- 
mitted only  natives  to  the  executive  iiower,  passed  July  Stli,  when  l^'ilisula 
had  lieen  jiroposcd  a3  n,  candidate.  Foreigners  who  iiad  rendered  services  to 
the  re]iulilio  were  made  cligiiile.  Mttnn-c,  Bo-^q.  Hint.  Cinf.  Aiu.,  107. 

''*'  Villacorta  at  first  ileclined  the  positimi,  on  tiic  gruuixl  that  to  exercise,  as 
a  mere  suhstitute,  the  functions  he  had  just  Ik^cu  discharging  as  proprietary  i  ' 
the  odice,  all'ccted  his  honor,  'eiii  un  paso  (pie  lastinialiasu  honor.'  A  unani- 
mous resolution,  however,  of  tlio  congress,  directing  him  t<i  lid  the  oflice,  in- 
duced him  to  accept  it.  /(/.,  lOT-S.  It  has  heen  .said  of  him  for  his  liiial 
acceptance:  'Tuvo  la  falta  do  delicadeza  do  admitir  la  suplcncia.'  J/(  //(.  j\'<  c. 
Cent.  Am.,  '20. 

''"■'Thu  Sulvadoran  commander  alleged  instructions  from  his  govcriniient 
not  to  go  i)ack  till  he  became  convinced  that  the  assemlily  could  continue  its 
laljors  witliout  hinderancc  in  the  future.  In  (_!riatemaia  it  was  said  tliat  he 
had  been  prevailed  on  l)y  tlie  liberal  partj',  S(tuicwhat  displeased  at  tlie  last 
elections  for  executive,  not  to  heed  the  command  to  I'ctire.  In  consequence  of 
the  events  of  .Sept.  14th  iu  tJuatemala,  tiio  diputacion  provincial  at  San  Sal- 
vador on  the  27tli  of  Oot.  assumed  tlie  poweis  of  a  junta  gubernativa,  ami 
cxerei.sed  them  till  the  constituent  congress  of  the  state  was  installed.  Ma- 
rurv,  Ei'cm.,  8. 

'"  'No  sin  algtmos  aparatos  cscandalosos  y  liostiles  de  parte  de  los  salva- 
dorcnos.'  Mon.  lieu.  Cent.  Am..  '27. 


"  Tliey 
Oct.  Man, 

"-The 
Chiapas  wa 
for  such  ;i 
t'le  provin 
^■m-1,  i.  40 
C(jiit.  Am. 

"  -Mai  ui 

tion  has  bet 
JJUeblo  para 
(-'«"<.  Am., 


A  COXSTITUTIOX. 


76 


The  labors  of  tho  assembly  had  been  continued  in 
the  mean  time,  and  on  the  17th  of  December,  18'J3, 
were  decreed  and  ])ublished  the  bases  of  the  constitu- 
tion for  the  republic,"'  adopting  a  popular,  reprcsmt- 
ati\e,  iederal  form  of  govui'nnu'Ut.  Each  one  of  the 
iive  states,  (juatemala,  Salvador,  Honduras,  Nicara- 
o'Uii,  and  Costa  Kiea,  which  w^crc  to  form  the  confeder- 
ation of  Central  Ameiica,  was  to  have  the  same 
(livisi(jn  iA'  ])owcrs,  and  with  tho  same  functions,  in 
its  internal  administration,  as  the  oeneral  government 
with  respect  to  the  whole  reijublic.*^- 

The  labors  of  framiiiix  the  constitution  lasted  a 
year  longer,  and  were  terminated  only  on  the  2i.'d  of 
November,  1824,  when  the  fundamental  law  of  tho 
Central  American  republic  was  |)roinulgated,  strict 
olx'dience  thereto  bt'ing  solemnly  sworn  on  the  l.")th 
of  April,  1825,'^'  and  ratified  by  the  national  congress 
tiv('  months  later,  namely,  on  the  1st  of  Septembtjr. 
While  discussinii"  the  constitution,  both  the  liberal 
and  moderado  })arties  uscil  their  best  efforts  for  tho 
ado[)tion  of  their  respective  princi[)les.  The  former 
trium[)hed,  being  especially  strong  in  the  provinees, 
whereas  its  antagonists  resided  chieily  in  the  c;i[)it;d. 
Although  a  nundier  of  good  and  able  men  were  among 
the  members  of  the  congress,  their  good  pur[>oses 
were  repeatctlly  balked  by  [)arty  spirit;  and  thus  only 
an  imperfect  result  was  obtained  in  the  constitution 
adopted  Novend.)er  22,  1824."  It  was  the  fu'st 
effort  to  define  tho  rules  for  the  government  of  a  coun- 
trv  which  at  that  time  was  bcLiinninn'  the   life  of  an 


m 


'''  TIh'V  hinl  been  reported  to  the  eliaiiiber  ljy  its  coininitteo  on  the  'J.")ili  (if 
Oct.  Miirui-p,  Ejhn.,  8. 

"-The  states  had  ah-eady  constituted  their  governments  by  8e]it.  \SH. 
Chiaiia.s  was  not  inehlded  among  tho  new  states.  l[er  admission  was  hit  ojirii 
lor  .such  a  time  as  she  should  apiily  for  it,  tiu;  belief  in  Cent.  Am.  beini;  that 
t!ie  province  iiad  not  voluntarily  attached  itoclf  to  Mexico,  iliutl.,  Ji'c<-op. 
Lcycs,  i.  40-'J,  51)-G'J,  (J8,  Uli-T;  Mmt.  Hi  v.  Cnd.  Am.,  27;  Murure,  Bo-fj.  Hist. 
Cad.  Am.,  i.  l'2()-l,  ]4',l;  L<i  TrihuiKt,  ii.,  no.  2. 

"''  -Maiure,  Efcm.,  1"2,  gives  the  date  as  Ajiril  10th. 

''^Ccii'.  Am.,  InJ'ormc  Kobrc  In  CuUKlHitt:.,  1-71!,  and  l-.'?0.  This  constitu- 
tion ha.9  been  called  'el  bcUo  ideal  de  copiantcs  y  teoristas  quo  sonat<jn  uu 
liucblo  para  constituirlo,  y  que  no  conocian  el  pais  en  quo  naeicron. '  Mna.  Il''V. 
Cent.  Am.,  30. 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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78 


CENTRAL  AMERICAN  CONFEDERATION. 


iiidcpoiuleiit  nation.  The  constitution  of  the  United 
States  had  been  taken  as  a  model;  but  it  had  not 
been  borne  in  mind  that  a  difference  existed  between 
tlie  people  of  the  northern  and  Central  American 
icpublics  at  the  time  when  they  respectively  gained 
tliuir  independence.  However  good  the  intentions  of 
tlio  framers  of  the  Central  American  constitution, 
they  fell  short  of  their  object;  for  in  .adopting  certain 
forms,  altogether  inappropriate,  they  also  introduced 
contradictory  clauses.  No  provision  was  made  i'or  a 
fedtjial  district  to  hold  the  national  capital.  Thus 
Cuaten)ala,  wliere  the  federal  authorities  then  and 
afterward  resided,  became  also  the  seat  of  the  state 
government,  and  in  the  course  of  time  collisions  were 
unavoidable.'^^  The  constitution  further  defined  the 
riglits  of  property  and  liberty  of  thought,  as  well  as 
freedom  of  the  press,  and  j)]aced  the  chief  authority 
of  the  republic  in  the  hands  of  congi'css,*"'  in  addition 
to  the  legislative  power  with  which  it  was  vested. 
]jaws  were  to  be  enacted  by  the  two  houses  forming 
the  congress,  one  of  which  was  the  senate,  whose 
memberr.  were  also  elected  by  the  people,  two  for 
every  state.  This  body  acted  as  nn  'xecutive  coun- 
cil, with  a  general  supervision  to  iiatthe  different 
high  officials  and  magistrates  la.  ifully  discharged 
th(;ir  duties.  Its  president  was  ex  officio  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  republic.*^^     A  supreme  court  of  justice 

'^Tlie  n^amMoa,  foreseeing  this,  liail  designed  I^  Antigua  ns  the  mooting 
jilaio  of  llie  local  cDiigrcss;  hut  tlio  latter  at  its  first  siitings  belected  for 
iiitmu  tiiiR'S  tiio  capital.  Mnrurr,  IJosq.  I/lst.  Cent.  Am.,  179. 

•^•^S'.ioli  as  to  (k'tenuino  tlio  military  and  liiianoial  bucl^ets,  superintend  tlio 
cihicatiou  of  the  i)coi>lii,  declare  war  and  conclude  jicaco,  and  regulate  the 
llii:iiicial  and  coninicrcial  interests  of  the  ciMintry.  Its  nienibcra  were  to  bo 
oUctcilattho  rate  of  one  for  every  .'JO.OOO  inhahitants.  /(/.,  ITl-'i.  Tlicro 
wvve  17  rcprest'utatives  for  (!uatcniala,  nine  for  Salvador,  live  for  llonduras, 
nix  for  Nicara^'iia,  and  two  for  Costa  )!ica.  A/ifuhuniarin,  Cent.  Am.,  13. 
Dimlop,  d'nt.  Am.,  Kii,  says  lloiuliiras  hail  kIx  ri'])reseutatives. 

'''  Att'thiiriirt;iit,  Cent.  Am.,  I.").  Molina,  Conta  tUcn,  I'.),  criticises  this  or- 
ganization as  follows:  'So  eutablecio  un  suikkIo  iiulo,  un  I'^jecutivo  impotento 
y  un  conL;re»o  ali.solnto. '  Necessarily  the  greater  number  of  representatives 
of  (iiiatemala  would  outweigh  those  of  the  other  states,  and  thus  make  tlio 
cunstituliuu  only  an  imperfoct  copy  of  that  which  Iiad  originally  scr  ed  as  a 
model. 


SLAVKIIY  ABOLISHED. 


77 


was  also  croatod,  tlio  iuciiiIkts  being,  like  those  of 
cont^ress  an<l  senate,  chosen  l)y  popular  vote.''* 

Anionijf  the  most  important  laws  enacted  were 
those  of  December  31,  1823,  and  April  17  and  21, 
1S24,  which  emancipated  all  .slaves,  and  made  free 
slaves  of  other  countries  cominj]f  to  Central  Amer- 
ica.''' The  slave-trade  was  ])rohibited,  under  the  |)en- 
alty  of  forfeitui'c  of  the  rights  of  citizenship."'^  Of  all 
the  nations  of  North  America,  to  the  Central  Amer- 
ican republic  belongs  the  honor  of  having  first  prac- 
tically abolished  slavery.''^ 

The  new  republic  also  took  a  deep  interest  in  a  pro- 
ject for  the  union  of  all  the  American  states.'^  Tho 
project  failed,  because  of  its  impracticability.  Tho 
jtarticulars  of  this  subject  arc  given  in  treating  of  tho 
i'anious  Panamd  congress  of  American  nations. 

The  exhausted  condition  of  the  treasury  appearing 
to  be  the  chief  impediment  to  all  projected  improve- 
ments, the  remedy  was  looked  for  in  a  foreign  loan, 
about  $7,000,000  being  borrowed  on  rather  favorablq 
terms  from  a  London  firm.''  Tho  tobacco  and  cus- 
toms revenues  were  pledged  toward  its  repayment.  ' 

"Tart  of  tho  constitution  is  given  in  Rorha,  Cuilhjo  Xtc,  i.  .37-0;  on  tlio 
following  piifTcs  will  bo  found  such  clauses  of  tho  oM  Spanish  constitution  iw 
wore  retaiiicil  under  the  new  system.  See  also  I'eralta,  Voda  II.,  5;  AUa- 
l)iini(ii/n,  C<'ut.  Am.,  lU-5. 

"'■'  'So  haccn  librcs  los  csclavos  quo  do  rcinos  cxtranjcros  pascn  a  nucstrns 
KsUidos,  por recobrar Bu  libertad.'  Ilocho,  Cddbjo Nic,  i.  'Jl"J-lll;  (liiat.,  Jt'cop, 
Lci,e<,  i.  'JIT-O;  Mnritre,  lioxj.  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  IIW-.T;  /(/.,  J'/nii.,  10. 

'"Holders  of  slaves  thus  emancipated  were  to  bo  indemnilieil.  Wo  are 
asaiii'cd  t!>at  no  ono  ever  applicil  for  such  indeninilication. 

''  la  IStO  Great  Britain,  would-be  champion  of  the  world's  high  morality, 
oil  one  occasion  claimed  tho  return  of  sonic  fugitive  slaves  from  IJclizo,  and 
su]iportcd  tho  demand  with  tho  presence  of  a  mun-of-war.  Notwitiistandin;^ 
liir  v.cakncss,  Central  America  refused  to  comply,  on  tho  groun<l  that  under 
I11.T  constitution  tliero  were  no  slii'cs  in  tho  country.  Croire'.i  (Josptl,  l'_'l-'J; 
Sqnicr'ii  Trawh,  ii.  ."iSiVG;  Itcvue  Amiriuiiie,  ii.  ij.')0;  Dunlop'i  C'rn'.  Am., 
Ili.'l.  According  to  Molina,  the  number  of  slaves  thus  emancipated  was  about 
1,000. 

■"Una  confedcracion  general  quo  repre.«cntaac  unida  X  la  gran  fiiniilia 
nincrieaiia.'  Martirc,  Uo^q.  /list.  C'enf.  Am.,  i;]S. 

'  IJarclay,  Ucrring,  Uichardson,  &  Co. ,  whose  a/jent  was  J.  Bailey.  TUomp- 
sou'.f  Ci'itat.,  'JOG;  Maniir,  liosq.  lti.it.  Cent.  Am.,  1.  143. 

"'Ono  of  tho  conditions  was  that  tho  republic  should  not  contract  for 
another  loan  within  two  years.  It  was  estimated  that  tho  debtcouhl  bo  paiil 
in  "JO  years.  Ammhha  Nac,  Decrctn,  Doc.  0,  IK'Jl,  in  ild-urf,  Dosq.  /list. 
Ciitt.  Am.,  i.  141.  That  expectation  was  not  realized.  Details  will  ajipear 
in  connection  with  tho  finances  of  tho  reiiublic,  elsewhere  in  this  volumu. 


78 


CENTRAL  AMERICAN  CONFEDERATION. 


It  is  understood  that  a  portion  of  the  money  was 
apphod  to  strengthening  tlie  fortifications,  and  the 
remainder  was  distributed  among  the  states  for  their 
local  requirements. 

The  initiation  and  execution  of  the  different  meas- 
ures I  have  made  mention  of,  and  others  of  less  majj- 
nitude,  were  the  work  of  the  constituent  assembly, 
which  closed  its  session  on  the  23d  of  January,  1825. 
If  all  its  resolution*  were  not  wise  ones,  allowance 
must  be  made  for  the  many  difficulties  that  were  in 
the  way,  and  a  full  recognition  given  its  members  of 
the  good  faith  and  assiduity  with  which  they  per- 
formed their  work.'' 

'^  Tho  total  nunitwr  of  decrees  paaaed  waa  137,  and  of  orders  1186.  El  In- 
dicaUor  de  Ouat.,  1825,  no.  16. 


i 


CHAPTER  V 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 

1825-18;«). 

General  Elections — Meeting  ok  the  Fikst  CoscREsa — Manuel  Josi 

AliCE,  FlIlST  I'llESIDEXT  OF  THE  UeI'IBLIC— FoKEUJN  RELATIONS— ARCE'S 

ruEVAiiicATioNs — Conflict  with  (ii;ATKMALA— Partv  ISickeiunus — 
Liberals  Qitaukel  with  Auce — He  Joins  tiieir  OrpONENTS — Biiter- 

NESS  ENCENUEIiElJ — PRESIDENT  VEIISUS   (IrATEMALAN    RcLERS— ARJJEST 

ofJefeJlan  liARRL'NuiA— Riots  at  QiEZALTENANOo — McroerofVice- 

JEFE  CiRILO  Fl.OKES  — AlK'K  AS  DlCTATtH;  IN  (jl'ATEMALA — W Mi  A<;AINST 

Salvador— Ai«;e  Dekeaied— He  Gives  rr  the  Presidency,  and  Can- 
not Recover  It— liLoouY  War  of  18'2tJ-J)— Morazan  the  Victor — 
Jose  Francisco  Rarrundia,  Acting  President— Liber vl  Measures — 
Peace  Restored— Spanish  Schemes. 


The  first  constitutional  congress  of  the  Estados 
Fcdcrados  do  Centre  America  was  installed  on  the 
Gth  of  February,  1825,  Mariano  Galvcz  being  chosen 
j)resident,'  as  well  as  the  leader  of  the  liberal  party. 
\  number  of  the  old  delegates  had  been  reelected  I'or 
the  new  body,"  whose  principal  duties  were  the  elec- 
tion of  a  president,  and  the  ratification  of  the  consti- 
tution. The  latter,  as  we  have  already  seen,  was  on 
the  1st  of  September;  the  I'ormer  proved  a  more  diffi- 
cult task,  and  was  achieved  amidst  contradictions  and 
stormy  discussions.     The  provisional  executive  power 

'  Ho  is  represented  as  an  able  man,  wlio  liad  formerly  favoivd  tlic  tmiou 
witli  Mexico,  lint  afterward  joined  the  lil>rnil  party,  becoming  one;  of  its  most 
jiromineut  members.  Tlio  author  of  Alim.  JUv.  t'cnt.  ^m.,  39-41,  4(>,  while 
acknowledging  his  ability,  says  that  he  was  'do  poca  dolicadeza.  .  .do  uu  ca- 
nictcr  false,  y  afectando  una  franqucza  y  una  mocfcracion  quo  nolo  gs  propia.' 

'The  delegates  of  the  ditFcreiit  states  were  in  the  following  proportion: 
<iuatemala  17,  Salvador  0,  Honduras  and  Nicaragua  G  each,  Costa  Rica  2. 
Tlie  total  number  being  40,  and  not  34  us  Squier  erroneously  hoji  it.  Travels, 
ii.  388. 

J79) 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


oioctcd  in  1823  had  not  Ucon  harmonious.  Arec  and 
Vulle  assumed  their  tluties  soon  ixi'tvr  thoir  tloclioii, 
and  buforo  many  days  had  Horious  differences,  whicli 
ended  in  Arce's  resiijnation  of  the  ]>residency  of  tho 
triuniviiate.  IJein;^  replaced  by  Josd  Manuel  do  la 
Ceida,  he  departed  lor  Salvador  and  Nicaragua,  ex- 
ertin;^  hiniselt'  in  the  paeilication  of  tho  latter.  His 
services  in  this  direction  won  him  much  good-will, 
and  it  was  proposed  to  make  him  the  (irst  constitu- 
Jonal  president  of  the  republic,  a  proposition  that  met 
with  popular  favor.  Meanwhile  his  opponent,  Valle, 
was  also  working.^  Since  May  1824  the  congress  had 
been  convoked.  Both  liberals  and  moderados  had 
untiringly  worked  for  (heir  respective  candidates. 
The  latter  seemed  to  have  every  prospect  of  victory; 
of  the  79  votes  cast,  41  being  for  Valle,  their  candi- 
date.* As  42  votes  were  necessary  for  a  choice  under 
tho  constitution,  congress  assumed  tho  right  of  select- 
ing one  of  tho  two  candidates.  A  compromise  be- 
tween the  contending  parties  was  effected,  Arcc 
phiilging  himself  to  remain  neutral  on  certain  ques- 
tions upon  which  the  other  party  was  much  disturbed.* 
The  moderados  then  voted  for  Arce,  and  congress,  on 
the  21st  of  April,  1825,  declared  him  to  have  been  duly 
elected  by  a  majority  of  twenty-two  votes  against  (\vq 
for  Vtdle.  Tho  latter  was  recognized  as  tho  vice- 
president,  and  having  declined  the  position,  Mariano 
lieltranona  was  chosen  in  his  place.®     Tho  justices  of 

'  Arco  had  in  his  favor  the  prestige  of  past  services,  and  his  suiTerings  in 
the  cause  of  imlepcnilcncp.  Valle  had  thn  support  of  those  who  objected  to 
Salvadoran  iiredoniinance.  Moreover,  ho  liad  been  cduciited  in  Giiatcniala, 
and  had  property  there;  from  which  circumstances  it  was  surmised  that  ho 
would  1)0  more  in  sympathy  with  that  state  and  the  so-called  acrvilcs.  J/rt- 
rurt:  Ilonq.  llkt.  Cent.  Ain.,'\.  loO;  Mi-m.  lit iK  Cent.  Am,,  '2S-9. 

*Tho  totiU  number  of  votes  for  tho  whole  rcpul)lio  was  82,  but  three  had 
bcpii  rejected  by  congress  for  various  reasons.  JUarure,  Bos<i.  Hint.  Cent.  Am., 
i.  'J  10-1 1;  Mem.  I  lev.  Cent.  Am.,  40-1. 

^  Salvador  insisted  on  having  an  episcopal  sco,  in  order  to  be  independent 
of  Guatemala  in  ecclesiastical  alFuirs.  This  was  tho  chief  question  at  issue. 
Areo  promised  to  leave  its  decision  to  tho  next  congress.  Arce,  Mem.,  .3. 
VuUo  really  had  obtained  moro  votes  than  Arce,  and  congress  defravided  him 
of  his  election.  MonJuJ'nr,  llcnena  I  list.,  i.  '2U8. 

*  Ikrrundia  had  been  elected  upon  Valle's  refusal  to  accept  tho  oiBco,  and 
likewiso  deulinod  it.     Vallo  protested  against  Arce's  clootiou  as  illegal,  ia 


,1.1 


KFCOGNITIOX  IIV  TllK  UNITKI*  STA  lIvS. 


•1 


the  siiprc'iuo  couit  \vvi\i  cloctcd  lit  tho  saino  tiine, and 
oil  llio  29tli  of  April'  took  [)Ossession  of  their  offices. 

Tho  lefogiiitioii  of  tho  Contrjil  American  republic 
as  an  indopeiideut  nation  had  engaged  tho  attention 
III' the  supreme  authorities  at  the  same  time  that  the 
internal  organization  was  proceeding.     Tho  first  treaty 

•  (included  by  the  new  republic  was  on  the  15th  of 
March,  1825,  with  Colombia,  Pedro  Molina  acting  as 
its  jilenipotentiary  at  Bogotd.*  A  few  months  later, 
at  Washington,  on  the  5th  of  December,  1825,  a  treaty 
was  entered  into  with  the  United  States  of  America, 
with  which  power  there  had  been  formal  relations 
>iiico  tho  beginning  of  tho  year."  Antonio  Jose  Cafias 
r('[)rescnted  Central  America  as  her  plenipotentiary. 
The  United  States  soon  after  accredited  William 
Miller  as  chargd  d'aftaires  near  the  new  lepublie. 
Diplomatic  relations  with  Groat  Britain  and  tho 
Xcthcrlands  were  opened  early  in  1825.  Spain  con- 
tinued refusing  to  recognize  the  independence  of  Cen- 
tral America,  and  the  pope  followed  in  her  footsteps, 
as  he  had  done  in  re<jard  to  Mexico."' 

Mvcral  writings,  apparently  to  littlo  purpose.  El  Iiidicculor,  IS'Jo,  no.  'ZG  et 
■■<•:[.;  Kl  Liberal,  JS'JJ,  no.  7,  8;  Xididud  de  Ui  prim,  iln:,  p.issim;  Mariirv, 
ll'^i'l.  llixt.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  2|-_'-i:{;  /./.,  Efem.,  \'.\. 

'  Arco,  Mem.,  4,  has  it  April  IJOtli,  but  in  view  of  tho  numoroua  inisprintj 
II  his  work,  tho  ilato  given  in  tiio  text  is  probably  more  correct.  It  is  the 
no  siijijiortcd  by  Mnnire,  Uoxq.  /lint.  Cfiil.  Am.,  i.  'JKJ;  Sr/nit  r'.i  Trnrch,  ii. 
.".-iS;  /jii,iloj)'.-i('(:iit.  Am.,  I(J4.  Its lirst president  w.asToniAs  AntoninO'lIora'i. 
Tills  court  supcrsedi'il  the  andiencia  founded  in  lo4t  at  (Iraciiis.i  |)iufi,  and 
irnnstcrrcd  in  154!)  to  Guatemala.  Manire,  Kj'em.,  14. 

>■  1 1  was  for  a  defensive  and  oil'ensive  alliance  and  e(iUi:l  pri  vil"  .;cs  of  trade. 
1 1  was  ratified  by  tho  Cent.  Am.  ^ovt  Sept.  VI,  IS-.').  Tin;  lull  text  is  given 
1.1  liochn.  Cikligo  Nic.,i.*i5-\)',  Marure,  liosq.  /list.  Ciiif.  .tm.,  i.  xxxviii.- 
vlvii.     See  also  Ayon,  Vonsid.  Lim.,  -S-9;  Gaciltt  dc.  S(di'.,  Oct.  I'J,  1854. 

"It  was  tiierein  stipulated  that  tho  citizens  of  both  republics  Klnmld  enjoy 
all  the  rights  granted  by  ono  or  tho  other  to  the  most  favnretl  iiatiim.  The 
viuio  ri;^ht3  for  political  purposes  were  also  agreed  upon,  that  of  free  exercise 

•  t  religion  being  included.  All  clauses  of  a  commercial  character  were  to  bo 
i;i  force  rj  years;  the  others  perpetually.  Privileges  and  rights  enjoyed  by 
ilii- citizens  of  cither  republic  were  to  bo  also  allowed  to  those  innnigrating 
from  the  other.  This  treaty  was  ratified  by  tho  younger  republic  on  the  'JSth 
"f  Juno,  1820.  Tho  text  in  both  English  and  Spanish  may  be  scon  in  6'.  S. 
CM  Doc,  U.  S.  Acts,  Cong.  19,  Seas.  2,  Sen.  Doc.  1,  i.  149-70;  Am.  St. 
/'('/'•.  I'^or-  Rcl-.  ^''  774-82;  (JordotCa  Digest  of  Laws,  328-3.">;  Maruri',  Ilosq. 
Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  xlvii.-lxv. 

'"Arco's  Moss.,  March  1,  1820,  iu  Repertorio  Am.,  i.  27'4-0;  Santawjdo, 
Conijre  o  Panama,  7:t-5. 

HiHT.  C»NT.  Am.,  Vol.  III.    r, 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVLRNMENT. 


The  republic  being  now  fairly  launched,  had  Arco 
possessed  the  abihty  all  might  have  gone  well.  But 
he  cither  overestimated  his  administrative  powers,  or 
underrated  the  magnitude  of  his  task;  and  after  de- 
creeing some  wise  measures  upon  the  military  defences, 
he  began  to  sow  dissatisfaction  by  his  vacillating 
policy.  A  member  of  the  liberal  party  from  the  first 
day  that  he  took  part  in  the  political  affairs  of  the 
country,  he  now  committed  the  serious  error  of 
abandoning  the  ground  upon  which  he  might  havr 
trod  with  safety.  In  his  endeavors  to  please  botli 
parties,  he  succeeded  in  offending  the  liberals  without 
securing  the  confidence  of  their  opponents,  who,  though 
willing  enough  to  admit  him  to  their  ranks,  declined 
rendering  implicit  obedience.  His  former  friends  now 
openly  assailed  him." 

A  conflict  sprang  up,  also,  between  the  federal  gov- 
uriunent  and  the  local  authorities  of  Guatemala  Citv, 
because  the  latter  refused  to  take  part  in  celebrating 
the  anniversary  of  the  installation  of  the  first  assembly 
on  the  24th  of  June,  and  force  was  at  last  brought  ti> 
bear  upon  them." 

The  ill-feeling  airainst  Arce  became  intensified  when 
tlic  state  government  soon  after  decreed  a  transfer  ol 
its  seat  to  Guatemala,  and  for  want  of  accommodations 
in  public  buildings,  took  possession  of  the  property  ol 
[)rivate  citizens  without  their  consent.  The  owner- 
claimed  protection  from  the  federal  congress,  an  I 
serious  disturbances  were  averted  only  by  a  compru 
misc.  During  this  episode  the  moderados  or  serviles 
kept  fanning  the  flame  of  discord  between  Arco  and 
the  liberals,  extolling  his  measures.  When  the  first 
congress  closed  its  session,  on  the  25th  of  December, 


"  Their  newspapers,  LI  Liberal  and  Don  Meliton,  charged  him  with  pai 
tiality  and  incapacity.  The  latter,  ire  its  satire  and  ridicule,  was  the  moi' 
formidable  foe,  as  Arce  himself  ackn'  vkdgra.  Mem.,  5. 

'■'The  departmental  chief  of  Guatemala  claimed  that  ho  was  not  under 
Arce's  authority,  but  under  that  vi  the  state,  then  residing  at  La  Antigua 
Congress  empowered  the  executive  to  compel  the  local  autnorities  to  attciul 
the  celebration,  and  it  was  done.  Arce,  Mem.,  8. 


ARCE,  RAOUL,  AND  VALl.K. 


sn 


1825/^  tho  political  Icatures  of  tho  country  had  notably 
chan^'od.  Cut  fortunately  tho  danger  to  the  rcpiiblic 
froin  the  action  of  tho  scrvilcs  was  avoided,  bocan  e, 
upon  lots  beinjj^  cast  on  the  1st  of  October  for  tho  ro- 
iiuwals  of  niemburs  of  conjjress,"  the  retiriut;  nienibor.s 
!uii)pL'ned  to  be  chiefly  of  districts  where  the  servile 
party  had  majorities  before,  and  were  now  re[)lat'e(l 
l)y  liberals,  the  preponderance  of  the  latter  being  thus 
increased.  The  second  constitutional  congress  assem- 
blcil  on  the  1st  of  March,  182G.  Among  its  nieni- 
I)ors  was  Valle,  who,  bent  on  revenge,  erelong  made 
( oninion  cause  with  the  liberals,''  though  lu;  was  not 
.illowed  to  exercise  a  pre<.'ominant  influence  in  their 
counsels. 

On  the  day  congress  opened,  the  president  delivered 
liis  message  detailing  the  condition  of  the  country, 
but  most  of  it  had  reference  to  the  relations  with 
loivign  ])owers.'''  The  impending  rupture  was  finally 
hastened  by  the  president's  course  toward  Colonel 
Nicolas  Raoul,  a  French  officer  who  had  recently  ar- 
rive;.l  from  Colombia,  and  had  been  u)ade  commandci' 
of  the  artillery  and  a  member  of  tho  council  of  war,' 
Xdtwithstanding  the  considerations  and  fav(»is  con- 
Icrred  on  him  by  Arce,  no  sooner  had  he  receivtid  his 
appointment  than  he  openly  sided  with  the  liberals 
anil  gave  utterances  against  the  government.  There- 
tore,  when  Raoul  was  summoned  by  congress  to  aid 
in  the  organization  of  the  federal  troops,  the  presid  nt, 
to  get  rid  of  him,  sent  him  to  explore  the  northern 
coasts.*^     Arce  then  undertook  to  increase  the  federal 

"Tho  total  number  of  iluurccs  enacted  was  92,  anil  that  of  orders  sub- 
mittcil  to  tho  executive  308.     For  more  details,  bco  A7  Cnilro  Amir*;ino, 

iS'j(i,  ns. 

"One  half  of  tho  representatives  of  every  state  had  to  retire,  accordiug  to 
tlio  constitution. 

'••llo  had  at  first  declined  the  connection,  but  afterward  accepted  it  'paia 
d.ir  rieiula  suclta  -X  siis  resuntimientos  y  pasionca  contra  el  presidcntc  Arce. ' 
Mim.  Ilea.  Cent.  Am.,  48. 

'^  To.\L  in  Itvpertorio  Am.,  i.  273-8!). 

"  Ho  brought  letters  of  rcconimcndatiou  from  Pedro  Molina,  who  was 
representing  Cent.  Am.  at  Bogota,  and  liad  a  high  opinion  of  him,  as  ho  had 
served  under  Napoleon,  ilarnre,  lloxq.  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  230. 

'"After  lio  completed  that  work  he  was  ordered  to  remain  on  tho  coast  till 
furtiicr  orders  from  tho  government.     Tlie  congress  tricil  in  vain  to  prevent  it. 


8t 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


«!' 


I 

'■I  j 


i*irii 


11 


ll;ii\ 


«    >> 


army  to  4,000  men,  under  the  pretext  that  such  a 
force  was  needed  for  the  pacification  <»f  Nicaragua, 
and  the  defence  of  the  country  against  a  Spanish  in- 
vasion, rumors  of  which  were  circulating.  Jn  order 
to  facihtate  the  operation,  he  proposed  that  the  incni- 
bors  of  congress  should  stir  up  public  enthusiasm  in 
their  respective  states;  but  instead  of  acceding  to  his 
recommendation,  several  persons  known  to  bo  hostile 
to  the  government,  among  them  Raoul,  were  selected 
by  that  body.  All  remoiistrances  to  the  contrary  on 
the  ])art  of  Arce'*  had  no  other  effect  than  to  iinbittcr 
the  liberals  against  him.  Charges  were  accordingly 
brought  forth,  such  as  his  neglecting  to  lay  before 
congress  an  account  of  expenditures  during  his  ad- 
ministration, and  his  having  squandered  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  money  raised  by  loan  in  London.  The 
outcry  against  his  conduct  was  growing  louder  from 
day  to  day. 

This  unsatisfactory  state  of  affairs  determined  Arco 
to  dis.'iolve  congress.  Still  he  was  loath  to  use  violent 
means,  and  in  fact,  tliere  was  no  need  of  it.  One  of 
the  clauses  of  the  constitution  allowed  the  admission 
of  substitutes  for  the  deputies  to  congress  in  certain 
cases,  and  both  parties  had  taken  advantage  of  it 
without  opposition.  However,  when  the  question  of 
calling  tlie  president  to  account  arose,  the  serviles 
protested  against  the  presence  of  tlie  liberal  substi- 
tutes which  gave  to  that  party  the  majority.*'  On 
the  2d  of  June  the  deputies  from  Salvador,  under  in- 
structions I'rom  their  government,  which  was  friendly 
to  Arce,  abandoned  their  seats,  their  example  beiii^f 
followed  by  those  from  Costa  Rica  and  most  of  the 
serviles,  thus  leaving  the  chamber  without  a  quorum. '^ 
The  session  was  reopened,  however,  ten  days  latei-, 

'*Tho  reasons  adduced  hy  him  in  his  Mem.,  22-4,  and  comments  on  tho 
same  in  Marure,  Bosq.  Ilist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  230-7. 

^"Ksto  asunto  so  rcnovaba  cada  vcz  quo  (i  los  diputados  niinistciinks 
convcnia  paralizar  algun  {xolpo  contracl  egecutivo.'  Mem.  Rev.  Cent.  Am.,  51. 

"Tho  deputies  of  Salvador  defended  their  course  in  a  long  argument, 
Jiiuo  8,  1S26,  calling  it  an  inevitable  result  of  the  unlawful  conduct  of  tbu 
majority  of  congress.   Doc,  in  A rcf,  Mem.,  10-17. 


STATE  AND  NATION. 


85 


iles 

jsti- 

Ou 

iu- 

Iho 
111 
ltd", 

11  till-' 
leiiaU'3 

fof  tba 


■n 


upon  tli(!  liberals  pledging  themselves  not  to  introdueo 
;iiiy  motion  against  the  president  or  the  scrviles,  and 
UiLUceforth  the  discussions  were  confined  to  matters 
ol'ji  general  character  till  the  30th  of  June,  when  the 
session  was  closed;  but  the  deputies  of  Salvador  and 
( \)sta  Rica  had  not  resumed  their  seats. 

It  was  now  evident  that  a  collision  was  unavoidable. 
Tlio  state  government,  controlled  by  the  liberals,  !»  - 
cinno  fearful  that  the  scrviles,  in  their  endeavor  to 
suji[)ort  the  president,  might  also  attack  the  author- 
ities of  Guatemala,  and  under  the  pretext  of  an  inva- 
.^ion  threatening  from  Chiapas,  secretly  began  to  make 
military  preparations.  Salvador  and  Costa  liiea,  on 
the  other  hand,  offered  aid  of  troops  to  the  federal 
g()Vernn)ent.  Both  parties  i)rccipitated  the  crisis :  the 
liberals  bv  tiieir  heedless  attacks  on  the  clen;v,'"'  and 
.specially  by  ridiculing  its  members;  the  serviles  by 
raiming,  jointly  with  the  clericals,  ill  feeling  among 
the  low,  ignorant  classes,  whom  it  was  easy  to  per- 
suade that  the  liberal  party  aimed  at  the  destructioi; 
lit'  their  religion.  This  had  now  become  a  matter  of 
j^rcater  case,  owing  to  the  irritation  already  existiii'_;\ 
caused  by  the  forced  loans  and  reeruitiiiLj  for  the  ai  luv 
decreed  by  the  state  government.  Strange  though 
it  may  appear,  the  scrviles  had  iio  suspicion  that  tlu; 
lederal  authorities  were  aware  of  their  intrigues.  The 
clash  came  in  May  182G,  when  Raoul,  without  liax  ing 
fullilled  his  commission  on  the  northern  coast,  tendered 
his  resignation,  accompanied  with  u  number  of  invec- 
tives against  the  executive,  which  ho  subsequently 
repeated  in  a  second  letter."^  lie  was  arrested  on  the 
17th  of  Jul}',  and  subjected  to  the  action  of  a  cr)Ui't- 
iiiartial  for  disrepect  and  insiAordination.  This  rai  d 
a  .storm  of  fury  in  the  local  legislature,  where  Raoul's 

"Restricting  the  arelibishop's  powers,  uiid  placing  him  to  sonic  extent 
iimlcr  civil  autliority;  suppressing  the  subvcntiona  of  curates,  and  almliohing 
cii't.iiii  privileges  tho  clergy  liud  till  then  enjoyed;  tithes  were  reduced,  nnd 
persons  under  '23  years  of  ago  vcro  not  allowed  to  take  monastic  %  ,i\vh.  Ma- 
rure,  Jiosq.  JHnt.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  li44-5. 

*^The  full  text  of  the  resignation  is  given  in  Arce,  Mem.,  2.')- 7. 


so 


CONSTITUTIONAL  OOVERNM KNT. 


i:ic 


it  Hi  •!' 


arrest  was  cousiclercd  as  an  encroachment  on  the  state's 
authority.  An  order  ot*  arrest  was  issued  against 
Cai>tain  Espfnola,  the  oiHccr  who  had  carried  out  the 
commands  of  tiio  federal  executive,  and  the  jefe,  or 
chief  of  the  state,  Juan  liaiinndia,  was  authorized  to 
raise  a  sufficient  lorco  to  sci.'.e  Espfnola's  person,"*  and 
tho  pecuniary  contincfenl  «if  the  state  for  federal  ex- 
penses was  withheld.** 

The  troops  despatched  toariest  Espiin)la  iiiunbered 
300  men,  and  were  commanded  by  C'ayetano  do  la 
Cerd.i,  who  encountererl  his  man  near  Aoasaguastlan. 
To  a\  id  l)h)odNhed,  a  capitulation  wa?^  agreed  upon 
hy  botli  parties  until  they  siiould  obtain  furtiier  orders 
from  iheir  respective  goveriunents.'^'' 

Wln'H  news  of  this  agreement  reached  Guatemala, 
a  few  days  later,  simultaneously  rumors  came  to  tht; 
cars  of  Arce  that  a  cou[)-de-main  was  contemplated 
b}'  B.urumlia,  with  tlie  evident  intent  of  efiecting  his 
removal.  To  anticipate  the  blow,'"  on  the  5lh  ot 
September  Arce  secretly  ordered  the  commander  of 
iho  federal  forces  to  arrest  Barrundia  at  an  early  hour 
tho  following  morning,  and  disarm  the  state  troops, 
using  force  if  necessary.-*  This  was  done,  the  officei- 
meeting  with  mo  resistance."^  The  liberals  had  no 
suspicion  of  Arce's   resolve  til    after  its  execution. 

'■** '  I'oudrA  8()J)ro  las  nrmas  toda  l:\  fucrza  quo  crca  ncccsaria. .  .Eii  ciso  (K 
•  csistciici.-i  repilcri  la  fucrza  con  la  fiicrza.'  JiL,  .3 J. 

''^Oii  the  grouiul  tliat  only  Guatemala  had  paid  such  contingent,  and  even 
more,  and  tho  other  states  had  nrbitrarily  cliulcd  payments.  Arce  was  iic- 
ouscci,  not  without  foundation,  it  seems,  of  allowing  eucli  discriniination. 

'•"'Oil  September  ,1,  1S2C;  the  doeumcnt  merely  stipulatea  a  tciiiiiorarysii-i- 
pension  of  hostilities,  without  further cntei-ing  into  tiic  question.  Aire,  Mem., 
',',0.  It  lia.s  been  asserted  that  Espinola  held  a  favorable  position,  and  adds: 
'A  pesar  de  csto,  capituld  vergouzosanicntc ' — a  ehargo  without  iiiueh  founda- 
ti^  ii,  in  view  of  tho  numerical  superiority  of  the  Guatemalan  forces,  ^fe»l.  llir. 
r,„/.  Am.,52-3. 

"Arce,  Mem.,  39-41,  gives  a  lengthy  account  of  his  deliberatioin,  nml 
iloubts  whether  it  would  or  not  bo  just,  and  consistent  with  his  duties,  to  im- 
prison Barrundia,  all  of  which  is  at  least  doubtful. 

•^Mem.  liev.  Cent.  Am.,  53.  Crowe's  Gonjyel,  V27,  and  S(jiiiir\i  Trnoili,  ii. 
nor;,  confound  tho  jcfo  with  his  brother  Jos(5  Francisco.  Tho  onlers  wci>', 
' Quo  en  cl  caso  do  resistencia obro  fuertemento  hosta  concluir  el  nri-esto  y  oou- 
paeion  do  lasarmos.'  Arce,  Mem.,  41-2. 

•'This  non-rcsistanco  is  attributed  to  treachery  on  tho  part  of  Vera,  v 
Mexican  commanding  tho  stato  forces,  who  subsequently  entered  tho  federal 
service.  Mature,  Bostj.  I  lint.  Cent.  .Am.,  i.  2TA-T\. 


W:  r 


ARREST  OF  BAURUNDIA. 


87 


riie  vicc-jcfc  of  tlio  state,  Cirilo  Floivs,  then  forth- 
with assumed  the  govcrnineiit,  aiul  being  ttMidorcd 
the  aid  of  federal  troops  to  support  his  authority, 
proudly  rejected  it.*' 

On  tlie  following  day  the  'M^fs  of  tiie  other  states 
were  .•ip|)rised  of  liarrundia's  a. rest,  in  a  circular  from 
Arce  defending  his  course,  which  he  declared  to  liavc 
lioen  pursuant  to  duty  under  i\n)  constitution."'  Sucli 
was  the  j)osition  assumed  by  ids  friends  and  by  the 
serviles  in  general;  while  the  radical  liberals,  taklii':^  i 
dillereiit  view,  denounced  him  as  a  violator  of  the 
constitution.^"  However,  the  energy  thus  displayed 
hy  Arce  was  rather  favorably  looked  upon,  p(  . 'laps 
from  a  feeling  of  relief  arising  from  the  suppv>.-,ition 
that  party  bieki'»ings  had  been  brought  to  an  end, 
inori!  than  iVvJiii  any  sym[>atliy  ibr  Arce.  The  presi- 
dent mi'.rht  now  have  strengthened  his  party,  but  diil 
not,  an(i  went  on  committing  serious  mistakes.  In- 
.stead  of  turning  the  imprisoned  Barrundia  over  to  the 
state  assenjbly,  as  prescribed  by  the  constitution,  to 
bo  tried  upon  the  several  charges  that  had  been  osten- 
tatiously i)referred  a^jaiiist  him,  he  allowed  the  lejjal 
time  I'or  prosecution  to  elapse,  and  then  released  the 
prisoner  under  bonds."'* 

Tlie  second  constitutional  congress  was  to  meet  on 
tlie  1st  of  October,  182G,  and  the  liberal  party  had, 
since  Se[)tember,  industriously  woi'ked  to  secure  a 
majority.  JJut  on  the  appointed  day  there  was  no 
i[Uorum,  tlie  members  of  the  opposition  having  re- 
ilised  to  take  their  seats,  evidently  to  prevent  the 
adoption  of  any  measures  against  the  president.'"     It 

^"Doc,  in  Arce,  Mem.,  20. 

•"It  is  a  loii'^  tloc,  giving  details,  ami  dwelling  spcci.ally  on  tlie  part 
llaoul  had  playeil.  /(/.,  127-31. 

'■t.'oinmciita  and  details  on  the  subject  in  Marurc,  JJonq.  Ilisl.  C'viit.  Am., 
i.  2.'i')-S;  Mem.  J'ri'.  Cent.  Am.,  .'j:M. 

'•^'Edto  dcscnluce  liizo  ridiculo  todo  lo  que  dntes  liabia  p.-eeido  un  golpe 
maestro.'  iMem.  Jlev.  Cent.  Am.,  54. 

^'To  savo  appearances,  Arce  pretended  to  induce  liis  supporters  to  as'<u.  »i 
tliL'ir  jwsitions  in  the  eliamber,  but  there  is  little  doubt  of  its  being  mere 
iiLuin.  It  has  been  intimated  that  even  soino  liberals  declined  to  sit,  from 
apprehension  that  an  iuvostigation  of  .\ree'8  conduct  might  lead  to  civil  war 


» 


CON.iflTUTIOXAL  GOVEIiXMKNT. 


was  rather  .su.s|)ic'ious  tliat  tlio  g()V(;rmiiciit  at  Sail  Sal- 
vador, always  IVioiidly  to  Arce,  luul  forbidden  its  del- 
egates to  occupy  their  seats  in  congress  uidess  it  were 
to  discuss  the  ex[)ediency  of  transferring  the  I'oderal 
authorities  to  some  place  distant  from  Guatemala.^' 
It  soon  became  apparent  that  tlie  president's  aim  was 
to  have  his  own  assembly,  for  on  the  lOtli  of  Octt>l)ei' 
he  convoked  an  extraordinary  congress.^''  This  was 
open  violation  of  the  constitution,  which  vested  in  the 
senate  the  authority  for  convoking,  and  moreover 
limited  representation  to  only  one  delegate  for  every 
30,000  inhabitants.  Much  indignation  was  i'elt  ])V 
the  members  of  con<jfress,  who  had  constituted  them- 
selves  into  an  organizmg  commission,  but  dispersed 
on  the  same  day  that  Arce's  decree  was  published."' 
Exciting  events  now  followed  in  ipiick  succession. 
The  vice-jefe  Cirilo  Flores  and  the  state  authorities 
had  retired  on  the  8th  of  October  to  Quezalteiiango, 
where  he  was  murdered  a  few  days  afterward — on  the 
loth — by  a  mob  of  fanatical  Indians.^^     The  act  was 

"•'Still  ileclaring  its  allegiance  to  the  federation.  Gaz.  de  Mex.,  Jim.  'J- 
1827;  Arce,  Mem.,  TjI. 

"•The  impossiliility  of  obtaining  a  quorum  of  members  clioscu  to  the  ~ 
congress,  and  impending  civil  war,  \verc  among  tlio  reasons  assigned  for  hi 
action.     The  elections  were  to  bo  niado  on  the  basis  of  two  deputies  for  ovev.\ 
.'JO.OOO  inhabitants,  and  Cojutcpcriuo  in  Salvador  was  appointed  as  the  plac  ■ 
of  meeting.     Tliis  measure  was  at  first  well  received  by  the  states,  br. i 
afterward  rejected  in  conscquenco  of  ca  decree  of  tho  Salvador  government  on 
the  Gth  of  Dec.,  inviting  the  federal  deputies  to  meet  at  tho  vilhv  of  Aliuacha 
pan.  Marure,  Ej'cm.,  17;  ^fetll.  liev.  Cent.  Am.,  CO. 

^'Oct.  11,  18'JG.  Marure,  JJonq.  Jlisl.  Cent.  Am.,  i.27S;  Corn:-;.  Fed.  Mcx., 
Nov.  '21,  ISJO. 

°^lle  soimht  refuge  in  the  parisli  church,  but  %va3  pursued  by  the  crowd. 
Ilis  ouly  safety  lay  in  tiie  pulpit,  tho  renionstrancea  of  tlic  religious,  and  tin 
presence  of  tho  host.     Tho  religious  succeeded  at  times  in  calming  thoralp 
ble,  promising  that  I'lorea  should  be  sent  into  exile.     But  Antonio  (.'orzo,  wIp  > 
was  ill  tlic  court-yard  witii  a  few  poorly  armed  militiamen,  lired  .i  volley  upon 
the  mob,  which  became  still  more  excited.     The  women  dragged  I'iores  from 
the  jndpit,  took  him  out  of  the  temple,  'y  Ic  iumoiaron  eii  iin  elaustro  bar 
bara  y  horrorosamcnte.'  Mtm.  Hev.  Cent.  Am.,  57-S.     S'luier's  Travels,  ii. 
.'190,  lias  it  tliat  the  Indians  had  Iieeu  infuriated  by  the  harangue.i  of  afri:.; 
from  tho  jiulpit,  and  that  the  rabble  slaughtered  Florea  at  the  very  foot  >  ; 
tho  altar,  literally  vending  his  body  in  pieces;  the  apparent  cause  of  thi- 
vindictiveuess  of  the  priests  being  that  in  tlio  general  levy  of  ta.\e3  for  tin 
state  the  property  of  the  convents  li.id  not  been  spared.     'iVnil  thus  was  tin 
movement  started  by  the  aristocrat.^,  seconded  by  their  allies,  tho  priest-. 
Ex-president  Morazan,  referring  to  that  catastrophe,  uses  these  words:  '  Tue.- 
to  eu  manos  do  un  feroz  popnlacho.  iustigado  por  las  funestaa  ideas  quo  K 


K    I 
I    I 


MURDER  OF  FLORE.S.  » 

utiriljuted  to  Arcc  and  liis  imiiiLiliatc  tVieiifis,  but 
aliparcntly  without  much  reason,^  though  it  must  be 
athuitted  that  intrigues  of  the  servile  party  and  the 
|. reaching  of  hostile  prie.sts  aroused  the  i'anaticism  of 
the  |»o|»ulac-o  to  such  a  degree  that  the  slightest  f-ause 
would  bring  about  the  commission  of  outrages.  The 
trouble  did  not  end  with  Florcs'  death,  for  many  mcm- 
Iwifi  of  the  assend)ly  and  representative  council  were 
<<»nipclled  to  flee  for  their  lives. 

The  state  was  now  powerless,  for  even  its  military 
t'lrces  disappeared  before  the  federal  troojis.  The 
jil^iials  in  the  state  and  re])ublie  saw  th<  ir  hopes 
il;i>^hed,  and  manv  emigrated.**  Arcc  held  the  execu- 
live  authority  of  both  the  federation  and  tin-  .state  of 
'  luatt-njala;  and  acting  upon  the  advice  of  Salvador, 
],<:  began  reorganization,  decreeing  on  tin-  .".1st  of 
October  the  election  of  a  new  e.\t>cutive  and  Irgi.-la- 
ture  for  Guatemala,  from  which  the  iiihabitant^  enter- 
tained hopes  of  a  final  restoration  of  peace  throughout 
I  he  rej)ublic.  But  those  hopes  wrw  frusti"a<ed  by  a 
-uddeu  change  of  policy  on  the  part  <»l'  the  Salvador 
ijovt-rnment,  which  surprised  everybody,  all  the  moic 
from  the  fact  that  it  had  heretofore  lirmly  supported 
the  [tresiilent. 

inculc'iroii  sun  sacerdijtes,  iierccio  !il  pio  <lu  las  >ni;'ii;;(iu'.s  tie  Ins  s.tiit<> :,  :i  l.i 
viitatlcsns  inicuos  jiiccus,  yen  prcscucia  do  lanitaristia,  4110  csIdh  ciiliriiTan.' 
A-fiiiiiU*.  MS.,  4.  Florej  had  been  noted  for  liis  cliinity  to  tlio  jioor,  Kixiially 
to  the  Indians,  to  wlioiii  ho  constantly  gave  nirdi<"il  aid,  niodiciiu",  and 
'ithtr  ncc«-ssark'8.  Tho  slato  assonddy,  after  licin;,;  rcstorcil  in  1n_'!>,  d^.'.-i  eid 
tioiiors  to  iiin  memory,  nnd  ordered  j)laccd  in  its  hall  of  sessions  an  iiisc  iptiou 
in  IttHTS  of  f;old,!i3  follows:  'Al  inmurtal  Vioe-jcfo  Ciiidadano  C'irilo  I'jire.s, 
ii.irtir  tie  \a  J.ibeitad,  sat  rideado  en  Qiiezaltenango,  c  1  las  aras  th;  la  ley.' 
In  May  \H'.\\  tho  name  of  C'iiul.itl  Flores  was  yiven  in  his  lionoi'  t  >  tlie  lieatl 
town  of  the  district  of  I'eteu.  Marure,  Ejriii.,  17,  -'<. 

^The  Hiicralj  It.okotl  upon  it  a3  the  result  of  an  arrangement  of  .\rco  autl 
lii!];>ai;i»ans;  tho  latter  declared  it  to  liavo  resultcil  from  an  aeeiilent,  or  rather 
:riim  \it>lent  acta  on  the  part  of  liberals  in  yue7.;dteiianL;o,  sndi  ,1 1  forcibly 
t.ikin',' horses  in  tlie  night  from  private  houses  and  tlu^  I'laDfisian  eonvent. 
M.-ir.ire  states  that  ho  tliorou;.:ly  e.\aminetl  every  iloeuinent  liearili„'  »n  tin: 
aubj'Ct,  anil  found  no  cviileno  against  Aree  tir  his  party.  Ilnyq.  iJl.^f.  Cci.'. 
Am.,  i.  '27.V8J.  Tho  author  of  Mem.  llrv.  <.nif.  .tin.,  ."tS,  afiiidta  Arce, 
attrdiutiug  the  act  to  a  KUthlen  ]io))ular  exeitement.  Sfc  also  Asf.'ihitntatj'i, 
C'ht.  Am.,  I.'i;  i'rouw's  <;i',kj,(I,  ]"27-S;  I'ikhIh,  in  Gii"f.,  lircop.  Lryt^  in. 
3IS;  c.jirx.  F"l.  Mi.v.,  Nov.  !>,  KS-JO;   Dec,  in  An-,'  Mmi.,  \\l-'.\. 

"  Tiicrt- wai*  an  ell'ort  towartl  reeonciiiatioii,  tiio  liberals  r>r,i  ring  to  inaku 
concci«ions,  and  Arco  favoring  Ihcir  proposals;  but  thoBcrvilis  haughtily  re- 
(lued. 


90 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


Pedro  Molina  arrived  at  San  Salvador  from  Panaind 
when  Arce  liad  in  his  cliarge  the  affairs  of  Guate- 
mala, and  had  decreed  the  new  elections  for  the  state. 
Beinj:?  a  political  opponent  of  the  president,  Molina 
refused  to  go  to  Guatemala  to  report  the  action  of 
the  Panamd  congress.  It  was  not  a  difficult  matter 
I'or  him  to  find  congenial  spirits  for  an  intrigue  against 
the  federal  executive.  An  estrangement  had  occuired 
between  Arce  and  Delgado,  who  aspired  to  be  bi.shop 
of  San  Salvador,*'  and  was  a  man  of  great  political 
power.  Moreover,  it  so  happened  that  the  jefe  of 
Salvador,  owing  to  ill  health,  had  to  turn  over  his 
office  to  the  vice-jefe,  Mariano  Prndo,  wh.)  was  under 
tlie  influence  of  the  discontented  party.  His  first  act 
was  to  repeal  Arce's  decree  of  October  lOtli  convok- 
ing an  extraordinary  congress  at  Cojiitepecjue.*-  'i'hen 
simultaneously  forces  were  levied  in  Salvador,  osten- 
sibly to  protect  congrci'S  when  assembled  at  Ahua- 
<lia[)an.  Internal  difficulties  in  llonduias  led  the 
federal  govei-innent  to  intci'l'ere;^^  and  thus,  at  the 
end  of  182G,  there  were  a  number  ol  forces  at  work 
to  drive  Arce  from  the  jiresjdential  seat.  This  state 
of  afl'airs  continued  till  Februaiy  18l'7,  when  rumors 
of  an  invasion  be^fan  to  circulate  in  (jiuateniala.  The 
next  month  Salvadoran  foices,under  Trigueros,  started 
on  their  march  toward  the  capital.  All  doubts  about 
the  plans  of  the  invading  army  having  ceased,  Arce 
displayed  unusual  activity  in  bus  preparations  to  meet 
the  enemy.  With  the  aid  of  the  newly  chosen  jefe 
of  Guatemala,  Aycinena,  hv.  increased  the  garrison  to 


*M)wiii'r,  it  was  said,  to  the  publication  of  a  pontifical  IniU,  whicli,  iukIit 
Arcc'u  t\t'(|natur,  hail  been  restricted  to  (Juatenula  by  tlio  avclibislio]i,  .-i 
step  that  DclgaJo  Bupposml  to  have  been  by  Arco's  insti^'ivtiuu,  or  at  least.  ;i 
lack  iif  interest  on  liia  part  for  San  Salvador.  Mem.  Jier.  Cent.  yl»n.,  (id. 
Arce  liiniseit  attributed  the  cstrangcmeiit  to  party  intrigues.  Mem.,  W. 
Dunlop,  Cent,  Am.,  lU.'i,  assigns  disputed  about  tlio  erection  of  the  bisboprir 
as  tlio  cause  of  the  rupture. 

'■Arce,  Mem.,  Gl,  liuda  fault  with  Prado's  act,  \. nen  bis  own  bad  been 
just  as  ine{,'al. 

"Colonel  Milla  invaded  tlie  statu  with  a  federal  force,  captured  Coniaya- 
jjuaon  tiio  Otli  of  May,  1827,  and  arrested  tlio  jefo  of  tbo  state,  llerrera 
The  whole  was  a  wanton  proceediu','.   .Mnmzaii,  Apmites,  MS.,  (I-J). 


.\n,CE'S  VICTORY  AND  DKFEAT. 


01 


2,000  men,  and  loaviiij^  the  exorvitive  authority  in 
charge  of  Vice-president  Beltranuna,  took  personal 
command  of  tlie  troops.  Ho  made  an  effort,  Jiow- 
(ver,  to  avert  an  encounter,  but  without  avail  ;^*  and 
tlicy  fought,  a  few  days  later,  at  Guadalupe,  a  sliort 
distance  from  Guatemala,  the  invaders  being  repulsed, 
,>ud  the  following  day,  March  23d,  utterly  routed  at 
Arrazola."  This  victory  caused  great  exultation  in 
( Juatemala,  and  Arco's  prestige  grow  rapidly.  Money 
and  reeidorcements  were  cheerfully  placed  at  his 
command,  and  he  allowed  himself  to  be  carried  away 
hy  evil  counsels  to  pursue  an  aggressive  policy  and 
punish  Salvador.'*" 

The  federal  army  marched  in  April  into  the  state 
of  Salvador,  and  reiinforced  from  Sonsonate  and  Santa 
Ana,''  reached  Nejapa  without  opposition,  that  [)lace 
being  about  twelve  miles  from  the  city  of  San  Salva- 
dor. After  certain  negotiations  lor  peace,  which  had 
!io  satisfactory  result,  .Vrce  attacked  the  city  on  the 
r^th  of  ^lay,  at  the  head  of  2,000  men,  and  was  re- 
|)ulscd  with  heavy  loss.  His  slow  movements  had 
niven  the  Salvadorans  time  to  act.''"'  Jlis  retreat  was 
ill  good  order  to  Santa  Ana;  but  from  this  placi-,  de- 
sertions having  greatly  diminished  the  force,  ildegen- 
crated  into  llit^ht,  of  which  the  i)ursuin<j'  SaKadoi-ans 
I'ailed  to  take  advantage.  Arce  reached  (JuajiirKjui- 
lapa  toward  the  end  of   May,   with   only  ;J00  men. 

"Tlic  ODiiiiiiaiiiUjr  of  llio  Salvadorans  was  un.ililo  to  cxphiiii  liis  illegal 
jionccdili;.'.   j)ur.,  in  AlVP,  Mem.,  4o-(i. 

*' I'uiailcil  accounts,  with  co]ii(;3  of  the  odiciul  exaggerated  rcporis,  aro 
■jivcii  ill  <,'(!-.  ill'  ^/e.c.,  Apr.  'JO  till  May  I  and  May  '2'2,  Ib'll;  Mariin\  Khnn., 
Ill;  J/i  /,(.  AVc.  (,'i  nt.  A)u.,  (J-  -4.  Decree  of  government  of  (Juftteiiiala  on  tiic 
■ulijnt,  Marcli  'JS,  1S'J7.  GiKit.,  Jici'"]'.  Lii/es,  i.  '2o0. 

■'■  lliltranena  and  several  i.'f  Arcc's  oliicers  disapproved  tho  retaliatory 
\i\\n.  Ayeinena,  on  the  contrary,  favored  it,  tliougli  willing  to  aliidj  i)y 
.Vice's  decision. 

*'  Until  districts  had  seet^dcd  from  the  state  government  of  Salvailnr, 
attacldng  Ihcnisclves  to  tiic  federal  cause. 

^'Mlc  cDinmitted  the  error  of  entertaining  peace  proposals,  which  werciinadc 
•Illy  to  gain  time.  He  endeavored  to  explain  it  away  on  the  pica  of  Cent. 
Ami.  hmilierliood:  'I'uedoyo  dejar  do  tencr  un  corazon  (,'ciitio  ^iiiicricano'/ 
No  e:f  [losihlo.'  Arcc,  Mem.,  0!).  On  the  puiiie  and  following  pages  ii  a  de- 
tailed account  of  the  action,  carefully  worded  and  extolling  the  bravery  of  his 
'iiiatemalan  soldiers.  Tiie  otlicial  reports  t\n'  in  El  Sol.,  Alex.,  July  ii,  I.S-'T; 
Muriire,  l^'rm.,  1S>. 


02 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CiOVlCUNMENT. 


i(|. 


"1:, 


I'l'j- 


Tills  early  liiilurc  of  ;i  war  iVoiu  Vvhich  wore  to  flow 
such  <,'ro;i(  rcodlts  brought  (xliiun  ou  Arce;  hut  hy  the 
ufi'orts  of  iVionds,  conlidencc  in  him  was  restored,  and 
ahout  700  men  were  obtained  to  resume  o[»era1  ions  by 
taking  Santa  Ana/^  For  several  months  n<>  events 
of  importance  occurred.  The  time  was  c!mplo3'ed  by 
Arco  in  strengthening  his  force,  with  which  he  made 
a  IVultless  attempt  to  intercept  a  Salv^ador  division  thai 
assailed  Sonsonate,  Overtures  for  [)eace  were  again 
made  by  Salvador,  but  though  not  absolutely  rejected, 
no  understanding  was  arrived  at.  They  gave  rise. 
however,  to  a  discussion  as  to  whether  the  federal 
president  was,  as  he  thought  himself,  authorized  to 
decide  upon  the  question  of  peace  or  war  without  con- 
sulting the  state  government  of  Guatemala. **'  Piqued 
at  the  opposition  he  had  met,  which  he  supposed  to 
arise  fi'oni  want  of  coniidence,  Arcc  received  with 
pleasure  a  request  from  Vice-president  Beltraneiia 
to  give  up  the  army  and  return  to  Guatemala  and 
take  chage  of  the  government.'''  Briij^adier  Fian 
cisco  Ciiscaras  was  thereui)on  madeconnnander  of  tin 
army  on  the  12th  of  Oetobei-,  1827.  Soon  after  ArecV- 
return  to  Guatemala  he  took  ste[)s  to  restore  peacr. 
and  issued,  on  the  5th  of  December,  a  decree  to  con- 
voke a  new  congress,"'' and  at  the  same  time  ordered  a 
suspension  of  hostilities.      But  his  commissioner,  Juan 

^'■'Tlic  ^'ovcnmicnt  of  Salviulor  had  in  May  made  peace  j)n)posnIs,  liiit  t'i 
fcilcral  authorities  rejected  them.  JJocn,  in  Aire,  J/cm.,  i7-ol. 

'•'"It  was  deeiiled  in  seeret  session  of  th(!  state  assetnlily  ou  the  Uitliof  ()i  ' 
that  the  state  had  a  right  to  interveii':',  and  if  it  was  i,i:;nored,  and  ti'caties  di- 
pleaain;:;  to  tho  state  were  eonehided,  the  latter  should  de^aeli  itself  from  tli 
federation,  and  its  troops  eontinue  oceupying  the  towns  they  then  held.  Arei ' 
letti'rof  Oct.  17,  lt^-7,  to  lirig.  Cilsearas,  in  Moiili'ifiu;  /.'(w/irt  J/i^t.,  i.  •_'■_'. 

'■'  It  may  have  been  of  his  own  seekini,',  for  ho  must  have  seen  erc^  this  t!i 
great  dillieulty  of  eouquering  San  Salvador  with  his  small  forec,  and  that  I 
i'ontinuo  longer  in  the  lield  would  oidy  hrinij  him  into  further  disreiuite, 

''■'Ex-mar((iiLi3  do  Ayciucna,  i)rother  of  the  jefo  of  (Juateinala,  called  tin 
decree  impolitic,  illegal,  and  arbitrary.  Tho  serviles  eould  seo  that  it  \\()tilu 
restore  tho  old  congress,  so  hostile  to  th"in;  and  with  a  majority  against  then. 
in  both  houses,  they  might  have  to  resort  to  the  dangerous  expedient  of  dri\ 
ing  awivy  the  senators  and  deputies  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet.  It  was  riili. 
ulous  in  them  to  rail  against  arbitrariness,  when  tliey  had  arbitrarily  deposm 
ISarrnndia  in  (iuatenuila  and  llerrera  in  Honduras.  It  was  arbitrary  to  Uei  p 
the  uaaon  without  a  congrcs^,  wliii'h  was  their  work.  MoiUiiJar,  Ilvxeila  II'iM., 
i.  !),  'lA. 


CASCAllAS  IN  SALVADOR. 


93 


do  DIos  Mayorgn,  wlio  w.as  to  iiotiiy  tlio  autliorities 

at  San  Salvador  of  liis  ineasuri's,  was  not  allowed  t<i 

nroci'cd  to  that  <'ity,  the  Salvadorans,  now  recinforcod 

with  oiliccis  exiled  IVoni  Colombia,'^^  being  more  than 

\cv  (i|)j)osed    to    eoneiliation.      Ilostilitieii  were    i 
1  1  i..,.<,,-i  ...ui.  .,u.>...>o^;..,,  ... .,.,..>.-.  .64  i> 


>uine( 


I  and  condiK'tcd  with  alternatiii<_j  sncce; 


Imt 


.111  the  whoh',  disadvitntai^eoiisly  I'or  tlie  i'ederal  force, 
dwiiiL;'  ti»  ( 'ascai-as'  lack  of  strategy,  and  the  ieni|)or- 
izin""  policy  of  the  enemy;  for  the  latter,  whenever 
pri'sseil,  would  mak(!  overtures  of  peace,  protesting  a 
willingness  to  terminate  the  war,  though  breaking 
tlu'ir  ])romiscs  as  fast  as  they  weri>  made.''  Cascaras' 
situation  was  daily  bi'coming  jierilous,  on  account  of 
the  numerous  desertions  of  his  troops.  At  last,  on 
the  17th  of  ])eeeml)ei-,  a  bloody  enooutitcr  took  place 
ia  the  streets  of  Santa  Ana,  which  terminated  in  a 


capi 


itulat 


um,  uni 


ler  which   both   f(H'ces  were   to  leave 


lie  ])lace  the  next  day,      Cascaras  left  it  as  stipulated, 
)ut  Colonel  Merino  with  the  Salvadorans  remained, 


M 


Cascaras  i-eturncd.  to  Guatemela  toward  the  end  of 
December,  the  Salvadorans  having  regained  posses- 
.■>ion  of  Santa  Ana,  and  of  all  the  other  places  formerly 
occupied  by  the  federal  army. 

Shortly  alter,  with  Ayciiuna's  assistance,  another 
Ibderal  army  was  organized,  but  Arce  took  good  care 
to  give  ])ositions  iu  it  only  to  trusted  friends,'"  As 
.soon  as  the  organization  was  nearly  completed,  detach- 
ments were  sent  to  check  the  enemy's  raids  in  Chi- 


.|U 


imula,  .'i'tdthen,  under  the  command  of  a  foreiirner 


iiaiiiei 


1  W 


i\  Perks,  the 


army 


marc 


hed 


Liiiams 


ttl 


le 


•'^^Tlirco  ItroUiera  Merino,  nml  a  Frciicliiuan  iiamoil  Soumaettra.  Ilar.'iol 
Mi'iinowiismailo  comnian<lcr-iu-uhicf,  Mem.  Uiv.  i'<ul.  Am.,  7'>;  Arrr,  Mi  tn., 

'  N'oar  tlic  liill  of  La  Trinidad  tho  federal  forces  wliicli  hail  cniitnil  nf 
lliiniliiras  wore  defeatocl  l)y  Nicaraguans  and  Salvadorans  under  Lieut-enl 
K(iiiiL,'i(>  Diaz.  Murun',  E/iin.,  'JO. 

•'■' It  is  ditiic\dt  to  Huu  iiow  tlio  (lUaloinalans  coiild  jdaoc  faith  on  i)Iod.;ia 
s'l  iiflcn  violated;  cvi  'eiitly  given  to  gain  time. 

■•'''I'iiis  iiiih'd  tho  .second  oaniiiaiijn  hotwcen  Salvadorans  and  Clnatenialans. 

■'' Tlii.s  army  was  to  bu  uscil,  lirst  in  tiul)duin,i,'  Salvador,  and  next  tjiiato- 
iM.da,  whert!  Arco  encountered  more  and  more  opposition  to  his  plans.  Mem, 
li<:v.  Cent.  Am.,  SI-'-'. 


if 


;;  .»; 


;    i  . 


I'  I- 


94 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNxMEN T. 


Salvacloran  headquarters  at  Ahuachapan.  Once  men' 
stratagem  was  resorted  to  by  the  wil}'^  Salvadoians, 
who  made  proffers  of  peace,  the  I'arce  ending  as  usiial/"^ 
I  n  the  mean  time  troubles  broke  out  in  the  fedeial  army, 
and  Perks,  tlie  commander,  was  deposed  by  tlie  iield- 
officcrs  and  sent  to  Guatemala  as  a  prisonei-/'*  The 
ronnnand  then  devolved  upon  Colonel  Antonio  Jose 
I  risarri.  Arcc  tried  in  vain  to  have  l*erks  reinstalled, 
•ind  his  efforts  in  that  direction  only  served  to  increase 
the  ill  feeling,  which  grew  so  strong  that  on  th  ■  14tli 
of  February,  1828,  he  turned  over  the  exeeiitivi 
office,  though  without  a  formal  resignation,  to  Jjeltra 
nena,""  who  conferred  the  command  of  the  federa! 
army  on  Brigadier  Manuel  Arzi'i.  This  officer  marclRi 
at  once  aijainst  the  Salvadoians,  rofusin'jf  to  listen  tn 
any  overtures  for  negotiations  iVom  their  eiiief,  Mc- 
riiio.  The  armies  met  at  Ciialchua[)a  on  tiio  1st  oi 
}.[arch,and  the  lederal  troops  obtaincnl  a  victory,  whicli 
(Ii'ovc  the  foe  back  to  San  Salvadoi-.'''  Arzu  follower 
and  made  an  assault  on  that  citv,  in  which  both  side> 
U'ave  proofs  of  extrat)rdinarv  bravorv.  The  a:-sault 
failed;  at  the  end  of  six  hours'  liuhtinL!:  the  assailant> 
had  to  retreat  behind  their  intrenchments."-  Fron: 
this  time  San  Salvador  and  San  Mitxuel  became  tin 
theatres  of  war.     A  series  of  encounters,  none  of  sui" 

"'The  coinniissioucrs,  ua  agreed  upon,  were  to  meet  at  Jutiapa.     Tliosc  c: 
the  general  government  went  there  ami  waited  several  clays;  no  Salvailoraii 
appcMred. 

'■'•'  'i'lic  m.itiny  took  plaec  at  Xalpatagua  on  the  9th  of  Feb.  j\ftirtire,  K/vm.. 
-Q;  Miin.  llcv.  i'ait.  Am.,  83-0.     Aycineiia  wrote  his  eousin  Antonio,   w,. 
was  in  the  theatre  of  war,  tliat  in  order  to  hinder  all  peace  arrantjemeni-. 
lueasiired  would  he  resorted  to  tiiat  were  unknown  oven  to  Maehiavelli.     'Jin 
mutiny  aLMiiist  I'erks  was  evidently  one  of  these  measures. 

'"llo  alleL;ed  aa  a  reason  the  unwillingness  of  Salvador  to  enter  into  neu'ii- 
tiatioii.s  as  lung  as  he  remained  at  the  head  of  aflaii-a.  Arfv,  Mem.,  Si-7.  Tli'' 
real  cause,  however,  was  a  resolution  of  the  assembly  of  Guatemala  demauii 
ing  his  resignation,  and  ho  was  unablo  to  disregard  it.  Tliis  course  of  thi 
a.sscmbly  wa:i  alto;;ether  illegal,  but  the  timo  for  the  expiation  of  Aree'a  polit  i 
eal  Bins  liad  arrived.  Aeeording  to  his  own  statement,  ho  retired  to  his 
plantations  at  Santa  Ana. 

''This  was  tho  most  bloody  figlit  of  the  war  of  182G-9,  and  opened  thi; 
tiiird  can.paign  between  Guatemala  and  Salvador.  Maruir,  Ej'em.,  '.II. 

•■^Their  supply  of  ammunition  iiad  been  destroyed  by  fire,  and  their  com 
nmnder  h;id  received  a  serious  contusion.  This  light  has  been  sinee  known 
as  the 'atut|Uodel  viOrncs  santo,' iiav.ng  taken  place  on  good-friihiy,  .March 
1'.',  182S.  /./.,  21. 


:|.! 


(JUATKMALA  AND  SALVADOli. 


licicnt  importance  to  bo  loiii^thily  clcscribod,  lollowocl, 
witli  vMryiniJf  succi'ss  I'or  cither  sidc."^  The  Salvador- 
;ins  liuviiiijf  bcsicLjod  the  remnants  of  the  federal  army 
under  Colonel  Manuel  Montiifar,  at  Mejicanos,  alter 
ei<T^]it  months  conipelled  them  to  surrender,  on  the 
LlOth  ot*  September.  Tlieir  coninumdcr  an<l  general 
stall'  were  held  as  prisoners  of  war." 

The  division  of  the  federal  army  that  occupied  the 
department  of  San  ]\li<^uel,  which  had  been  defeated 
I»y  General  Morazan  at  (Jualcho  on  the  (Jth  of  July, 
hein^"  intercepted  on  its  rc;treat  toward  the  Ijcinpa, 
laid  down  its  arms,  under  honorable  terms,  at  San 
Antonio,  on  the  9th  of  October.'"'' 

''  April  l.'Jtli,  action  of  Quclepa,  in  which  tlic  Salvailorana  woro  dcfeatcil. 
With  lliiit  victory,  and  aiiotlur  at  (jiiascoran  on  the  'J.'ith  of  the  same  iiiontli, 
•,lio  whole  (Irpartincnt  of  Sau  Miguel  was  linm^ht  under  hulijcctinn  to  the 
r  ■ilcral  f;ovurninent.  June  l'2tl\,  peace  stipulations  were  signed  at  tiie  house 
1. 1'  K.s(|uili(  1,  Manuel  F.  ravoii  actiu;,'  for  the  federal  government  am.  Matias 
I  lelu'ado  for  Salvador,  liy  wliieii  the  former  was  to  l>o  reco'^nized  l>y  liie  ialter, 
;i  L'liieral  diet  wan  to  meet  at  Santa  Ana,  and  a  federal  loree  oeeupy  San  Sal- 
v.idiir;  liut  the  Salvailor  /.'ovenuncnt  refused  to  sanetion  the  arr:ui';eiueut, 
.mil  the  war  continued  \xith  more  fury  than  ever.  l>etads  on  tho;^e  prelini- 
luarirs  are  given  in  M(m.  Ikv.  (.'cut.  Am.,  100-1.  .luly  Otli,  li.itlleof  (iiiaielio, 
i'W  the  haidis  of  the  Lcnipa,  in  the  departnionl  of  San  Mi;^'uel,  hetv.c  i  n  llon- 
.UuiUis  and  (Juatenialans.  The  latter,  under  Col.  |)ouiin,L;ue/,  hi'.lierto  vic- 
I  iriiais.  were  utteilv  ilefeated.  Manor,  Ki'vm.,  'Jl-'2;  Kl  I.'sjin<lii  I'idi.,  Jan. 
I'-i,  18JI). 

'■'Arzu  had  abandoned  them  to  their  fate.  Monluj'itr,  llexcru'  Ili-l.,  i.  IT-'d . 

''■'  .Uornzaii,  A/)iiiitii>,  ^IS.;  Monti'ij'ar,  Hfsifut  li'»t.,  i.  o;!— 1.  'Jliuseiid(d 
<lisa.strously  for  the  federal  forces  their  third  invasion  of  Salvador  territory. 
The  actions  of  (Jualelio  and  San  Antonio  were  the  lirst  in  which  thej^reat 
t'eiitral  American  sohlier  and  statesuiau  Francisco  Morazau  tigured  as  a  j:eii- 
iral.  Morazan  will  stand  in  history  in  many  respects  as  the  liest.  and  in  all  as 
the  ahlcst,  man  that  Central  America  had.  Jle  was  born  in  llondiiraM  in  IT'.^l*, 
his  fatlier  being  a  French  Creole  from  the  \V.  I.,  and  li's  motherof  Tegucigalpa, 
m  Honduias.  His  tducatioa  Mas  such  as  he  could  obtain  in  the  e  luntry  at 
tiiat  time;  but  hi-)  quickness  o.'  appreiieusion  and  thirst  for  knowledge  soon 
placed  him  far  above  his  countrymen.  Jle  was  of  an  im[ietuous  tempera- 
iiH  lit,  and  pos.^essed  at  the  same  time  great  decision  and  iicrsevciance.  Jlis 
lieaiiiig  was  free  and  maidy,  and  hi.s  manner  frank  and  open.  'J  liese  (juali- 
tii  s  ciHild  not  fail  to  and  did  secure  him  the  love  and  respect  of  his  fellow- 
cit.i'ciis,  giving  him  an  inuueiise  inllnence  over  them,  lu  IS'24  lie  was  already 
"cciipyiug  the  position  of  secretary-general  of  llon<luras,  and  later  was  seiia- 
tiir,  and  for  a  time  acting  jcfe  of  that  state;  but  his  temiieranieut  !!ooii  m;ide 
iiiiii  turn  his  attention  to  martial  all'airs.  He  ever  after  was  noted  as  a  re- 
imlilican  of  very  liberal  views.  S'jiiicr.^  Tntrcl!<,  ii.  -lOO;  JJitnlcii's  Ci  iil.  Am., 
170-1;  Antaltiiriiafja,  Cent.  Am.,  17.  'J"ho  writer  of  Mem.  Jut:  Cciil.  Am., 
'.)'.',  says  that  Morazan  had  been  at  one  time  a  clerk  in  a  notary's  ollico  at 
('i)iiiayagua,  where  ho  'iiabia  dado  li  conocer  disposieionea  muy  fcliccs,  pero 
poco  luuirosas,  para  la  imitacion  do  letras  6  iirmas.'  It  has  been  said  thai 
.Morazan  joined  the  party  opposed  to  the  existing  federal  government  at  tha 
iusti;.'atiou  of  Pedro  Molina.  Uacela  dc  S.  o'n/c  ,  Oct.  3,  Ibul.  A  portrait  of 
Morazan  is  given  in  MoiUuj'ar,  JtrMciia  Hint.,  i.  7-. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


Tho  condition  of  I'oderal  aflairs  was  now  far  froui 
cncourajxinir.  It  niav  be  that  Arce,  had  he  been 
replaced,  might  have  turned  disaster;  but  his  aj)[)H 
cation  liad  met  with  a  refusal,  and  he  took  no  further 
part  in  the  political  events  of  tho  republic.*'^  After  all 
hostile  forces  had  been  either  captured  or  expelled  I'roiii 
Salvador,  Morazan  made  a  triumphant  entry  into  th( 
state  capital  on  the  23d  of  October,  1828."  Shortly 
before  this  a  commission  had  come  from  Costa  lliia 
to  mediate  between  Guatemala  and  Salvador,  but  the 
latter  demanded  too  much.*^  !Morazan's  presence  in 
San  Salvador  greatly  strengthened  the  warlike  party, 
and  the  idea  of  invading  Guatemala  gained  favor  froip. 
day  to  day,  till  it  was  finally  carried  out.  After  peace 
overtures  had  been  rejected  by  the  federal  author- 
ities, Morazan  began  his  march  toward  Guatemala  in 
the  latter  end  of  November  1828.^  The  news  struck 
terror  into  tho  hearts  of  the  now  defenceless  Guate- 
malans, and  no  steps  to  meet  the  emergency  could 
be  taken,  owing  to  lack  of  order,  official  rivalries,  an  I 
party  intrigues.  It  was,  as  a  saving  measure,  iinally 
decided  in  the  assembly  to  tlctach  the  state  from  the 
federation,  though  it  was  never  sanctioned  or  carried 
out.  To  increase  difficulties,  a  revolution  broke  on! 
in  the  department  of  La  Antigua,  placing  it  under 
the  protection  of  j\Iorazan,''"  who,  at  the  head  of  about 
2,000  men,  assuming  the  title  of  'ejercito  aliado  pro- 
tector do  la  ley,'  laid  siege  to  the  city  of  Guatcmal.i, 


"•'It  has  been  asserted  that  ho  offcrcil  his  services  to  Salvador,  and  m:i^ 
slighted,  M<  111.  It'ci'.  Cent.  Am.,  97-8,  which  iinds  confirmation  in  Arces  nu  u 
statement.  Mem.,  i^S-'.h  Squier  has  it  that  Arcc  went  to  Mexico,  Tmnl-!,  ii. 
402;  hut  tills  seems  to  be  a  mistake,  for  he  was  in  Guatemala  in  18'_'9. 

•"  A  few  days  i)reviously,  on  the  'JOtli,  the  assembly  of  Guatemala  dccit  >  1 
a  renewal  of  all  the  powers  of  tho  state,  with  tho  vain  purpose  of  reniovi:i ; 
one  of  the  obstacles  to  tho  termination  of  tho  war.  Marun,  Ej'em.,  '22. 

**l'rado  and  Morazan  offered  peace  to  the  Guatemalans  on  condition  fl  :it 
the  federal  government  should  be  fully  restored.  El  Exjiirilu  Pub.,  i\ii. 
14,  1829. 

"•Ho  established  his  general  headquarters  in  Aliuachapan,  whence  rai  i^ 
were  constantly  made  into  the  enemy's  territory. 

'"This  took  place  on  the  22d  of  Jan.,  1829.  The  sedition,  though  si  uu 
quelled,  rather  hastened  the  action  of  Morazan  with  his  allied  Salvador  aiul 
Honduras  force. 


i^pimtcs,  MS.. 
^I'Suel  Moraz 
no'ii'L'3  promini 
„  'H>n  the  15 
JfoN/ii/ar,  /}e.sf 
.,  .'  lliefederi 
ti'c.r  mayor-cer 
Tlie  fedcralslm 
UisT.  Cent. 


SUCCESS  OP  WOItAZAX. 


97 


assailing  it  from  the  side  of  fl.  n  ■ 
"".  1.0  5th  of  February  uj^  ^^'''^^,  ^1^1  GoJfo, 
'•>'fv  fire.-  This  was  fol.vod  J'fh  T.  ^^  ^^^^^  ^ 
:f,  t^'o  garrison,  which  annThik  ll  Vf f^  ^^^^-^  «^"y 
sKlcTabJo|x,rtionoftheirrvadin^^^^^^  at  lALxco  a  con- 

In  consequence  of  fi.;l  "°  "^''"'y-'' 

f  V^o  of  Guatemala  ad  T,'^^^^;  ^^"^^n  raised  tlie 
^^^Antigua.  The  success'rM^^'-^^^^J  ^"'^  ^^'^^-^t 
I'^'pcod  by  the  federaTarLv    r ''';^*^ 

;%^Ioct  which  had  characteS  if        '''"•  *^^"  «^'"« 
tlnougJiout  the  whole  p.?.      •    ^^  operations  almost 

tala.n  of  the  victc^y  Ir  o f^'"'^"'  T  ^^^'^^tage  was 
:\Ic.razan."     A  strnn',,     •   •     ''''"'''''''^^  mih-tary  error.  nP 

Early  i„  Murcl.  iloZZitl      ""'  •"""'  ""^  '^'^^ttu^' 
;:"<'  when  attacked  sC  it    ft'"  ''""''""piocl  MKeo 

:^f;^  "f  the  .e„i,e  Par^Kt!^l«--  -^ 

<l'erc  hodcsnatc  Xl  „  t        ^^"'  bes.eged  i,i  J^  Af!°°  ^^^  'I'Wtily  made 

^"■•ccs  that  Sr?Shtt* 'V^  ^-^'-^S  Lotwcei'tt^  '^  '^'^™  ^o'lowed 
fiuacauandIaja;2aJirV-?"^'''*4ainstitlrt£  I  '*'"'■  ""'^  "lo  few 

look  mauy  SoLri^  i^'^^^  P"«°°e'--     MorSlnJf  ^""^"'^  Socom.sco  to  La 
fiooi-t's  prom^enilv  in  f.^''^'?f.'''"'»n  Kaoul,  nj^!'!  '^^'"o'».  the  name  of  San 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


I,      ,v 


Through  the  lucdiaiion  of  General  Vervecr,  minis- 
ter from  the  Netherlands,  an  attempt  was  made  to 
brin;jf  peace  to  the  distracted  country.  Commissioners 
representing  the  several  belligerents  assembled,  on  the 
27th  of  March,  at  the  house  of  Ballesteros,  and  dis- 
cussed the  propositions  laid  before  them,  which  werci 
rejected,  and  they  then  retired.  Morazan,  who  was 
anxious  for  a  compromise,  s[)ecially  as  he  had  good 
reasons  to  apprehend  the  dissolution  of  his  army  by 
the  small-pox  epidemic  which  had  broken  out,  urged 
Verveer  to  invite  the  commissioners  to  hold  another 
conference.  It  took  pla  e;  and  those  of  Salvador, 
Honduras,  and  Nicaragua  ]>resented  four  propositi(Mis, 
which  were  likewise  rejected  by  the  federal  and  Gua- 
temalan neirotiators.'^     Morazan  had  felt  certain  that 


;i^/i 


distrustctl  by  tho  ecrviles.  Arzi'i  would  iiot  take  the  command,  or  was  not 
trusted  on  account  of  Uia  ill  success  )u  tlio  tliiril  invasion  of  Salvador.  Mi>i';i' 
zan  had  defeated  Milla,  Dominguez,  Aycinena,  Pachcco,  and  Prado.  /(/., 
63-4. 

"  The  representatives  were,  Arbcu  for  Vice-president  Bcltranena,  Pavon 
for  (Juateuiala,  Espinosa  for  Salvador,  and  Morazan  for  Honduias  and  Nica- 
ragua. 1'ho  last  propositions  of  Espinosa  and  Morazan  were  tho  followiii;,', 
namely:  1st.  That  a  provisional  government  should  bo  formed  in  Guatenial:i, 
comiwscd  of  tho  chief  of  tho  state  Mariano  Aycinena,  Mariano  Prado,  ami 
Morazan;  '_M.  That  the  two  armies  should  bo  reduced  to  1,000  men,  (iiiatr 
malaiis  and  Salvadorans  in  equal  parts;  3d.  That  tho  provisional  govcrmiu  nt 
should  bo  installed  iu  Pinula,  and  afterward  enter  Ciuatomala  with  tiiat  foirc 
to  give  it  strength  and  preserve  order  in  tho  state;  4th.  A  general  forgett'iii 
ness  of  tiio  past.  Morazan,  Apiiiifei,  MS.,  5,  1(5;  MonU'iJ'ar,  Jk'nfila  Hist.,  i.  (v. 
It  is  claimed,  on  the  other  hand,  that  Morazan  really  wanted  tiio  federal  viiv- 
president  and  tho  chief  of  the  stato  of  (J uatcmala  to  throw  ui>  their  ollicc-i, 
tho  legislative  assembly  and  representative  council  to  ccaso  exercising  tht  ir 
functions;  and  tiiat  of  1820,  sitting  at  La  Antigua,  and  which  had  niado  Ziii- 
tcno  chief,  was  also  to  dissolve;  the  supremo  court  of  justice  wast0  8toi»actiii.;. 
Meantime,  and  until  new  elections  took  place,  Morazan  was  to  bo  ciothid 
■with  executive,  representative,  and  judicial  powers.  Under  tho  pretext  of 
restoring  tho  sway  of  law  and  constitutional  order,  a  dictatorship,  emanatin'' 
■from  a  war  treaty,  would  have  been  created,  whoso  solo  object  was  to  rcwaicl 
tho  victor  with  an  unlimited  authority,  Tiio  commissioners  of  tho  federal  and 
'Guatemalan  governments  refused  to  accede,  and  presented  counter  proposi- 
■.tiona  of  a  ditrerent  nature,  namely,  to  tho  etrcct  that  tho  existing  high  function- 
airics  should  resign  their  powers,  and  a  provisional  government  bo  established, 
with  one  rcprcsentativo  from  each  stixte,  to  govern  till  new  elections  and  tho 
restoration  of  tho  constitutional  r(5gimc.  Tiioro  wero  also  propositions  re- 
specting the  government  of  tho  state  of  Guatemala.  Full  details  in  ili'ni. 
Jicv.  Cent.  Am.,  125-9,  2;U-G,  which  are  widely  difl'erent  from  those  in  Mum- 
zan,  Apxintes,  MS.,  10.  Tho  government  of  Mexico,  at  tho  request  of  tliat  of 
Guatemala,  tendered  its  mediation  on  the  20th  of  February,  but  it  arri\  ed 
too  late,  and  there  was  nothing  left  for  it  to  do  but  to  tender  tho  hospitalities 
of  tho  Mexican  soil  to  tho  ■victims  of  persecution.  Tho  full  correspondeuoi'  n 
to  bo  found  in  Mix. ,  Mevi.  Rel. ,  1830, 2-3;  also  in  Stiarez  y  Navarro,  Hist,  Mij. , 


FALL  OF  GUATEMALA  CITY.  H 

those  proposals  would  be  accepted,  and  believed  them 
to  bo  exceedingly  generous  in  view  of  the  fact  that 
tlu!  city  could  no  longer  hold  out.  However,  hostil- 
ities were  resumed,  and  on  the  9th  of  April  the  forces 
under  Morazan  attacked  the  city,  and  a  part  of  it  was 
taken  and  plundered."" 

Aycinena  applied  on  the  11th  to  Morazan,  as 
commander-in-chief  of  the  allied  army  of  Honduras 
and  Salvador,  for  a  suspension  of  hostilities,  in  order 
to  negotiate  a  capitulation  which  he  was  disposed  to 
enter  into.  Morazan  replied  at  once  that  he  could 
aj^Moe  to  nothing  but  the  unconditional  surrender  of 
the  city,  though  offering  to  guarantee  the  lives  and 
property  of  all  jiersons  existing  therein.'*  The  fight- 
iivj;  continued,  and  on  the  12tli  the  place  capitulated. 
The  occupation  was  effected  on  the  following  day,*' 
and  immediately  Vice-president  Beltranena  and  his 
ministers  of  relations  and  treasury,  Aycinena  and  his 
secretary    Pielago,   and    Ex-president    Arce*^'    were 


407-lt;  this  authority  claiina  that  Mexican  mediation  nti^ht  have  been  finally 
8U(  crssful  in  rcatoriug  peace  but  for  the  opposition  of  the  now  cliief  of  (itiiite- 
inala. 

'"  A  long  account  of  the  allcjicd  outrages  of  Morazau's  forces  ap])cars  in 
J/cm.  I've.  Cent.  Am.,  l.'l'.'-IJ.  Marure,  Ej'cin.,  'J4,  in  referring  to  the  capture 
of  ( I iiatuniala,  makes  no  nicutiuu  of  any  kucIi  ubuscs. 

'".Morazan'a  answer  was  adilresseJ  to  (.Jen.  Aycinena,  not  recognizing  tho 
latter  as  cliief  of  tiuateniala,  Juan  Ikirrunilia's  term  not  having  expired  when 
Arce  ilcposcd  him,  in  conscqueiico  of  which  act  Aycinena  rose  to  that  position. 
The  dissolved  authorities  of  IS'JGwero  now  assembled  in  La  Antigua,  and  .Mo- 
ni/an  held  relations  with  them.  Aycinena  had  changed  his  tone;  he  was  no 
lonycr  tho  man  of  tho  manifestoes  of  1827,  of  tho  piosciiptivo  decrees,  nor  of 
tho  stringent  military  orders  of  tho  first  months  of  18-1).  lie  <lid  not  now 
cali  his  opponents  'uu  punado  de  cnemigos  del  6rdeu,  descamisados  y  I'ora- 
jidiis.'  Montufar,  Iieaeua  Hist.,  i.  7--5,  7'J-S(j, 

''^Astaburuaga,  Cent.  Am.,  18,  erroneously  places  tho  surrender  on  the 
-Oili.  Tho  termsof  tho  capitulation  are  given  iu  Arve,  J/cm. ,  i)J!— I ;  Moiilii/m; 
]!(■■<<  iia  Hilt.,  i.  70-7.  Only  tho  life  and  property  of  the  inhabitants  were 
t;iiaranteed;  the  vanquished  were  iu  all  else  subject  to  tho  good-wUl  of  tho 
victor.  Jos6  Milla  y  Vidaurro,  iu  his  biographical  sketch  of  Manuel  Francisco 
Tavon,  who  figured  iu  these  events,  claims  that  the  capitulation  was  con- 
traiy  to  Aycincna's  wishes,  who  was  rcjidy  to  defend  the  place  foot  by  foot. 
Montufar,  quoted  above,  denies  the  statement,  adiling  that  it  was  advanced 
Rulely  to  make  the  chief  of  the  servilcs  and  head  man  of  tho  nobles  appear  as 
a  hiro,  and  refers  to  the  correspondence,  which  will  show  Aycinena  quite 
unxiiuis  to  accept  the  guarantee  of  life  and  proncrty. 

'"'According  to  Miguel  Garcia  Granados,  wlio  in  later  years  was  a  liberal 
leadir  and  acting  president  of  Guatemala,  Axce  had  remained  unmolested  at 
iiiii  house  iu  sight  of  the  besiegers  during  the  three  days'  attack.  Jd.,  103. 


100 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


m 


"I'/m'' 


:l;'*^l 


hiUi 


b-sil 


placed  under  arrest."''  Morazan,  nssuniing  then  all  the 
powers  of  state,  restored  Juan  13arrundia  to  the  posi- 
tion of  jefe  of  Guatemala,'''  whereof  he  had  heeti 
deprived  l>y  Arce.  The  capitulation  of  A})ril  1 2th 
was  on  the  20th  declared  void,  on  the  ground  that 
the  federal  commander  had  failed  to  comply  with  its 
terms  in  not  giving  up  all  the  anus  his  forces  held  at 
the  time  of  tlie  surrender.*'  Morazan  treated  the  func- 
tionaries, both  federal  and  of  the  state  of  Guatemala, 
who  had  taken  part  in  the  revolution  of  182G  to  1821), 
with  much  rigor. ^* 

A  period  of  reaction,  or  restoration  as  it  was  prop- 
erly called,  was  now  inaugurated.  During  several 
years  the  servile  party  had  held  undisputed  control  of 
public  affairs  in  Guatemala,  crushing  out  all  opposi- 
tion to  the  best  of  its  ability.  Its  policy  had  been 
one  of  intolerance,  and  its  downfall  was  hailed  with 
joy.     Morazan  seemed  to  have  been  chosen  by  provi- 

"  This  was  dono  pursnant  to  orders  from  tho  governments  of  the  stutca. 
So  says  ^lorazan  himself,  adding  that  the  measure  was  iu  consonance  witli 
his  own  views,  to  reduce  the  number  of  prisoners  to  a  minimum,  'y  tenia 
tambicn  per  objcto  poncr  en  absoluta  incapacidad  do  obrar  A  los  principalis 
jefes  ((uo  habian  Uovadola  guorra  d  losEstados.'  Apuntes,  MS.,  lU-17. 

''''  Ho  touk  cliurgo  of  the  provisional  government  at  the  end  of  April,  Ma- 
riano Zentcno,  who  had  held  tho  position  ad  int.,  was  given  a  vote  of  thanks 
for  his  patriotism  and  courage.  Montufar,  Hesena  Hist.,  i.  127. 

''Tho  federal  authorities  alleged  that  their  soldiers  only  had  4ol  muskets, 
and  not  1,500,  aa  demanded  from  them.  Mem,  Rev.  Cent.  Am.,  236-9.  Mora- 
zan says  that  soldiers  were  allowed  to  leave  tho  city  with  their  arms,  infring- 
ing tho  4th  clause  of  the  capitulation,  and  he  could  £  ^t  only  evasive  onswcrs. 
Ajmntes,  MS.  ,17;  Arce,  Mt  a. ,  68-9, 08-103,  from  which  tho  conclusion  will  be 
dr.'iwa  that  tho  charges  agi  ast  the  federal  party  were  not  unfounded.  Mon- 
t^far,  lieseila  Hint.,  i.  100-*  On  this  subject  Morazan  himself  said:  'Nooiio 
was  put  to  death,  or  had  r.     ley  exacted  from  him  by  me.    Tho  capitulatiua 

n  after  being  annulled.  Duty  gave  way  to  niug- 
mse  to  regret  it.  Not  that  there  was  no  bloud 
^h,  and  reparation  to  demand.  Among  many 
were,  calling  for  vengeance,  generals  Picrzon 
hout  even  the  form  of  a  trial,  the  other  taken 
hich  ho  intended  to  return  to  Guayamiil,  his 
country,  to  be  murdered  in  i,ae  city  of  San  Miguel.  There  were,  liesides,  tlio 
bnmiug  and  plundering  of  the  towns  of  Salvador  and  Honduras,  which 
demandeda  just  reparation.'  Apuntes,  MS.,  10,  17. 

^  Ho  called  them  to  the  palace,  and  some  of  them  mistaking  the  object  of 
the  summons  made  their  api>earance  in  full  uniform.  When  all  were  assem- 
bled they  were  taken  to  prison  and  kept  in  conGnement  till  July  9th,  wheu 
most  of  them  were  sent  out  of  the  country.  Afarure,  E/em.,  24. 


was  faithfully  carried  out, 
uanimity,  and  there  was  no 
to  avenge,  grievance  to  pu 
other  victims  sacrificed,  tliei 
and  Merino,  tho  one  shot,  w 
out  of  a  Chilian  vessel  on 


tli'llCC 

><»  cri 
iis  lie 

tlH«  hi 

Til." 
1^20, 
with  i 
;i  (ool 
aclfd 
j)arty. 
act,  \v 
tivo  oi 
(lut-larii 
cniistiti 
(hitcd  C 
]Hl7  ail 
tioiii.sts 
those   c 
l't'<lcmti( 
yiiihy  () 
;.lty.«^ 
iit'^ty  la 
'jciielits  : 
li<»ii  of  tl 
of tho  cu 
t'Diiiplical 
thi'  asseii 
i'1,1,'  that 
^Tiiatema 
of  tho  otl 
[^f  public 
into  betw 


'"Marure, 
■\mong  i 
was  1 1  no  i.j  re: 
'iiLiito'  before 
of  sessions.  1 
il'^t;  i.  129;  . 

'  'Son  reos 
^1 '•<•'',  Mem.,  li 
^  ''The  text 
G'tat.,  liecop.  , 


\ 


I 


MOIIAZAX'S  MEASURES. 


101 


(l.iKv  to  inflict  condign  punishment  on  tlioao  who  had 
>(•  cruelly  exercised  a  usurped  power.  Surrounded 
jis  lit'  was  by  so  many  diverse  elements,  the  severity  of 
tin-  blows  he  dealt  must  not  be  all  laid  to  his  account. 
TIk^  .state  assembly,  which  had  been  dissolved  in 
ISJO,  having  again  met  on  the  21st  of  April,  182!),** 
with  its  old  president,  Nicohls  E.spinosa,  was  practically 
a  tool  in  the  hands  of  the  victorious  general,  and  en- 
!i(  led  several  vigorous  laws  against  the  vanfjuislicd 
jiarty."'  On  the  4th  of  Juno  the  assembly  [)assed  an 
act,  which  was  sanctioned  by  the  consojo  reprosenta- 
tivo  on  the  I2th,  and  by  Jefe  Barrundia  on  the  IHth, 
(kclaring  null  nil  elections  madi;  pursuant  to  the  un- 
ci institutional  decree  of  the  president  of  the  republic 
(hilcd  October  31,  182G,  and  the  subsequent  ones  of 
1S:27  and  1828.  It  furthermore  stamped  as  revolu- 
tionists and  usurpers  all  per.sons  who  by  virtue  of 
those  decrees  had  obtainetl  and  held  olKce  of  the 
fcileration  or  the  state  of  Guatemala,  and  as  such 
j^uihy  •»!' high  treason,  and  amenable  to  the  death  pen- 
alty.'*^ On  the  same  day  was  issued  a  so-called  am- 
iu'>ty  law;  but  the  number  of  exemi)tions  from  its 
bcnelits  made  its  name  a  piece  of  irony. *""  The  posi- 
tion of  the  prisoners  taken  in  Guatemala  at  the  time 
of  the  capture  of  said  city,  and  others,  became  a  njorc 
coni[)licated  one,  in  consequence  of  a  decree  passed  by 
tlio  assembly  of  Salvador  on  the  9th  of  June,  declar- 
ing that  it  would  not  recognize  in  the  assembly  of 
Guatemala  any  authority  to  grant,  without  the  assent 
of  the  other  states,  amnesty  to  the  factious  disturoers 
of  public  order;  and  that  the  capitulation  entered 
into  between  Morazan  and  Aycinena  having  been  an- 

"'Manire,E/i'7n.,  24. 

■Among  its  acts  was  one  recognizing  the  services  of  Morazan,  to  whom 
waa  ihio  ».  j  reinstallation.     IIo  was  voted  a  gold  medal,  with  the  word  'bene 
iiiirito'  before  his  name.     A  full-length  portrait  was  ordered  placeil  in  the  hall 
of  sessions.     Tho  decree,  however,  was  never  carried  out.  Moutiij'ar,  Jlcsiila 
Jlist.,  i.  129;  Marure,  n/cm.,  25. 

'"Son  reus  do  ulta  traicion,  y  como  talcs,  acrcedorca  a  la  pcna  capital.' 
Ani;  Mem.,  108;  Mem.  /.Vo.  Cent.  Am.,  lol;  Montufar,  IhseTia  Jlid.,i.  i:iO. 

•^'Tho  text  is  given  in  full  in  Id.,  IS!--!;  Mem.  Rev.  Cent.  Am.,  2o3-7; 
Gmi.,  liecop.  Leyes,  i.  2J4-0. 


102 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


'I     !l 


li^i 


nulled,  the  captives  were  really  prisoners  of  war  of  the 
allied  states.^  A  number  of  the  prisoners  were,  how- 
ever, permitted  to  go  into  exile  within  fifteen  days, 
paying  first  the  expenses  of  their  support  while  in 
prison,  and  one  third  of  the  value  of  their  estates" 
into  the  federal  treasury,  as  indemnification  for  the 
damages  they  had  inflicted  on  the  country.  That 
privilege  was  not  granted  to  the  president  and  vice- 
president  and  their  ministers,  the  former  chief  of  Gua- 
temala, and  others.  In  fact,  it  was  a  proscription  of 
all  the  principal  men  who  had  sided  with  the  servile 
party.^-  It  was  also  decreed  that  all  salaries  paid 
from  October  1826  to  April  1829  should  be  refunded. 
Harsh  measures  were  used  to  force  a  compliance. 

The  federal  congress  that  was  dismissed  in  October 
1826  assembled  on  the  22d  of  June/'^  under  the  pres- 
idency of  Doroteo  Vasconcelos,  arid  on  the  25th  Josd 
Francisco  Barrundia  "*  assumed  the  ofl^ice  of  president 
of  the  republic,  he  being  the  senior  senator,  and 
having  been  specially  called  thereto  by  the  congress, 
though  the  real  power  in  the  country  was  Morazan. 

The  chief  point  of  discussion  in  congress"'^  was,  what 
to  do  with  the  prisoners.     Some  members  favored 


i  ! 


'2 


*" '  Y  por  lo  mismo  sujctos  &  la  jurisdiccion  militar  de  lo3  mismos  Estados.' 
Montufar,  Reseiia  Hist,  i.  134-5. 

"  Crowe,  Oospel  Cent.  Am.,  131,  erroneously  asserts  that  all  their  property 
was  confiscated. 

"^Arce  addressed  to  Morazan  a  most  virulent  protest.  He  afterward 
boasted  that  he  had  bearded  the  tyrant.  The  very  fact  that  he  dared  to  send 
such  a  document,  and  did  not  lose  his  head,  proves  that  Morazan  was  not 
a  tyrant.  Arce,  Mem.,  113-14.  Antonio  Jos6  Irisarri,  Manuel  and  Juan  Mon- 
tufar, protested  before  the  assembly  and  government  of  Salvador,  before  tlio 
assemblies  of  all  the  states  of  the  union,  before  Gen.  Morazan,  before  all  the 
republics  of  America,  and  before  all  the  free  people  of  the  world.  The  doc- 
ument was  drawn  up  by  Irisarri,  who  was  not  a  soldier,  though  a  colonel  of 
militia;  the  language  was  pure  and  elegant,  but  it  was  virulent  and  full  of 
sophistry.  Irisarri  also  in  several  publications  boasted  of  his  courage  in 
having  sent  such  a  document.  He  must  have  known  that  it  would  not  ha\  u 
any  ctlFect  on  Morazan.  The  latter  was  a  generous  man.  The  effect  wouM 
have  been  diderent  on  Rafael  Carrera,  whom  the  serviles  at  a  later  period 
made  their  master,  as  well  as  of  the  whole  country.  MoiUiifar,  Reseiia  Jlisi., 
i.  135-6. 

"'  Marure  has  it  in  E/em.,  25;  Montiifar,  RpseHa  Hist.,  i.  137-9. 

•*Pi  .trait  in  MontiiJ'ar,  Reseiia  Hist.,  i.  138. 

•*The  senate,  dissolved  in  182C,  waa  reinstalled  July  9th.  Marure,  Ej'em., 
25. 


EXPULSION  OF  FRIARS. 


103 


their  execution,  and  though  others  disapproved  of 
such  a  disposal  of  them,  none  had  sufficient  courage 
to  openly  condemn  such  vindictiveness.  The  discus- 
sions continued  till  July  9th,  when  a  number  of  the 
prisoners  were  sent  under  an  escort  to  Sonsonate,  to 
be  embarked  at  Acajutla  and  expatriated."*  Two  days 
later  a  similar  blow  was  struck  at  the  church,  cvi- 
liently  because  of  the  sympathy  of  its  head  men  with 
the  servile  party."'  During  the  night  between  the 
10th  and  11th  of  July,  an  armed  force,  acting  under 
orders  of  Morazan,  who  issued  them  in  accordance 
with  the  views  of  the  acting  president  and  the  jefe  of 
Guatemala,  seized  the  archbishop  and  the  friars  of 
several  orders,  and  despatched  them  to  the  Atlantic 
coast,  where  they  were  embarked  for  Habana.  Sev- 
eral of  the  friars  arc  represented  to  have  died  on  the 


vovajje. 


*^     Whether  there  was  sufficient  cause  for  so 


•''Arce,  Mem.,  122-3,  and  Mem.  Bev.  Cent.  Am.,  167-9,  assert  that  tliey 
were  not  even  allowed  to  make  preparations  for  the  journey,  and  many  liad 
furthermore  to  start  on  foot.  The  decree  of  expatriation  was  not,  liowever, 
issued  till  August  22d,  and  Josi5  del  Vallc  is  said  to  have  been  it.s  author.  The 
ptrsons  thus  exiled  for  life  were  Arce  and  Beltrancna,  and  their  ministers, 
Aycincna  and  Lis  secretaries,  Cascaras,  Villar,  and  otlier  higli  military  offi- 
cers, Spaniards  not  naturalized  that  served  the  usurping  governments,  and 
many  other  prominent  officers.  Others  were  expatriated  lor  various  terms  of 
years.  Moiitii/ar,  Ilescua  JIi4.,i.  i\l-^0;  Marure,  E/em., '2ij.  Arceaml  Ayci- 
ncna left  Guatemala  on  the  7th  of  kScpt,  They  were  required  to  reside  in  th« 
U.  S.  of  Am. ;  embarked  at  Omoa  for  Belize,  and  thence  went  to  New  Orleans. 

*' Dunlop,  Cent,  Am.,  177,  and  fcquier,  Travels,  ii.  40S,  speak  of  plota 
against  the  republic  as  tl-  reason,  but  it  was  probably  what  the  liberal 
[/iirty  alleged. 

•=  This  step  waa  subsequently  approved  by  the  federal  congress.  Murtire, 
Lfem.,  2o;  Rocha,  C6d\go  Nic,  ii.  373.  The  friars  sent  away  were  tlie  iJo- 
Tiinicans,  Franciscans,  and  Recollects.  Those  of  tlie  order  of  .Mercy  were  not 
L'auished;  they  were  but  few,  and  had  not  been  active  against  the  lilx;ral 
caube.  The  liethlehemitc  hospitallers,  who  devoted  tlieir  time  to  teacliina 
and  to  the  care  of  convalescents,  were  also  allowed  to  remain.  The  author  oi 
Mfrn.  liev.  Cent.  Am.,  170,  says  that  the  exiled  priests  were  on  the  passage 
^•ilely  treated,  for  they  were  allowed  only  sailers*  rations.  Montiifar  con- 
I'csses  that  it  is  not  likely  that  the  '28'J  friars  had  the  succulent  viands  that 
Were  usually  prepared  for  them  in  their  convents,  nor  the  dainty  dishes  tliey 
were  80  often  favored  with  from  the  nuns,  bcatas,  and  all  the  daughters  of 
ronfcssion.  As  for  the  archbishop,  ho  journeyed  with  every  comfort.  Juan 
B.  Astnrias,  who  made  the  inventory  of  his  property,  reported  on  Slst  of  Dec, 
1S20,  that  §218  had  been  paid  for  a  coddled  mule  to  take  the  archbishop  to 
the  coast;  he  was  allowed  |2,000  for  the  expenses  of  his  journey,  and  $1,008  50 
Were  given  to  the  pages  for  conveying  him  and  his  efTects.  A  person  iiaving 
all  tiiat  cannot  be  said  to  be  unprovided  with  edibles.  Saint  Peter  would  not 
have  needed  so  much,  lieseiic,  JJist,,  i,  156-7. 


1    .    . 


104 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


violent,  a  prococding  is  doubtful.  However,  the  fed- 
eral congress  thanked  the  executive  for  his  zeal.  The 
sentence  of  expatriation  against  the  archbishop  was 
not  formally  issued  till  about  a  year  after."'  On  the 
28th  of  July  the  assembly  of  Guatemala  decreed  the 
suppression  of  all  monastic  establishments  of  men,  ex- 
cepting oidy  the  Bcthlehemite  hospitallers,  who  were 
allowed  to  remain  as  secular  priests,  and  prohibited 
in  the  nunneries  vows  and  professions  in  the  future. 
All  the  temporalities  of  the  suppressed  convents  were 
declared  confiscated  to  the  state.  The  federal  congress 
approved  this  act  on  the  7th  of  September,  declaring 
that  the  nation  would  no  loncfer  receive  or  recognize 
within  its  territory  any  religious  orders.^™ 

Peace  being  linally  restored,  the  large  army  of 
!Morazan  was  gradually  dissolved,  and  the  leader  be- 
came a  candidate  for  the  presidency.  The  necessity 
of  an  energetic  man,  such  as  Morazan  was,  at  the 
head  of  affairs,  was  quite  apparent,  for  now  difficulties 
Mere  threatening  from  different  quarters.  Costa  Hica, 
disapproving  the  course  of  Salvador,  declared  her  se- 
cession from  the  union,  and  it  was  only  after  much 
persuasion  that  she  retracted  it.  The  federal  gov- 
eriunent,  and  that  of  the  state  of  Guatemala,  now  in 
charge  of  Pedro  Molina,^"^  clashed  on  several  occa- 
sions, and   speciall}'  when,  in  1830,  the  question  of 


!);-1:- 


^' In  Jane  18.^0  ho  was  doclareil  a  traitor.  It  lias  been  s.'.iil  that  it  vas 
because  he  accepted  a  pension  of  §.3,000  from  ti;e  Spanish  govcrnnunt  at  Ila- 
bana.  Archbishoj)  Casaus  was  later  appointed  to  administer  the  vacant  see 
of  ihil)nna,  and  held  tli(!  oflico  till  his  death.  The  above-mentioned  law  wns 
revoked  l)y  the  constituent  assembly  on  the 'Jlst  of  June,  1839,  and  Casaus 
was  ii'stored  to  all  his  former  rights,  and  recognized  as  legitimate  archbishop. 
lie  was  repeatedly  invited  to  return,  but  never  would  ilo  so.  Giuit.,  liecup. 
Lfijr^,  i.  '24-J-3. 

""This  declaration  was  subsequently  confirmed  by  all  the  states.  At  a 
later  time — Feb.  'J7,  IS,"}-! — a  further  step  was  taken  to  consummate  tlie  sup- 
pression of  monastic  establishments,  ordaining  that  the  authorities  sliould  not 
retaiii  the  nuns  refusing  to  reside  in  the  convents  where  they  proiVsscd. 
These  measures  continued  in  force  till  June  '21,  18;'0,  when  tlio  second  con- 
Btituent  assembly  of  (Juatcmala  repealed  them,  decreeing,  consequently,  tin' 
rcestablisliinent  of  the  suppressed  convents.  Mariire,  Ejhn.,  i!.'). 

'"'Ilo  iiad  been  lieelared  elected  on  the  'J'id  of  Aug.,  1829.  Antonio  I!i- 
vera  Caliczas  had  been  chosen  viee-jefe.  Mtmli[/'ar,  AVcwa  //^^^,  i.  17-'-^, 
giving  also  a  portrait  of  Molina. 


SPANISH  EFFORTS. 


lOS 


constituting  Guatemala  city  as  a  federal  district  again 
came  upon  the  tapis.  The  state  rejected  the  plan,  as 
on  every  previous  occasion.^"^  A  project  of  Molina 
to  reform  the  confederation  met  with  the  same  fate. 
He  favored  the  model  of  the  Swiss  republic  at  that 
time,  abolishing  the  expensive  machinery  of  a  federal 
government,  which  was  almost  continually  at  variance 
wilh  the  different  states.'"'  The  fiiilure  of  this  scheme 
l)r()un"ht  with  it  the  downfall  of  Molina,  who  was 
afterward  suspended  on  fictitious  charges  and  tried, 
and  though  acquitted,  was  not  reinstated.^"* 

The  plan  (^f  King  Fernando  VII.  of  Spain  for  the 
ret'onquest  of  his  former  American  dominions,  and  the 
sttps  he  was  taking  to  aceon>plish  it,  naturally  caused 
a  sensation  in  Central  America,  where  that  monarch 
would  be  sure  to  find  elements  favorable  to  his  views. 
Tlie  so-called  nobles,  who  had  endeavored,  after  the 
downfall  of  Iturbide  and  the  separation  from  ISIexico, 
to  establish  in  Central  America  an  aristocratic  repub- 
lic, such  as  that  of  Genoa  or  Venice,  liad  been  again 
balked  in  their  aims  by  the  successes  of  Morazan.  In 
tluir  disappointment  they  turned  their  eyes  to  Fer- 
nando, and  through  special  agents,  as  well  as  through 
Ar<;hbishop  Casaus,  made  known  to  the  captain-gen- 
eral of  Cuba  that  the  circumstances  Central  America 
was  then  in  were  most  pi'opitious  for  the  restoration 
of  the  royal  sway;  for,  as  thoy  asserted,  all  honest, 
ri.;ht-thinking  men  and  women  in  the  country  yearned 
f(ir  it,  and  the  Indians  were  likewise  anxious  for  the 
change.     Therefore,  the  only  opposition  thereto  lay  in 

'^'-Ikcause  the  number  of  Guatcmiilan  reprcscutativca  in  the  frtU'ral  cun- 
gR-^s  woukl  bo  gicutly  ilccrcused.  Moreover,  several  of  the  licst  luiMio 
hnililiiigs  in  the  city  would  become  imtiuiial  property.  Mem.  Hrv.  d  nt.  Am., 

"''I5y  his  plan  a  congrcsa  representing  the  entire  union  was  to  wield  tlio 
c\(  nitivo  powers  in  foi'ei;^u  aflaira.  The  sehenic  fell  throui;li,  owing  to  tlio 
litilc  interest  shown  by  the  states,  and  to  tlie  powerful  opposition  ot  j)erson8 
Imliiiiijr  or  aspiriuy  to  federal  ollicrs,  among  the  most  prominent  being  Mora* 
z;ui      Mem.  Jiev.  Vent.  Am.,  20I-.3,  dwells  extensively  and  coninicnts  oh  the 

BUljji'ot. 

"*Full  particulars  in  Monti'ifar,  licsena  /list.,  i.  205-17. 


ine 


CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 


iii-iii 


the  comparatively  small  number  of  aspirants  to  pub- 
lic offices,  who  made  revolution  in  order  to  control 
the  public  funds  for  their  own  benefit.  Such  reports 
were  full  of  encouragement  for  the  Spaniards  who 
were  intriguing  in  behalf  of  Fernando's  interests, 
which  were  probably  also  their  own. 

Positive  information  was  at  last  received  from  a 
reliable  source  that  Spain  was  preparing,  in  Habana, 
an  expedition  to  land  at  Omoa  and  march  on  Guate- 
mala, where  it  expected  to  find  the  requisite  coopera- 
tion.*"^ This  report  coincided  with  the  departure  of 
the  Spanish  expedition  under  Brigadier  Barradas  to 
Tampico.*"^  President  Barrundia,  on  the  3d  of  Sep- 
tember, 1829,  issued  a  stirring  address;  and  the  con- 
gress, in  October  and  November,  with  the  sanction  of 
the  executive,  passed  an  act  forbidding  Spaniards  to 
enter  or  land  in  Central  American  territory  under  any 
pretext.  The  ports  of  the  republic  were  closed  to  the 
Spanish  flag,  and  to  the  products  and  manufactures  of 
Spain,  her  colonies,  and  dependencies. 

There  were  not  a  few  Spaniards  who,  together  with 
the  self-styled  nobles  of  native  birth,  desired  to  see 
the  flag  of  the  old  country  waving  again  over  Central 
America.  That  anxiously  wished  for  day  had  become 
almost  the  only  subject  of  conversation  in  their  circles, 
of  which  the  assembly  of  Guatemala  took  due  warn- 
ing. In  November  it  declared  the  sequestration  of 
all  property  belonging  to  Spaniards  who  dwelt  in  the 
republic,  coupled  with  the  assurance  that  none  shoulil 
be  restored  till  Spain  had  formally  recognized  tliu 
independence  of  Central  America.^"'^ 

'"'Tliis  report  came  from  Gen.  Mariano  Mautilla,  commanding  the  Colom- 
bian district  of  the  Magdalena,  dated  Jan.  8,  1820,  and  addressed  to  the  jif'! 
of  Nicaragua.  It  was  a  long  time  in  getting  to  Guatemala,  and  the  govuiu 
iiient  au(f  Gen.  Morazan  at  once  made  preparations  for  the  defence  of  tlia 
coa^t. 

"»Sce  my  Hist.  Mex.,  v.  72-6. 

""  Under  this  decree  some  of  the  Spanish  property  was  soUl;  but  after  ii 
•while,  upon  the  receipt  of  favorable  news  from  Mixico,  and  when  tiioro  v;n 
a  quasi  certainty  that  Spain  would  not  again  make  such  attempts  ua  tliit 
against  Tampico,  the  law  waa  revoked.  But  property  already  sold  was  <!'• 
olared  to  be  legally  disposed  of,  adding  that  the  former  owners  should  not  bo 


WORKS  OF  MONTCFAR  AND  ARCE. 


107 


iiidomnified  therefor  till  Spain  had  recognized  Central  American  independence. 
Tlio  texts  of  both  the  federal  and  Guatemalan  decreea  may  be  seen  in  Monti- 
jar,  lieseiVi  Hist.,  i.  182-7. 

Memorian  para  la  Hiatcria  de  la  lirvolucion  de  Centra  America.  Por  «n 
GuatemcUteco.  JaUpa,  1832.  16mo,  257  pp.  The  authorship  of  these  me- 
moira  was  attributed  by  well-infonnod  men,  namely,  Morazan,  ex-president 
uf  Central  America,  and  the  distinguished  statesman  and  diplomate  of  that 
country,  Lorenzo  Montdfar,  to  Manuel  Monttifar,  who  had  been  chief  of  staff 
of  the  first  president  of  the  republic,  Manuel  Jos<S  Arce.  The  work  begins 
with  the  geography  and  political  and  ecclesiastical  divisions  of  the  country, 
accompanied  with  data  on  each  of  the  states  and  territories;  namely,  Costa 
Rica,  Nicaragua,  Poyais,  Honduras,  Salvador,  Guatemala,  and  Chiapas,  to- 
gether with  some  remarks  on  mining  and  other  industries,  military  defences, 
and  financial  condition.  The  political  portion,  as  the  author  himself  acknowl- 
edges, is  loosely  put  together,  and  lacks  many  necessary  details,  whicli  he 
nttril)Utes  to  absence  from  home  wlien  the  first  sheets  went  to  the  press, 
lie  claims,  however,  to  have  impartially  and  correctly  narrated  the  events 
of  Cent.  Am.  history  from  1820  to  1820.  This  to  some  extent  is  true;  never- 
theless there  crops  out  in  places  class-bias,  particularly  in  describing  the 
events  from  1826  to  1829,  by  the  ideas  which  prevailed  in  the  modcrado, 
otherwise  called  servile,  party,  in  which  he  was  affiliated  and  serving,  and  for 
wlioi^e  acts  he,  like  many  others,  was  driven  into  exile  after  the  defeat  of  that 
party  on  the  field  of  battle. 

Manuel  Jos4  Arce,  Mtmoria  de  la  Conducta  P^blica  y  Administratira  de 
. . .  durante  el  periodo  de  su  preaidencia.  Mex. ,  1830.  8vo,  p.  140  and  C?.  This 
work  purports  to  bo  a  defence  of  his  administration  by  the  first  president  of 
the  republic  of  Central  America,  against  what  he  calls  the  Blunders  heaped 
uj)on  his  name  by  those  who  rebelled  against  the  government  and  the  nation, 
with  documents  Dearing  on  the  revolts,  the  whole  having  been  prepared  svhilo 
the  author  was  in  exile.  The  book  is  a  disconnected,  disjointed  patchwork, 
incomplete  in  its  various  records  of  events,  and  indicates,  as  does  Arcu's  ca- 
reer, a  weak  character.  A  number  of  meaningless  and  inapt  quotations  from 
the  old  classics  and  from  law-books  help  to  confuse  the  narrative  still  more. 


;ral 


CHAPTER  VI. 


as 


<Si 


CIVIL   WAR. 
1829-1838. 

Revolution  in  Honduras — CoNSEttVAirvEa  Invade  the  State — Second 
General  Elections  —  Francisco  Morazan  Chosen  President  — 
Plots  of  the  Seuviles — Arce's  Invasion  from  Mexico— Occupation 
of  Honduras  Ports  by  Exiled  Rebels— Spanish  Flag  Hoisted  in 
Omoa,  and  Aid  from  Cuba — Salvadoran  Authorities  in  Rchicllicn 
—  Third  General  Elections  —  Morazan  Reelected — Failure  of 
Colonization  Plans— Ravages  of  Cholera — Indian  Revolt  under 
Carrera— His  Earlt  Life. 


V 


It  is  difficult  for  us  to  realize  how  long  it  takes  and 
how  hard  it  is  for  progressive  man  to  throw  away  the 
fetters,  temporal  and  spiritual,  which  in  tinaes  past  he 
stupidly  forged  for  himself.  Intellectual  I'ght  break- 
ing ill  on  our  old  savagism  finally  tells  us  that  the 
hurtful  manifestations  of  nature  are  not  the  chastise- 
ments of  offended  deity;  and  then  we  wonder  how 
we  could  have  been  so  stupid  so  long,  with  our  pope- 
worship  and  king- worship,  and  our  servility  to  their 
satellites.  Then  when  we  first  gain  our  liberty  we 
know  not  what  to  do  with  it.  We  feel  lost  without 
the  harness,  the  reins,  the  whip  and  spur.  The  peo- 
ple of  Central  America,  high  or  low,  knew  little  at 
this  juncture  of  self-government.  In  times  past  they 
had  observed  that  I'ulership  consisted  largely  of  per- 
sonal wrangliiigs  for  ])lace,  from  king  and  pope  down 
to  the  lowest  aspirant;  of  wars,  political  and  ecclesi- 
astical, brother  against  brother,  priests  and  people 
butchering  and  burning  as  if  the  great  object  of  reh- 
gion  and  civilization  was  to  preserve  upon  this  earth 

(108) 


TROUBLES  IN  HONDURAS. 


109 


as  long  as  possible  the  boll  whicli  \vc  all  hope  in  one 
way  or  another  to  escape  hereafter. 

Note  further  in  regard  to  Central  America  the 
strange  union  of  widely  distinct  classes  in  their  efforts 
to  sacrifice  the  country  for  self.  Though  from  some- 
what different  motives,  we  see  join  hands  the  highest 
and  the  lowest,  a  self-styled  aristocracy  and  the  igno- 
rant rabble,  aided  by  the  priests  who  would  not  see 
their  power  slip  from  them  in  the  general  overturn- 
iiigs,  all  spending  their  energies  and  blood  in  the 
direction  of  utter  destruction  for  themselves,  their 
families,  and  their  country.  Fortunately  there  were 
others  at  hand  whose  ideas  of  self-government  were 
different;  who  earnestly  desired  that  this  new  plant 
of  liberty — a  boon  which  had  so  unexpectedly  dropped 
down  to  them  from  heaven — should  have  in  their 
midst  a  healthy  growth,  in  spite  of  ignorance,  ambi- 
tion, or  superstition. 

The  legislative  assembly  of  Honduras,  pursuant  to 
the  prescriptive  law  enacted  by  the  federal  congress 
in  August  1829,  issued  a  decree  of  expulsion,  and  the 
government  of  the  state  transmitted  to  Guatemala  a 
li,st  of  those  who  had  come  within  its  provisions.^ 
Some  exiles  from  Honduras  and  other  states  of  Cen- 
tral America  went  to  Belize  to  carry  on  their  plots 
from  that  quarter,  and  soon  caused  a  sedition  in  the 
department  of  Olancho.  The  vice-jefe,  Vijil,  used 
his  best  endeavors  to  bring  the  seditious  to  terms 
peaceably,  but  failed. **  It  became  necessary  then  to 
resort  to  force,  and  Lieutenant-colonel  Torrelonge  was 
authorized  to  move  his  troops  from  Trujillo  against 
Olancho.    The  state  of  Guatemala  was  also  requested 

'  Most  of  them  had  been  agents  of  Milln,  and  contributed  to  tho  over- 
throw of  tho  Btate  government.  A  number  luul  moved  to  Guatemala,  Salva- 
dor, and  elsewhere.  The  most  prominent  in  the  list  were  tiio  ex-provisor, 
Nicoliis  Idas,  and  Pedro  Arriaea.  The  latter  was  sent  out  of  the  countr}' 
from  the  port  of  Omoa.  Ho  had  been  Milla's  chief  a^cut  and  adviser,  and 
brouglit  about  the  destruction  by  firo  of  Comayagua,  his  native  place.  This 
will  account  for  bis  hostility  in  after  years  to  liberals,  and  for  his  active  co<>p- 
eration  with  the  despots  of  Guatemala.  Monttifar,  lieseila  Hist.,  i.  190. 

'The  pretext  for  the  movement  was  to  resist  a  moderate  tax  established 
by  tho  legislature;  the  real  object  was  to  bring  on  a  reaction. 


110 


CIVIL  WAR. 


to  send  its  force  stationed  in  Chiquimula  to  Gracias, 
for  the  purpose  of  aiding  in  the  preservation  of  order. 
The  assembly  of  Guatemala,  on  the  24th  of  Novem- 
ber, 1829,  directed  that  500  men,  subject  to  the  orders 
of  the  chief  of  the  state,  should  repair  at  once  to 
Honduras  and  quell  the  insurrection.  The  wording 
of  the  decree  caused  a  disagreement  between  the 
president  of  the  republic  and  Jcfe  Molina.  The  lat- 
ter insisted  that  the  500  men  to  be  sent  to  Honduras 
.should   be   under   his  orders.     President  Earrundiji 


SU.Cnii 


Honduras. 


could  not  accede  to  it,  because  the  command  of  a  mil- 
itary force  operating  out  of  the  state  belonged  by  \ii\\ 
to  the  federal  government,'  and  through  his  miniHtci 
of  war,  Nicolils  Espinosa,  applied  to  the  Guatemalan 
legislature  for  a  change  in  the  decree.  Espinosa'.^ 
coumiunication  caused  much  sensation,  and  the  assciii 

'The  friendship  existing  between  Barrundia  and  Molina,  from  tlm  earliest 
period  of  their  political  life,  previous  to  the  independenCv;,  became  weak- 
cucil,  threatening  a  disruption  of  the  liberal  party.  The  disagreement  \v:ii 
increased  by  Molina's  opposition  to  the  federal  government  remaining  i:i 
Guatemala. 


i:^'^ 


REVOLT  AND  ELECTION. 


Ill 


bly  repealed  the  act  of  November  24th,  and  in  Its 
stead  provided  that  the  money  needed  to  muster  in 
and  equip  500  men  should  be  furnished  the  general 
<  government  out  of  the  state  treasury. 

Morazan,  jefe  of  Honduras,  and  general-in-cliiof  of 
the  Central  American  forces,  had  marched  with  a  di- 
^  ision  upon  the  departments  of  Olancho  and  Opotcca, 
and  to  him  were  despatched  the  troops  newly  raised  in 
(luatemala.  Colonel  Vicente  Doniingucz  was  one  of 
the  chief  promoters  of  the  revolution  of  Honduras.* 
^NEorazan's  military  reputation  made  easy  his  road  to 
victory.  Ho  encountered  no  great  difficulties.  Tlic 
year  1830  was  inaugurated  with  new  triumphs.  Tlie 
Olancho  rebels  surrendered  to  liiui  at  Las  Vueltas  del 
Ocote,  and  on  the  21st  of  January  solemnly  bound 
themselves  to  recognize  and  obey  the  government.* 
!Morazan  next,  on  the  19th  of  February,  routecl  the 
insurrectionists  of  Opoteca.^  Morazan,  after  pael.'ying 
Honduras,  intended  marching  into  Nicaragua,  if  po- 
litical measures  should  prove  insufficient  to  establish 
regularity  there.  Ho  first  despatched  Dionisio  Hcr- 
rera  to  the  seat  of  Nicaraguan  differences,  who  ful- 
lillcd  his  trust  with  zeal,  and  Morazan  had  no  need  of 
going  to  the  state.  Horrera  had  been  chosen  jefe,  and 
was  duly  inducted  in  his  office  on  the  12th  of  May. 

The  time  for  renewing  the  supreme  federal  authorit}'" 
having  arrived,  elections  were  hold  throughout  the 
republic.  Congress  ojiened  its  session  with  due  so- 
lemnity on  the  27th  of  March,  1830.  The  supreme 
court  of  justice  was  likewise  installed.^  The  elec- 
tion of  president  of  the  republic  had  been  also  made, 

*  Tlio  samo  who  niadc  the  revolt  of  Xalpatagua,  murdered  Gen.  Merino  at 
Sail  Miguel,  and  was  defeated  at  Gualcho. 

''  Mar  lire,  Lj'em.,  26. 

*  Forty-one  of  them,  including  the  clergyman  Antonio  Rivas,  were  sen- 
tenccd  to  military  duty  in  the  castle  of  San  Felipe  for  live  years.  Fatlier 
Kivas,  after  serving  out  his  term,  said  that  ho  was  an  innocent  victim  and  % 
Tn:i>  tyr  of  religion,  and  prayed  ujiou  the  liberals  all  the  maledicliuua  of  the 
lUSth  psalm.  MoHlUfar,lieseila  lliM.,\.  100. 

'Cuinposed  of  tho  citizens  Niuokls  Espiuoso,  Josd  Antonio  Larrave,  Ma- 
iiuilJosiS  do  la  Ccrda,  and  Jacobo  Ilosa.  ... 


US 


CIVIL  WAR. 


t'r 


M: 


I:'     •}'■]•.:. 


Morazan,  Jos6  Francisco  Barrundia,  Josd  del  Valle, 
Antonio  Rivera  Cabezas,  and  Pedro  Molina  obtained 
votes ;  but  by  far  the  largest  number  of  them  had  been 
polled  for  Morazan  and  Valle.^ 

The  votes  were  counted  in  June.  Morazan  had 
the  largest  number;  but  in  order  to  ascertain  if  tlio 
election  had  been  legal,  it  was  necessary  first  to  de- 
clare if  the  basis  was  to  be  the  number  of  votes  which 
the  citizens  of  the  republic  had  the  right  to  poll,  or 
that  of  the  votes  actually  given  and  counted.  If  the 
former,  there  had  been  no  popular  election, and  congress 
had  to  decide  the  point  between  Morazan  and  Valle; 
in  the  latter  case,  Morazan  had  been  popularly  elected.'' 

The  congress  consisted  for  the  most  part  of  friends 
of  Morazan,  and  he  was  declared  president.  He  made 
a  triumphal  entry  into  Guatemala  on  the  14th  of  Sep- 
tember, and  should  have  been  inaugurated  on  the  15th; 
but  it  was  decided  that  Barrundia  should  turn  over 
to  him  the  executive  office  on  the  IGth,  in  the  midst 
of  the  festivities  of  national  independence.  This  was 
done  by  Barrundia  with  that  republican  simplicity 
which  had  ever  characterized  the  man.  All  the  states 
sent  their  congratulations  to  Morazan,  and  to  Bar- 
rundia for  the  good  judgment  and  success  of  his  ad- 
ministration.'"     Mariano    Prado,    the   distinguished 

•  Barrundia  did  not  want  the  position,  and  did  not  work  for  it.  He  wished 
Morazan  to  bo  elected.  Morazan  had  in  hia  favor  the  prestige  of  a  victorious 
general.  Ho  was  somewhat  in  the  position  of  Bonaparte  when  he  returned 
from  Egypt.  Valle  was  recognized  to  be  the  best  intormed  man  of  Central 
America;  none  could  compete  with  him  in  literary  or  scientitic  attainments. 
In  politics  he  was  always  an  opponent  of  the  aristocracy,  who  execrated  his 
memory,  and  even  impudently  pretended  to  deny  his  literary  merits.  But 
we  have  seen  elsewhere  that  he  was  not,  liko  Barrundia,  an  uncompromisiii<; 
opponent  of  all  governments  not  based  on  democracy  and  republicanism.  He 
compromised  with  the  Mexican  empire,  was  a  deputy  to  the  imperial  congress, 
where  he  made  a  brilliant  record,  and  became  a  minister  of  the  emperor,  who 
sent  iiim  to  prison  when  he  dissolved  the  congress.  After  the  emperor's  over- 
throw, Valle  maintained  that  the  provinces  of  Central  America  were  free  to 
act  their  own  pleasure.  Ho  was  a  popular  man,  but  Morazan's  victorious 
sword  eclipsed  all  else  just  then.  Id.,  208. 

•It  was  the  same  question  that  occurred  in  1825  between  Arce  and  Valle. 
The  congress  at  that  time,  in  order  to  exclude  Valle,  decided  in  favor  of  tlie 
former.  Valle  published  pamphlets  in  favor  of  the  latter  principle,  and  tlio 
congress  of  1830  acted  upon  his  arguments. 

">  Among  the  warmest  were  those  of  the  legislature  of  Guatemala.  The 
apokesman  for  the  committee  presenting  them  was  Alejandro  Manire. 


W: 


MORAZAX  PKESIDEXT. 


citizen  of  Salvador  who  j;  i        ,  *^ 

i'l-'^n'^ancl  small  g  nt  ,      ,  l";  T^^  «'^'  '«'■  i- 

■-li-.."ocs.  and  the  islam  t,'""?''  T"*»"'^  ''-■"o,,. 
I^'i;   I'ccomo  president.  '""'<•'<'  "''«••  M"raza„ 

A^nculture  and  tratt  :'''';'     ""''"""'   ""l"«t 
""to  be  continued  io„>C  tt'T'""'  "^"^  '''  "'^'^ 
•■t   lo  was  let  loose  a.^ain "   Th         ''."""  "^  Political 
;;-  ™ted  had  not  rema  ned  I^^u^'K^^^'^y'^""^ 
«l  a  pkt  for  the  destru  t "m    f  „     rl  '*^'  "  I"^" 
"1  ram.&ations  everywh  re      A      "  ''''"''''>''  "'"«'' 
"  e  republic  from  Mevi„,  Vi         V""  "''«  to  invaile 
"""Suez  was  to  occUDv  }r  "=''  Sooon.iseo.     D 

t-iizmaT,  seized  the  fort  at  O.^,  -^?,?"'""o.  Ran,,,,, 
Arce  eifected  his  invasion  .v^?  "'"'  -°°  "og'-oes  - 
;!"■'  discontented  cIS  a    ''  "''""t  100  .aenroKil.:,! 

f  «1  at  Eseuintlade  «-"""■■'''"''"  "'"'  "•^*'  - 
■ebruary  1832,  b/the  fo!~"''  «''  '''^  24th  ,V 

He.  succeeded  in  escapiniwith  ,f      ^"""""^  P"'»ul. 

«•■""■"  Guzman.  bein"lnn  l'"^'  ,'"""  "'*"  Mexico 
S-m-nment  troops  u.Kfer  Son  fr  ■•";  "'""^  ''•V  "'o 
tfTl'^^^g  over  the  for        ',  af''^''^^.  hoi.tcl 

rur^  iv    '^'^J*  ^'onimon  course  ttMfi.  ,  '"^ 

''i»m„-.»„,  « J„„;  „"' Nov.,  «Ubo«l  1 1  P.  a. 


114 


CIVIL  WAR. 


m  m 


liiraself  and  those  with  him  as  subjects  of  tho  Spanish 
king.  But  tho  vessel  was  captured  on  her  return 
with  supplies,  and  the  rebel  garrison  surrendered  on 
the  12tti  of  September,  after  a  siege  of  five  months.*'^ 
Almost  at  the  same  time  that  Omoa  was  seized  by 
tho  rebels,  the  port  of  Trujillo  was  occupied  by  Vicente 
Dominguex,  who  had  in  his  company  Pedro  (Inn- 
zalez."  Tlie  Central  Americans  had  two  armed 
schooners  at  Izabal,  besides  two  national  vessels 
under  Terrelongc,  and  an  armed  schooner  at  Belizi\ 
Duplessis,  a  Frenchman,  commanding  tlie  national 
vessel  FSnix,  was  captured  by  Dominguez,  taken  to 
Omoa,  and  shot  in  the  plaza.^^ 

Dominguez'  vanguard  reached  Yoro  on  the  7t]i  of 
March,  1832,  and  was  defeated  at  Tercales  on  the  Dth, 
and  again  at  Olanchito.  He  fled  to  Trujillo,  leaving 
behind  200  muskets,  other  arms,  some  money,  and 
other  things."  He  then  transferred  himself  to  Omoa, 
and  with  GOO  men,  on  the  26th  of  March,  attacked 
the  government  troops  at  Jaitique,  being  defeated. 
He  was  again  routed  at  Opoteca,  pursued  in  ;il! 
directions,  captured,  and  taken  to  Comayagua,  where 
he  was  put  to  death  on  the  14th  of  September.^'  The 
rebel  plot  thus  defeated  was  a  formidable  one.  Arcii- 
bishop  Casaus  I'rom  Habana  moved  his  clergy.  Bishoj) 
Fray  Luis  Garcia  of  Chiapas  favored  Ex-president 
Aree,  whose  friends  confidently  asserted  that  he  also 


,!,;,!n,. 


''  '* The  national  armed  schooner  i<tw'm?«  to.  li  the  Ejecutivo.  The  Spanisli 
flags  that  waved  over  the  fort  and  tho  la'  fer  vessel  wore  dragged  througli  thi^ 
Btrceta  of  Guatemala,  tied  to  the  tailj  rf  '  orses,  on  tho  day  of  t!io  national 
anniversary.  Ramon  Guzman  was  executed  at  Omoa  on  tho  13th  of  Sept.,  I'V 
order  of  Col  Agustin  Guzman,  who  commanded,  Terrelongc  being  bedriddi  ii 
by  a  serious  illness.  Montufar,  Ilesena  Hist.,  i.  377-81;  Mariire,  Efcin.,  29. 

'*A  man  who,  though  amenable  to  cxiie  under  tho  law  of  expulsion,  had 
been  pardoned  at  his  repeated  supplications. 

•'  Duplessis  died  like  a  hero.  Hia  execution  was  a  murder,  similar  to  that 
of  Gen.  Merino.  Both  instances  served  as  an  example  of  what  the  liberals 
might  expect  if  tho  serviles  got  tho  upper  hand  again. 

'^Among  them  were  a  number  of  rosaries  and  prayers  to  the  virgin  of 
Guadalupe,  supposed  to  possess  the  power  of  benumbing  the  enemy  in  tliu 
light. 

*»Ho  is  said  not  to  have  shown  at  the  hour  of  his  execution  that  courage 
which  was  manifested  by  his  victims  at  tho  scaflf  )ld. 


H0W,DIU3  AND  SAIVADOB. 
iiad  tho  support  of  tho  Mr,  ■  "' 

plans  wero  also  in  coml,;,,?/;?"  S.»™rnment.»    Arco's 

<lor,  Joad  Maria  Con.c  r^S'^Vi^MI''^  ^^'''^  "^  ^al™! 

not  admit  that  tliov  I,;,!  ,  ^  '*"'=''  Party  «„uU 

Finciples  wcroant?uatli  tdV''"V'klJ.  tilt  t , Jr 

hoy  still  believed  tlat  1  rl"!;:  ""S"""' '»  «">  people^ 

'*.,b"t  r.^ht  and  natural    '""°"  "'"'  '""  ""^Y  Pcssi- 

.'"  Sf  C.  '"fc't::'  S'"fr  e  Of  the  peaee 
'"  February  1831  inrJ  .,'^^f  "^^^^y  had  boon  instilbvJ 
f^-t.  'oSctLr  wik^^o^,  '- *-*ncies  "f  't^  nie^S 


.^c.mWy  of  the  Tatter  state  rhv/  ,^"^\^,^^'"^ia-  Tho  as- 
,<^ongratuIatincr  the  Sii voW  ^"^^''''^  *'^^  executive  in 
J^jtion,  to  renrind  it  o  7h;:;'^'^^^"3Wy  "pon  its  i  ^ta^ 
^>f  "phoJding  libera]  4?"^""'^  ^'  ^— ^  -td 

<l-n.bed,  reaeht"  gSS  1  H°»d"a3,  alroa.ly 
establish  his  hoadcfuarter  ''i'''  ^qT'""  <'<«'''d''d  o 
'onvcniont  centre  for  future  L*-^'"'^''''"'-  »«  »  "lore 
»"l'  t!>o  authorities  of  S^,S  I""''    ^'^  "•<='ations 

,^..,    T  "s  ,„aa  vas  a  senile  a    ll°7''"'"f"'^  ^"'•'-•cs.  '^'  "•""''"^J  *''em- 

'luhrectly;  he  iiad  no?  fr  ^^''•°" '«  the  framinrrrM^       '"^^"°  ^ecn  saved 

'  f  .tlio  state  where  theTPn-^i  ''^  P'^^®  of  abode  and  w?.."     "°  P'-esident  of 

ol'jootof  that  state's  benPvnt^.°r™"'^°fc  liad  ita  seat    of?'^'  the  mercy 

i'l-gft  of  all  the  assLltf  «  ^"*  'hospitality.    On  tho  nf^  V^^'f'  ^°  ^^"^s  tlio 

f'at  state.    It  wag  Zi,  P''°'»9ted  &y  the  spirit  of  1..  ,  •'  ^^^'^'  ''^  ""^^  to 

t 


TJ, 


!i.    ' 


!:!■:.; 

ii">:ii<;>'i 


IIG 


CIVIL  WAR. 


harmonious;  neither  could  they  be  harmonious  under 
the  circumstances.  Mariano  Galvez,  jcfc  of  Guate- 
mala,'^^ desiring  to  avoid  conflicts,  despatched  Colonel 
Nicolds  Espinosa  with  letters  to  Cornejo,  advisiiiir 
him  that  his  agent  was  instructed  to  use  his  best 
offices  to  settle  the  differences  between  him  and  IMo- 
razan.  Espinosa,  when  near  Atiquizaya,  heard  that 
orders  for  his  arrest  had  been  issued,  and  therefore 
went  back.  Galvez  became  justly  indignant  at  the 
conduct  of  Cornejo's  agents. 

The  president  of  the  republic  started  from  Guate- 
mala on  the  29th  of  December,  1831,  accompanied  by 
his  ministers,  and  journeyed  toward  San  Salvador 
without  any  military  force  other  than  his  body-guard  : 
consequently  Cornejo  had  no  cause  to  apprehend  any 
sudden  blow  at  his  authoritv.'*  Nevertheless,  on  tlic 
Gth  of  January,  1832,  Cornejo  broke  out  in  open  rc- 
l)cl]ion,  commanding  the  national  executive,  then  at 
Santa  Ana,  to  quit  the  state  forthwith  or  he  would 
1)0  driven  away.  Morazan,  having  no  means  of  resist- 
ance, obeyed.  This  insult  to  the  republic  was  i'ol- 
lowcd  next  day,  January  7,  1832,  by  an  act  declaring 
the  suspension  of  the  federal  compact  and  the  seces- 
sion of  the  state  of  Salvador.  Congress  then  em- 
powered the  executive  to  repel  invasions.  The  jefe 
of  Guatemala  admitted  the  obligation  of  his  state  to 
aid  the  general  government  with  all  its  means.^''  The 
assembly  of  Nicaragua,  backed  by  the  jefo  Dionisio 
Herrera,  who  was  a  stanch  friend  and  supporter  of 
jNIorazan,  passed  an  act  disallowing  the  legitimacy  of 

"  Galvez'  record  is  not  clean  in  the  eyes  of  many  liberals.  Ho  had  be- 
longed to  tho  imperial  party,  and  had  been  leagued  with  the  aristocracy.  lie 
was  a  patriot,  it  is  true,  but  his  j)atria  was  Guatemala;  his  patriotism  did  nut 
embi-aco  all  Central  America,  yuch  is  tho  opinion  given  of  him,  with  his 
portrait,  by  Montiifar,  in  lleseiln  Jlist.,  i.  296. 

^'  Besides,  Cornejo  had  oi&ciall;' said  that  Morazan  had  neither  suppor'ccrs 
nor  prestige  in  Salvador. 

"••  Galvez  liad  wanted  arrangements  made  to  repel  invaders,  but  leaving 
Cornejo,  thougli  ho  disliked  his  indiscreet  acts,  in  his  position.  Morazan 
was,  on  tho  contrary,  impressed  with  the  idea  that  Comejo's  deposal  was  a 
necessity. 


SALVADOR  SECEDES. 


117 


the  Salvador  authorities  and  their  acts,  and  providing 
means  to  support  the  federal  government.*' 

Costa  Kica,  througli  her  minister  of  state,  Joaquin 
Bernardo  Calvo,  in  a  note  from  San  Josd  of  ^larch  3, 
1832,  to  the  government  of  Guatemala,  signitiud  Ler 
readiness  to  support  the  laws,  and  with  that  end  to 
place  at  the  disposal  of  the  federal  executive  all  the 
aid  in  her  power.  A  Guatemalan  I'orcc  was  stationed 
on  the  frontier  of  Salvador,  first  under  Colonel  Cilrlos 
Salazar,  and  afterward  under  Colonel  Juan  Prom,  a 
distinguished  officer  of  the  campaign  of  1S2'J.  Even 
now  Galvez  hoped  to  avert  war,  sending  commis- 
sioners to  confer  with  Cornejo  at  Ahuachapan.  The 
latter  received  them,  and  appointed  his  own  to  C(jii- 
tinue  the  conferences;  but  they  were  suddenly  brought 
to  an  end  without  results."^^  Further  efforts  on  behalf 
•  if  peace  were  useless;  the  contest  had  to  be  decided 
bv  war.*^ 

Morazan  with  a  force  of  Salvador  and  Honduras 
iiien  marched  from  the  river  Lcmpa  to  Portillo.  Cor- 
licjo  had  GOO  men  in  Jocoro  of  the  de])artment  of  San 
Miguel.  The  latter  were  signally  defeated  (ju  the 
14th  of  March,  losing  500  men  in  killed,  wounded, 
and  prisoners.^'  This  was  scon  followed  by  pronun- 
ciamientos  in  several  departments  against  Cornejo  and 
in  favor  of  Morazan.  The  latter  lost  no  f.ime  in 
marching  upon  San  Salvador,  which  he  took  by 
a.ssault  on  the  28th  of  March,  notwithstanding  the 

^The  act  outlawed  all  persous  wlio  Laving  been  cxpcUe.i  from  Nicara- 
guan  territory  ahould  upliold  the  authorities  of  Salvador.  Corrc?pc>nilcnce 
vith  the  enemies  of  the  country,  or  any  expression,  verbal  or  written,  f.ivor- 
iug  them,  were  nrndo  punishable  by  death.  Monli'ij'ar,  J.iseiia  J/ht.,  i.  ."ISS. 

'*■  Cornejo  had  consented  to  negotiate,  belicviii;^  the  foroo  on  tlic  frontier 
to  l>e  controlled  by  Guatemala;  but  on  ascertaiuiug  that  it  was  under  Mora- 
zan'a  orders,  a'^ ''  'lat  Galvez  bad  merely  intended  .1  meiliation  v  ithout  being 
nxreaut  to  hi .  „ral  obligations,  his  eoniniissioners  broke  oil'  the  coufereU'jes 
under  various  pretexts. 

''  It  was  a  great  mistake,  pcrhans,  not  to  have  given  tl^o  state  tiiu'i  to  re- 
flect, when  it  might  Lave  gone  baclt  quietly  to  the  union.  /  s  it  wa.",  lib-i.ils 
were  for  the  first  time  arrayed  against  liberals,  and  the  shodJiugof  Mvud 
licpat  animosities  that  never  could  L>e  healed.  The  serviles,  of  co'ir-;*;,  gi  idly 
fauned  the  flame. 

■In  fact,  they  hardly  made  any  resiauiiicc.  The  prrsid-. it's  caitialtiea 
v.ere  trifling.  Mature,  ^J'em.,  30;  MorUufar,  lieseila  IJkt ,  i  34x1. 


WM 


$:t'M^ 


118 


CIVIL  WAR. 


obstinato  resistance  of  Corncjo  and  the  garrison,  the 
assailing  force  being  made  up  of  Nicaraguaus  and 
Hondurans.^"  The  state  authorities  were  deposed, 
sent  to  Guatemala  under  a  guard,  and  subsequently 
tried  by  a  special  court  created  ox  post  facto,  with  the 
name  of  jurado  nacional.^^  Morazan  then  assumed 
control  of  Salvador  until  constitutional  authorities 
should  be  reorganized.^'^  This  step,  illegal  as  it  was, 
gave  dissatisfaction,  not  in  Salvador  alone,  but  in  the 
other  states,  which  subsequently  seceded  from  the 
union;  and  though  later  retractions  took  place,  it 
may  be  said  that  the  confederation  was  dissolved  at 
tliis  period.^ 

Meantime,  the  federal  congress  had  continued  its 
sessions,  striving  to  promote  the  welfare  of  .the  coun- 
try by  a  liberal  policy.  A^niong  the  acts  adopted  at 
tliis  time,  and  deserving  special  mention,  was  that 
of  May  2,  18o2,  abolishing  the  cxclusivencss  of  tho 
lloman  religion,  and  recognizing  freedom  of  conscience 
and  of  worship.^*  This  law,  though  practically  of 
little  effect,  inasmuch  as  there  were  but  few  foreigners 
in  tho  C(juntry,  showed  that  a  spirit  of  toleration  was 
gaining  ground.  Another  important  measure  was  tho 
adoption  of  Livingston's  Lousiana  code,  and  trial  by 


''"Tlio  following  facts  arc  taken  from  Boxq.  Hist.  Cant.  Am.,  lib.  iii., 
chap.  11.  Filiswla  in  ISiiJ!  iioudcd  12,000  l):iyuucts  to  lake  San  Salvador. 
In  1SJ7-S,  Arcc,  Arzi'i,  and  Moutufiir  failed  to  do  it  with  an  equal,  if  not  a 
larger  force.  I  a  ItvJ-  Morazau  witli  only  800  men  made  himself  master  of  the 
place  in  lojs  tlian  two  hours.  The  object  of  these  remarks  was  to  show  that 
no  credit  should  be  given  to  Morazan'.s  detractors  in  their  attempts  to  lessen 
hi.i  militiiry  reputation.  Montu'ar,  HcHtud  Hint.,  i,  ;)i;). 

^' There  were  oS  of  them,  inchiding  Corncjo  and  Antorio  J.  Caflas. 

^^The  new  rulers,  raised  to  power  under  the  auspices  of  tho  victor,  de- 
clared those  uf  1S;}1  and  tho  beginning  of  1SU2  to  have  been  illegitimate,  and 
orgaiuzed  courts  for  the  trial  of  treason.  The  decrees  of  Juno  7  and  'JO,  and 
July  '1^,  1S;J2,  were  severe;  fortunately,  they  were  not  executed  with  the  same 
animosity  displayed  in  enacting  th'-,m.  Mature,  Ej'em.,  ."JO.- 

^•"Nicaragua  seceded  Dee.  ',),  1832;  Guatemala,  Jan.  -7,  TS33;  Salvador 
repeated  her  declaration  on  Feb.  13,  1833;  Honduras  and  Costa  Rica  sepa- 
rated themselves,  respectively,  on  tho  19th  of  May  and  18th  of  Sept.,  18.'i3. 
Marni-e,  Ej'em.,  3'2;  Guat.,  Recop.  Leyes,  i.  -12-3;  Aftahuruwjn ,  Cent.  Am.,  20; 
Duulop'''  Cent.  Am.,  181;  Crowe'.t  (Jot^pcl,  13-1;  <S'7)u'c/',s  TravcU,  ii,  417. 

"  ' Todoa  los  habitiintcs  do  la repxibliea son  libres  para adorar  &  Dios  segun 
Bu  coneieueia,  y  que  cl  gobioruo  uacioual  lea  proleje  en  cl  ejercicio  do  osta 
libertad.'  Marun',  IJ/ciii.,  .31.  Josi^  h\  Barrundia  is  said  to  havo  eil'cctively 
fathered  this  resolution.  Salo.,  Gaceta,  Oct.  12,  18,Vt. 


If^ 


ELEMENTS  OF  DISUNION. 


119 


jury.  This  form  of  trial  was  not  understood  by  the 
people,  and  fortunately  fell  into  disuse. 

Notwithstanding  the  acts  of  disunion  passed  by  the 
several  states,  there  was  no  serious  disturbance  during: 
the  remainder  of  1832  or  in  1833.  In  the  middle  of 
the  latter  year^'  eonj^ress  adjourned,  and  there  were 
iliir  prospects  of  peace.  Indeed,  the  liberals  had  been 
made  to  see  the  folly  of  disunion.  The  states,  relin- 
quishing their  antagonisms,  quietly  returned  to  the 
confederacy.  The  federal  government,  on  the  20th  of 
V'lril,  1833,  convoked  a  new  congress  to  adjust  differ- 
t  -es.  But  now  a  new  element  of  discord  appeared. 
liiis  was  the  jealuusy  felt  by  the  smaller  states  toward 
Guatemala,  which  being  larger  in  extent  and  popula- 
tion, naturally  had  a  corresponding  influence  in  the 
national  congress."''  These  states  demanded  an  equal 
voice  in  that  body,  and  insisted  that  this  right  should 
bo  recognized  before  proceeding  to  the  elections.^'' 
Guatemala,  heeding  the  anxiety  of  the  liberal  leaders, 
assented  to  the  demand.  Some  of  the  states  pro- 
ceeded with  their  elections,  but  it  soon  became  obvit)US 
tli;it  the  plan  of  compromise  could  not  be  satisfactory 
or  ijormauo'iit,  and  it  was  dropped.  Tlie  proposed 
congress  iic-Mi'lingly  did  not  meet.^® 

Kum  .IS  V,  >re  current  for  some  time  in  1833  of  an 
inteiK'ed  invasion  of  Salvador  by  Arce,  by  sea  from 
Acapulcc,^'  bui,  tncy  jiroved  to  be  unfounded.     The 


^■^  July  8,  18;!3.  ;j;irratulia'8  speech  in  closing  the  coiip;rea3  is  given  lU  EL 
Cciitro  Americano,  iluly  11,  IS.'!,'!,  ;j7-0'J. 

■"'This  jealousy  had  developed  during  the  states'  rights  agitition. 

•'' Guatemala  ivjcetcd  this  convocation  by  an  act  of  June  2,  IS.'i.'J.  Gnat., 
liLCop.  Lei/cs,  i.  'JtO-I.  A  iirojcct  appeared  in  the  Ceiitro  Amcricnno  of  Juno 
11,  18.)3,  '28-.'i0,  to  tenniuato  the  (|uestiou  of  equal  numerical  represcnUition 
in  congress  for  the  five  states.  It  was  proposed  to  divide  tlio  territory  into 
three  states  of  aiiout  the  same  population  cacii,  the  executive  authority  to  lie 
alternate'v  hold  by  the  presidents  of  the  three  stjitcs.  Tlic  plan  was  ini- 
practic:-."   ■'. 

^''  'J'.ii.  :optioa  of  such  a  plan  by  the  federal  congreaa  could  not  bo  secured 
until  J  il..  !o  1838.  The  deerco  or  convocation  issued  on  that  date  was  gen- 
erally aor.(:,r  ■,.,  and  yet  the  diet  never  mot  till  March  17,  1842.  Miirure, 
L'fciii.,  ,?:i. 

'"'I'ho  corrcspondcnco  between  the  state  govcmments  for  the  strict  vigi- 
lance on  tho  coast  of  tliat  state  appears  in  El  C'entro  Americano,  Oct.  18, 
1833;  Motitiij'ar,  Haseila  J  J  int.,  ii.  41-..'. 


120 


CIVIL  WAR. 


federal  government  transferred  its  seat  on  the  5tb  of 
February,  1834/''  first  to  Sonsonate,  and  later  to  San 
Salvador,  which  for  the  time  being  quieted  the  jealous 
feelino"  of  the  several  states  at^ainst  Guatemala,  But 
alter  a  few  weeks  the  dissensions  between  the  federal 
and  state  governments,  of  so  frequent  occurrence  when 
the  former  was  in  Guatemala,  were  renewed  in  San 
Salvador,  On  the  23d  of  June,  1834,  a  fight  took 
l)]ace  between  troops  of  the  two  parties,  and  the  affair 

ended  in  anot     n^throw  of  the  local  authorities,^^ 

wlio  were  prosci.  under  ex  post  facto  laws."  The 
state  o'overmiient  \,  jnt  first  into  the  hands  of  General 
Salazar,  who  called  himself  jefe  provisorio,  and  alter- 
Avard  into  those  of  the  vice-president  of  the  republic. 
Neither  had  any  legal  authority  in  the  premises  This 
state  of  afi'airs  caused  dissatisfaction  in  Salvador. 
P*>litical  disturbances  were  also  experienced  in  other 
states.  The  fiame  of  discord  was  fanned  everywhere 
by  the  oligarchs,  who  found  their  task  made  easier  by 
the  extreme  religious  liberalism  of  the  ruling  party. 
Th(jir  influence  was  felt  when,  on  the  7th  of  February, 
1835,  after  San  Salvador,  together  with  a  few  sur- 
rounding towns,  was  constituted  a  federal  district," 

■"Tiirsuaiit  to  a  resolution  of  tlic  national  congress  of  Juno  '2.j,  I83I?. 
As  curly  .-iS  lSi!(i  the  govcnmuiit  of  Salvador  luiil  tried  to  have  the  fotleral 
authorities  reside  at  least  40  leagues  fi'oni  (Guatemala.  Similar  reijuests  hatl 
been  Ruhscqueiitly  made  by  other  states;  and  even  in  the  leuislature  of  Guate- 
mala reiterated  motions  had  been  ]nesenled  to  the  same  ellect.  But  the  fed- 
eralist party,  as  long  ns  it  vas  in  the  majority  in  eongress,  strenuously 
opposed  the  removal,  lielicving  that  it  would  bring  about,  as  it  actually  did, 
the  downfall  of  the  federal  system,  and  tlic  dissolution  of  the  federal  author- 
ities. Mariirc,  Ej'cm.,  ;jt.  J\Iontiifar,  Hcsiria  lli^t.,  ii.  58-9,  remjuks  that 
Marurc  wiien  he  \\i'otc  the  lirst  two  Nolnmes  of  his  Do-iqiivlo  J/inUirico  was 
a  liberal;  in  his  K/cin''riih'<,  written  later,  he  speaks  like  a  conservative.  The 
change  of  tone  is  attributed  to  the  iron  inlluence  of  the  government  from 
whom  ho  had  a  salary  as  a  professor  Laalarria,  in  LaAnvrkti,  "JoO,  errone- 
ously attributes  the  transfer  to  Morazan's  action  to  break  up  the  induer'-e  of 
the  oligarchical  party  in  (luatcmala. 

^'  The  iitrray  lasted  live  hours;  the  federal  force  being  under  Gen.  Salazar, 
and  that  of  S.ilvador  under  Col  .]os(5  D.  Castillo.  j}farun',  I'j'em.,  3lj. 

''■' Decree  of  vieo-prcsident  of  Sept.  1,  1831. 

"The  legislature  of  the  state  had  made  a  cession  of  the  territory  for  the 
purpose  on  the  2Sth  of  Jan.,  1S3J.  On  the  !»th  of  March,  1830,  the  district 
was  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  Zacatccoluca.  The  national  government 
had  its  capital  in  San  Salvador  till  '.he  3d  of  -May,  lS3t),  wlien  the  assembly  of 
San  Salvador  resumed  possession  of  the  whole  territory  that  iiad  been  ceded. 
/(/.,  37;  Moitti'y'nr,  AVw/iri  JIhl.,  ii.  UiJ-7.     Dunlop,  Cent.  Am.,  187,  says  that 


large 

Iiiji. 

ofelec 


".•^'■iiijiy,  uoo 
tiioiiiouibera 
t'latthoothoi 
■ortiielosaof 

"'«  highest  p 
'J'-'l  heoiieiado 
"I'irk  ia  follow 
elsewhere.  JJ 
nw  portrait. 
'It  waa  so 


ELECTION  AND  DEATU  OP  VALLE. 


121 


3f 


a  new  constitution,  based  on  the  former  one  of  1824, 
was  generally  rejected." 

Elections  for  supreme  authorities  of  the  republic 
were  decreed  on  the  2d  of  June,  1838.  The  end  of 
Morazan's  term  was  approaching,  and  his  popularity 
was  to  be  again  put  to  the  test.  There  was  really 
luit  one  man  that  could  compete  with  him,  Josd  del 
Valle,  who  was  leading  a  retired  life  devoted  to  scien- 
litic  and  political  stud'-s;  but  his  reputation  was  a 
national  one,  eminently  Central  American,  and  a 
large  portion  of  the  people  summoned  him  to  rulor- 
^hii).  He  was  elected,  but  died  before  the  certiticates 
of  election  were  opened. 

The  death  of  Valle  occurred  on  the  2d  of  March, 
1834.  The  highest  honors  were  paid  to  his  memory." 
This  untoward  event  necessitated  another  election  to 
carry  out  the  decree  of  June  1833,  and  Jose  Fran- 
cisco Barrundia  having  declined  to  be  a  candidate, 
Morazan  encountered  no  opposition  and  was  reelected 


46 


the  district  occupied  San  Salvador  and  ten  leagues  of  territory  sun'oundlng 
it,  S<juier\H  Travels,  ii.  419;  Crowe's  Oosjyel,  13G. 

■"Tiio  opposition  came  not  only  from  tlic  scrviles,  but  from  not  a  few  lib- 
(lals.  It  coutaincd  many  liberal  and  ctjuablc  modifications.  Marurc,  Efem., 
;i7,  says  it  did  not  contain  'las  alteracioues  sustancialca  (luc  roiteradaa  vcccs 
si'  liabi.an  propucsto  por  las  Icgislaturas  de  loa  cstados,'  for  wliich  reason  it 
wiis  not  accepted  by  the  states,  except  Costa  Ivica,  which  expressed  assent 
May  7,  1835.  Squier,  Travels,  ii.  4-22,  also  s.iya  that  only  CosUi  Rica  e.x- 
I'lcsscil  an  acceptance  of  the  proposed  constitution,  adding  that  the  opposing 
btatcrf  wanted  different,  and  in  most  cases  irreconcilable,  reforms.  Montiifar, 
l>i'sei~((t,  Illxt.,  ii.  109-73,  giving  details,  asserts  that  both  Nicaragua  and  Costa 
Uica  accepted  the  reforms. 

*'^  Tiie  assembly  of  Guatemala  decreed,  after  hearing  several  eulogistic 
motions,  tliat  all  the  state  otlii-ials  residing  in  the  caiiital  should  wear  tho 
liailgoof  mourning  three  days;  that  t'lo  bells  of  the  churches  slionhl  bo  tolled 
iLorniug,  noou,  and  eve  of  each  day;  tiiat  a  portrait  of  Vallo,  contributed  l)y 
tho  members  of  the  legislature,  should  be  placed  in  its  hall  of  sessions;  and 
that  tho  other  states  should  bo  requested  to  make  manifestations  of  sorrow 
for  tlio  loss  of  their  distinguished  statesman  and  savant.  Salvador,  on  the  9th 
of  A]n-.,  1834,  decreed  similar  honors.  Marurc,  in  his  Efemiridcs, .'!,'),  bestows 
the  highest  praise  on  Valle.  'i'erdi6  Ccutro  Ana^rica,  con  cl  fallecimiento 
Jel  lieenciado  JoatS  del  Vallo,  uno  do  sua  mas  distiuguidos  hijos.'  This  re- 
mark ia  followed  by  a  sketch  of  Valle's  career,  which  has  been  given  by  me 
elsewhere.  Montiifar,  Jiesttia  J  list.,  ii.  95-9,  ako  eulogizea  Valle  and  gives 
his  portrait. 

"It  was  80  formally  declared  by  tho  federal  congress,  Feb.  2,  1835,  with 


122 


CIVIL  WAR. 


For  the  office  of  vice-president,  no  one  having  ob- 
tained the  constitutional  number  of  votes,  congress, 
on  the  2d  of  Juno,  1834,  chose  from  among  candidates 
having  forty  votes  and  upward  Josd  Grcgorio  Salazar, 
to  be  inducted  in  office  on  the  IGth.  ]\tariano  Prado, 
the  former  vice-president,  had  been  a.^  such  at  the 
head  of  the  federal  executive  authority  in  1831;  but 
he  was  chosen  jcfe  of  the  state  of  SalvaJor,  and  took 
charge  of  that  office  on  the  25th  of  July  following. 
The  vice-presidency  and  the  office  of  a  state  jefe  were 
incompatible.  He  chose  the  latter,  and  was  most  un- 
fortunate in  the  discharge  of  its  duties.  There  beini^ 
then  no  vice-president,  Josd  Gregorio  Salazar  had 
charge  of  the  executive  in  1834  as  the  senior  senator, 
Morazan  liavirj^'  for  a  time,  and  with  the  permission  of 
the  senate,  absented  himself  Upon  being  elected  on 
the  2d  of  June,  Salazar  continued  in  charge,  and  it  was 
by  his  order  that  the  federal  authorities  transferred 
themselves  to  the  city  of  Santa  Ana  during  San 
Martin's  insurrection  against  the  national  government. 
The  day  after  the  inauguration  of  Morazan  for  the 
second  presidential  term,  congress  closed  its  session.*' 
No  important  event  affecting  the  confederation  oc- 
curred during  the  remainder  of  1835,  but  the  atmo.s- 
phere  was  filled  with  folly  and  misrule,  foreboding 
the  storm  which  was  to  make  of  Central  America  for 
many  a  day  the  theatre  of  the  bloodiest  of  civil  wars. 

It  has  been  shown  that  the  party  in  power  pursued 
in  general  a  liberal  policy — too  liberal,  in  fact,  as  later 
events  proved.  In  view  of  the  tardy  development  of 
the  country  in  the  old  way,  inducements  were  offered 
for  foreign  immigration,  and  an  English  company  was 
organized  for  the  purpose  of  fostering  colonization  in 
the  department  of  Vera  Paz.*^     Settlers  were  sent 


out,  I 
but  t 

hones 

turnei 

the  ]o 

agains 

to  exi 

o]ien  I 

admin 

last  re; 

tljo  na 

bri'ak  j 

initatc 

turn  of 

tlie  di.s] 

ollieials 

•Scare 

stole  in- 

in  Cent: 


the  clause  that  be  should  bo  placed  iii  possession  of  the  office  on  the  14th.  liL, 
155-7. 

"Feb.  15,  1835.  El  Corrco  Atldntico,  May  9,  1835. 

<*The  first  colonists,  G3  in  all,  arrived  from  London  on  the  schooner  Mary 


REVOLT  AND  CHOLERA. 


12S 


out,  and  several  hundred  thousand  dollars  expended, 
but  the  scheme  failed  because  of  unskilful  and  dis- 
honest management.*'*  Nevertheless,  the  servile  party 
turned  this  incident  to  account,  filling  the  minds  of 
the  lower  classes,  especially  the  Indians,  with  prejudice 
against  the  government,  which  it  accused  of  an  intent 
to  exterminate  the  native  population  by  throwing 
open  the  country  to  foreign  influence,  religion,  and 
administration  of  justice.  The  innovations  in  this 
last  respect  had,  more  than  anything  else,  imbittered 
the  natives,  and  on  the  Gth  of  March  led  to  an  out- 
brrak  at  Ostuncalco,  where  the  Indians  had  become 
iiiitatcd  at  being  compelled  to  work  at  the  construc- 
tion of  prisons.^"  An  armed  force  was  sent  to  quell 
the  disturbance,  out  of  which  the  judges  and  some 

"'^        oilicials  had  great  difficulty  to  escape  with  life. 

E'^^  Scarcely  was  this  trouble  over  when  a  worse  one 

stole  in — the  cholera.  The  scouro-c  beo-an  its  rava!2i:es 
in  Central  America  early  in  1837,''^  and  soon  spreail 

Ann  Arabella,  under  a  Mr  Fletcher.  Their  aettlcmont  took  the  name  of  Ab- 
bolsvillc.  Marure,  Ej'cm.,  3S. 

'■'Many  of  tho  immigrants  died,  while  others  returned  to  England  or  went, 
to  the  West  Indies,  but  few  remaining.  Dunlop,  Vent.  Am.,  11)1,  makes  ap- 
piopiiate  remarks  on  tho  'infatuation  in  Kuropeans  to  attempt  culoni/iiig  on 
pi-iifuioua  shores,  under  a  burning  sun,  ■where  no  native  of  a  tempeiate  rc- 
giiMi.  not  even  those  of  tho  interior  of  the  same  country,  can  enjoy  tolerable 
lieahh.'  Seoalso  Astabuniaga's  comments  on  tho  undertaking,  t'vnt.  Am. ,  'Jo. 
A  ,u!o wing  and  favorable  account  of  tho  enterprise  was  issued  as  late  as  ISIJO. 
t?ii'  ('(lit.  Am.,  Urkf  Statement,  1  ct  seq. 

'On  tho  Gth  of  March,  1S37.  Maritre,  Efvm.,  39;  Montufar,  Resena  Hist., 

ii.   a.'l.'l. 

'  B.  Lambur,  commissioned  by  Galvcz,  jefc  of  Guatemala,  to  report  on 
Iht'  oiigiu  and  progress  of  tho  disease,  wrote  from  Accituno  April  ;h1:  '  There 
c;ui  1)0  no  doubt  that  cholera  camo  by  way  of  Omoa  to  Gualan,  tlionce  went 
to  Zacapa  and  to  Esquipulas,  this  last-named  town  being  tho  focus  wlu  nee  it 
lias  iiradiated  with  such  velocity  to  tho  towns  at  present  infested.'  JCscpii- 
imlif  is  a  species  of  Mecca  which  people  from  all  parts  of  Central  America 
aiul  Mexico  visit  in  January  of  each  year,  to  worship  an  image  of  (,'lirist,  to 
vliicli  countless  miracles  have  been  attributed.  In  tho  Uoletin  de  Autirid.H  dd 
Co!'  ra  of  Apr.  4,  1S37,  appear  tho  following  words,  'En  Sau  !Sur  ban  muerto 
miuhos  romeristaa  do  Esquipulas.'  Id.,  351-3.  Tho  fact  is,  that  the  disease 
had  been  doing  havoc  in  tho  towns  near  tho  northern  coast  since  Feb.,  and 
gra'lually  spread  throughout  tho  rest  of  the  state  aud  republic  till  toward  tho 
end  of  the  year,  when  it  abated.  The  first  case  in  the  city  of  (Juatomala  oc- 
curred on  tho  19th  of  April,  Tho  mortality  in  that  city  during  tho  invasion 
was  819,  or  a  littlo  over  tho  44th  part  of  the  population,  which  was  nuich 
smaller  than  in  other  less  populated  cities.  Marure,  Et'cm. ,  40.  Sec  also  J>nn- 
/o;/.  Cent.  Am.,  193-4;  ScUv.  DiarioO/ic,  Feb.  14,  1875;  Eocha,  Cddi'jo  Sic., 
i.  -JIS-IC;  ii.  163-4. 


'1  i^  iM 

•  •  '*'  ['  i',  ill 


I 


^1 


p 


Wl 


I : 


:1       ■ 


124 


CIVIL  WAR. 


tliroughout  the  towns  of  the  republic.  The  govern- 
ments of  the  different  states,  and  notably  that  of 
Guatemala,  used  the  utmost  efforts  to  relieve  suffer- 
ing. Physicians  and  medical  students,  provided  witli 
medicines,  were  despatched  to  the  several  districts. 
But  their  efforts  were  largely  frustrated  by  the  oppi  >- 
sition  of  the  servile  party,  which  never  ceased  its  woik 
oven  in  these  days  of  awful  distress.  Determined  to 
bring  to  an  end  the  influence  of  the  liberals,  the  servilo 
party  hesitated  at  nothing.  All  means  to  that  eini 
were  made  available.  The  priests  made  the  ignorant 
masses  believe  that  the  waters  had  been  poisoned  in 
order  to  destroy  the  natives  and  make  way  for  ioi- 
eigners.*^  Their  deviltry  was  crowned  with  success. 
The  low  murmurs  of  hatred  soon  swelled  to  loud  crits 
of  vengeance  against  the  government  and  foreign  res- 
idents. Several  physicians  became  the  victims  of 
popular  fury,  being  put  to  death  with  cruel  tortures.^ 
Others  barely  escaped  death.  The  greatest  violem-o 
was  in  the  district  of  Mita,  where  it  assumed  tiiu 
form  of  a  general  insurrection.  The  government  de- 
spatched a  body  of  troops  to  dissolve  a  large  assem- 
blage of  insurrectionists.  The  instructions  were  to 
use  gentle  means  to  allay  the  disturbance,  resorting 
to  force  only  in  case  of  necessity.  The  magistrate  of 
the  district,  having  imprudently  left  the  strong  body 
of  infantry  behind,  had  no  sooner  attempted  to  ex- 
plain his  mission  than  the  mob  fell  upon  him  and  his 
guard  of  Ibrty  dragoons,  killing  a  number  of  them  and 
l)utting  the  rest  to  flight.  This  was  on  the  9th  oi 
June."     The  leader  of  the  mob  on  this  occasion  Mas 


^^Squier'a  Travels,  ii.  427-8.  Monti'ifar,  lieseiia  Hist.,  ii.  370-2,  gives 
copies  of  the  docuiucuta  tliat  were  circulated. 

"  Such  aa  inakiug  them  swallow  the  coutenta  of  their  inedicine-chestt,,  or 
pouring  water  ilown  their  throats  till  they  died,  a  circumstance  that  was  al- 
waya  looked  upon  aa  uu  ovidenco  of  guilt.  Growers  Gospel,  141.  Moutgomfiy, 
Ouat.,  speaka  of  au  Englishman  who  was  nearly  killed  by  the  water  torUiie 
inflicted  by  an  enraged  Indian  mob. 

"*  On  the  plains  of  Ambelia,  near  Santa  Rosa,  accompanied  with  impreca- 
tions against  the  ley  do  jurados  imd  the  so-called  'cnvcncnadores.'  lb  was 
the  beginning  of  a  struggle  which,  in  lesa  than  two  years,  wrought  a  complete 


RAFAKL  CARUEKA. 


125 


IJafael  C.'irrcra,  a  niixcd-breed,  ^vho  now  for  the  first 
time,  at  the  age  of  twenty-ono,  possibly  a  few  years 
older,  appeared  on  the  stage,  to  become  afterward  the 
bitterest  foe  of  the  liberal  party,  and  eventually  the 
dictator  of  the  country. 

Rafael  Carrera  was  a  native  of  Guatemala,  of  In- 
dian descent,  of  a  violent,  irascible,  and  uncommuni- 
cative disposition,  base-born,  ignorant,  though  gifted 
with  talents,  bold,  determined,  and  persevering.  From 
conuHon  servant  he  became  a  pig-driver,  and  while 
such  obtained  much  influence  among  the  lower  class 
of  Indians — an  influence  which  was  due  no  less  to 
his  blood  connections  and  the  force  of  circumstances 
than  to  his  bravery  and  capabilities/^ 

Carrera  was  at  first  a  mere  tool  of  the  priests,  and 


clian.^Q  in  public  .affairs.    Mature.,  Efem, ,  41 ,  copied  by  Montii/ar,  liegefia  HM. , 
ii.  ,ri;{;  Squier's  Travels,  ii.  4'J8. 

"Tonipsky,  Mitia,  337,  says  tluat  C.aiTPr.a  w.ia  born  in  Santa  Rosa,  inii-lrd 
prob.ibly  by  Iho  circumstanco  that  tli-,-  first  Indian  outbrcalt  under  iiis  Kid 
occurred  there,  lie  wag  born  about  1815  or  1816,  and  was  the  illcgititnalo 
ollspriiij,'  of  Antonio  Aycincna.  a  member  of  one  of  the  chiof  families  of 
(iuatcmala,  and  of  Manucla  Carrillo,  a  servant  in  the  paternal  mansion. 
Through  tlio  iniluenco  of  tlio  Aycinenas  ho  was  immediately  aflor  lii.s  l)irtli 
ailiipted  by  ono  Juana  Ros.a  Turcios,  wlioso  Inisband'a  name  oi  Carrera  the 
lioy  sub3P(jacntly  wa3  given.  Such  is  the  version  of  the  autlior  of  a  niiuiu- 
script  written  in  July  1844,  and  entitled  Ori'icii  de  Carrera,  in  AforttZ'Ui  // 
Carrera,  no.  4,  1  ct  seq.,  tlio  autiicnticity  of  whicli  is  made  doubtful  by  .soiuc 
iiiiicuiir.icies  in  otlicr  statements,  tho  object  evidently  being  to  give  Carrora'.s 
descent  a  little  respectability.  Stephens,  VeiU.  Am.,  i.  '22^),  says  tiiat  in 
IS'Jl)  lio  was  a  drummer-boy,  leaving  tho  army  after  tho  capture  of  <luute- 
mala  by  Morazan,  and  retiring  to  .Mataquescuintla,  wiici-o  ho  becanio  a 
pi:^-ilriver,  or,  aa  Montgomery,  Otiat.,  143-4,  lias  it,  a  dealer  in  hogs, 
having  risen  in  tho  federal  army  as  high  as  corporal.  Dnnlop,  I'cnf.  Am., 
I'.i.'i,  followed  by  Crowe's  Gospel,  141,  and  iSquier's  Trnv.,  ii.  A'l\),  essentially 
contirnis  Stephens'  statements.  Belly,  Nir.,  i.  1o,  adds  that  Carrer.a  was  f-i- 
a  time  employed  in  tlio  plantation  of  a  Frenchman  named  Launionier,  mar 
La  Antigua.  Montufar  say f,  of  him:  '  Un  jiivcn  como  do  'Joafn's,  sin  nin- 
guna  educacion,  ni  conocimicntos  do  ningun  j(5nero,  pucs  no  conocia  siquii  la 
el  abecedario.  Los  primeros  afios  do  su  yida  los  emplei'i,  ya  de  sirviento 
(lomestioo,  ya  de  apaccntador  de  cerdos,  ya  de  peon  en  los  trabajoa  do 
caitipo.'  The  same  authority  refers  to  Miila's  eulogies  of  Carrera,  wIjok! 
the  words  occur,  *  Carrera  A  pesar  de  su  falta  de  educacion,  y  de  los  luibiios 
ilolavida  del  campo,' which  might  have  secured  for  Milla  lodgings  in  th(! 
dungeons  of  the  castle  of  Guatemala.  The  same  writer  repeats  tho  assertion 
often  made  against  tho  Jesuit  Paul,  later  bishop  of  Panamd,  and  raised  to  tiio 
position  of  archbishop  of  Bogotd,  that  he  said  at  Carrera's  death,  in  \\'\a 
funeral  oration,  that  tne  man  whoso  corpse  was  descending  into  tlie  tomb  waa 
on  the  rightside  of  God  the  father.  All  repentant  villains  are  given  some  such 
post-mortem  place  by  sympathizing  ministers  of  the  gospel. 


126 


CIVIL  WAR. 


seemed  to  have  been  a  believer  of  the  lies  they  had  cir- 
(3ulated.  After  he  became  powerful,  they  and  their 
allies,  the  so-called  nobles,  humored  his  idiosyncrasies, 
and  often  had  to  put  up  with  his  insults  and  abuse. 
He  had  upon  them  the  heel  of  insane  revolt.^ 

^'In  the  early  days  they  assured  the  Indians  that  he  w&a  their  protecting; 
angel  Rafael,  and  resorted  to  tricks  to  favor  the  delusion.  Squier'a  Travels,  ii. 
4Jl)-30. 


B. 


ii. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 

1837-1840. 

Campaign  aoainst  Careeba— Several  Departments  of  Goatemala  is 
Rebellion — Jefe  Galvez  Dkposed — Cakrera   Takes  Guatemala — 

MCRDER  OF  SaLAZAR— CaRUEFwA  ACCEPTS  MoNEY  TO  LEAVE  TUE  CiTT 

—Dictatorship  Offered  Morazan  by  tue  Aristocrats  and  Refused 
— Carreua's  Second  Rebellion — The  Republic  in  Peril— Mouazan's 
Efforts  to  Save  It — Nicaragua  and  Uonduras  Forces  Invade 
Salvador— Morazan  Defeats  Tuem — IIis  Retreat  to  San  Salvador 
—He  Embarks — Is  Refused  Uospitality  in  Costa  Rica — Goes  to 
South  America — The  Republic  is  Dead— Salvador  at  the  Mercy 
of  Carrera. 


Only  a  week  after  the  success  of  the  insurgents  on 
the  field  of  AmbeUs,  a  numerous  armed  force  was  sent 
against  them  by  the  government,  which  achieved 
victory  near  Mataquescuintla.^  The  revokition  might 
have  ended  here  but  for  the  excesses  of  the  govorn- 
racnt  troops,  which  roused  the  Indians,  and  rendered 
reconcihation  impossible.^  Henceforth  the  war  was 
one  of  races.  Carrera,  upheld  as  he  was  by  the 
priests,  found  no  difficulty,  in  his  visits  from  village  to 
village,  to  induce  the  native  population  to  join  the 
revolt,  which,  notwithstanding  the  triumphant  lan- 
guage of  the  military  officers  in  their  reports — calling 
the  rebels  cowards  and  themselves  intrepid  and  in- 

'Ou  the  15th  of  June.  Mature,  E/em.,  41.  Gon,  Carrascoaa's  report  of 
his  victory,  with  details,  in  Montu/ar,  lieseiia  Hist. ,  ii.  350-9. 

'Among  the  suflferors  was  Carrera'a  wife,  which  circumstauco,  it  is  said, 
awakened  in  him  an  implacable  hatred.  Stephens'  Cent.  Am.,  i.  226;  Crowe's 
Gospel,  142.  Moatsomcry,  Ouat,,  144,  states  that  Carrera  was  then  command- 
ing' a  few  men  of  the  military  cordon  established  becanse  of  the  epidomio, 
wliich  he  induced  to  rebel. 

(137) 


123 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 


!SH 


^i':' 


vincible — was  fast  spreading.  Carefully  avoiding 
encounters  with  the  regular  army,  Carrera  succeeded 
in  getting  together  a  largo  force,  which,  though  raw 
and  undisciplined,  often  surprised  and  defeated  detach- 
ments of  the  regulars,  seeking  a  refuge  when  pursued 
in  the  inaccessible  mountain  fastnesses.' 

To  make  matters  worse,  the  departments  of  Saca- 
tcpcqucz,  Chiquimula,  and  Salamd  declared  them- 
selves independent  of  the  government,  and  the  rebels, 
of  the  first  district,*  concentrating  at  La  Antigua, 
threatened  to  attack  the  capital.  In  the  latter  place 
a  division  had  occurred  in  the  liberal  party ,°  some  ol 
whose  members  from  this  time  sided  with  the  serviles ; 
which  circumstance  made  it  more  diflicult  to  place 
the  city  of  Guatemala  in  a  proper  state  of  defence. 
A  mutiny  of  the  federal  troops  in  the  city*"  increased 
the  danger,  but  it  soon  was  quelled  with  the  execution 
of  the  ringleader.  On  the  27th  of  January,  1838,' 
Galvez  despatched  the  vice-president,  Josd  Gregorio 
Salazar,  and  the  secretary  of  relations,  Miguel  Al- 
varez, as  commissioners,  to  confer  with  General  Car- 
rascosa,  the  commander  of  the  rebel  forces,  and  brin;^^ 
about  an  amicable  arrangement.  The  commissioners 
signed  at  Guarda  Viejo**  a  convention  containing  the 

'  The  hostilities  now  carried  on  partook  more  of  the  character  of  highway 
robbery  than  of  orthodox  war,  both  parties  being  plundered;  but  the  liberals 
wore  the  greater  sufferers. 

*The  provisional  government  constituted  at  La  Antigua  placed  itself 
under  the  protection  ol  the  federal  authorities.  Marure,  Efcm.,  42. 

*Tho  division  was  created  by  Josd  Francisco  Barrundia.  It  is  said  tlint 
he  joined  the  discontented  because  the  jefe  Galvez  refused  him  a  high  olhcc 
for  one  of  his  relatives.  Stephens'  Cent.  Am.,  i,  227.  But  looking  over  tlio 
correspondence  that  pi'ssed  between  them  in  June  1S:H7,  the  conclusion  is 
that  the  cause  of  the  disagreement  was  not  a  personal  one.  Barrundia  op- 
posed the  convocation  of  the  assembly  to  an  extra  session,  and  all  the  decrees 
enacted  by  it.  The  correspondence  produced  much  sensation.  Galvez  ended 
accusing  liarrundia  of  having  adopted,  wl>?n  ho  was  president  of  the  repub- 
lic, some  measures  similar  to  those  he  had  now  censured.  The  most  serious 
charge  against  Bamindia  was  his  persecution  of  Padre  Rojas,  to  which  the 
former  answered  that  the  priest  had  been  at  the  head  of  the  insurgents  who 
proclaimed  the  Spanish  domination  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  thongh  out- 
lawed for  that  offence,  was  not  executed.  Montufar,  Reseiia  Hist. ,  ii.  377-407. 

"The  battalion  La  Concordia  mutinied  on  the  26th  of  January. 

'Stephens,  loc.  cit.,  places  these  events  in  B'obruary,  but  ho  ia  evidently 
mistaken.  Marure,  Efem.,  4.S,  gives  the  29th  of  Jan.  as  the  date. 

>  At  4  F.  M.  of  Jan.  28,  1838.  Id.,  ii.  543. 


ATTACK  ON  <;UATF.MALA. 


129 


foilowiniij  stipulations:  1st,  resignation  of  Galvez;  2(1, 
iit'cijpation  of  the  ca[)ital  by  the  forces  of  Saeato|)t>- 
.•|iiiz;  o(i,  tlu;  forces  in  the  cajjital  to  go  out,  and  place 
themselves  under  the  orders  of  General  Moi'azan ;  4tli, 
the  forces  of  Sacati'pequez  to  guai'antee  the  persons 
and  property  oi'  all;  jlh,  the  coniiuissioners  would 
anange  the  manner  of  evacuating  the  city;  Gth,  upon 
the  ratification  of  these  clauses,  they  \ver»j  to  !><'  car- 
ricil  out  within  twenty-lour  hours.  Nothing  was 
dono,  however,"  and  after  four  hours'  waiting,  C'arras- 
oosa  continued  his  march  toward  the  gate  of  Buena- 
vista,  where  he  met  the  governnient  commissioners, 
who  assured  him,  with  great  m(jrtification,  that  the 
convention  had  not  been  ratified."^ 

Sacatepequez'  force,  800  strong,  entered  the  capital 
(luring  the  night  of  the  29th  of  January,  from  the 
Calvario  side,  reaching  the  plazuela  do  San  Francisco, 
afterward  known  as  plaza  de  la  Concordia.  The  roar 
of  artillery  apprised  the  inhabitants  at  1  o'clock  in 
the  morning  that  the  struggle  had  be'.>un.  Generals 
Pivui  and  Gorris,  colonels  Yafiez,  Arias,  Mariscal, 
Cerda,  and  C6rdoba,  and  the  other  officers  of  the 
garrison,  made  a  stout  defence.  Their  troops,  though 
inloiior  in  number,  were  for  their  discipline  more  etK- 
ciciit  than  their  assailants,  who  were  mostly  raw 
recruits.  It  was  quite  evident  that  Carrascosa  and 
his  colleague  Carballo  would  waste  their  efforts  unless 
tlujy  were  strongly  reenforced.  But  the  op[)onents  of 
Galvez  were  resolved  to  depose  him,*^  even  if  they 
had  to  make  use  of  Carrera  to  accomplish  their  pur- 
pose.    It  was  a  fatal  thought. 

Jos(j  F.  Barrundia  was  authorized  by  President  Mo- 

'(j.ihcz  woU  kucw  of  the  relations  existing  butwcoii  Carrera  n.ul  t!iu  revo- 
luti(iiii-)C3  of  La  Antigua.  Tho  convention  of  Giiiinla-Vicjo  would  linve  savcil 
tiio  biuiation.  Had  tho  forces  of  tho  city,  consisting  of  41 1  men,  been  placed 
uinkr  Morazan,  they  with  those  of  Sacatepetjucz  wouM  have  been  too  strong 
for  Carrera,  and  ho  would  not  have  entertained  the  idea  that  a  powerful  party 
I'jukcd  to  liiin  for  aid. 

'U'uU  details  ajjpear  in  Gen.  Carrascosa's  correspondence  given  in  Montu- 
/'"'.  lieseiui  1 1  hi.,  ii.  589-97. 

"Ainong  tliein  were  Miguel  Garcia  Qranados,  tho  brothers  Arrivillaga, 
aud  their  relations  tlio  Zepedas,  together  with  the  Barruudias. 
Out.  Cent.  Am.,  Vol.  UI.    9 


I    J  't      <o 


130 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 


razan  to  onter  into  peaceable  negotiations  with  Carrera, 
and  the  clergymen  Josd  Mrria  dc  Castilla,  Manuel 
Maria  Zecena,  and  Jose  Vicente  Orantcs.  Barrundia, 
together  with  Manuel  Arrivillaga,  started  for  the 
hacienda  of  La  Vega  to  confer  with  Carrera;  but  at 
Ojo  de  Agua  they  ascertained  that  he  was  at  Mata- 
quescuintla,  and  declined  to  hold  any  conferences,  and 
yet  an  arrangement  with  other  opponents  had  been 
signed  at  Santa  Kcsa.  This  document,  which  -.vas 
shown  by  Father  Duran  to  Barrundia,  stipulated  the 
immediate  coming  of  a  bishop,  the  abolition  of  tho 
code  and  of  other  liberal  measures  decreed  by  Bariuii- 
dia,  and  that  Carrera  should  become  the  commander 
of  the  reform  forces,  or  in  other  words,  the  arbiter 
of  the  country,  which  was  what  the  clergy  wanted. 
Barrundia  was  indignant,  but  he  had  to  submit  and 
keep  calm,  else  he  might  lose  his  life.  He  mendy 
said  that  the  anangement  needed  some  discussion, 
which  might  lead  to  the  adoption  of  some  amend- 
ments. Duran  had  not  worked  to  promote  Barrnn- 
dia's  nor  Molina's  ideas,  but  his  own  interests.  ]ii' 
coolly  replied  that  tho  matter  had  been  well  consid- 
ered, and  admitted  of  no  changes. 

Barrundia  wr</tt  Carrera,  asking  for  an  interview  to 
explain  ^lorazan's  views,  but  Carrera  appeared  arjgry 
at  the  me,ition  of  Morazan's  name,  and  declined  tlio 
invitation,  sa3'ing  that  the  time  for  negotiations  h;id 
passed,  and  that  his  march  a;ifainst  Guatemala  was  in 
order.'"  He  became  muchmolliMed  on  receiving  from 
La  Antigua  a  request  for  his  cooperation,'''  and  was 
now  satistied  that  the  fate  of  the  country  was  in  lus  own 
handr,.     Three  days  after  Carrascosa's  failure,  Carrera 

'^  He  wa3  in  all  thia  afi'air  guided  by  the  priests.  Banundia  ^7a8  nccu  '1 
throughout  Central  America  of  having  brought  about  Carrcra'a  invasion  of  'i'' 
capital.  The  serviles,  who  were  rcapousiblo  for  all  Carrera's  iniquities,  li.ivi' 
endeavored  to  place  some  of  tho  odium  en  thatpatriot,  wliohadnotliiugto.!" 
with  it.  Indeed,  had  Barrundia  "^ono  to  Carrera's  headquarters,  ho  wulu 
probably  have  been  shot.  Montu'itr,  liesena  Hist,,  ii.  573;  Sqnicr\i  Travd.y 
ii.  4:J2. 

'*  The  chiefs  of  Sacatopequez  had  become  convinced  of  their  inability  to  take 
tho  city,  or  oven  to  properly  besiege  it. 


I 


CARRERA  TAKES  THE  CAPITAL. 


131 


s  in 

:'()Ui 

)\vn 


r"'",' 


1  lake 


j.  .incd  him  with  a  numerous  force  of  Indians,  and  after 
some  fruitless  negotiations,  marched  into  tLe  city  on 
the  1st  of  February,"  at  the  head  of  about  10,000 
men,  women,  and  children,  the  troops  of  the  govern- 
iiiciit  having  retreated  in  an  opposite  direction.  The 
result  of  this  was  that  Galvez  ceased  to  be  the  jefo  of 
the  state,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  vice-jefe,  Pedro 
Valcnzuela." 

The  entry  of  Carrera's  hordes  into  Guatemala  might 
wrll  create  consternation.  Outlaws  and  robber.s  vere 
among  the  leaders;  the  soldiers  were  in  rags,"^  and 
(«iuipped  with  a  variety  of  arms,  from  the  rusty 
musket  down  to  clubs,  and  knives  secured  at  the  end 
of  long  poles,  while  others  carried  sticks  shaped  liku 
liiuskets,  with  tin-plate  locks.  Conspicuous  among 
the  mass  of  followers  were  thousands  of  women  hav- 
ing bags  to  carry  away  the  booty,  and  who  gazed  with 
amazement  on  the  fine  houses.^^  Shouting  'Viva  la 
luligion!  Mueran  los  exti'anjerosi'  the  invaders  en- 
Icied  the  main  plaza.  After  a  few  hours  the  work  of 
rapine  began, ^^     No  regard  was  paid  by  Carrera  and 

"Dnnlop,  Ce»t.  Am.,  198,  aiAcl  Crowe,  Gospel,  143,  erroneously  say  it  w.ia 
on  tiie  30tli  of  January. 

^^ M'lrure,  Eferr..,  13,  places  this  event  on  the  'Jd  of  Fob.,  1833. 

""'Carrera  himself  is  described  as  baving  (in  ;i  pair  of  coanso  frieze  trousens, 
aud  a  fine  coat  with  gold  cmliroidery  belonging  to  Gen.  TrcMi,  which  iiad  been 
tilica  by  Moureal.  For  a  chapeau  tlio  uuu'  j^cncrul  wore  a  woman's  hat  with 
a  green  veil,  the  property  of  I'rcm't;  wife,  wlio  was  known  as  L:i  Coloinbiana. 
In  lieu  of  decorations  Carrcr.i  had  on  his  breast  a  number  of  'cseapulariosdjl 
CVirnieii,'  symbolizing  the  religion  he  had  come  to  protect.  MoiUujar,  Uej^-  ii'i 
JIU.,  ii.  574. 

■'It  seems  that  a  largo  portion  of  the  men  and  women  had  ncer  seen  a 
city  before. 

'*Tlio  physician  Quirino  Flores,  who  belonged  to  the  opposition  parry, 
aaJ  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Carrascosa  K.ud  Carballo,  believing  that  his 
Lou.se  would  be  a  place  of  safety,  induced  tho  vioc-pn!sidcnt  and  his  family  to 
use  it.  It  so  happened  that  a  small  force  of  Galvez  entered  iho  lnnise,  bred 
upon  the  invaders  from  tho  windows  and  retired.  Tho  men  lired  upon  were  not 
of  the  force  from  La  Antigua,  but  some  of  Carrera's  savage  horde,  called  from 
that  time  'cachurecos,'  whorushcd  into  tho  house,  lired  upon  tlie  family,  wound- 
iij;^  one  of  the  women  and  a  child,  and  killing  JostS  Grcgorio  Salazar,  tho  vice- 
prciidcnt.  Salazar  was  born  in  San  Salvador  in  1793,  and  had  two  brothers, 
Ciirlos,  tho  general,  and  Francisco,  who  as  a  captain  was  killed  in  action  on 
the  "JW  of  J  une,  1834.  Jose*  Gregorio  Salo/ar  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  .,  1: n 
Murazan  reposed  tho  highest  trust.  As  senator,  president  of  tho  .■'cnate,  jefe 
of  Salvador,  vice-president  of  tho  republic,  and  acting  executive  .it  such 
tii.L  •  as  Morazan  assuincd  personal  eoirmaud  of  tin  trooiis,  Salazar  uiiswerv- 
iu/,y  .supported  progressive  principles.    Ilin  ^x>rtrait  shows  a  line  aad  intelli- 


f    '•', 


132 


DISSOLUTION  or  THE  REPUBLIC. 


I    I:i1^ 


■:l! 


'A  » 


his  hordes  to  the  wishes  of  tlie  vicc-jefo  Valonzuela, 
who  had  asked  that  only  the  force  from  La  Antigua 
should  occupy  the  plaza. 

The  leader  of  the  opposition  urged  Carrcra  to  leave 
the  city;  hut  he  manifested  much  iutli2fnation  at  such 
a  request,  and  several  of  his  chiefs  refused  complianct'. 
Carrera  himself  wanted  to  sack  the  city,"  and  it  was 
only  with  gi'eat  effort  that  he  was  prevented.  In 
lieu  of  pillage  he  was  given  $11,000,'"  $10,000  for  his 
troops  and  $1,000  for  himself.  He  was  also  flattered 
with  the  commission  of  lieutenant-colonel  and  the 
appointment  of  comandante  of  Mita.  A  number  of 
those  who  had  defended  the  city  having  voluntarily 
joined  the  Sacatepequez  force,  Carrascosa  was  now 
better  able  to  meet  emergencies.  He  at  once,  by 
order  of  the  vice-jefe,  made  known  to  Carrera  that 
the  interests  of  the  public  service  demanded  that  he 
should  repair  to  Mita  and  take  charge  of  the  comaii- 
dancia  there.  He  made  no  resistance,  and  went  away 
with  his  horde,"^  the  inhabitants  aijain  breathiuL; 
freely  for  a  time.^^  Thus  were  the  serviles  balked 
once  more.  Carrera  was  sent  away  from  Guatemala, 
Valenzuela  remaining  in  charge  of  the  state  execu- 
tive. Morazan  was  at  San  Salvador  recognized  as 
the  chief  magistrate  (jf  the  republic,  and  Vijil  held 
the  executive  office  of  that  gallant  little  state. 

gent  face.  The  murder  of  the  vice-president,  instead  of  culling  for  execration 
(HI  the  piirt  of  the  priests,  Diiran,  Lobo,  NicolAs  Arellano,  Antonio  (lonzalez, 
and  otlier.s,  only  brought  out  their  diatribes  again.st  the  victim.   /(/.,  STO-'J. 

'"It  was  found  at  lirst  diffieiilt  to  elicit  a  satisfactory  niiswor  from  liini. 
The  pillaging,  though  not  odiuially  di^crocd,  liad  been  carried  on  mostly  in  the 
houses  of  foreigners.  Charles  Savage,  U.  S.  consul  at  Guatemala,  has  been 
highly  praised  for  his  intrepidity  in  protecting  from  the  infuriated  Indians 
the  foreign  residents  and  their  property.  Montgomerii'.i  Otiat.,  14G;  Stephen-'' 
Cent.  Am.,  i.  '233-4. 

-"  There  being  no  money  in  the  treasury,  it  was  borrov^ed  from  private 
persons.  Stephi'ns'  Vent.  Am..,  i.  'I'll  et  seq.,  copied  by  Larcnandi6re,  Me.ci- 
(jiic  ft  Guat.,  'Ji)8-9.     The  facts  appear  in  the  records  of  tho  asamblea. 

■-'  Had  ho  resisted,  tho  reiinforccd  troops  of  La  Antigua  would  in  all  p:  ob- 
ability  havo  defeated  his  undisciplined  rabble.  This  would  not  have  suite;! 
Father  Duran  and  the  other  priests,  who  expected  their  own  triumph  througli 
Carrera'a  success.  Those  same  priests  aided  IJarnindia  and  Valenzuela  to  rid 
the  city  of  himself  (Mid  his  men.  Moiiliifar,  AV.sr/irt  Hi.i',.,  ii.  584. 

^^Tho  priest  who  seemed  to  exercise  tho  greatest  intlueneo  ou  Carrera  was 
named  Loho,  a  man  of  dissolute  character,  wiio  always  acconipanied  him  as  a 
Bort  of  couQselloi. 


MORAZAN  VERSUS  CAllRERA. 


133 


Carrera  and  liis  supporters  continued,  liowcvcr, 
tlieir  menaces,  creating  no  little  alarm,  which  was 
quieted  on  receipt  of  the  tidings  that  Morazan  was 
inarching  toward  Guatemala  with  1,500  men.  On 
his  arrival  he  found  not  only  that  the  serviles  had 
been  deriving  advantages  from  the  disturbed  political 
situation,  but  that  the  western  departments  of  Los 
Altos,  namely,  Quezaltenango,  Totonicapan,  and  So- 
lohi,  had  declared  themselves,  on  the  2d  of  February, 
a  s'jparate  state  under  an  independent  government."'' 
Witl)(Hit  interfering  with  those  arrangements,  ]\ro- 
lazan  endeavored  to  secure  by  [)eaceful  means  the 
submission  of  Carrera,  or  rather,  the  disbanding  of  his 
i'oico;  failing  in  which,  he  opened,  on  the  30th  of 
March,  the  campaign  against  him.  Three  months 
ot'  military  operations  ensued,  the  federal  arms  being 
vietoiious  at  evorv  encounter,  but  without  obtaining 
any  definitive  result,  for  the  enemy  defeated  in  one 
place  rallied  in  another,  continually  increasing  in  num- 
bers, and  never  crushed.^*  Morazan  returned  at  last 
to  Guatemala,  where  in  the  mean  time  servile  influence 
liad  Ijccome  predominant."'  The  most  strenuou->  ef- 
forts, even  to  fulsome  sycophancy,  were  used  by  the 

•■^  Lou  AUo-i,  Mavif.  Document.,  1-28.  Tho  federal  oongrcsa  ratified  the 
sopiirutioii  oil  tho  Stli  of  June,  1838;  the  departments  were,  however,  rein- 
corporated a  year  alter.  Marure,  E/ein.,  43;  Diinlop'a  Cent.  Am.,  198;  Asfa- 
iiirmuja,  Cent.  Am.,  28.  Moutiifar,  Resfila  Jlitt.,  iii.  9-23,  furnislies  a 
iKiaikd  account  of  tho  events  preceding  and  following  tho  separation.  The 
piMvisional  government  tlien  established  was  a  triumvirate  formed  by  Mareelo 
Miiliiia,  Josii  M.  Galvez,  a:..l  Tosu  A.  Aguilar. 

-'Stcpliens,  Cent.  Am.,  i.  239-12,  details  some  of  the  military  movements, 
vliich  arc  not  of  BuiHci'int  interest  to  reproduce  luro.  Marure,  Ej'rm.,  43-1, 
says  that  iMorazan  attacked  tho  rebels  on  tho  hill  ol  Mataquescuintla;  'poro 
de-ipiua  do  Ires  inesos  do  combates,  marchas,  contramarchas,  y  todo  gi'noro  do 
tiKiuiiibraa,  el  cj(jrcito  do  operaciones  ticno  quo  rojilegarse  iV  la  capital. .  .sin 
lialieixc  adclantado  nada  en  la  pacilieaciou  do  aquoUos  pueblos.' 

'-'•'Out  ho  iSthof  June,  1S38,  thevice-jefo  Vahiizuola,  and  the  deputies  I'edi'o 
M'llina,  Joisi5  (Jiimhira,  .Jo.si'i  1'.  Barrundia,  Bernardo  I'^soubar,  Tedro  Aniaya, 
Filipo  Molina,  and  jMiiriaiif  Padilla,  laid  a  paper  brforo  tho  federal  congress 
oil  tlio  war  and  its  eonseq'  noes.  In  this  doeunuut  they  say,  among  other 
tilings,  that  it  had  been  moved  in  tho  asambleaof  (iuatemala  to  authorize  the 
1'  storation  of  the  arclibislmp  and  of  tho  religious  orders,  to  abolish  divonx', 
ami  to  (leolaro  void  the  deoi'ee.s  of  1829,  'decretos  «|ue  sostnvieroii  enti'mces 
la  rijv,ilucmn  en  favor  de  la.s  institiiciones  y  do  la  libertad.'  They  accuse  tho 
fti'rvilis  of  perversely  attempting  to  render  tho  representatives  of  liberalism 
and  progress  hateful  in  tho  eyes  of  tho  ignorant  populace.  Montu/ar,  L'tieua 
Jl''^t.,  iii.  47. 


tt^!tl-''^|j 


134 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 


serviles  to  win  him  to  their  side,  and  to  prevail  on  him 
to  accept  the  dictatorship.^" 

The  president  returned  in  July  to  San  Salvador  to 
quell  a  revolt.  A  few  weeks  later,  on  the  20th  of 
July,  1838,  the  eleventh  and  last  federal  congress  of 
Central  America,  presided  over  by  Basil io  Porras, 
closed  its  session.^^  Subsequent  efforts  to  bring  it 
again  into  life  proved  unavailing,  and  from  this  time 
the  dismemberment  of  the  republic  made  rapid  prog- 
ress. Two  days  after  the  adjcurnment  of  congress, 
on  the  22d,  the  state  government  of  Guatemala  was 
also  dissolved,  and  was  temporarily  intrusted  to  the 
federal  authorities,^^  though  the  executive  office  finally 
was  assumed  by  Mariano  Rivera  Paz,  as  president  of 
the  council,  which  satisfied  the  people,  and  peace  was 
unbroken,  it  being  understood  that  a  constituent 
assembly  would  be  summoned  at  once. 

As  soon  as  Morazan  was  at  some  distance  from 
Guatemala  on  his  way  to  San  Salvador,  Carrera,  tlu; 
supposed  beaten  rebel  leader,  for  whose  capture  a  lib- 

^*  Arguments,  cajolery,  entertainments,  and  every  other  ijossiblo  meaus 
were  employed  to  induce  him  to  swerve  from  the  principles  he  liad  always 
uplield.  Barrundia  looked  aghast  on  their  proceedings,  and  describing  them, 
says  it  is  imposiblc  to  realize  'el  cnvilecimicnto,  la  miscria  ruin  dof^stopartido 
noble  aristocrdtico. '  The  liaughty  patricians,  represented  by  Pavon,  Batrcii, 
Aycincna,  and  their  confreres,  fawned  at  his  feet,  covered  liini  witli  flowers, 
disgusted  him  witlj  their  flattery,  feasted  hiiii  to  satiety,  and  patiently  bmo 
his  contemptuous  rebuffs  as  long  as  they  hoped  to  win  him  over.  After  their 
failure,  sarcasm,  ridicule,  and  abuse  were  heaped  upon  him  and  hia  iiamL\ 
Had  Morazan's  morals  been  equal  to  those  of  the  serviles,  ho  might  have  ac- 
cepted the  dictatorship,  assumed  the  full  powers,  and  tlien  crushed  them; 
but  ho  was  an  honest  man,  who  always  acted  in  good  faith.  Id.,  ITa-'J. 

*'  On  the  ;Wth  of  May  it  passed  an  act  declaring  tho  states  free  to  con- 
stitute themselves  as  they  might  deem  best,  preserving,  liowevcr,  the  populaf 
representative  form  of  government.  This  amendment  to  tho  l'2th  art.  of  tb' 
constitution  of  1824  was  accepted  by  all  tho  states,  excluding  the  restrictions 
contained  in  tho  federal  decree  of  Juno  9,  1838,  which  was  rejected  by  .i 
majority  of  tho  legislatures.  Mature,  Efem,,  44-5.  Tho  federal  congrtsa 
passed,  on  the  7th  of  July,  183S,  an  act  as  follows:  'Tlie  federated  states  of 
Cent.  Am.  are,  and  by  riglit  should  be,  sovereign,  free,  and  independent  po- 
litical bodies.'  Guat.,  Jiecop.  Lei/es,  i.  69. 

'■"  It  was  tho  spontaneous  act  of  tho  citizens  of  the  capital,  who,  in  vie«  of 
tho  progress  made  by  tho  rebels  of  Mita,  deemed  it  necessary  to  provide  i  r 
their  own  safety.  Valcuzuela  resigned,  on  tho  2;kl,  tho  executive  oflico  into 
the  hiinds  of  tho  asamblea.  Marurc,  Ej'em.,  45;  AIo7it.i{fai;  licwfia  //int.,  iii. 
181-5.  Crowe,  Oospcl,  144,  attributes  to  Morazan  tho  authorship  of  tho  net 
adopted  by  the  citizens. 


SALAZAR  DEFEATS  CARRERA. 


135 


eial  reward  had  been  oflfered,"-"  began  to  show  signs  of 
iiillviiig.     He  gathered  a  numerous  force,  with  which, 
I  about  the  middle  of  August,  he  defeated  the  federal 

f  troops,  first  at  Jalapa  and  next  at  Petapa.     He  then, 

[  J  unresisted,  took  possession  of  La  Antigua,  a  portion  of 

which  was  pillaged,  and  forthwith  started  on  his  march 
tor  Guatemala,^'^  A  general  clamor  for  Morazan  was 
moused;  but  it  was  impossible  for  him  to  reach  Guatc- 
niula  in  time,  and  the  danger  was  iumiinent  that  Car- 
rera  would  not  only  take  the  city,  but  also  carry  out 
liis  threats  of  burning  every  house  in  it.  In  this 
oniorgenc}',  General  Carlos  Salazar,  with  the  garrison 
of  900  men,  sallied  forth,  and  aided  by  a  thick  fog, 
surprised  Carrera  at  Villanucva,  where  the  latter  was 
concentrating  his  tbrces,  now  about  2,400  strong,  with 
tho  plunder  secured  at  La  Antigua.  A  battle  ensued, 
the  bloodiest  that  occurred  in  1837  or  1838,  and  Car- 
reia  was  routed,^^  with  the  loss  of  350  killed  and  24 
prisoners,  one  of  whom  was  the  notorious  Father 
i)uran,  the  representative  and  agent  of  the  aristocrats 
near  the  person  of  Carrera;^-  besides  giving  up  a 
number  of  federal  prisoners  and  losing  three  pieces 
oi'  artillery,  305  muskets,  and  a  large  number  of  other 

-''On  the  20th  of  July,  1S;?S,  lie  was  required  to  give  himself  up;  failiuL;  to 
do  so,  a  reward  was  oflered  for  his  apprehension,  alivo  or  dead— Sl,r>(K)  and 
two  caballen'aa  of  laud,  besides  a  full  pardon  for  any  oll'onces  against  tlio  lawa 
his  oaptor  or  captors  might  have  committed.  iSlc/Jien.'i'  ( 'cut.  Am.,  i.  'Jl'J. 

■'"Squicr,  Travels,  ii.  4.'35,  says  that  Carrera  entered  Guatemala;  he  i)i-ob- 
ably  meant  Old  Guatemala,  or  La  Antigua.  Carrera,  at  Jalapa,  had  '-'.UOO 
iiKii,  while  his  opponent,  Col  Manuel  Bonilla,  liad  about  .')U0.  'J'lio  hitter 
were  nearly  ann'li'iiited.  The  few  ollieera  and  soKlieis  who  escaped  with 
life  found  refuge  in  Salvador  territory.  Carrera's  exeessea  at  this  lime  knew 
no  bounds.  lie  not  only  ravished  women,  but  amused  himself  cutting  olT  t  lieir 
tresses  and  ears.  Some  of  theso  earless  women  entered  tho  city  of  (Juatemahi, 
and  their  stories  produced  great  indignation.  MoiUi!y'ar,  Resetia  hist.,  iii.  '-'01; 
Marttrc,  Efeyn.,  45. 

"' This  action  took  place  early  in  the  morning  of  Sept.  11th.  S;ilazar  at 
once  despatched  a  courier  to  Guatemala  with  the  news  of  his  succes.s,  whieli 
caused  the  utmost  joy.  Montufar,  licseiia  Hist.,  iii.  '20(»-8;  Mann-e,  E/cm., 
40.  Dunlop,  Cent.  Am.,  201,  asserts  that  no  mercy  was  shown  by  tho  fcileral 
troops  in  this  encounter.  By  a  decree  of  Sept.  13,  1888,  pensions  were  granted 
to  tho  wounded,  and  to  tho  widows  and  orphans  of  the  slain  federals.  Bailgea 
of  lienor  were  also  confeiTcd  on  tlio  survivors.  Ouat.,  J{cci>p.  Leye.^,  ii.  C3l)-7. 

"This  man's  life  was  then  spared,  but  some  time  afterward  ho  was  shot, 
fur  which  the  serviles  called  Morazan  a  nairderer.  Montiij'ai;  llcsena  Hist., 
iii.  208. 


Y'U'K 


nil 


1   '" .« 


I 


136 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 


it 


!:; 


;  <  ■'  \ 


vf:;! 


arms,  besides  animuuition.  A  portion  of  the  defeated 
forces  fled  to  La  Antigua,  and  a  smaller  one  joined  the 
rebel  Mangnndi,  who  liad  500  men.  The  latter,  being 
ignorant  of  Carrera's  mishap,  approached  Guatemala 
on  the  11th,  at  10  o'clock  in  the  morning,  causing  no 
little  commotion ;  but  on  learning  of  his  leader's  defeat, 
he  retired  to  the  mountains.  The  war  miirht  have 
ended  here  had  the  victors  followed  up  their  success; 
but  petty  annoyances  prevented  Salazar  from  doing 
so,  and  he  threw  up  his  command  in  disgust,^^  though 
he  was  afterward  induced  to  resume  it. 

The  greater  part  of  the  clei-gy  friendly  to  Carrera 
never  forsook  him.  It  was  not  so  with  the  aristocrats, 
Manuel  Pavon,  Luis  Batres,  and  Pedro  and  Juan 
Jose  Aycinena,  who  feared  at  times  that  they  could 
not  control  him.  After  his  defeat  at  Villanueva  they 
called  him  an  *ontrop6fago  scdiento  do  sangro  hu- 
mana.'^*  At  that  time  they  asked  the  vicar-general, 
Larraziibal,  to  fulminate  censures  against  Carrera, 
which  he  did,""^  Friar  Bernardo  Piilol  also  railed 
against  him  from  the  pulpit  in  the  cathedral. ^*^  How- 
evei-,  not  long  afterward  Carrera  was  called  from  that 
same  pulpit  'hijo  predilccto  del  Altisimo.' 

The  lack  of  energy  on  the  part  of  the  authorities 
after  the  affair  of  Villanueva^'  enabled  Carrera  to  re- 

'••His  resignation  was  made  before  tlie  body  of  his  oiBccrs,  wliicli  im- 
plied ft  disregard  of  the  autliority  of  the  govurnnicnt.  The  oflicers  chuled 
all  responsibility,  alleging  that  they  had  nothing  to  do  with  his  rcsignaticui. 
Tlio  governniont  then  revoked  tho  extraordinary  powers  confen'ed  on  liiin 
two  months  prev".ously.  Marure,  Efem.,  40. 

'*In  the  Ohsc i-vadorawX  tho  A/i6ndicc. 

^'^ Exhortac'wii  crhtiana  que  el  vicario  capitular, .  .dirige  d  loa 2>ueblo. ,  (/(■., 
17  p. 

^*Text  of  his  funeral  oration  on  the  14th  of  Sept.  in  honor  of  the  slain  mi 
the  government  side  at  Villanueva,  in  Montafar,  liesena  Hist.,  in.  L'1U-_'1. 

^'  JosiS  Francisco  Barrundi.a,  who  fought  in  that  action,  said:  '  lie  [Can  riaj 
could  have  been  captured  or  annihilatctl  had  ho  been  forthwith  pursued;  Imt 
no  advantage  was  derived  from  such  a  glorious  victory,  and  in  a  few  days 
vandalism  became  again  menacing.'  Salazar  was  blamed,  Moutiifar  thinka 
unjustly.     According  to  him,  tho  victorious  troops  were  not  in  condition  to 

Eursuo.  This  authoritj',  partly  on  tho  testimony  of  Gen.  Carballo,  lays  tliC 
lamo  on  Rivera  Paz,  who  had  no  interest  in  destroying  a  faction  on  which 
his  party  relied  in  tho  emergency  of  Morazan  refusing  his  aid  to  the  serviles. 
Morazjin,  on  tho  24th  of  Oct.,  declared  martial  law  in  portions  of  Guatr 
mala,  pereu)ptorily  refused  to  listen  to  the  proposals  of  t!io  recalcitrants,  -.id 
marched  to  Guatemala,  leaving  the  government  in  charge  of  the  vice-pi\.  i- 


io 


oryr 

laid 

pan 

mala 

iiiC 

drive 

raza 

Qua 

in 

I'ecti 

thou 

many 

lie   ah 

latlier 

last  a  ( 

"•enibei 

Were  tc 

ernniei] 

Jii.s  oihc 

J'ospect 

'I'luis  w 

i"g.     G 

^*)  ])lace 

tlio  sanii 

.''pccter 

"•'t  carr 

•'^iiiall  po] 

the  prett 


CARRERA  AGAIN  DEFEATED. 


m 


ortranize  his  forces,  with  which  he  made  a  successful 
laid,  in  the  latter  part  of  October,  against  Ahuacha- 
])an  and  Santa  Ana,***  returning  afterward  to  Guate- 
mala, when,  on  the  4th  of  November,  ho  was  attacked 
in  Chiquimulilla  by  Colonel  Carballo,  defeated,  and 
iliiven  back  to  the  mountain  recesses  of  Mita.^"  Mo^ 
razan  had  in  the  mean  time  concentrated  forces  in 
Guatemala,  and  aided  Carballo's  operations  by  march- 
ing" against  the  Indian  chieftain  from  a  northern  di- 
iLH'tion.  But  all  efforts  to  crush  the  enemy  failed, 
1  hough  the  federal  troops  were  everywhere  victorious ; 
many  of  Carrcra's  followers  w^ere  taken  and  shot,  but 
ho  always  managed  to  escape.*"  This  warfare,  or 
nithor  chase,  was  kept  up  nearly  two  months.  At 
hist  a  capitulation  was  concluded,  on  the  23d  of  De- 
conibor,  at  Rinconcito.  Carrera  and  his  followers 
were  to  Kurrender  their  arms  *^  and  recognize  the  gov- 
c'linncnt,  which  in  turn  was  to  confirm  the  former  in 
his  office  of  comandantc  of  the  district  of  Mita,  and 
respect  the  lives  and  property  of  its  inhabitants.*^ 
Thus  was  Carrera  a  second  time  fj'vcn  a  leo^al  stand- 
ing.  General  Guzman,  who  treated  with  him,  seemed 
to  place  on  the  treacherous  and  barbarous  mountaineer 
the  same  faith  as  if  he  were  a  civilized  man  and  a  re- 
specter of  treaty  stipulations."  The  agreement  was 
not  carried  out  by  Carrera,  for  he  delivered  onl}'^  a 
small  portion  of  useless  arms,  and  kept  his  force  under 
the  pretext  that  the  safety  of  his, district  demanded 

ilent,  Diogo  Vijil,  whom  congress  had  chosen  to  succeed  the  murdoied  Sala- 
zar.  /,/.,  223-0. 

^''lli.s  hordes  committed  all  sorts  of  outrages  in  these  departments  of  Sal- 
vailor.   Barnuidia,  in  Ei  Progreso  oi  S.  Salv. ,  IS.")!),  no.  ',i. 

"'Lcsciius6  iin  descalabro  do  cntidad  la  division  dol  coronol  Carballo.' 
Maniri\  Ej'cm.,  46. 

•^Uiico  lie  was  abnost  starved  to  death  on  the  top  of  a  mountain,  siii 
rounded  iit  its  base  by  a  largo  force;  but  owing  to  some  neglect  lie  escaped. 

"Stephens,  Cent.  Am.,  i.  244,  erroneously  has  it  that  the  delivery  was  to 
I'o  of  only  1,()()()  muskets. 

*-Tlic  president  of  the  republic  ratified  the  ngrcemcuc  on  tho  2r)th  of  Dec. 

'•■Tlio  tact  was  that  the  arrangement  at  Rinconcito  was  prompted  to  (Jen. 
A:;ustin  Guzman  by  Manuel  Pavon,  whom  ho  believed  to  bo  a  friend  that 
Would  give  liim  nothing  but  iionorablc  advice.  lie  had  good  reason  at  a  later 
date  to  think  differently,  when  lio  was  taken  into  Guatemala  in  rags,  tied  on 
a  nude,  as  a  trophy  of  Carrcra's  success.   Movttij'ar,  J!e>ieila  Hist.,  iii.  22S-0. 


t!'4, 


S^HF 


138 


DISSOLUTION  OP  THE  REPUBUC. 


ii:!N: 


it.  The  government  not  only  had  the  weakness  to 
enter  into  this  arrangement,  but  also  that  of  not  on- 
forcing  its  fulfilment  to  the  letter.  This  renderctl 
the  renewal  of  hostilities  but  a  question  of  time. 

I  have  mentioned  the  congressional  decree  of  May 
30,  1838,  granting  the  states  the  privilege  of  acting 
as  best  suited  their  views.  This  was  tantamount  to 
a  dissolution  of  the  union ;  and  when  Morazan's  second 
presidential  term  expired,  on  the  1st  of  February, 
1839,^*  not  even  an  outward  tie  remained  to  hold  to- 
gether the  several  states.  Morazan,  and  ho  alone,  did 
not  relinquish  all  hope  of  restoring  the  republic,  and 
without  delivering  up  an  office  which  had  ceased  Id 
exist,  the  strife  was  continued  under  his  leadership. 
His  efforts,  supported  by  force  though  they  were,  met 
with  resistance  on  the  part  of  Nicaragua  and  Hon- 
duras, united  by  a  treaty  of  alliance  since  January 
18,  1839,  which  had  been  entered  into  for  the  pur- 
poso  of  maintaining  the  independence  and  sovereignty 
of  the  two  states."  Similar  agreements  were  made 
in  the  following  months  between  nearly  all  the  other 
states,  always  protesting  a  willingness  to  form  a  fed- 
eral convention  of  the  Central  American  states,  but 


opposmg 


the  idea  of  confederation.*^ 


**After  that  Diego  Vijil  represented  the  unity  in  the  federal  district  tn 
vice-president.  The  fouvcnticlo  of  the  four  nobles,  Pavou,  Batres,  and  llio 
two  Aycincuas,  had,  however,  during  Rivera  Paz'a  rule  in  Guatemala,  arraiit'oii 
matters  to  their  own  satisfaction,  iu  order  to  break  up  the  union,  having  ut 
their  disposal  the  requisite  number  of  municipal  districts.  Their  emiss;uii\i 
supported  the  separation  in  Houduras  and  Nicaragua.  Costa  Rica  was  gov- 
erned by  Carrillo,  a  declared  foo  to  Central  American  nationality.  Tliey  wci  o 
now  working  with  Rivera  Paz's  successor,  Gen,  Cdrlos  Saliizar,  witii  almost  a 
certainty  of  carrying  their  point.  Salazar  waa  a  good  soldier,  but  as  a  poli- 
tician, without  guile,  and  easily  deceived.  Id.,  241-3. 

*'"  And  also  to  protect  other  states  against  all  interference  on  the  part  of 
the  late  federal  government.  Full  text  of  the  convention  iu  Cent.  Am.  <  'oih 
stituUons,  no.  4,  l-o.  l?y  virtue  of  this  arrangemcn'^,  the  combined  forces  of 
the  two  states  invaded  Salvador.  Marure,  Efem.,  47.  This  treaty  brought 
about  Morazan's  ruin,  and  the  disruption  of  the  federal  union.  Francisco 
Fcrr-cra,  commander  of  the  forces  of  llonduras,  himself  made  it  known  to 
Carrcra,  and  it  prompted  the  latter's  rebellion  on  the  24th  of  March,  181)9, 
and  his  march  against  Guatemala,  It  enabled  Pavon,  Batres,  and  tiio  Ayei- 
nenaa  to  take  C;  rrera  in  triumph  into  tliut  city  on  the  13th  of  Apr.,  18.')'.). 

^^The  jefe  of  Guatemala,  on  the  17th  of  April,  1839,  declared  the  I'edcial 
compact  dissolved,  and  the  resumption  by  the  state  of  its  absolute  sovereignty. 
This  declaration  was  ratified  by  the  constituent  assembly  on  the  14th  of  .InnG 


agair 
:  in  tl] 
j  and  t 
5        Hond 

Tl'OOf 

ritorv 

at  the 

and  P 

San  y 

Xiboa, 

Benitc 

ritiiSa 

fi'doral; 

Eq  ua  lij 

tile  res: 

took  th( 

ill  sever 

of  t  lie  same 
a'lil  iiUianci 
nii'ilo  siiiiils 

Wt'IliI.  iuul 

as .';  .\oroigr 
0''  a  similar 
A><"i.,  4S-0 
si'vcreitrnty. 
of  t-'io  state 
t'n'ii-  scats  ii 
traidfLt.-iii. 
^vi'i-,..  (lis.'^aii.- 
'ov.irlioiitic, 
tli'-iii  Ilondui 
^^adonJyfou, 
ii)f  rcprcscn 
tJio  latter  clu 
"n'.Vi-tIio83i 
votes  present 
liicic  u-cre  ( 
""•■'iiccs.  Cost 
«0'itiiyoiit  to 
J;"''-'  virtual] 

.  ^'  It  Was  a 
frontier  of  Sac 
"Thoallie, 
been  connected 
^"c.to  Jlorazai 
f^'i'tpz,  who  1 

"Brigadier 


FIGHTING  IN  SALVADOR. 


133 


A  conciliatory  spirit,  to  bring  to  an  end  the  war 
a<^ainst  Salvador,  and  to  act  as  mediator,  was  effected 
in  those  treaties;  but  it  had  no  influence  for  good, 
ami  the  hostilities  continued  between  Nicaragua  and 
Honduras  on  the  one  part,  and  Salvador  on  the  othei-. 
Tioops  of  the  two  former  states  entered  Salvador  ter- 
ritory in  March  1839,  and  surprising  a  federal  party 
at  the  crossings  of  the  Lempa  River,  called  Xicaral 
and  Potacones,  took  without  resistance  the  town  of 
San  A^icentc;  but  having  advanced  to  the  heights  of 
Xiboa,  were  repulsed  and  beaten  by  Colonel  Narciso 
Btnitcz.*'  The  allies  were  signally  defeated  at  Espi- 
ritu  Santo,  near  the  Lt;npa,  by  the  Salvadorans,  called 
fi'dcrals,  under  Morazan,  on  the  6th  of  April. '^ 
Equally  successful  were  Morazan's  operations  during;' 
tlif  rest  of  the  year.  His  oflBcers  invaded  Honduras, 
took  the  capital  and  Tegucigalpa,  and  routed  the  allies 
in  several  encounters.'*'' 

of  tliG  same  year.  Guat.  on  the  11th  of  May  entered  into  a  treaty  of  ainity 
niul  alliance  with  Ilonduras;  on  the  5th  of  June,  24th  of  July,  and  lat  of  Aug. , 
niuili;  siiiiilar  treaties  with  Salv.,  Nic,  and  Costa  11.,  respectively.  July  1st, 
llciiil.  and  Costa  R.  for  the  lirst  time  made  a  treaty  of  friendship  and  allianco 
as  p  'vcruign  states.  Aug.  10th  was  signed  at  Quczaltunaugo  tlio  lirst  treaty 
of  ;i  similar  nature  between  the  new  state  of  Los  Altos  and  Salv.  Afdrure, 
Lj'uii.,  4S~oQ.  Costa  Ilica  had  in  Nov.  1833  assumed  the  plenitude  of  her 
Biivi  rcignty.  In  obedience  to  a  decree  of  ikaulio  Carrillo,  the  supreme  chief 
of  t!ie  state,  dated  Aug.  4,  1838,  her  representatives  and  senators  had  left 
their  scats  in  the  federal  congress.  The  state  recognized  its  share  of  the  fed- 
eral (k'bt  and  paid  it  at  once.  Carrillo's  decree  shows  that  the  CosLa  liicaus 
vi'i-..' dissatisfied  with  the  inequality  of  their  representation  in  the  national 
lower  housL',  wht'io  Guatemala  had  19  more  deputies  than  Nicaragiia,  17  more 
than  Honduras,  15  more  than  Salvador,  and  23  more  than  Costa  Rica,  which 
hail  only  four  representatives  in  the '  congreso, '  as  the  lower  iiousc  was  called. 
Tile  representation  in  the  senate  was  equal  to  that  of  tho  other  states;  but  if 
the  latter  cliamber  refused  its  sanction  to  any  bill  adopted,  tho  former  could, 
under  the  83d  art.  of  tho  constitution,  make  it  a  law  by  three  fourths  of  tho 
votn  present.  Thus  was  Costa  Rica  made  a  nonentity  in  tho  legislative  body. 
There  were  other  reasons  for  complaint.  By  a  good  management  of  her 
finances,  Costa  Rica  always  had  available  resources,  and  punctuallv  paid  her 
contingent  to  the  national  treasury  in  money.  Sho  was  therefore  taxed 
while  virtually  without  representation.  Montiifar,  Jicaena  Hist.,  iii.  2GG-73, 
310,313-41. 

^'  It  was  a  force  from  Leon,  under  Col  B.  Mendez,  who  had  e-  ared  by  thf^ 
frontier  of  San  Miguel.  MontuJ'ar,  Jieseilallist.,  iii.  292-3. 

'"  Tho  allied  commander  was  Francisco  Ferrera,  an  Ilondureflo,  who  bad 
been  connected  with  the  incendiaries  of  Comayagua.  This  victory  was  mainly 
due  to  Morazan's  daring.  He  was  seriously  wounded  in  tho  right  arm.  Col 
Benitez,  who  was  a  Colombian,  was  slain.  Martire,  Efim.,  48;  Montttfar, 
Btsinallisl.,  iii,  293-5. 

'*  Brigadier  CabaQos  occupied  the  capital  Aug.  28th.     He  defeated  the  Hon- 


I   !r> 


140 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 


|l'»!' 


H" 


Sj:!! 


t:,**^ 


But  affairs  underwent  a  chan<^e  against  him  early  in 
the  following-  year.  A  joint  force  of  Nicaraguans  and 
Hondurans,  under  Manuel  Quijano,"'^  attacked  tlie 
federals  under  Cabanas  at  the  hacienda  del  Potrero, 
on  the  31st  of  January,  1840,  and  forced  them  to  leave 
the  state  of  Honduras."  A  formidable  servile  coali- 
tion was  being  formed  against  Morazan.  Nicaragua 
was  resolved  to  drive  this  jefe  of  Salvador  from  the 
executive  chair.  Honduras,  under  Jiluregui,  was  con- 
trolled by  Quijano's  sword.  Los  Altos  had  becoiiio 
again  a  department  of  Guatemala,  which  was  subject 
to  Carrera's  will.  This  chieftain,  in  his  pronuncia- 
miento  of  March  24,  1839,  had  avowed  his  intontitui 
to  champion  the  sovereignty  of  the  several  states  as 
concordant  with  his  own  ideas.''^  Morazan  thought 
the  situation  might  be  saved  with  an  extraordinarily 
bold  move,  attacking  the  serviles  in  their  headquar- 
ters, and  made  preparation  to  bring  matters  to  a  fiDal 
issue  in  the  city  of  Guatemala.  The  serviles,  on  tluir 
part,  pursuing  their  aim  of  overthrowing  Morazan, 
entered  into  a  league  with  Carre ra,  and  invited  him 
to  take  possession  of  Guatemala. 

Morazan  convoked  the  assembly  of  Salvador,  and 
caused  the  vice-jefc,  Silva,  to  assume  the  executive 
office  of  the  state,  in  order  to  enable  himself  to  tako 
command  of  the  forces  for  the  campaign  in  Guate- 
mala, which  at  first  amounted  to  900  men.  He  \v;is 
afterward  joined  by  man}^  who  had  been  persecuted 
by  the  aristocrats,  who  pledged  themselves  to  con- 

•lurans  at  Cucsta  Grande  Sept.  Cth,  and  then  entered  Tegucigalpa.  On  tho 
'Jjth,  after  quelling  a  revolt  which  took  place  on  the  Kith,  in  San  Salwul'V, 
^lorazan  was  again  viutorioua  at  San  Tcdro  Perulapan  with  (JOl)  Salvadoraus 
over  a,  double  force  of  Hondurans  and  Nicaraguans,  who,  under  Forrera,  had 
entered  that  town  on  their  way  to  San  Salvador,  to  destroy  tlio  '.--inuilacrii'le 
gobieruo  federal  que  existia  aun  en  aquella  capital.'  Cabanas  triumiilud 
attain  at  Soledad  on  Nov.  13th.  Murure,  Efem.,  48-ol;  Monli'ifar,  /iV-./i'i 
Ilkt.,  iii.  331-0,  440. 

'"  Ferrcra  was  without  a  command  for  eome  time,  owing  to  his  continual 
defeats.     Quijano  was  another  '  notabilidad  del  partido  scrvil  aristocniti  o.' 

*'  Cabanas'  official  report  of  Feb.  3d  from  San  Antonio  del  Sauco  fays 
that  the  enemy's  force  being  superior,  he  had  resolved  to  retire  to  San  Mii,'iicl 
in  Salv.   Monliifar,  liescna  /list.,  iii.  451-2. 

'■'  Stephens,  (^eut.  Am.,  i.  245,  quaiatly  remarks,  '  It  must  have  been  qiiild 
new  to  liim,  and  a  satisfaction  to  find  out  what  principles  he  sustained. ' 


I    ■; 


In  llw 

Cl'ii  lie 

tiiiiwl 
ili'O.' 
says 
ki-uel 

l(juil<J 


TRIUMPH  AND  DEFEAT  OF  MORAZAN. 


141 


and 

1 

tivc 

K 

take 

1 

alo- 

B 

was 

Wk 

itotl 

■ 

con- 

H 

quor  or  perish  at  his  sido,  and  raithfully  carried  out 
the  promise.*^  Morazan  marched  upon  the  city  of 
(liiateuuila,  and  his  niovenieut  created  the  greatest 
aliiiiu  when  he  neared  Corral  de  Piedra.  Consterna- 
tion tlicn  seized  the  serviles."'*  Preparations  were 
maile,  however,  for  defence.  All  men  capable  of  bear- 
in.;  arms  were  calletl  to  the  service,''  and  Carrera 
c^laltlished  his  heacUpiarters  at  Aceituno,  his  plan 
buinjj  to  catch  the  men  of  Salvador  between  the  forti- 
fications of  the  city  and  his  own  force/"  The  plan 
faiKd.  Morazan  entered  the  city  on  the  18th  of  March 
at  sunrise,  by  the  Buenavista  gate,  and  after  some 
{i""liiini]:,  made  himself  master  of  it,  and  of  all  the 
deibnces."''  Liberals  who  were  in  the  prisons  were 
•set  free.  Amonjx  them  was  General  Agustin  Guz- 
man,  whom  Carrera  had  outrageously  treated,  confm- 
i\v^  liim  shackled  in  a  dungeon.  Guzman  hailed  the 
vietiir  who  returned  him  to  freedom,  but  was  unable  to 
aHorJ  any  aid;  the  shackles  had  made  him  a  cripple. 
Tlio  numerous  prisoners  taken  were  all  treated  with 
every  kindness.  Such  had  always  been  his  practice. 
However,  it  was  not  destined  that  he  should  enjoy  his 
victory.  Carrera  attacked  him  on  the  next  day — the 
liltli — and  after  a  fight  of  twenty-two  hours,  com- 
ptlloJ  ^Morazan  to  retreat. °^    His  forces  had  been  sliat- 

'•■  Among  them  were  Mariscal  and  Del  Rio.  War  had  beeu  declared  be- 
tween (Juatoniala  and  Salvador.  The  fiction  of  Atescatempa,  Carrera'3|nocIa- 
maliona  against  Morazan  tlio  chief  magistrate  of  Salv. ,  the  movemont  of  the 
IGtli  of  Sept.,  1830,  against  the  lawful  autlioritics  of  Salvador  prompted  and 
aidel  l)y  Carrera,  the  destruction  of  Los  Altos  the  friend  and  ally  of  Salv., 
auil  many  other  causes,  constituted  a  real  state  of  war.  Montujar,  lie-tena 
Ilisf.,  iii.  430. 

■■•Tiicir  head  men  sought  refuge  with  the  nuns  of  La  Concepciou. 

'''Mado  up  exclusively  of  Lidians,  as  Carrera  wanted  no  white  soldiers  or 
oilieors.  Steiihens'  Cent.  Am.,  ii.  111. 

•"'Tho  worshippers  of  Carrera  have  said  that  ho  intentionally  allowed 
-Mora^.m  to  enter  tho  city,  witli  the  view  of  besieging  him,  which  is  absurd. 
The  city  was  full  of  war  material,  and  was  plentifully  supplied  with  m lat. 

'' His  otlicers  who  distinguished  themselves  in  tho  operations  were  Ccn- 
crals  Cubafias  and  Kivas,  colonels  Antonio  Rivera  Cabeziis  and  Ignacio  Mu- 
lespiii.  and  Lieut-col  Bernardo  Rivera  Cabczas. 

"*  CaiTcra'a  oUicial  report  is  dated  at  Guatemala  on  the  '23d  of  March.  lie 
does  not  speak  of  the  assassination  of  Col  Sanchez,  Morazan's  aido-do-oanip, 
Ity  order  of  his  brother,  Sotero  Carrera;  nor  of  tho  wanton  massacre  i^f  many 
otiiers:  nor  of  the  maltreatment  of  women,  followers  of  the  Salvad.iran  camp, 
wliieli  caused  the  French  consul  to  raise  his  voice  in  protest.     Carrera  gave 


u 


a, 


t'i  >jiti.«(«« 


142 


DISSOLUTION  OP  THE  REPUBLIC. 


'  i  1^  f 


'ii 


tered  at  the  Culvurio.  The  number  of  assailants,  known 
as  cachurccos,  was  overwhehning.*"  At  4  o'clock  in 
the  morning  ho  left  the  city  by  the  plaza  de  Guada- 
lupe with  upwards  of  400  men,  and  was  far  away 
before  the  escape  became  known.  No  pursuit  of  tiie 
fugitives  was  attempted.^ 

On  arriving  at  San  Salvador,  Morazan  found  the 
tables  turned  against  him.  He  was  openly  insulted 
in  the  streets;  and  becoming  convinced  that  it  would 
be  impossible  to  raise  a  new  army  and  continue  the 
war,  ho  concluded  to  cease  the  struggle  and  leave  the 
country.  He  accordingly  called  a  meeting  and  made 
known  the  necessity  of  such  a  course  in  order  to  save 
the  state  from  anarchy.  On  the  5th  of  April  he  em- 
barked at  La  Libertad  upon  the  schooner  Izalco,  to- 
gether with  Vice-president  Vijil  and  thirty-five  of  his 
supporters."^  The  vessel  reached  Puntarenas,  where 
the  chief  of  Costa  Rica,  Braulio  Carrillo,  who  had 
congratulated  Guatemala  on  the  defeat  of  Morazan, 
refused  hijn  residence  in  the  state,  though  it  was 
granted  to  some  of  his  companions."'     Morazan  and 

full  sway  to  his  fcrocioua  instincts  on  that  day,  taking  the  greatest  deliglit  in 
butchering  the  vanquished.  Many  of  the  jiursued  sought  an  asylum  in  ilie 
bouse  of  Chatllcld,  the  liritish  consul,  ami  a  word  from  bim  on  their  ht'lialf 
would  have  saved  their  lives;  but  be  did  not  utter  it,  and  they  were  put  to 
death.  Id.,  400-7;  Mnriirr,  JJ/em.,  52. 

'*  Their  hatred  ai^ainst  Morazan  was  shown  in  their  cries,  accompanying 
those  of  'Viva  la  rcliL;ion  !  Guauacos,  entreguen  d.  ese  eanalla,  cntrcgiunu 
esc  hercjc;  nosotros,  dcfendemos  u  Dios  y  ;l  siis  santos.'  They  called  tlair  op- 
ponents 'guanacos,  pirujos,  nialvados,  ladroncs,'  and  .leclared  that  they  wiie 
going  to  bring  back  the  archbishop,  and  the  friars  who  were  sent  awav  in 
182'.). 

*"  Stephens, 'vlio  was  then  on  bis  way  from  San  Salvador  to  Guatemala, 
met  the  defeated  troops,  and  in  bis  Cent.  Am.,  iL  CD  ct  seq.,  gives  a  grapliio 
description. 

"Miguel  Alvarez  Castro,  Josd  Miguel  Saravia,  Isidro  Menendcz,  fVnIo3 
Salazar,  Maximo  Orellana,  Nicolda  Augulo,  Trinidad  Cabanas,  Enrique  lliviis, 
Gerardo  llarrios,  Pedro  Molina,  with  his  sons  Felipe  and  Josi?,  and  bis  son  iu- 
biw  Manuel  Irungaray,  Antonio  and  Bernardo  Riverji  Cabezas,  Jos(5  M.  l~^.!v;i, 
Mdximo,  Tonils  and  Indalecio  Cordero,  Antonio  Lazo,  and  others.  IV  ho 
Molina  refused  to  goat  iirat,  but  was  prevailed  on  by  bis  sons  and  son-in-law, 
who  saw  tliat  bis  fate  would  be  sealed  if  he  remained.  MontvJ'at;  lU  •<  m 
Hist.,  iii.  484. 

*'  Pedro  Molina  and  his  sons  Felipe  and  Josd,  Manuel  Irungaray,  IsiJio 
Menendcz,  Gen.  Enrique  llivas,  Doroteo  Vasconcelos,  Gerardo  Barrios,  Lulu- 
lecio  Cordero,  Jos6  Prado,  Ddmaso  Lonza,  and  others.  They  were  made  aft  t- 
ward  the  objects  of  abuse  on  the  part  of  Carrillo  and  his  coarse  wife,  Froilaua 
Carranz%.  Id.,  iii.  COO-1. 


:        Lis  V 

■>  Solltj 

i        Aitci 
is.su  ec 

J)COJlI( 

fcdera 
'         liad  b( 
1823. 
TJie 
wiiicJi 
'"  Ilea 
the  (Jof 
TJicy  t 
Aiijcric 
Hut  yet 
tocrats 
wJiiJo  h 
Ainoricj 
tioji  off 

.  Afer 

'lio  Josd 

Jor  (if  si 

^•alJotl  th 

expected 

^o  Jionor 

concord  ^ 

the  ,subj( 

Cailas,  t 

diplumati 

posed  of 

Joaquin 

;i^Iaie.spin, 

i'l  the  bos 


FALL  OF  MORAZAN. 


14S 


his  romaiuing  companions  continu'^d  their  voyage  to 
South  America,  where  he  remained  about  two  years. 
Alter  a  time,  touching  at  David,  in  Colombia,  lie 
issued  a  stirring  manifesto  to  tlio  Central  American 
people.^  He  was  the  last  champion  of  the  *Con- 
icderacion  do  Ccntro  Amdrica,*  whose  establishment 
liad  been  greeted  with  so  much  joy  on  the  1st  of  Julv, 
1823. 

The  governments  of  Nicaragua  and  Honduias, 
wliicli  had  promised  Guatemala  aid  to  resist  JSIorazan, 
(.'<  hearing  of  his  downfall  congratulated  the  victor  on 
the  defeat  of  the  'common  enemy  of  all  the  states.' 
They  thought  that  with  the  fall  of  Morazan,  Central 
xVnierican  nationality  would  be  revived.  They  could 
iiut  yet  see  that  they  had  been  the  dupes  of  the  aris- 
tocrats and  their  clerical  allies  in  Guatemala,  who, 
while  holding  out  the  promise  of  reuniting  Central 
America,  had  been  all  along  working  for  the  destruc- 
tioji  oi' federal  nationality. 

Af.er  the  departure  of  Morazan  and  Vijil,  Anto- 
nio Josd  Cauas,  by  virtue  of  his  position  as  a  council- 
lor of  state,  assumed  the  rulership  of  Salvador,  and 
called  the  assembly  to  hold  a  special  session.  It  was 
expected  that,  Morazan  being  out  of  the  way,^*  with 
so  honorable  and  upright  a  man  as  Caiias  at  the  head, 
concord  would  be  restored.  But  Salvador  was  still 
the  subject  of  abuses,  and  on  the  remonstrances  of 
Cailas,  the  government  of  Guatemala  despatched  a 
diplomatic  mission  to  San  Salvador.  It  was  com- 
))osed  of  the  former  pig-driver  Rafael  Carrora,  and 
Joaquin  Duran,  and  had  for  an  attache  Francisco 
Malespin,  a  military  officer  whose  sword  had  been  dyed 
ill  the  best  blood  of  Quezaltenango.**^     A  convention 

"July  IG,  1841.  Tlo  details  the  acta  of  the  Berriles,  enemies  of  their 
country's  independence  and  freedom.  Carrera'a  career  of  crime  ia  also  fully 
discussed.  Morazan,  Man'if.,  in  Id.,  5S5-9G;  Id,,  in  Cent.  Am.  Pup.,  no.  3. 

"'I'lio  eervilea  had  said  that  they  waged  war,  not  against  Salvador,  but 
against  Morazan. 

•^^  The  embassy  brought  an  escort  of  200  men,  and  Salvador  had  to  pay  all 
the  expense.  See  the  note  of  Minister  Manuel  llarbereua  to  the  minister-geu- 
cral  of  Guatemala,  dated  May  18,  1840.    Carrera  was  lodged  in  one  of  the 


^\W^ 


I 


144 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 


was  concluded  on  the  13th  of  May,  1840,  placing  Sal- 
vador at  the  mercy  of  Gruatemala,  Cauas  having  to  sub- 
mit to  the  conditions  imposed.^^  The  most  humiliat- 
ing condition  of  the  understanding  was  not  mentioned 
in  the  convention,  namely,  that  the  attachd  Francisco 
]Malespin  should  remain  in  San  Salvador,  with  the 
offic  of  comandante  de  armas.  This  treaty  convinced 
the  people  of  Salvador  that  they  could  expect  no  favor 
from  the  aristocracy  of  Guatemala,  their  implacable 
foe. 

best  houses  of  Salvador,  and  his  deportment  clearly  indicated  what  his  early 
training  had  been.  His  first  diplomatic  utterances  were  threats,  and  the  gen- 
eral conduct  of  himself  and  liis  soldiers  was  so  abusive  that  the  people  of  the 
liberal  district  of  Calvario  in  San  Salvador  finally  resolved  to  fall  upon  and 
annihilate  them.  Cafias  saw  tho  danger,  and  called  to  it  the  attention  of 
Duran,  who  prevailed  on  his  coUeagiio  to  leave  the  state  with  his  troops. 
Montufar,  Reaena  Hist.,  iii.  487-8,  492. 

*''Tho  convention  was  signed  by  Joaquin  Duran,  secretary  of  the  sup.  gov., 
and  Lieut-gen.  Rafael  Carrera,  on  the  part  of  Guatemala,  and  by  Manuel 
Barlierena  and  Juan  Lacayo  for  Salvador.  Under  art.  1st  SalvadoL*  was  not 
to  havo  in  office  any  man  who  had  cooperated  with  Morazan.  Art.  '2d  required 
of  Salvador  to  surrender  to  Guatemala  a  number  of  persons,  named  in  a  list 
famished,  to  be  retained  until  Salvador  should  be  fully  reorganized.  Art.  I^il 
forbids  Salvador  to  permit  the  rfiturn  to  its  territory  of  any  of  the  persons  who 
went  away  with  Morazan.  Should  any  return,  they  naust  ne  given  up  to 
Guatemala,  aa  prescribed  in  tho  2d  article.  Art.  4th  and  7th  refer  to  tlie  re- 
turn of  certain  armament  and  of  prisoners  of  war  taken  in  the  action  of  1 8tli  anl 
1 9th  of  March  last.  Art.  5th  saya  that  the  constituent  assembly  of  Salvador 
having  been  called,  her  government  must  see  at  once  to  the  appointment  of 
deputies  to  the  convention  which  waa  to  organize  the  republic.  Under  art. 
Gth  Salvador  agreed  that  Guatemala  and  the  other  states  should  appoint 
agents,  who,  together  with  her  own,  were  to  have  in  their  charge  the  archives 
and  other  effects  of  the  federation.  Id.,  489-91. 


'  U 


State  Gov 

TflKOW 
FALL  O 

— Jefe 
— Rive 
Bexefi 
Captcje 
Akisto( 
Govern 

YAGCA  ^ 
CEDtS  I 
liOOIED 

Havin 

as  an  apj 

tiou  of  tl 
a  cuafode 
ISOl  to  1 
Jial  affair.^ 
it-^  acces.s 
ginnii.g  w 

I  liave 
i^fd   on    I 
iiatuelj,  u 

'^'J^tTiunci 
•^eiiibly  of 

i'a  Aiitio-i 

^^^^'  presidq 

^Guat.  Hecoi 

^'br.  Ce.vt. 


I  'J 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

GUATEMALA  AND  HONDURAS. 

1824-1840. 
State  Goveenment  of  Guatemala — Baebundia's  Radicalism— His  Oter- 

THKOW — ViCE-JEFE  FLORES  ASSASSINATED  IN  QUEZALTENAXGO — DOWN- 
FALL OF  THE  Liberals  in  Gdatemala— Aristocratic  Leaders  Exiled 
— Jefe  Molina — His  Diffi;kences,  Impeachment,  and  Acquittals 
—Rivera  Cabezas'  Reforms— Earthquakes — Galvez'  Role  and  its 
Benefits — Party  Opposition  to  Him — Indian  Outbreaks — Caiuieua 
Captures  Guatemala— Galvez  Resigns  -Subsequent  Rule  oi-  tue 
Aristocrats — Guatemala  again  Independent — Honduras'  State 
Government — Jefk  Dionisio  Herrera— Early  Dissensions— Coma- 
yagua  Assaulted  by  Rebels — Morazan  in  tue  Field— Honduras  Se- 
cedls  from  the  Central  American  Confederation — Federalism 
Hooted  out  of  heh  Territory. 

Having  sketched  the  hfe  of  Central  America,  first 
as  an  appendage  of  the  Spanish  crown,  next  as  a  por- 
tion of  the  short-hved  Mexican  empire,  and  lastly  as 
a  coafoderation  of  states,  embracing  the  period  fiom 
1801  to  1840,  it  is  well  now  to  glance  over  the  intcr- 
uai  affairs  c  f  each  state  separately,  for  the  period  after 
its  accession  to  the  federal  union  down  to  1840.  bc- 
giniiiLg  with  Guatemala  as  the  most  important. 

1  have  said  elsewhere  that  the  states  were  organ- 
ized on  the  same  principle  as  the  confedeiation, 
iiaiiiely,  under  a  popular,  democratic,  representative 
'^ovurnment.  The  first  constituent  congress  or  as- 
seiuijly  of  the  Estado  de  Guatemala  was  installed  at 
La  Antigua  on  the  IGth  of  September,  1824,^  under 
tlif  [(residency  of  the  clergyman  Josd  Maria  Chacon, 


^Om(.  h'fcop.  Leyes,  i.  42,  C2-9,  178. 
Hibt.  Cbsi.  Am.,  Vol.  III.    10 


(1*5) 


■1  ;   ;,  I 


146 


GUATEMALA  AND  HONDURAS. 


'lb  ' 


m 


!«  ■• 


i!! 


m  !'■'"• 


Hi 


and  its  first  act  was  to  call  Alejandro  Diaz  Cabeza  dc 
Vaca  to  be  the  provisional  chief  of  the  state.'"*  On 
the  30th,  the  votes  for  jcfe  and  vice-jefe  having  been 
counted,  and  neither  of  the  candidates  having  the 
requisite  majority,  the  congress  named  Juan  Barrun- 
dia  to  be  jefo  and  Cirilo  Flores  to  be  vice-jcfo,  the 
former  assuming  the  reins  of  government  on  the  12tli 
of  Oc^tober,  and  at  once  inaugurating  a  radical  policy, 
which  tended  to  widen  the  breach  between  liberals 
and  serviles.^  No  person  opposed  to  him  in  politics 
was  allowed  to  have  a  voice  in  public  affairs.  How- 
ever, no  open  rupture  occurred,  even  during  a  tumult 
in  February  1825,  when  the  Franciscan  friars  of  tln' 
college  de  propaganda  fide  refused  to  take  the  oa^h 
recognizing  the  constitution  of  the  republic.  TJic 
rabble  supported  the  friars,*  but  owing  to  the  oner 
getic  attitude  of  the  state  government,  the  priests  hail 
to  submit. 

The  assembly  continued  its  labors.  A  coat  of  aims 
was  decreed  January  20,  1825,  and  on  tlic  2(1  "t 
May  took  place  thc^  installation  <^f  the  executive 
council,  whose  prerogatives  and  duties  were  simil.ir 
in  state  matters  to  those  of  the  federal  senate  in  na- 
tional affairs.  On  the  same  date  was  also  installid 
the  superior  court  of  justice.  The  framing  of  a  state 
constitution  was  not  completed  till  the  11th  <jf  Ocln- 
bcr,  on  wliich  date  it  was  docreod.''  After  passing  a 
law  for  the  political  division  of  the  state  into  dcpait- 
ments,"  the  assembly  adiourned  sine  die  one  month 

^The  title  given  tlio  chief  mapiistriito  was  th.it  of  jefc.  Tliat  of  jiicpiiliiit 
was  not  ducrccd  till  Nov.  "'J,  18.'!!).  Mn^ure,  EiVm.,  al. 

•''  He  is  rcpi-L'Sfntcilasainau  of  cxeitablo  tciiiiieranioiit anil  liansli  niiuimis. 
Ho  WHS  a  liiolhtv  of  .)os6  Francisco  Bairundi:!. 

*Tlio  pivlato  of  the  order  was  snninioneil  to  tiiu  palace  of  the  fcdoiai  u 
•'rnnicnt,  anil  ."i.  compr^iiiiije  was  agreed  to.     Meantime  the  moh  had  .i.^ 


Med,    shoiitinf:,    'Mision   (jnerciiio?!    Vi.a   la   religion!    Mnera   la   hen  ;.■ 
Muerau  loa  qno  no  (julircn  niisiones!'  Muriirc,  IIomj.  /list.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  i'^'- 

^Itwas  solemnly  pionuih^alcd  Dec.  'J(i,  18'2o.  This  oonstitutiou  wa^ 
full  forco  till  lliQ  meeting  of  a  second  eonstitnent  assembly,  when  it  ceasid 
rule.  Muriirr,  Efem.,  l.'i;  (>iiat.,  Rccop.  I.ci/rn,  i.  '201-'2. 

*Vera  Paz  with  Pden;  ('hii;iiiniula.  Ouateniala,  and  Escuintla;  Sai 
jipquez  with  Chiinaltet'.ango;  Sni'liitepe(]ucz  with  Solold;  Quczaltcnango 
SoeouusL'o;  Totonicapan  and  ilin  Imctenango.   /(/. ,  4(i.'i-70. 


111- 
;i! 

;t. 

ill 
to 

ite- 
I  ml 


BARRUNDIA  AS  JEFE. 


147 


later.  Clouds  had  already  appeared  in  the  political 
jiorizon,  the  state  authorities  having  transferred  the 
seat  of  govcrnuient  from  La  Antigua  to  Guatemala, 
ao.iinst  the  opposition  of  the  national  executive. 

The  liberal  party  has  been  accused  of  havuig,  with 
tlic  connivance  of  the  jefe  Barrundia,  committed 
fiaudc  '  t  the  elections  held  in  January  182G  for  a 
partial  renewal  of  the  representative  council.     In  the 


Arms  ov  C<tATi;MAi..\. 


first  ordinary  legislature,  which  met  on  the  1st  of 
February,  a  law  was  passed  for  now  elections  to  iill 
tho  council.  But  these  and  other  arbitrary  measures 
ol'  the  liberal  party  gave  rise  to  such  warm  diseus- 
siuiis  in  the  assembly,  that  Barrundia  at  last  ignored 
the  authority  of  the  council  as  then  existing.'     Tlie 

'  Dairundia  induced  seven  of  tho  'ironties  to  abandon  tlicir  scats,  imd  to 
inctist  .'[gainst  rcaolutiona  enacted  by  tlio  Ici^islaturo  after  tliey  bail  (juitted 
it.  Manire,  liosq.  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  242. 


148 


GUATEMALA  AND  HONDURAS. 


i!i/! 


iOoter  then  denounced  him,  and  called  the  vice-jcfc  to 
assume  the  government.  But  through  the  mediation 
of  commissioners  of  the  federal  government,  harmony 
was  restored.  This  harmony  was  not  to  last  long, 
new  complications  arising  from  another  quarter.  I 
have,  in  detailing  federal  affairs  at  this  period,  spoken 
()('  tlie  plans  attributed  to  president  Arce  to  overthrow 
the  liberal  party,  and  the  events  which  culminated 
with  the  dcposal  of  Barrundia  from  his  position  as 
jefe  of  the  state.  The  first  resolution  taken  by  the 
legislature  and  representative  council  was  to  remove 
the  capital  to  Quezaltenango.  The  new  jefe,  Floros, 
was  at  the  same  time  empowered  to  organize  a  mili- 
tary force,  raise  funds,  and  adopt  other  proper  meas- 
ures to  uphold  the  state's  sovereignt3^*  Flores  had 
advocated  the  removal  of  the  state  capital,  but  stren- 
uously opposed  tbo  selection  of  Quezaltenango  as  an 
unfit  place  for  the  seat  of  government  of  a  liberal 
state."  The  assembly  paid  some  heed  to  his  roinon- 
strances,  and  tarried  a  while  at  San  Martin  Jilotcpec, 
where  it  was  resolved  that  Barrtmdia  should  resume 
the  reins  of  government;  but  he  declined,  pleading' 
ill  health.^^  The  assembly  remained  at  that  place  till 
the  29th  of  September,  and  Ihen  concluded  to  repair 
to  Quezaltenango,  considering  Jilotepec  not  quite  safe. 
Flores,  accompanied  by  a  few  doi)uties,  arrived  ;i( 
Quezaltenango  on  the  8tli  of  October,  and  was  re- 
ceived with  a  shower  of  ilowers.  He  at  once  set 
himself  to  complete  the  defence  of  the  district,  which 
had  been  already  begun  by  Colonel  Josd  Pierzon," 
who  had  mustered  into  the  service  of  the  state  sev- 


^This  step  was  taken  Sept.  G,  ISCC.  Mariire,  Dosq.  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  200; 
Mem.  Ih'v,  Cent.  Am.,  53-4.  A  deiiiaml  from  tlie  fed.  gov,  to  muster  out  tlic 
troops  wii.s  I'L'fiised  in  roanil  terms. 

•  JIu  hud  oiicc  been  a  rtsidctit  tlioro,  and  knew  it  to  bo  the  most  bigotc.l 
place  in  all  Ctnit.  Am.  Libenil  idciis  liad  not  taken  much  root  there,  an- 1 
lauaiii'isni  ruled. 

'"  Jlu  ut'tcrwurd  attempted  to  recover  his  office,  but  the  course  events  Iim  1 
taken  imjieihjd  it.  J/cwi.  Jtnn.  Cent.  Jiii.,  57-8. 

"  A  ereolo  from  Sto  Domingo,  who  liiid  been  formerly  a  federal  ollicur;  b.it 
having  been  arbitrarily  removed  from  tiio  position,  he  joined  the  stute  causr. 


'""'•'•  Cnit.  .< 

'■^AlllOM.r 

^     '"AlVai.l 


PIERZOX'S  CAMrAIGX. 


m 


111* 


ni 


rC- 


eiiil  hundred  men."  Having  reason  to  apprehend  an 
attiuk  from  the  federal  authority,  Picrzon  was  or- 
dered to  Patsun  to  watch  the  enemy.  It  was  during 
Ills  absence  that  the  events  occurred  leading  to  the 
murder  of  Jefe  Flores  by  an  ungovernable  fanatical 
iiH.h,  (»f  which  a  description  is  given  elsewhere.  Upon 
bearing  of  those  occurrences,  and  of  the  friars  at 
( )iie/altenango  having  called  the  Indians  of  the  ncigh- 
l)()i]iood  to  take  up  arms  for  the  common  defence, 
]'ierzf)n  retreated  to  Totonicapan,"  encountering  the 
Que/.altec  rebels  on  the  18th  of  October  near  Salcajd, 
and  easily  defeated  them.  He  gave  no  quarter.  He 
demanded  the  immediate  surrender  of  all  arms  in 
Qiiezaltenango,  guaranteeing  the  lives  of  the  inhab- 
itants, otherwise  he  would  destroy  the  place."  The 
rebel  authorities  had  to  submit,  and  on  the  following 
day  Pierzon  recov^ered  possession  of  the  place.  Sev- 
eral draconic  ordinances  were  issued  to  keep  in  check 
the  spirit  of  rebellion. ^^  The  leaders  of  the  riots  had, 
liowever,  Hed,  thus  escaping  the  punishment  they  so 
liehly  deserved. 

.Fuan  Barrundia  now  made  anotlier  effort,  from 
Sololil,  to  resume  his  former  authority,  but  his  pres- 
tige was  lost,  and  most  of  his  IViends  liad  forsaken  his 
cause.'"  Pierzon  abandoned  Quezaltenango  on  the 
25tli  of  October,  and  was  pursued,  overtalcen,  and  de- 
feated by  the  federals,  under  Brigadier  Cdscaras,  at 


''^Noiir  Quczalten.iugo  ho  endeavored  to  capture  Ins  former  eominand,  now 
under  Miuiiiel  Montul'ar,  but  tlio  latter  escapcil.  ^fl)n.  licr.  <'ciif.  Am.,  5.")  G. 
Hi'  hail  l)eeu  fi>rc\vanied  l)y  ^^olno  servilcs  of  Qiiezaltenango  of  the  anibuseado 
I'lujiared  for  him.   Marurc,  JJoiq.  l/isf.  Vent.  Am.,  i.  'JO'J. 

'■'Abandoning  the  plan  ho  had  formed  of  attacking  tlie  federala  under 
Fi'ii..ei.suo  CAsearas. 

"lie  allowed  four  hours  for  the  surrender:  'wi  cii  el  tennino  do  euatro 
hoi:is,  110  cfeetiian  V^da  lo  referido,  la  hermosa  cindad  do  Quezaltenango  disa- 
p;iuiri-,i.'  Marurc,  JJo.sq.  IHH,  Cent.  Am.,  i.  288;  Id.,  Kjem.,  IS;  .Mem, 
U'l:  t'nit.  .'iin.,  57-8. 

'^  Among  them,  one  of  Oct.  19,  1820,  to  punish  att'-mpta  at  propaLrating 
Bcditiuii  among  the  soldiers;  another,  of  Oct.  '2oth,  to  ^:nposc  the  ])unalty  of 
lifath  on  all  (.iuat';nialaus  taking  iiji  arms  against  the  state  government.  Ouz. 
dt  Mcx.,  l)ec.  14,  1820;  El  ladkudor  dc  Llaal.,  of  same  year,  no.  100;  G'uat., 
Jiecu/i.  JAi/es,  i.  'JiS-uO. 

'"Afiaid  of  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  federal  troops  then  marching 
i"\\:\vA  Los  Alto.=i,  ho'  retired  to  Ivotalhulcn,  where  he  lived  till  18'JD. 


i 


ISO 


GUATEMALA  AND  HONDURAS. 


^lalacatan."  Picrzou,  together  with  his  friends  Saget 
aiul  Fauconnier,  escaped,  and  were  proscribed,  but 
they  managed  to  cross  into  Chiapas.'^  But  it  seemed 
that  it  had  been  preordained  that  he  should  perish  at 
the  hands  of  his  foes.  On  his  way  to  San  Salvador 
to  take  part  in  the  war  against  the  federal  govern- 
ment, he  was  taken  prisoner,  brought  to  Guatemala, 
and  shot,  on  the  11th  of  May,  1827,  without  a  trial. ^' 
Another  body  of  liberal  troops,  under  Cayetano  do 
la  Cerda,  not  being  aware  of  Pierzon's  defeat  at  Ma- 
lacatan,  prepared  to  marcli  from  Los  Altos  to  Guate- 
mala, but  the  soldiers  were  induced  to  rebel,  and  thus 
the  last  armed  force  of  the  state  disappeared.  Thi; 
members  of  the  assembly  and  council  who  were  not 
in  prison  either  secreted  themselves  or  emigrated,  and 
the  state  was  left  without  authorities.  The  federal 
president  assumed  power,  antl  replaced  the  jcfcs  polf- 
ticos  and  military  conniianders  with  his  own  creatures. 
lie  published,  on  llie  31st  of  October,  a  deci-ee  foi' 
now  elections  of  state  authorities.  The  new  assembly 
met  on  the  last  day  of  the  year,  and  on  the  1st  of 
INlarch,  1827,  ^lariano  Aycinena  was  chosen  by  pop- 
ular vote  chief  of  the  state.*''     It  is  hardly  necessary 


to 

lie 

dci 

sue 

con 

jiid, 

oA 

ilJ)\V 
out  i 

Tl 


"  Oct.  '2S,  IS'JO.  Cascaras'  vaingloi'ious  report  is  iu  Gnat,,  One.  Gob,,  Nii\ . 
2,  1S2(),  and  Mrx.  Gar.  Gob.,  Dec.  14,  \S2G;  Muriirc,  L'/hn.,  18;  Mem.  lli  ■. 
Cm/.  Am.,  r>'.)-GO. 

'*  All  persons  afTorilini^  them  aid  M'ere  doelared,  on  tlic  5th  of  March,  guilty 
of  hi^jh  treason.  Gunf.,  llec«p.  Ley^,  i.  '_'.J0-4.  Decree  reiterated  March  L'^, 
IS'-'T;  Mdritrc,  Efem.,  I'.t. 

"All  authorities  agree  that  the  execution  was  effected  upon  tiic  increordu' 
of  Ayciiicua,  the  then  jcfc  of  Uuat.,  and  without  legal  formalities.  Ai'i' \ 
M(  III.,  (IS;  .Mem.  J'ev.  Cent.  Am.,  70;  Astiihuruaija,  Cent.  Am.,  10;  Squie/.i 
Tr<u-il^\  ii.  .'i97.  Thi^  last-named  writer  severely  condemns  tiio  nffected  piety 
iif  Aycinena,  who  made  confession  before  a  priest  and  took  the  connnuniiu 
l)cfoi(!  si;.'ning  the  death-warrant.  In  18i!!)  1  ho  liberal  party  awarded  extra"i- 
dinaiy  honors  to  I'icrzon's  memory,  ordering  that  his  name  should  bo  phui  il 
by  llic  side  of  Cirik)  Flores",  with  this  inscription,  'Viva  el  ilustro  CoroiH  1 
I'icr/on  en  el  coruzon  de  los  buenos  patriotas.'  Munire,  Efem.,  19. 

'^"Aycinena  retained  his  position  uninterruptedly  till  the  12th  of  Apr, 
1S_'!),  when  he  was  deposed  by  Morazan.  A  legislative  act  expatriated  him, 
and  he  was  'n  exile  tiU  cai'ly  in  18IW,  when  ho  retuined  to  the  bosom  of  \M 
family;  Init  a  secouil  Icg'slafivo  order  compelled  him  to  leave  the  countiy 
again.  Finally,  an  amnesty  decree  of  July  2."),  1838,  nstoreil  him  to  his  coun- 
try in  Sept.  Marnre,  Efem.,  18,01.  Maiiai^o  Cordol)a  was  chosen,  in  Mai  oh 
1827,  vico-jefc,  and  when  ho  resigned  the  office,  Manuel  Montilfar  was  calltJ 
to  succeed  liiin.  Mem.  Itiv.  Cent.  Am.,  (JO. 


.)<• 


v.as  i,|, 

llii's 

aHiij-Ji 

i\u'.  en 
ol\Sa!v; 
of  Ay, 


^'  It  M 

'-'l.ieut 

"■"I-ienie 

Peiialry  ho 

'O'lecrees  i 
c'Hi,,.tt.d  h 
l^'i'i.  j;ev. 
^^^^  to  be 


IS 


RULE  OF  AYCINENA. 


151 


to  state  that  the  elections  were  wholly  controlled  hy 
the  servile  party,  whose  views  were  reflected  in  the 
iiiw  jufu's  policy.  Lest  the  existing  courts  should  not 
deal  to  the  liberals  subjected  to  criminal  prosecution 
Kucli  punishments  as  their  enemies  desired,  a  military 
court,  \\ith  three  voting  members,  was  created,  to  ad- 
judicate verbally  upon  all  causes  for  treason. ^^  Dur- 
ing the  seven  months  of  its  existence — to  the  29th 
of  October,  1827 — it  sentenced  to  the  death-penalty 
upwards  of  ten  persons,  but  the  sentence  was  carried 
out  ill  one  case  only.^'* 

The  history  of  Guatemala  during  Aycinena's  rule 


GCATEMALA   MeDAL   01'  ABOUT   TlIIS    DaII;. 


was  identical  with  that  of  the  federal  government, 
this  jcfo  being  a  supporter  of  President  Arce,  and 
alloicling  him  all  possible  aid  in  his  warfare  against 
Salvador,  all  of  whicli  has  been  narrated.  Toward 
tho  end  of  1828,  however,  the  successes  of  the  arms 
of  Salvador,  together  with  certain  alleged  false  steps 
ut'  Aycinuna,-^  aroused   such  a  spirit  of  discontent 

■'  It  was  the  first  of  its  cltiss  in  Cent.  Am.,  but  by  no  means  tho  last. 

^-  Lieut  Isiilro  Velazquez  was  executed  March  30,  1827. 

•■'  Jjiiiit  iicy  toward  the  proscribed  Antouio  Kivcra  Cabezas,  whose  death* 
penalty  lie  had  commuted  to  exile,  and  prohiliition  of  certain  liooks,  pursuant 
to  (iccrucs  of  the  ecclesiastical  authorities,  were  among  tho  chief  causes  wliich 
tliuKited  him  many  of  his  former  supporters.  MoiUiijar,  Iteseria  Ilial.,  i.  230; 
iliiii.  1,'ev.  Cent.  Am.,  114.  On  tho  Uth  of  December,  1828,  he  ordered  such 
books  to  be  burned.  Murure,  Ejhn.,  22. 


Iht     V- 


.!    I 


1.:-: 


GUATEMALA  AND  HONDURAS. 


ajraiiist  him  and  his  administration,  that  on  the  20th 
of*  October  the  assembly  passed  an  act  for  the  renewal 
of  all  the  chief  authorities  of  the  state. ^*  Soon  after- 
ward the  project  was  entertained  of  detaching  Guate- 
mala from  the  federation.  Neither  of  the  plans  led 
to  the  proposed  results.  The  latter  was  disapproved 
by  the  representative  council,  and  the  former  was 
useless,  as  tlie  incumbents  wore  continued  in  office.^' 
This  caused  the  breaking-out  of  a  revolution  at  La  An- 
tigua in  January  1829,'^'' which,  though  casil}'-  quelled, 
hastened  the  march  of  the  liberal  forces  under  Mora- 
zan  from  San  Salvador  upon  Guatemala.-^  After  this 
leader  took  tlio  city,  on  the  13th  of  April,  1829, 
Aycinena  and  the  other  chief  men  of  his  administra- 
tion being  thrown  into  prison,  Juan  Barrundia  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  government,'^^  and  tho 
authorities  of  La  Antigua  were  transferred  to  Guate- 
mala.^'' The  deposed  congress^''  of  1826  also  reassem- 
bled on  the  21st  of  April.^^  It  must  bo  remarked,  iu 
connection  with  the  state's  aft'airs  at  this  time,  that, 
though  nominally  in  the  hands  of  Barrundia  and  tlie 
assembly,  they  were  virtually  under  Morazan's  con- 
trol. To  meet  his  constant  demands  for  money  in 
support  his  forces,  a  number  of  financial  schemes  were 
devised,  the  property  of  the  serviles  being  almost  c\- 

^'It  purposed  with  this  measure,  which  turned  out  to  be  unavailing,  to 
remove  one  of  the  obstacles  to  the  termination  of  the  war  by  means  of  a  peai  u- 
ful  arrangement. 

"  They  were  reelected,  though  succeeding  events  prevented  the  courrting 
of  the  votes.  Mem.  Rev.  Cent.  Am.,  115. 

""'A  revolt  at  Quezaltenaugo,  Nov.  5, 1828,  had  been  summarily  suppressul. 
Mam  re,  Ej'em.,  22. 

*' The  districts  of  Sacatepequez  and  Eacuintla  recognized  the  authoritin 
that  were  installed  in  La  Antigua. 

''^  Ilia  brother  Jos6  Francisco  having  been  made  acting  president,  he  w- 
signed  for  the  second  time  the  office  of  jefe,  urging  obvious  reasons,  but  ho 
was  ro(iuired  by  the  assembly  to  continue  discharging  his  duties  till  tlii' 
election  should  have  been  effected.  Montiifar,  Hcsena  Hist.,  i.  1C7-9. 

**Tlio  dispersed  representative  council  of  182G  had  been  reorganized  at  La 
Antigua  Feb.  11,  1829,  and  its  senior  member,  Mariano  Zenteno,  recognized 
as  acting  jcfe  of  the  state, 

'"  Tliis  body  voted  Morazan  a  gold  medal,  and  declared  hini  a  benemo- 
rito.  It  also  decreed  that  his  portrait  should  be  placed  in  the  hall  of  ses- 
sions.    This,  however,  was  a  spark  of  enthusiasm  which  died  out. 

"  Nicolds  Espinosa  presided,  as  he  had  done  at  the  last  sitting  at  Sau 
Martin  Jilotepec,  Sept.  20,  1826. 


clus 
that 

:N'ot 

cneii 

cutio 

(if  in 

patri£ 

Xc 

choice 

in  Au 

the  te 

the  no 

oi'atior 

whom 

brougjj 

th(3  :Hh 

i^uri 

state  o 

'fhero  V 

Jlotuuai 

•luiiDula 

\V(>i'L'  a  I 

Hiattor  1 

accompli 

f'f  tho  s 

ill  i\\o  ex 


"'''■i.vetar 

"itliout    rest 

civditci  with 

}'"■■  Cut,  A) 

'^Montufa 

'"-\i)tonio 

JtroAii:^.  183J 
''-^'"linaM 

";Ihc1i  li'o  M-as 

„    '''''iveraCa 
'";•'  •'^'Tvile  par 

<ly.lIowiK] 
tie  ,:ctc.rhatre 
'"«  li.uids  of  Jii 


RULE  OF  MOLINA  AND  RIVERA  CABEZAS. 


in 


clusively  affected  by  them.  Their  property,  as  well  a3 
that  under  control  of  the  church,  was  taxed  severely.^* 
Not  satisfied  with  depleting  the  resources  of  the 
enemy,  under  the  decrees  of  June  4th  and  August 
2l1c1,  the  late  officials  were  made  amenable  to  prose- 
cution in  a  summary  manner,  though  finally  a  sort 
of  ironical  amnesty  was  granted  them,  involving  ex- 
pntriation,  which  was  enforced  on  the  28th  of  August.^' 

Now  elections  for  state  authorities  resulted  in  the 
clioice  of  Pedro  Molina  asjefe,^*  and  he  was  inducted 
in  August  1829.  His  subsequent  disagreement  with 
the  temporary  president,  Josd  Francisco  Jiarrundia, 
tlic  novel  ideas  ho  suggested  for  remodelling  the  fed- 
eration, and  the  intrigues  of  his  opponents,  among 
wlioni  has  been  named  the  vice-jefe  llivera  Cabezas, 
brouglit  on  his  overthrow,  when  he  was  superseded  on 
tlio  !)th  of  March,  1830,  by  said  vice-jefe.^'' 

During  the  administration  of  Rivera  Cabezas  the 
stati'  of  Guatemala  enjoyed  the  blessings  of  peace. 
Tlici'o  was  only  an  encounter  between  the  people  of 
llotoiiango,  now  Quiche,  in  Sololii,  and  those  of  Clii- 
iiuiniula  in  Totonicapan,  upon  land  questions.  There 
were  a  few  wounded.  Rivera  Cabezas  arranged  the 
matter  to  the  satisfaction  of  both  towns.  He  also 
aec(inn)lislied  many  reforms,  ascertained  the  amount 
of  tlio  state  debt,  and  introduced  a  proper  economy 
in  tin;  expenditures.^" 

"■'('.lyctano  do  la  Ccula  was  tho  lulmiuistrailor  do  rccuraos,  and  he  acted 
witlijut  rcstiiction.  Mariano  Galvcz,  Barruiidia's  secretary  of  state,  is 
cmliti'il  with  tiic  invention  of  tho  financial  .schemes  by  the  author  of  Mem. 
Hi'-.  Cut.  Am.,  VM'y-1. 

'^K^lontitfar,  Hexemi  Hist.,  i.  1.31-3,  143-51. 

^'  Antonio  Rivera  Cabezas  was  chosen  vice-jefe  in  March  1830.  lie  was 
sucaciled  by  Gregorio  Marquez  in  Feb.  1831;  Francisco  X.  Flores  was  conse- 
jcro  Aucr.  1831. 

'^  Molina  was  impeached  on  trivial  and  inconsistent  charges  by  the  Icgisla- 
tlve  liddy.  Twice  tried  and  twice  acquitted;  but  meantime  the  term  for 
which  lie  was  chosen  had  expired,  and  new  elections  were  ordered.  Murnre, 
Am".  til.     Full  details  of  the  trials  in  MontuJ'ar,  liesefia  Hint.,  i.  'JO.')- 17, 

'M;i vera  Cabezas  wielded  a  powerful  pen,  and  in  a  phiyful  way  ridiculed 
the  .'^irvile  party.  Ilis  Don  Meliton  dialogues  did  it  more  harm  than  .losi5 
del  \'allu  with  liis  grave  and  erudite  speeches  in  congress.  He  won  him.self 
thu  hicter  hatred  of  that  party.  The  political  change  of  183!)  placed  him  in 
the  imnds  of  his  enemies,  and  he  lost  much  of  his  property.     He  left  the 


!l  i 


154 


GUATEMALA  AND  HONDURAS. 


Wliilo  internal  dissensions  were  exciting  the  people 
of  Guatemala,  they  were  forced  to  undergo,'  on  tliu 
23d  of  April,  1830,  the  tribulations  resulting  from  oii<; 
of  the  s(jvcrest  shocks  of  earthquake  experienced  in 
the  country.^  Nearly  all  the  inhabitants  pass(;d  tin; 
night  in  the  streets,  public  squares,  or  in  the  open 
iields.  The  assembly  adjourned  the  following  day, 
and  the  state  authorities  removed  to  Jocotenango. 
Fortunately,  no  niore  shocks  occurred,  and  the  public 
alarm  gradually  subsided,  the  damage  done  being  loss 
than  had  been  supposed."^  The  clergy  made  use  (if 
the  earthquakes  to  arouse  the  rabble  against  tlio 
liberals.^' 


After  the  removal  of  the  national  seat  of  governuicnt 
to  San  Salvador,  Guatemala  found  itself  in  a  grtnt 
measure  freed  from  the  constant  bickerings  betw clii 
the  federal  and  state  authorities.  The  servile  party 
gained  by  it;  but  for  all  that,  the  liberal  spirit  of  the 
federal  administration  was  st  11  felt.  Pursuant  to  a  dc- 
cree  of  the  assembly  at  Jocotenango,  elections  for  state 
authorities  were  made,  and  Jose  ¥.  Barrundia  was  Ihe 
popular  choice  for  jefe,  and  Gregorio  Marquez  lor 
vice-jefe.  Barrundia  declined  the  ofiice,  pleading  a 
previous  election  as  senator.  The  assembly  refund 
his  resignation,  and  Barrundia  reiterated  it,  till  his 

The  vice-jefe  Marquez  tlkii 


wishes  were  granted.'*" 

country,  but  family  ivffairs  necessitated  his  return  somo  years  after.  In  lii3 
last  years  his  intellectual  faculties  declined,  and  the  scrvilesno  longer  fiMixd 
him,  but  tiicir  hatred  I'cniained,  and  tlicir  insults  and  abuse  hastened  his 
death.     Ilia  portrait  is  al.-io  given.  Monit'tj'ur,  /'(•a  Tia  llisl.,  i.  23i5-7,  -I'i- 

^'  The  nicst  violent  felt  since  1773.  J\Iarure,  IJj'<-m.,  20. 

'^Scveial  buildings  were  df  waged,  among  tlieni  the  churches  of  Sant:i  Te- 
resa, San  Francisco,  and  Recdlei  s.  Since  the  end  of  ^larch  shocks  had  iii;eii 
cxiierienced  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Pacaya  volcano,  several  villages  bciiii^'  al- 
most cutircljr  reduced  to  ruins.  lb. 

"'■'Tlie  nun  Teresa  called  them  the  cil'ccts  of  God's  displeasure  for  the  lian- 
ishment  of  the  archbishop  and  friars.   Moiihifar,  licKciia.  /li>if.,  i.  2'23-(). 

*'' The  liberals  wero  certain  that  with  Morazan  at  tlio  head  of  the  federal 
government,  and  Barrundia  as  chief  of  Guatemala,  there  would  be  no  ills- 
agreements.  Bari'undia  now  made  a  ces.sion  for  the  benefit  of  public  iustriic- 
tiou  of  nearly  $7,000 — due  him  for  salaries  during  the  time  he  acted  as  jiiesi- 
dent.  This  was  a  generous  act  on  the  part  of  a  man  who  had  no  private 
fortune.  Ho  later  ceded  one  half  of  his  senatorial  pay  for  the  same  puipose. 
Monliifar,  Itcnola  Hist.,  i.  27;{-C. 


RULE  OF  GALVEZ. 


\m 


assumed  pro  tumporo  the  executive  office,  and  retained 
as  his  secretary-general  the  clergyman  of  talent,  An- 
tcmio  Colom.  New  elections  were  called  for,  to  bo 
made  by  the  same  electoral  bodies  which  had  effoctcd 
the  last,  and  Mariano  Galvez  was  chosen  jefe,  assuiu- 
iii-j;  <i{licc  in  August  1831/'  This  chief  of  the  slato 
endeavored  to  steer  a  middle  course  in  the  managc- 
iiKiit  of  public  affairs,  but  he  was  only  partially  siu - 
cessl'iil.*-  Several  important  measures  were  adopted 
to  relieve  the  burdens  of  the  people,  and  to  advance 
their  intellectual  development." 

Galvez  was  not  content  with  encouraijjing  science 
a:i(l  literature;  he  also  directed  his  efforts  to  tlic  ad- 
vancement of  arts  and  industries,  and  the  iiu[)rovenicnt 
of  towns,  public  health,  etc.  Friars  who  had  become 
secularized  were  granted  the  rights  enjoyed  by  other 
citizens,  and  could,  therefore,  bequeath  and  accept 
inheritances.**  At  Galvez'  suggestion,  the  assciubly 
passed  the  act  of  February  27,  1834,  to  enable  nuns 
to  al)andon  their  convents,  if  they  so  desired,  taking 
the  dowries  they  brought  with  them.  Later,  niar- 
riage  was  declared  to  be  a  civil  contract  that  could  bo 
dis>olved.''^  The  measures  affecting  the  clerov  in 
their  ])iivileges  and  revenues,  the  introduction  of  the 

"(ialvez  was  reelected  Feb.  9,  1835,  and  lield  the  position  till  l\\>.  2, 
ISIiS,  M  liLU  ho  was  forced  to  rcsiujn  it.  Dining  his  liist  trim  Sinn  in  Xascoii- 
coins  \v,.d  vice-jefc,  and  Juan  Ant.  ^lartiiiez  eoiis-'ejuro;  thiiini,'  tlie  f^i  eond, 
IVih-i)  .1.  Valen/Liela,  who  Biiiiei'scdcd  him;  ^liiiiano  Sanohiz  do  l.con  was 
coil;:!  ji'to  in  1830,  and  Maiiauu  lMvt:i:i  I'a/  in  .July  ISJ'iS.  "I'ho  latltr  al.so 
laid  the  executive  oiiice.  Suh:,  Gar.,  Oct.  12,  1S,T»4;  Murure,  Kj'ctn.,  -i;!,  4'), 
Gl-'J. 

'-(ialvcz  was  not  in  league  with  the  clergy  or  aristocracy,  cm  ono  side;  n^r 
with  IJarruniliaor  Morazan,  on  tlio  other,  lie  wanted  to  toi'ni  a  jiartv  i.f 
\vh;  'i  1,0  should  bo  the  sole  chief.  This  prompted  hiui  to  oppose  all  parties, 
ai.d  liidiight  upon  him  juany  reproachea. 

''  lutJuIy  1S."!2  tithes  were  abolished.     On  tlie  IGlli  of  Sept.  an  aca('.cni\ 
of  SLinircs,  to  take  the  place  of  the  old  uinversity,  «,is  established,  and  \i  i, 
were  aC^ached  the  colegio  do  abogados.  and  the  jirotdiucilicato.     This  ac; 
ciiiy  was  suppressed  Maich  (i,  1840,  and  the  university  (if  old  was  rcsloui. 
Mnridc,  Ej'em.,  32.     Among  other  measures  were  the  reduction  of  holidays 
Sewn,  aside  from  Sundays,  and  the  prohibition  of  religious  processions  in  i.i.' 
sUrrts  on  working  days.  MoiiU'i/ur,  Jie-sena  Hint.,  i.  .'iOV-lU,  ii.  7lJ->S4. 

'  l]vcn  the  ofl'spring  of  priests  were  to  bo  reputed  as  legitimate  in  case 
of  iiilieritariee,  where  tho  father  had  died  intestate.   Id.,  ii.  ."iKi-T. 

'This  idow  at  tho  church  was  not  favorably  received  iiy  the  people,  an. I 
in  July  ISoS  the  resolution  was  suspended. 


15(i 


GUATEMALA  AND  HONDURAS. 


Livingston  code  with  trial  by  jury,  and  the  coloniza- 
tion l)y  an  Enj,'lish  company  at  Vera  Paz,  gave  riso 
to  displeasure  among  tlio  ignorant,  which  the  clergy 
and  the  serviles  did  not  fail  to  fan  into  a  flame  tint 
erelong  became  a  conflagratie)n.''®  Added  to  this  was 
tile  jealousy  engendered  by  San  Salvador  having  been 
made  the  national  capital.*' 

The  first  outbreak  occurred  in  March  1837,  wluii 
the  Indians  of  San  Juan  Ostuncalco  rebelled.  It  was 
at  once  quelled,  but  the  ravages  of  cholera  caused  in 
June  the  uprising  at  Mita.  It  has  i)een  shown  in  all- 
ot her  ])lace  tliat  here,  at  this  juncture,  llafael  Cam  r.i 
made  liis  iirst  aj)pearanco  in  the  political  held,  inau'^u- 
rating  the  war  that  eventually  dissolved  the  repubhr, 
and  tlirough  its  consequences  brought  Guatemala  to 
the  verge  of  ruin.  On  the  IGth  of  June,  1837,  the  as- 
sembly met  in  extra  session,  but  was  unable  to  effect 
any  i'avorablo  change  in  the  situation.  There  were 
two  bitterly  opposing  parties  striving  for  control.  To 
make  matters  worse,  insurrections  broke  out  in  several 
jiarts,*^  ending  with  the  capture  of  the  capital  by 
C'arrera  on  the  31st  of  January,  1838,  and  the  re- 
placing of  Galvez  by  Valenzuela  on  the  2d  of  Febru- 
ary. That  same  day  the  departments  of  Los  Altos, 
namely,  Solold,  Totonicapan,  and  Quczaltenango,  tle- 
clared  themselves  detached  from  Guatemala  to  consti- 
tute the  sixth  state  of  the  federation,  under  the  name 
of  Los  Altos.*''     A  constituent  assembly  was  installcJ 

'"Tlicy  inado  the  Indians  believe  that  tlic  cholura  was  the  effect  of  Clulvez 
and  liis  friends  having  poisoned  tlio  sprinys,  '  ])ara  destruir  houibres  (jui;  lie- 
testaha  y  poblacioncs  quo  aborrecia.'  /</..  ii.  'M.'-}. 

*'  It  was  constantly  brought  forward  tliat  wluio  otiier  states  had  secnli'd 
from  tlic  confederation,  Guatemala  alone  had  contribivted  to  the  ((inriMii 
budget,  and  furnished  the  national  executive  arms  and  money  towa^ewnr 
against  tlie  rebellious  states. 

♦'Martial  law  was  jjroclaimed  Jan.  IC,  1838,  in  the  depivrtments  of  S;il;i- 
tepequcz  and  Guatemala.  Two  days  later  La  Antigua  rebelled,  uppoin.  ;  .,'  ;v 
pi'ovisional  government,  and  8ubse(]uently  Chiquinuda  and  8alaniil  ful!  '>>cd 
the  movement.  Marure,  Ej'em.,  42-3;  Squier's  Travels,  ii.  431;  Glial.,  i:>'0[i. 
Liyi's,  1.  858-9. 

**  The  provisional  government  was  placed  in  charge  of  Marceio  Molina, 
JiiS(5  i[.  Galvoz,  and  JosiS  A.  Aguilur.  The  assembly  of  Guatemala  siinply 
referred  the  matter  to  the  federal  congress,  which  recognized  the  new  state. 
MotitvJ'ar,  Itesena  Hint.,  iii.  l)-'23;  Giiat.,  Jiccoji.  Lcyes,  i.  43. 


^''^' 


STATE  OF  LOS  ALTOS. 


i:.: 


at  Qiu'/altcnaiigo  on  the  25tli  of  December,  and 
Marcclo  ^loliiia  elected  lirst  jef'e  of  the  state,  lie 
was  iiuhicted  in  otlice  on  t!io  28th.'" 

Th(>  constituent  assembly  adopted,  May  26,  1830, 
a  constitution  which  was  democratic  and  representa- 
tive, witli  the  llonian  catholic  as  the  religion  oi"  the 
state/'  Later,  it  passed  instructions  to  guide  the  ex- 
ecutive in  his  relations  with  the  other  states.  IMiey 
were  leased  on  equity  and  justice,  and  prompted  by  a 


i  ■.,•  ii„  'i,      \  \       f_C/  ■  yjr    ..«« 


Los  Altos. 

spirit  of  fraternity.^'^  The  state  concluded  with  Sal- 
vudoi-,  on  the  10th  of  August,  a  treaty  defensive  and 
ollensive,  but  it  came  to  naught,  for  reasons  that  will 
lio  explained. 

'"  Manire,  Ef/'ni.,  47. 

"'I'll!'  state  coiii)>nse(l,  on  the  north,  the  districts  of  Huehuetenango,  Saca- 
pulas,  iMalacatau,  Tcjutla,  Cuilco,  Jacaltenango,  and  Sololil,  together  with 
ail  the  territory  between  the  river  I'asion  and  Chiapas,  to  where  it  toiichod 
till' iiiuliliiieil  boundaries  of  Tabasco  and  Yucatan;  on  the  west,  Ostmic:alc() 
and  Siui  Mareos;  on  the  soutli,  Cuyot(^nango  tmd  Mazjiteiiango;  on  tiio  east, 
Atitlaii,  Solola,  Joyabaj,  Qiiichi';  nn<l  in  tlic  centre,  Totouicapan  and  Quc/.al- 
tciiiiiiL'".  Montitfur,  liitDfia  HUI..  iii.  o'Jl-o. 

■M)atia  July  12,  18;W.  Jd.^WM-l. 


t\ 


.viM&iii 


158 


GUATEMALA  AND  HONDURAS. 


lij 


.i'i')'^ 


Tlie  jcfo,  Molina,  was  an  honest  man  and  an  al)]o 
jurist.     He   loved    Los   Altos,  and   considered  it  a 
necessary  orj^auization  for  the  greater  lustre  of  the 
C'enti'al  American  republic;  but  he  had  little  knowl- 
edge of  human  nature,  and  was  easily  deceived.     The 
government  of  Guatemala  pursued  toward  him,  since 
April    13,  1839,  a  machiavelian  ])olicy,  and  led  him 
into  tlie  fatal  belief  that  it  really  desired  the  prosper- 
ity and  happiness  of  the  new  state,  which  had  becoiiio 
tlie  I'esidence  of  the  liberals  who  had  Icil  Guatemala, 
llecing  from  Carrera,''^  and  constantly  ]iublished  severe 
strictures  against  Carrera  and  the  arist(.>cratic  cliquo 
which  surrounded  him.     Molina  had  been  persuutltd 
that  the  Guatemalan,  authorities  were  fi'iencli}' towai'd 
the  state  of  Los  Altos,  though  requii'ing  that  it  should 
discoui'age  the  attacks  of  the  exiled  liberals,     ilow- 
evei',   jMolina,  abiding  by  the  constitutional  claubcs 
declaring  freedom  of  the   press  to   be  inviolable,  an- 
swered that  the  Government  of  Guatemala  had  the 
right  of  prosecuting  the  writers  before  the  courts  of 
Los  Altos  for  libel.     This  ill  feeling  was  all  that  l^i- 
von,  the  Guatemalan  machiavelian  minister,  desiied 
for  future  hostile  ])roceedings.     The  opportunity  was 
not  wanting,  and  the  state  of  Los  Altos  was  destroyed 
by  Caiivra  on  the  29th  of  January,  1840,  and  rein- 
corpoi'ated  with  Guatemala."*     Molina,  though  ci-ed- 
ulous  and  vaeillating,  at  the  last  moment  showed  him- 
s(df  to  be  possessed  of  a  brave  heart.     He  well  knew 
that  his  atlministration  had  been  a  just  (nie,  that  all 

the    oart    of 


01 


charges    au'ain^t    his    cfovei'mnent 

''Oalvcz,  .Jo.s<5  F.  .•iiid  Juan  Barrun.lia,  Siinon  Vascr  icclos,  and  otlicrs. 

''*0ii  till!  "JStli  of  Jan.  a  body  of  Qiicz.ilttc  (iou[)s  uiidtu' Coloni  1  (/orzo, 
wan  di'I'catcd  hy  llio  (iuatoiiKdans,  iukUt  (ieii.  Mciitcr,  -sa.  It  liad  Imu  sta- 
tioned in  till.'  liacic'iida  of  llrjiicnl,  with  tho  doulilc  cbj  .'t  of  j.'Mai'din;;  i  ii  the 
coast  side  tho  tiTiitory  of  Lo.s  Altos,  an  1  of  forniinf^  i  ■oiiihination  \vi;li  the 
nii'n  of  Salvador,  who  wcro  about, to  iiivado  (ii'.atoniala  from  the  river  I'az 
frontier.  Tho  triatnuiit  of  the  fuL'itivcs  by  the  Indians  was  shocking.  L'oi'zo 
jii.d  ]Jcut-col  Cordoba  i)crishcd  at  their  hands  Carrera,  after  defeating,  eii 
tUi;  "JUth  of  Jan.,  the  Q\i<zaltco  troops  that  iutenijitcd  to  check  him  nu  the 
l.ei,:;lit3  of  Sololil,  enturcil  (Jni'zaltonnngo  unresisted,  and  put  an  end  t  >  iliat 
fctatc.  Its  towns  were  taken  under  Oiuatcnialaa  protection,  on  the  Ii'  "U  "f 
their  vohiiitary  annexation,  by  decree  of  Fob.  2G,  1640  Marnro,  Ej'  ■,<"'-• 
Guat.,  J'cciij).  Lcijrn,  i.  43-50. 


C  uat 

false. 
iii>uli 
( .'.'jie 
l-ate 
eitizd 
jdunrli 

Aii; 

since  i 

JlissLi 

hy  a  J 

] 'laced 

was  on 

liihitcd 

hccn  n 

just. 

■suggest 

•'■'•I'ipfio 

.sons  im 

I.sl'I.^'  ■ 

'■"It  was 

"OlJMilitted 
ti'u  yovenu 
ttction.     T 
''"'lid  tile  pi, 
vKtijiiuinai 
and  iijnvard; 
i'l'st  named 
S'liei-i.d  objoc 
""I'epiivi 
'leld  it  till  I 
Mtctitive  oil 
'!•>',  ■Vn)\trc 
"'■d  of  hirn, 
I'laci-.I,    1,0   . 
^»t.,  i.  LMI. 

'■  The  .'J  1  . 
todos  los  aci 
Oclioeientos  v 
'•■'Jiiiiiiiguii  in 
the  iiiiliativo 
'■'■-■JiiiiMiltee. 
ui;i  fur  liis  c,\ 
ti.Mifd  to  the 
«■,""  -i  I'ardune 

Ot  IVc  ij.i'OL'ity 

''•".'•'  iiivaria'hi 
wil",  I'ut  insi 
^'"*';  iii.  1,^,-; 


a- 


was 

lyod 


KIVERA  PAZ  AS  JEFE. 


159 


riuatemala,  by  Pavon  and  his  fellow-aristocrats,  were 
f;ilso.  lie  did  not  forsake  his  post.  Carrera  grossly 
insulted  him,  and  sent  him  as  a  prisoner  to  (jruatomala. 
CIciioral  Guzman  was  reviled,  forced  to  wear  I'ags, 
liatcn,  and  his  hair  and  beard  pulled  out.  Other 
ciiizcns  were  shamefully  treated,  and  their  homes 
jilmidored.^" 

.Vilairs  in  Guatemala  had  undergone  a  g'  eat  change 
since  the  removal  of  Galvez  from  the  position  of  jefe. 
]  lis  successor,  Valenzuela,  was  dej)osed  July  22,  1838, 
liv  a  popular  movement,  and  ]\lariano  Ilivera  Paz 
placed  at  the  head  of  affairs.^''  Ilis  Orst  official  act 
was  one  deserving  of  special  commendation,  as  it  ex- 
];iljitcd  a  conciliatory  spirit  which,  unfortunately,  had 
luun  a  stranger  in  the  country  during  man}'  years 
past.  Three  days  after  being  installed,  at  his  s])ccial 
suggestion  the  state  assembly  nullilicd  all  acts  of  [)ro- 
siaip^ion,  and  decreed  a  general  amnesty  ff>r  ah  Mer- 
SDUS  implicated  in  political  offences  since  September 
Is-Jl."' 

"It  was  claimed  tliat  Carrera  could  not  prevent  tlicbo  abuses,  wLich  were 
."oiDinittcd  l)y  the  very  people  of  Los  Altos  who  rose  against  the  pnrti.-aiiH  of 
tlio  L^overnincut.  Tiie  fact  is,  they  ■were  savage  Indians  under  ('antra's  pro- 
tcctioti,  'I'I'is  chief  leturncd  in  ti-iunijih  to  <!i;atumula,  and  was  rccfivi'd 
iuiiul  the  plaudits  of  liis  elerieo-arlstoeratic  Kiippurters  and  tlio  rabhl.'.  IHs 
vittiji  iua-iarniy  Ijiought  in  the  rear  the  armament  and  spdils  of  Quezaltenango, 
and  iijiv.Tirds  of  100  iirisoners,  among  ti.  m  Gu;:nian.  Mariaoal,  and  Soto.  'I'lio 
lii'dt  named  was  wounded,  and  ii^d  to  mide.  'i'lie  raliijle  made  liini  the 
s^liccial  oljjoct  of  their  .'-cotF.   Moi'tt'(/tir,  Jtcsii'i'i  /li-<t.,  iii.  •i;W-4!. 

^''  Depiivedof  the  odice  Jan.  3U,  ISlii);  restored  Ajn-.  h'Stlud  tliosame  year; 
hold  it  till  Dec.  i:],  ISfl.  I.i.y  11,  18ll2,  lie  assnnird  for  tiic  tiurd  time  ilio 
executive  olUce,  with  the  title  of  presidentof  the  idate.  Gnaf.,  ]i'i-n>  L'lji  s,  i. 
IT^i;  M<ir,n-e,  E/ihi..  ()1-'J.  Stcjihens,  wiio  saw  liivera  I'az  in  KiK),  tipeaka 
"(11  of  liim,  saying  tliat  'in  all  (I.e  trying  jiositions  in  winch  he  wasafterward 
jlacil,  ho  exhiliited  ni^^-e  than  ordinary  prudence  and  judgment.'  (.'int. 
Am.,  I.  -20]. 

■'  'liie  od  and  last  art.  contained  these  \voi'ds:  '  Un  olvipo  general  snlire 
todu.-i  los  acontecimientoa  politicos  dcsdc  cl  iiuinco  do  tjetiendjre  do  nul 
ocliiiiientos  veintinno  liasti  la  fetha;  y  so  prohiba  rigurosaniente  removerloa 
full  niiigim  motivo.'  Further  than  tins,  do.t^  F,  Barrnndia  had  ino\('d  that 
tlif  initiative  should  be  made  ui's^ciit,  nnd  \cpted  on  without  being  rcfcii-cd  to 
:i  '-'iiiii'iittee.  Montiifar,  who  gives  full  details  on  ''m's  aU'riir,  blames  liarrun- 
ilia  f.ir  ilis  excessive  generosiity  nnd  abnegation,  which,  lie  declaics,  alwaya 
li.imd  to  the  ])rcjudicc  of  tii.it  statesman  and  his  jKirty,  He  wanted  lii.s  en- 
miii's  pardoned.  Mid  tc)  enjoy  nil  tic'  ional  guarantees,  but  tlieie  was  no  siiirit 
of  ivi  if.iocity  on  their  part.  When  the  scrviics  assumed  the  reins  of  pnwcr, 
tiny  iiivarialdy  abused  and  persecuted  Harrumlia.  lie  was  noton)y  .sent  into 
evil'',  liut  insulted  there  in  publications  tliey  would  forward  linn.  L'/.tena 
nil.,  iii.  IbS-DO. 


160 


GUATEMALA  AND  IIOXDURAS. 


1 1  i  H  > !: 


I'MJ 


From  tlic  moment  Rivera  Paz  was  made  the  pro- 
visif»tial  head  of  the  state  government,  reaction  set  in 
and  went  on  with  flying  colors.  Measures  in  conso- 
nance witli  the  wishes  of  the  retronfrcssionists  wvm 
a(l()})te(l  one  after  another  as  fast  as  they  could  Ix; 
drawn  up/'^  These  decrees  should  have  satisfied  Car- 
ixra  and  his  supporters;  but  it  seems  thai,  they  did 
nt)t;  his  faction  became  more  and  more  recalcitrauL 
lie  found  himself  closely  pressed;  but,  unfortunate! \ , 
General  Guzman  was  persuaded  to  enter  into  arran^v- 
nients  with  him  at  EI  Kinconcito.  This,  liowever, 
did  not  bring  peace  to  the  state  for  any  length  ot 
time. 

In  the  latter  ])art  of  January  18.39  liivera  Paz  w;is 
de[)osed  by  Carlos  vSalazar,  militar}^  commandei-  ol 
Guatemala,'''  but  reinstalled  by  Carrera  on  the  l.'ilh 
of  April. *^"  This  disturbed  condition  lasted  r.ome  tiim; 
longer.  The  state  declared  itself  independent  on  tin: 
17th  of  April  of  the  same  year,  and  the  only  form  ol 
union  maintained  with  the  other  states  was  by  speci.il 
Iri.'aties  of  allowance,'^'  in  which  the  states  mutu.illy 
aeknowledged  theii-  independence  and  sovereignty, 
and  [)ledged  themselves  to  reconstruct  Central  Ann  i- 
ica.     All  ellbrts,  however,  to  reestablish  order  w.ic 

'* The  executive  was  authorized  to  support  the  petition  of  the  elcri^y  lit 
order  tliat  tlio  ilioceso  should  have  a  bisliop,  and  permitted  that  he  shoii'l 
a|p|iro[iriate  a  portiou  of  tlie  i)uhlic  funds  to  that  end.  No  mention  was  luixUi 
ot  the  person  who  was  to  ho  hishoji.  The  idea  was  to  flatter  the  scv(  i  i! 
cleri^yniin  who  were  with  Carrera  hopini^  to  earn  a  mitre.  July 'Joth  I'lO 
people  were  called  to  elect  a  cnnstituent  assembly,  of  not  less  tlian  fifty  iiii m- 
liers,  to  reform,  add  to,  or  retain  in  whole  or  in  jiart  the  constitution  of  (iu:i;'  ■ 
mala.  This  decree  was  supported  by  the  liberals,  who  foolishly  believed  lli:it 
tliL'ir  party  would  lia\e  the  ]io\ver  to  reconstitute  the  state.  The  scrvilis 
iiuiled  it,  being  sure  of  controilinj;  the  situation  with  Kiveia  I'azat  the  hemi  "f 
the  government,  and  three  fervile  wings  as  his  counsellors.  ]leactioii;iiy 
deputies  would  be  plentiful  in  the  constitutional  convention.  The  CMpitatiVii 
tux  was  reduced  to  four  realcs.  'J'he  assembly,  now  converted  into  a  li"- 
iiialvcr  l)y  sleain,  on  the  'JUth  of  .luly  revoked  the  laws  establishing  civil 
marriage  and  divorce,  freedom  to  i)e<(ueith  property,  reduction  of  the  num- 
ber of  holidays,  and  the  fiH'ther  admission  of  ii.'iigious  vows.  Id.,  190-2. 

'''"  He  ruled  'JJ  inonlhs,  .it  the  end  of  which  he  had  to  seek  .'safety  in  llij:it, 
on  t'arrera  occupying  the  capital.  .Udrurc,  Eftin.,  48,  (iJ. 

""The  foi'uier  jjolitical  order  of  all'airs  now  caino  to  an  end,  aud  a  new  >  la 
began  under  Carrera's  auspices.  (liKtt.,  Hcrop.  Lci/ck,  i.  207. 

*'  The  texts  of  tiio  several  treaties  may  bo  seeu  iu  Convencion,  in  Cent,  A  in. 
VonatHucioncs,  5-25,  28-31;  Otiut.,  Ji'ecop.  Lciiv.'',  i.  .?82-0."). 


in  V; 

Can 

'  'ifai 
<'i'  tl 

.'idiiii' 

\>y  tl 

p'Tta: 

>iasti( 

uiiivci 

•strife, 

a/id  in 

Iiad  ,st 

"fan  I 
lic'ni^d 

1  i  uu 
Aiiieric 
iiiaiiifos 
-■"1(1  iipo 
t'i«'  Jtli 

'J'cll  .SOI 
Un"(AS  W; 
>titll(.|it 

•'11    tile 

'   lll'.S(_.||     j\ 

^ii  'July 

''''I'artiiic 

^•'"istitut 

^'I'tlK!   coi 

'■(■placed 


CARMKliA'S  TRIUMPH. 


lei 


in  vain,  owing  to  the  political  complications  caused  by 
Carrera's  rebellion  in  March  1839.  His  capture  of 
Guatemala  on  the  19th  of  ]\Iarch,  1840,  and  tlie  end 
of  the  stru<,^gle  between  him  and  ^lorazan,  which  has 
hoen  narrated,  did  not  materiallv  chanixe  the  state  of 
affairs;  at  all  events,  resolutions  subsequently  adopted 
liy  the  assembly  had  little  weight.""  The  only  im- 
pni'tant  ones  were  the  restoration  of  the  fuero  ecle- 
siustico,''^  and  the  creation  of  a  medical  laeulty  in  the 
university.  Thus,  after  sixteen  years  of  continual 
.-tiife,  Guatemala  found  herself  again  an  independent 
and  impoverished  state.  Neither  of  the  parties  which 
had  strivi.'U  for  supremacy  had  gained  anything.  The 
(.(iinnionwealth  was  practically  inuler  the  dictatorship 
of  an  Indian  chieftain,  whose  will  even  those  who  had 
lidncd  him  to  attain  his  position  dared  not  dispute. 

i'roai  the  moment  that  the  plan  of  a  Central 
American  confetleration  was  eontem[)lated,  Honduras 
manifested  her  willingness  to  be  one  of  its  members; 
and  upon  the  iederal  constituent  assembly  fixing,  on 
tlic  .')th  of  ^lay,  1824,  the  l)asis  of  organization  lor 
each  separate  state,  a  local  assembly  of  eleven  dep- 
uties was  assigned  to  Honduras.  The  state  con- 
stituent assemlilj'  met  at  the  Mineral  de  Cedros,"'' and 
nn  the  IGth  of  September  Dionisio  Herrera  was 
( liosen  jefe  del  estado,  and  Jtjsd  Justo  Milla  vice-jefe. 
in  July  1825,  the  territory  was  divided  into  seven 
dcjiartments,*"''  and  on  tlu'  1 1th  of  December  the  state 
constitution  was  pi'omulgated.  This  ended  the  lal»ors 
ol'tlu!  cinistituent  body,  which  I'oui'  months  later  was 
i'c[)laccd  by  the  ordinary  legislature,  the   installation 

''•  Illinois  Were  paid  to  Carrcra  anil  liivora  I'az.  Tlicir  I'portraits  win;  to 
1)0  jilui  III  in  the  hall  of  scssiuns.  Mm-tirf,  Ej'i'm.,  ').■].  A  few  days  latiT  tlio 
I'.ltli  lif  Mai  jji  was  decreed  a  civic  feastilav.   Omit.,  liirnj).  Leyrs,  iii.  .'MS, 

"•'Alt  of  Nov.  i),  1840.   /(/.,  'JSO. 

'''Not  at  Agnanqneteiii\  as  the  fiideral  cnnLji'oss  had  <(ecrccd.  Astulitirint'ja, 
Vfiit.  Am.,  i;(;  Mariiir,  E/i  in.,  10.  Tin;  last  nanud,  i.i  his  /i'o.s'/.  Ili'-t.  ('ciU. 
Am.,  1  is,  gives  tlie  name  as  Leypateric. 

''•'Cuinaya^,'iia,  Tegucigalpa,  (Jracias,  Santa  iiurliarn,  Olaiicho,  Voru,  luid 
CLuhiti'ca, 

UibT.  Cent.  A.m.,  Vol.  III.    U 


wwm.  11^! 


132 


GUATEMALA  AND  HONDURAS. 


■|:ii'U 


'1! 


ot' wliicli  at  Tegucigalpa  was  followed  by  that  of  tlio 
rcprcscntat"n/c  council  at  Comayagua. 

Honduras  \vas  not  allowed  to  enjoy  a  long  term  of 
peace.     The  assembly  ordered  new  elections  for  chii.t' 
of  state,  on  the  ground  that  Herrera's  tenure  of  office 
had  been  intended  to  be  merely  provisional;  but  he 
held  to  a  different  opinian,  and  refused  to  surrender 
his  authoi'ity.      ]\[atters   were    made   worse  by   the 
enmity  existing  between  Herrera  and  Iriap,  the  gov- 
ernor   of    the    diocese."''      Anarchy    now    prevailed, 
some  of  the  departments,  especially  (h'acias,  refusing' 
llerrera  recognition.      This  state  of  things  was  mainly 
instigated  by  the  [)resident  of  the  rejtublic,  Arce,  who 
strove   to  overthiow  the  liberal  [)arty  in  Honduras. 
Under  the  i)retence  that   Santa  Kosa,  in  the  depart- 
n.'.ent  of  Gracias,  out  of  which  the  federal  govermnent 
drew  a  revenue  from  tobacco,  needed  protection,  An 
despatched  there  200  men  under  ^[illa,  the  vice-jefe,'' 
who,  after  a  short   encounter  with   Herrera's  force, 
marched  upon  Comayagua,''*'  arriving  there  early  in 
April    1827.      The  town    had   been   hastily  fortified, 
and    energetically   resisted  thii-ty-six  days;   but   imt 
receiving  timely   I'eenforcements,   succumbed  on  tli< 
9th  of  ^lay,  18-17.*"    Herrera  was  si;nt  as  a  prisoner  to 
Guatemala,  and  new  elections  were  ordered  in  Hon- 
duras.'^'    A  new  legislature  on  the  ICth  of  Se[)teml»i  r 
chose  Ger6nimo  Zelayajefe,  but  he  was  recognized  ;is 
such  only  in  Santa  Barbara.     All  lil)erals  were  dis- 
missed from    office.       Francisco   ]\Iorazan,    who  had 

'*Iri;i3  cxcoiiiimiiiiciitf'cl  ITonvr.i,  and  the  latter  had  him  anested.  Il'tli 
had  iiir.iiy  adherents. 

""Arec;  elainis  that  (.iraciaa  had  calhil  for  the  iirotection.  .Vein.,  (il-'i; 
^^cln.  Ji'tv.  ('('III.  Atn.,  01.  'I'lio  truth  is,  he  liad  no  ri,L,dit  to  cxeruiso  jiirisihc- 
tion  tiicrc,  the  jihieo  not  being  on  tho  frontier  nor  on  the  coast.  J/o/vcf/i, 
Ajiiiiiii'.<,  MS.,  (i. 

^^llerrera  had  a  force  to  dcfiat  Milla,  but  refrained  from  using  it,  in  order 
that  Honduras  .should  not  bo  accused  of  beginning  hostilities  again.-.t  liio 
nation, il  government.   /'/.,  7. 

''••.M.irure.  Kj'iin.,  lit,  givea  tho  10th  as  the  date.  Dunlop.  Cent.  Aw.,  MilJ. 
gives  March  lUlh.  Morazau  attributea  tho  surrender  to  tho  connnanilor'.s 
treachery.   Ajiinilrn,  .M.S.,  8, 

'"('Icto  Ijcmlana  was  made  jcfo  provisional  in  Se|)t.  IS'27,  Francisco  Mora- 
zau being  conacjoro  in  Xcv.  of  that  year.   Miirurc,  Lyon.,  03. 


ncen 

^■ivei 

•  •.>.'a| 

dcfe;t 

i!i.->tal 

a.s.sun 

fefeiK, 

afjiu'rs 

uhejv 

troiibji 

of  the 

Aroi', 

h'hera] 

as  was 

the  /oJh 

'I nil,  th( 

.dfectiiii. 

her  I8;j 

t'>  roiid( 

•■^tato,  w 

fi'ieiids  0 

JfoiKhu^ 

authorizi 
h'L-ed;  an 
'■ailed  1 
met  at  C 


01 


\Wiic 


."■^cohi.s. 
■^Tl,c 


lere  w. 
'  wa.s  eoi 


»,  ■■■'   ^\Ji 

'"'■■"_  f"i  lli<t., 

I     '"■^'iitiiicz 

'■'i\.'uid(.tlier.s 

'.'  ''''<'y  Ml' I 

'■'Jie.suJtin 

'■"cclu'il  f„|.,,, 

';"'W  wan  ,1  ,„. 
":■'"'  '^f  'cu. 

•^''IniM      iO.S     y    [.,, 

"•■^'oratioiinf'd 

,  J'^.i     U;iS 

y^^  «.Ultia;'o    I 


LIBERAL  IDEAS  IX  HONDURAS. 


163 


liuLii  imprisoned,  nut\vitlistan(Jiii<^^  the  safe-conduct 
.'•iveii  liini  after  the  fall  of  Coniayagua,  managed  to 
e.^'.-apc,  and  subsequently  rendered  efficient  aid  to 
(Irfeat  the  federals  at  Trinidad."^  The  government 
installed  by  Milla  disappeared,  Morazan  temporarily 
;i>.suining  the  reins  in  November.  The  further  inter- 
iLiciK.'e  of  the  federal  government  in  tiie  internal 
ii flairs  of  Honduras  has  been  fully  narrated  ol.se- 
wlit're.  The  country  was  not  exempt  from  internal 
troubles  from  the  close  of  1829'''^  to  the  beginning  of 
180.3,  requiring  J'early  always  the  iinal  inteivention 
of  the  federal  government  to  bring  theni  to  an  end,'* 
Morazan's  ascendency  awakened  in  Honduras  more 
Uliiral  ideas  than  luul  ever  prevailed  in  the  countiT, 
;is  was  evidenced  in  the  laws  then  enacted.'^'  Duriiig 
lluj  fullowing  years  Honduras  was  comparatively  tran- 
([uil,  the  political  agitations  of  the  re[)ublie  scarcely 
liU'cctinu:  her.  There  was  a  local  sedition  in  Decern- 
In'r  183G,  and  the  early  part  of  1837,  contributing 
b)  render  much  worse  the  iinancial  condition  of  tho 
>tatc,  which  had  been  bad  enouL*"!!  before.'^  The 
tViciKls  of  the  federation  decreased  from  day  to  day. 
Honduras  accepted  tho  act  of  tho  fedei'al  congress 
authorizing  the  states  to  constitute  themselves  as  they 
liked;  and  in  June  1838  the  legislature  and  executive 
lalled  for  a  constituent  assembly  to  do  so,  which 
laet  at  Comayagua  on  the  7th  of  October.'*' 


"Sio  his  ApiiHte.'>\  ^IS.,  <)_!(). 

'' Tliere  was  a  suditiouof  tliu  sri'silcs,  licaJuil  hy  Fallici-  Uivas;iiul  otlu'rs, 
which  was  couclmlcd  by  a  jjuaecalilo  arraniioim-at  with  Morazan.  .l/o  ili'n'iir, 
/,V.*»'t ///.s7.,  i.  li)l-:i,  \m. 

''  .Martinez  ami  l.'oii,  iuiplicatcd  in  a  plot  with  ncj^irocs  of  liulizc  aiul  JVsca- 
lar.  aiiil  (itliers  were  ixi'L'utL'il  May '_','>,  lSo.>.   Maiili'ifur,  licsi  ila  llisf.,  ii.  KtJ. 

;'  i'hcy  mostly  all'cctcil  tiic  ckTgy.    Muruiv,  JC/i  m..  '.!:j-7,  ;!.")-(!. 

"'Uu^ultinglVom  various  causes.  A  law  providing,'  t'ora  ]irovisiim:;li'un<,'niy 
ihn'kcd  fdiL'igii  trade.  Ja  the  iiiterii.ir  ib  was  at  ."ii)  per  I't  liisiajunt.  A  do- 
'Hi;  tstnl)lisiiing  a  siii'.lo  tax  novel- conld  lie  earried  out.  Tiie  almlitiou  of 
iithus  was  a  UK'asuiu  whicii  'au^ed  trouble.  'I'nuiil  or  fanatical  rulers  uoio 
::;;aid  (jf  'cuutro  cauiinig'^f  \  icjos  do  C'ltuayaLjua.  qui;  ;uiieiia/:aba ii  con  el 
mIiuo  ID'S  y  las  iioiias  dii  i  ilicrno,' and  fauati';isiM  soon  brought  about  the 
ii-atoratajji  of  the  tithes.    Miiiitt'(jiV;  I,'(.-<cna  Uis(.,  iii.  '^77. 

"Tliis  was  the  seci'j*''  constitn-'iit  assembly,  and  its  lii'st  )iresideut  w;s- 
■' »v  Santiago  Uuezo.  Tho  t"Wil  «':  Tegucigal[ia  deniauded  absolute  iiidr- 
Kiidtiue,  dccluiing  itself  Kccc.iv'da.id  lunier  the  iirolcctioa  of  Micarayua  until 


164 


GUATEMALA  AND  HOXDUiiAS. 


The  dc{?laratioii  of  indepcndeneo  was  solemnly  pro- 
multjated  in  a  single  sentence  on  the  2Gth  of  October, 
1838.''  All  further  efforts  on  the  part  of  ^lorazaii 
and  his  fellow-federalists  to  restore  the  disrupted  rc- 
})ublic  i>roved  unavailing,  as  we  have  scen.'^  At  the 
•end  of  Janiiary  1840,  the  secessionists  were  victorious, 
and  federalism  was  rooted  out. 

1  append  a  list  of  Honduras  rulers  after  Mora- 
zan's  short  provisional  administration  in  1827-28.'" 


at  .should  be  declared 


This  was  the  work  of  the  returned  reactionists.  Jd. 


"'  'Art.  tlnico.  E'  c&tado  do  Honduras  cs  libro,  soberano,  dindependiente.' 
It  was  published  by  the  acting  jcfe,  Leon  Alvarado.  The  declaration  beiiij,' 
deemed  insufficient  by  the  secessionists,  another  act  was  passed  on  the  oth  of 
Nov.,  to  say  that  Honduras  was  independent  of  tlie  late  federal  rroverunicat, 
of  the  governments  of  the  other  states  of  Cent.  Am.,  and  of  any  other  gov- 
ernment or  foreign  power.  /7. ,  '2S'2;  Manirf,  Effm.,  47. 

'*  Tegucigalpa  had  bef;n  twice  taken,  and  Comayagua  once,  by  the  federal 
forces.  Id.,  50-1. 

■'Geronimo  Zelaya,  primer  jcfe,  June  1828.  J  lis  Jjuthority  was  never 
recognized  outside  (.f  Santa  Barbara.  His  election  was  !i'ially  declared  null, 
like  all  others  eHectjd  pursuunt  to  tlie  convention  l)y  the  president  of  the  ri'- 
luiblic.  Diego  Vijil,  vice-jetV,  Apr.  18'2i).  Juan  Angel  Arias,  consejero,  Di'o. 
182D.  Josi";  Santtjs  del  Valle,  cuns(;jero,  July  1830.  .JosiS  Ant.  Manjui/, 
jeie,  March  1831.  D'rancisco  Milla,  con-sejoro,  March  1832.  Joaquin  Kiviia, 
jefe,  Jan.  18.33  to  Dec.  31,  183C.  During  his  term,  owing  to  illness,  the  cxif- 
ulive  was  tempDrarily  in  'diarge  of  V.  Ferrera,  the  vice-jefe,  in  Sept.  ISiill, 
anil  of  J.  M.  JJiistiUo,  con.5ejero,  in  Sept.  18.35.  The  latter  was  again  in 
power  as  acting  pre.udcnt  in  Aug.  1839.  Ferrera  again  held  the  executive  in 
■Jan.  1841,  with  the  title  of  president  of  the  state.  J.  M.  Martinez,  conscjirn, 
Jan.  1837.  Justo  Josi'-  ili  vrcra,  jefe.  May  1837.  Leon  Alvarado,  consejcin, 
Oct.  1838.  Felipe  Medina.  •](ia6  Alvaradu,  and  Lino  Matute  are  also  njcii- 
tioncd  as  having  bad  charge  (jf  the  executive  in  Xov.  1838;  the  last  naiinil 
till  Jan.  1839.  Juan  V.  Molina,  consejero,  Jan.  1839.  Jos(5  M.  Gucrn  iv, 
consejero.  May  1831).  Francisco  Zelaya,  consejero,  Sept.  1839.  />/. ,  li.'i; 
Mon/uJ'ar,  nfnefia  Hist.,  ii.  133-G,  325-31;  iii.  28i'-3. 


L^'IVeil 

"^paiij, 
'')''  firsi 

.Sail  Sa 
iiato.- 


CHAPTER  IX. 

SALVADOR,  NICAKAGUA,  AND  COSTA  RICA. 

18-24-1840. 

S\Lv.ijoR  State  Goveunment— Lidkiuls  Oveiituuow.n— Secession  from 
THE  UxioN— Sax  Salvador  as  the  Federal  Seat  of  Government — 

(ICATEMALA  IMPOSES  IIEIl  WlI.L— JeFE  CaSas  AND  COMANDANTE  MaLES- 

ri.N" — XirARA(;rA"s  Ivmu.v  TRoriiLics — Sieci-:  and  Bo^t'sardmen  r  op 
Leon — Or.r.ANiz\rioN  of  State  Government — Dissensions  and  War- 

EARK— ErCPTION  OF  CoSKii'lNA  -SECESSION  FROM  THE  CONFEDERATION  — 

CosTv  Rica  as  a  Confederated  State — Juan  ^Iora's  Adminisiration 
—Towns'  Ijkkerinijs  Settled— Braulio  Cakrileo's  RrEE-FiNAL 
Secession  from  the  Central  Amei!K'an  Rkpiulic— Prosperitv  of 
THE  State. 

Salvador,  from  the  earliest  days  that  iitteraiico  was 
oivoii  to  the  idea  of  liberty  and  iinlepeiideiice  from 
Spain,  was  ready  to  echo  and  champion  it,  and  was 
the  first  to  eltl'ct  an  organization  lor  self-govcrn- 
iiunt.^  The  state  was  divided  into  four  departments, 
Sail  Salvador,  San  Victiiite,  San  ^liguel,  and  Sonso- 
iiate."  Uiulcr  the  direction  ot"  the  constituent  asseni- 
Mv  a  state  sjfovernment  was  orij'anized.  with  duan 
Viv\^nto  Villacorta  as  jefi',^  and    Mariano    J*rado   as 

'March  '»,  1S'J4,  tlic  local  coiistituentfe  assembly  mot,  aiul  en  tho  Itli  of 
■luly,  tlio  state  constitution,  derived  oii  tUe  Titli  oi'.liinu,  was  j/iililislicd,  uml 
ltd  sii|ipi>rt  :r\voin  to.  Miirtir-    E/ini.,  10-11. 

-Si)!is.)riato  liad  always  lieiim^uil  to  (Guatemala,  Imt  was  annexed  to  Saha- 
lior  i)U  the  return  of  tlic  auxiliary  f'.tce  that  was  despatched  to  the  foruicr 
•  |VJ3  toijuell  Ai'iza'-  itvult,  <>f  which  I  lia\egivrii  an  tttcdunt.  By  intri^ruu 
■  ud  fune,  the  iiihal(itaiit.-<  \u»-re  made  to  declare  in  J.ifor  of  Salvador,  'i'iio 
i',-;inii  was  later  attachi:d  lo-thclattcr,  though  thi;  ■  hau-^e  of  jurisdiction  lia.s 
'  vi  r  hecu  loimally  acUuowleilged  hy  (juateniala.  Some  time  after  there  was 
■i  I'kiii  of  creatiiiu',  with  Sonseiiate  and  Santa  Ana,  a  separate  .state',  but  tiiu 
t' 'I  ;al  congro.-j  did  not  sanction  it.  Marure,  Ito^r/.  /lis/.,  \,  \M). 

'  Ho  assumed  hisollice  Dec.  I,'!,  IS'JI.  Ihiriui,' tlio  pcrind  nf  oif,'ani/ati()n 
t!ie  executive  was  in  charge  of  Juaa  Manuel  Rodriguez,  who  bore  tlie  title  of 
'liiertor.  I'i.,  Kjhti.,  i:},  ()•_';  ^f>m.  i!r,\  d-nt.  Am.,  [Vl. 


hii  pi? 


i^ 


KiO 


SALVADOH,  NICARAGUA,  AND  COSTA  RICA. 


vlcc-jrlr.  Alter  iiistalliiiij;-  a  ,su[)f)ior  court,  the  con- 
stituent as.senihlv  adjoui-ncd  sine  die  on  the  23d  of 
November,  18'24. 

Vdv  a  long  time  past  tlierc  liad  been  differenees 
between  (jiuatemala  and  Salvador  uj)on  eeelesiaslical 
matters.  The  latter  not  only  claimed  an  authorita- 
iive  voice  in  the  political  afl'aiis  of  Central  Anieriea, 
but  also  to  be  placed  upon  an  independent  footing  as 
ri'Lirarded  the  ecclesiastical.  Hence  the  anxietv  to 
have  a  l)ishoprie  erected  at  San  Salvador.  This  mat- 
ter assumed  a  threatening-  aspect,  and  engaged  tlie 
attention  of  ecclesiastics  and  statesmen,  as  well  as  the 
j>ub]ie  at  large  in  both  sections  of  the  country.  The 
details  will  bo  given  in  a  separate  chapter  treating  of 
the  church  in  Central  America.  It  is  in  order  to 
state  here,  however,  that  the  disputes  about  the 
diocese  of  San  Salvador  had  a  de(^}j  influence  in  tln' 
country's  politics.  The  contending  parties  had  taken 
up  the  question.  The  libei'als  in  both  states  siiled 
V,  ith  Jose  jMatias  Delgado,  who  had  l)eeu  ap|)ointe(l 
by  Ihe  Salvador  legislature  tin;  th'st  bishop.  The  sei- 
vile  element,  on  the  other  hand,  supported  the  arcli- 
bisho[)  of  (Guatemala.  But  alter  a  time  JJelgado, 
who  was  not  unmindful  of  his  pur]:)oses,  su[)poi'teil 
President  Arce,  thus  forsaking  his  former  friends,  and 
Joining  the  servile  party.  A  marked  change  oecurreil 
soon  alter,  however,  the  relations  between  Arce  and 
J)elgado  becoming  cold  because  the  latter  suspected 
that  Arce  really  sympathized  with  the  archbishop. 
'ITie  liberals  failed  not  to  strengthen  that  suspicion,  nm- 
to  f  m  the  ilanie.* 

Jefe  A'illaeorta,    owing   to    impaired    health,    sui- 
renderod  the  government  to  the  vicc-jefe,  Mariano 
Prado,"  whose  first  act  was  one  of  ep])osition  to  I  hi 
national  government,  by  repealing  Arco's  convocation 
of  OctA)ber   10th  for  a  new  cono'ress,  and  issuing   'in 

*  At  this  time  Snlvinlor  litoaiiK'  the  iisyluni  of  tlio  libcrnl  ]:>ii:'tv. 

*  AiTi!  iilli'critl  tlint  Molina  and  otlicis  liail  iiuliKrJ  \  iliueortii,  to  belicvo 
]\c  Mas  llui  only  inaii  >\1jo  louKi  right  jiolitioal  wiui;gs;  nut  In.-  fniind  lie  cuiiM 
not  do  thi-i,  and  so  I'csiirnt'il.   Miiii.,(JO   !. 


RUr.K  OF  CORNEJO  AND  I'HADO. 


1G7 


(.f  his  own,  on  Decoiubci-  (!,  182G,  aji})()iiitin<^  Aliua- 
cliapaii,  in  Salva(U)r,  as  the  |t]acc  ol'  asseinbhi^'c. 
Piado  now  began  the  military  piv])arati()ns  whicli 
weie  Ibllowcd  by  a  war  between  Salvador  and  tin; 
(ederal  govemmunt,  and  which  terminated  with  the 
overthrow  of  the  servile  party  by  Morazan. 

A  Hberal  policy  was  for  a  sliort  time  pursued  in 
Sah.ulor  under  the  rule  of  Josd  ]\[.  Cornejo,  who  had 
hccduie  the  jefc  in  January  1829,"  and  ja'ace  reigned 
(hii'ing  the  next  three  years.  But  in  1832  it  was 
again  disturbed.  Tlie  government  of  the  state,  be- 
coming dissatislied  with  its  foi-mer  hei'o,  ]\Iorazan, 
a1tem])ted  to  secede  from  the  union,  but  was  brought 
iimlri-  subjection.'  Cornejo  was  deposed,  and,  togetht-r 
with  those  who  aided  him  in  the  I'ebellion,  was  sent 
to  Guatemala  as  a  prisoner,  to  be  dealt  with  according 
to  law.^  Elections  for  authorities  wei-e  then  held, 
and  ^lariano  Prado  was  chosen  jefe,"  and  Joaquin  San 
]\rartin  y  IJlloa  vice-jefe.  A  period  of  liberalism  now 
coiiiinenced,  like  that  of  Guatemala  in  1820.  Several 
liberal  measures  were  adopted,  one  of  which  was  the' 
establishment — decreed  August  21.  1832 — of  a  sin- 
i;li',  very  moderate,  direct  tax.'"  This  enactment, 
intended  to  relieve  the  exhausted  treasurv,  met  with 
\  iohnt  opposition  in  San  Salvador,  and  sedition  brok(! 
')Ut  on  the  24th  in  several  wartls;  but  the  rioters  were 
dispersed.  Prado  issued  a  jiroclamation  expressing 
his  resolution  to  uphold  tlie  law  and  maintain  order; 
hut  as  the  excitement  continued,  ho  ordered  that  the 
sii[)i'eine  autliorities  should  transfei-  themselves  to 
the  \\\\a  do  Cojetepeque  on  the   31st."     On  the  14tli 

•"Ciiiiveiits  were  iil)olishc(l  March  1,  1830.  A  cDllrLii!  was  cstMliHslu'il  in 
July  i)f  tho  fiillowing  year;  and  the  stato  scuincil  to  have  rccuvurtil  iV.iiii  tli'' 
losses  of  tliL"  lato  'War. 

'  CiJinc'jo  i'(jii](l  iKit  li'j  in  accord  with  tho  fcilcral  auihoritivs;  lie  was  a 
soiviK',  and  in  hajruu  with  their  cnoinics.  Jloiiti'ifitr,  llr^i-iin  llisl.,  i.  ,'{,'!  I. 

*'i'ii(j  cxccutivo  authority  was  held  for  ft  while  by  Morazan  himself.  Mn- 
r,v(v,  r.ftm.,  ;jO,  G2. 

"T'l  accept  the  ])osition  he  resigned  the  vice-presidency  of  tho  I'epnhlic. 
Mill,! i'il'ni\  JicsrHtl  J/ist.,  ii.  0. 

'"'I'ithes  luul  been  siipiiresKcd  and  trial  by  jury  introduced. 

"  Tlio  jiuhlie  archives  and  artillery  were  to  be  also  removed.  The  comau- 
iliiutr-L'eneral  was  to  reniidu  behind  m  itii  four  cannons  and  'JUO  musUets. 


u\ 


Ills 


SAIA  ADOI!,   MLAKAtiUA,  AN  1>  COSTA  lUCA. 


of  Xoveiiibcr  tli<iT  was  also  a  seditious  luovoniont  in 
San  MigiU'l,  which    was   (jiirlli'd   by  ( 'olniu'l  Beniti,'/. 

The  vice-jete,  Sail  ^fartiii,  was  in  aceoi-d  with  the 
I'evolutioiiists,  and  ke[>t  U[>  a  eori'espondence  with 
(Jalvez  ill  (iiiatemala,  who  wanted  l*rado  overthrown. 
This  was  Iciiown  in  Sail  Salvador,  and  gave  eiicoura^c- 
ineiit  to  the  remnants  of'Coniejo's  party.  The  removal 
1)1'  the  eajjital  was  not  sullicient.  Another  revoH, 
lii'oke  out  at  San  Salvador  early  in  IS.'];!,  and  J*radt), 
together  with  the  members  of  the  eo-leLjisIativi?  hodirs 
autl  of  the  su})erior  court,  had  to  abandon  tluir  ])laccs. 
On  the  irsth  of  February  the  state  followed  the  ex- 
ample oi'  NiearaL(ua  and  seceded  from  the  union.  The 
\  iee-jefe,  San  Martin,  who  had  gone  into  hidiiiij;'  (mi 
tlie  IJth  of  February  to  save  himself  from  harm,  was 
called  by  the  revolutionists  to  assuniu  the  executive 

thority.^'  In  July  a  revolt  broke  out  among  th.' 
ians  of  Santiau'o  Xonualco,      lleadetl  by  Ana>t;i- 


an 


Ind 

sio   A(|uino,  they  Ibi'ined   the   plan  of  exterminaliiiL 

the  white  and  colored  [topulation,  and  installing  a  l!'i'V' 


'rnnieiit  ol  native:- 


The  utmost  cruelties  eharacli 


SiMlll 


ized  this  war  of  races,  whcli  was  fortunately 
sup[)ressed.  !Most  of  the  ringleaders,  among  tlieiu 
A(|uiiu>,  were  ca[)tured.  The  chief  was  executed  <i;i 
the  •J4th  of  July,  18;3;},  at  San  Yi(.'ente.''  But  peace 
did  not  follow  the  suppression  ol"  this  rebelli(»n.  Sal- 
vador, always  jealous  of  (Guatemala,  insisted  on  hav- 
ing the  federal  government  renutvod  iVom  her  rivals 
territory.      At   last,   in   Februaiy    18^4,    the    i'ecK'ial 

'-]Io  had  lost  liid  wrai'iiig  aiiparul,  and  in  liis  sniallcli)tlius,  and  witii  n 
travelling];  cloak  on,  lie  took  I'hargo  of  tlio  t^'ovcrnnicnt.  /</.,  'Ji).  Ho  \\;i-< 
chosen  liy  the  a.'<senil)ly  tirst  jefe  on  the  1st  of  July,  KSIill.  In  .liine  Isiil  \«- 
was  removed  from  ollicc  and  expelled.  Maniri',  /,'/«  m.,  .'?(!,  (i'J;  (Iiik/.,  (I(V'I  ', 
j).v.  -J.'.  18.14,  7. 

'■^  Aijiiino  was  a  perfeet  savage,  and  invoked  reli,i,'ion,  as  did  Carrera  souk  • 
what  later.  Ho  onec  entered  San  Vieente  with  the  crown  of  an  iniai;e  ol  "-t 
Joseph  on  his  head.  His  mode  of  senteueini;  prisoners  to  death  was  expnh- 
tioiis.  The  victim  was  ]ilaced  licfore  a  group  of  his  men,  who  weic  told  lie 
was  their  oiieniy.  'Shoot  him,' they  would  say,  and  the  thinj,'  was  dnnc. 
Ai[;iino  was  iii  league  with  the  serviles,  Init  as  they  could  not  manage  hiiii, 
they  persecuted  their  crowned  ally.   Moiili'i/nr,  /,'i.<<ii(t.  IJisf.,  ii.  "J I. 

"Crowe,  Ootpil,  1.'!'),  and  Squier,  7Vr«cc'/.'.,  ii.  4'20-l,  erroneously  phm' it 
ill  iHo2. 


ill;.      .'•* 


Moi;!'}  TUOur.L;;  at    ax  .-alvador. 


ie» 


iiutlioi'itios  (.'aniL'  to  it-sidv'  in  Sonxiiiad',  mikI  l.itii-,  in 
.iiiiit,  <it  San  Salva;lor.  It  \\;is  a  L;iX'at  mistake  to 
1  ..i»ci.'t  harnionv.  iJctoiv  llio  month  was  out  there 
V  as  a  str'eet  light  of  several   hours  hetweeii  trixtjjs  of 


t\v 


1 


)()\vers. 


Tl 


le   leuerals   were   victorious,  ai 


id 


lie 


Tl 


i«;  e\- 


■uti 


state's  jele,  San  Martin,  was  deposed.' 
ve  authority  was  assumed   tirst  l)y  Ciirlos  Sala- 
mander of  \\\c  federal   forces,  and  afterward 


;r,  com 


L.-  (Jregorio  Salazar,  the  viee-[)resitlent  of  the  rejuih- 
!;,■.  Xeither  of  tlieiii  had  a  loeal  title.'"  {'"rom  this 
time  the  state  remaiiieil  wholly  under  tlu^  control  of 


le 


federal  government  ami  the  liberal  party,  which 
li.  came  still  more  cemented  when  in  IS;!.")  the  capi 
1;;1  was  made  the  federal  district.  En  tlu;  great  strug 
^Ic  hetweeu  ^lorazaii  and  Carrera,  of  which  a  detailed 
iiccount  has  been  given  in  a  former  chaj)t(M',  Salvador 
l.ad  to  rely  entirely  on  lu.'r  own  resources  when  her 
tiiritory  was  invaded  in  IS3S  and  18;]9. 

.Vfter  Mora/.an's  si«>'nal  defeat  at  (Guatemala,  Saha- 


l 


liei'  no  loiigei"  was  v^lisposed  to  inaRe 


il  t( 


sac 


ritice^ 


inci 


leed, 


was  too  exhausted  to  raise  a  new  army.    However 
by  no  means  willing  to  U|)hol(l  the  victoi'iou:- 


;  In;  was 
( 'aii'era 


but  I 


Jem; 


u 


liable  to  resist,  had  for  a  whili 


tit  submit  to  the  force  of  circumstances,  and  to  recog- 
nize the  government  placed  v)ver  lier.^'  Ihit  as  soon 
as  Carrera  went  back  to  Guatemala,  that  <'(»vt'rnmeiit 


•tl 


IS  overtnrown    u 


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:i  :; 

'•'Tiio  ilufciit  of  .San  Martin  by  (icn.  Esiiinosa  was  at  .li^niiiisco.  Cunt., 
liiiht'iii  (tjii:,  TiOT-D.  San  Martin  was  now  forsakin  l>y  ( i.iUcz,  tin"  jclr  df 
liiiuioinala.  In  liis  old  n;.'o  ho  usod  to  complain  of  '  las  iuLciiiMTmut'i.is  di  1 
i''»t..r  (Jalvo/.'  MoiitHj'tii-,  /i(S(iiri,  J/i-^t.,  ii.  "JT. 

'''Tlio  latti'r  I'uk'il  only  fmni  July  to  Oct.,  wlicii  lie  was  tcni|")rarily  .snc- 
'■ii-iliil.  lirst  liy  tlio  'iiscjcro,  Jiia(iuin  Mscolan,  ami  tiii'ii  hy  the  vicc-jcfc, 
■ins  ■  M.  Silva,  tlio  same  iiiontii.  Nii'uhis  Ivspiimsa  iiecaiiie  jelc  in  A]ir.  i.S.'i."), 
:iii(l  wasdiiven  awaj'  in  the  Idllowiii;^  Movemlier,  lieiii;,'  ai'cu.sed  i>f  i-iuiiiolii!^^ 
'I  War  1  i  laces,  tlio  eoiisujero  l''raiieiseu  (ioiiie/.  iieiiig  his  .siiccessur  <  u  the 
l.lth  of  N',.v,  The  next  ndera  were:  |)ie;jo  \'ijil,  Apr.  ]S'M);  'I'iiiidieo  Me- 
lioiulez,  vlcejefe,  Sept.  KSIiti;  Antonio  J.  C'aiias,  eonsejero,  May  IMJK.  Mn- 
run.  j:/,!ii.,  O-J;  .]/(iii/i'i/(ti;  Ji'sr/m.  /lisf.,  ii.   M.l.'t. 

"' Cancia  eoiiteiiipiated  heconiini,'  liie  ruler  of  ( 'entral  .Vuieriea,  hut  ha<l  to 
aliuiiliiji  iiis  plan  on  Nicaragua  and  Jlondiiias  forming  a  league  attains:  him. 
Hts  hidifins  wvn)  not  bo  clUcient  w  hen  oil'  troiii  their  native  eioniid.  Sijiiii  /a 
Traal.,  ii.  4.11--J. 


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«!• 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  U580 

(716)  873-4503 


iV 


1?- 


170 


SALVADOU,  NICARAGUA,  AND  COSTA  RICA. 


Antonio  Canas,  liad  to  resign,*'*  Norbcrto  Ramirez 
becoming  the  jefe  provisional.*''  More  than  any  other 
of  the  Central  American  states,  Salvador  needed  a 
l)eriod  of  peace  to  recover  from  the  wounds  infliobd 
in  nearly  twenty  years  of  warfare.  She  liad  upheld 
the  principles  of  liberty  and  union  long  after  the  others 
had  given  them  up,  and  now  required  a  prudent  and 
wise  government  to  restore  her  almost  extinct  life  and 
strength. 

Wliile  the  other  provinces  experienced  but  few  dif- 
ficulti>js  in  organizing  themselves  after  the  separation 
from  Spain  and  Mexico,  Nicaragua  suffered  for  years 
from  intestine  strife.  Tliis  was  not  exactly  a  contest 
between  two  political  parties,  but  rather  between 
towns,  and  between  tlie  partisans  of  one  leader  and 
another;  in  other  words,  the  results  partly  of  sec- 
tioiiid  hatred,  and  partly  of  personal  ambition.  Per- 
secutions lor  political  causes  were  of  daily  occurrence.*' 
A  junta  gubernativa,  recognized  by  the  general  gov- 
eiinnent,  had  been  installed  at  Leon,'*'  where  JBasilio 
Carrillo  was  the  commandov  "''  the  forces,  and  claimed 
the  right  to  rule  the  proA  ;  but  there  was  anotlier 
junta  at  Granada,  where  tlu  notorious  Cleto  Ordofuz 
held  sway  in  accord  with  the  jefe  politico,  Juan  Ar- 
gi'iello,  wliich,  of  course,  ignored  the  pretensions  of 
the  Leonese   authorities.     Managua,  though  siding 

"Sept.  2."?,  1840.  Ho  had  iiilcil  Biiice  Apr.  8tli  of  tlic  same  year.  Sah:, 
JHario  OJic,  Feb.  14,  1875.  The  rcvulutioiiaiy  inoveineiit  of  Supt.  "JOtli  for 
his  roniDval  was  promott'tl  by  Francisco  Malcapiii,  Ciirivra's  tool,  ami  a  iiiaii 
who  wioldcil  ft  fatal  iniliicnco  in  Salvador  till  Gen.  Joarpiin  10.  (.iu/.niaii  liil 
the  country  of  him.  Malcspin  vas  then  acting  for  Carrera,  who  feared  that 
a  revolution  of  the  Calvario  ward  of  San  Salvador  would  upset  Cafias,  \vlio 
was  without  influence,  and  could  no  longer  l)0  useful  to  the  aristoci'ats  <if 
Gunt.  Such  a  revolution  would  create  a  liberal  government,  and  might  liiiiij' 
back  Morazan.  Caflas  was  i)ut  out  of  the  way  that  his  place  might  be  cui'ii- 
pied  by  a  servile  tool.  Moittiifiu;  Jii'xciia  Ili^l.,  iii.  49!). 

"  llo  held  the  position  only  to  the  end  of  1840.  His  succcsaora  witii  tiie 
same  titlo  were  Juan  Liudo,  .Fan.  1841;  I'cdro  Arce,  Apr.  1841;  Senator  I>- 
coUstieo  Marin,  l''eb.  184'.!.  Muriire,  ICfein.,  C>'2. 

""Kn  la  ulterior  contieuda  do  los  partidos  polftict-;  do  csta  Proviiuia, 
pucs,  no  RC  encuentran  mas  «iue  pasiones;  las  calilicaciones  do  rcalistas,  im- 
porialistas,  6  servi  los  solo  Servian  paraantorizar  lapcrsccucion.'  Ayon,  Aji.,  'J'>. 

"April  17,  18J.I. 


NICARAGUAX  COM  PLICATIONS. 


171 


V.  itli  Loon,  Imd  become  the  headquarters  of  the  anti- 
it  publicans,  with  Bishop  Garcia  at  their  head,  who 
strove  to  rid  the  place  from  Leouese  influence.  Most 
(.1  Iho  other  towns  were  in  a  similar  condition;  so  that 
it  may  be  asserted  that  the  whole  province  was  in  a 
statu  of  anarchy.  The  junta  gubernativa  of  Leon 
;u(('i)te(l,  on  the  2d  of  July,  1823,  the  decree  of  the 
national  government  of  March  29th,  calling  for  a 
national  congress,  and  declared  Nicaragua  united  with 
the  other  provinces  that  had  I'ormerly  been  the  reino 
do  Guatemala. 

On  the  13th  of  January,  1824,  a  popular  uprising 
in  Lron  caused  the  junta  gubernativa  to  remove  Ba- 
silio  Carrillo  from  his  command,  replacing  him  with 
the  jel'e  politico,  Cdrmen  Salazar."'  Early  in  the  same 
voaiJu.sto  Milla  came  with  the  appointment  of  in- 
iLiulcnte  from  the  general  government,  and  with  in- 
structions to  pacify  the  country ;  but  his  mission  failed.*^ 
On  the  22d  of  July  Ordoilez  had  himself  proclaimed 
coinandantc  general  by  the  garrison  and  populace. 
Sonn;  of  the  wards  of  Leon  attenii)tcd,  on  the  Gth  of 
Au;4ust,  to  overthrow  Ordouez  and  restore  Melendez, 
the  successor  of  Milla;  but  they  were  overpowered, 
Mild  the  city  was  sacked.-^*  On  the  14th  the  forces  of 
Managua,  under  Colonel  Crisanto  Sacasa,  captured 
portions  of  the  city  of  Granada.  After  twenty  days 
•  if  incessant  fighting  the  besiegers  retired  in  good 
oifler.  On  the  other  hand,  a  division  of  Leonesc  and 
<  1 1 Muadans  attacked  Managua  on  the  24th  of  August, 
V,  ith  tlic  same  result. 

A  junta  gubernativa  had  been  installed  on  the  9tli 
of  the  month  at  El  Viejo,  in  opposition  to  that  of  the 
<;i]iital,^'  and  organized  a  force  of  2,000  men,  intended 

•-Tliio  movement  was  the  precursor  of  tho  great  culumities  tliut  were  tu 
I"  tall  Niiaragiirt.   Marure,  Ej'vm.,  9. 

'•''riii>  troops  nml  the  mob  in  Leon,  on  the  4th  of  Mny,  deposi'il  liiiii,  iiml 
jilat'id  lii.s  otlioo  in  charge  of  tho  alcalilc,  I'aljlo  Mclcndcz,  who  in  liia  turn  was 
(iMvtln'iiwn  II  few  days  Inter  by  nnotlier  Hedition  headed  by  Ordofiez. 

-'The  \  illusof  Muuaguannd  Nicaragua  refused  to  recognize  tho  revolntion- 
my  ;:ovtrnn)ont  at  tiie  capital,  and  established  a  junta  gubernativa  ut  tiio 
fii'.stiiuiiicd  town. 

"It  was  formed  with  the  ciiicf  nien  i.f  the  '  partido  du  Managua.' 


It': 

|i 
'I 

I'll 


:.  -i  ■ 

m 


jii 


172 


SALVADOR,  XICAIIAO'JA,  AND  COSTA  IIICA. 


t<>  lav  bic'gu  to  Leon.  The  united  forces  of  El  Viejo 
and  Managua,  eoninianded  by  Saeasa  and  the  Colom- 
l.ian  Juan  Jose  Salas,  assaulted  Leon,  captured  the 
'uburbs,  and  penetrated  to  the  plazucla  de  San  Juan. 
The  garrison,  composed  of  Leonese  and  some  Grana- 
dan^r,  now  found  itself  confined  to  the  chief  plaza  uiid 
ct)iitiguous  blocks.  During  the  siege,  which  last((i 
1 14  days,  there  was  inces.sant  fighting,  both  besiegiis 
and  besieged  exhibiting  bitter  animosity.  Sacasa  was 
mortally  wounded,  and  died  twelve  days  after.  Tlie 
fighting  often  took  place  inside  of  the  houses,  and  even 
of  the  churches.  Upwards  of  900  houses  were  eitlur 
(lemolii^hed  or  burned,  and  the  number  of  dead  and 
wounded  on  both  sides  was  large,  probably  over  !)(»0 
killed.  The  contest  ceased  only  on  the  4th  of  Janu- 
ary, 1825,  when  the  besieging  forces  retired."* 

The  villa  de  ^lanagua  laid  down  its  arms  on  (lie 
'21d  of  January,  li^"J5,  peaceably  receiving  ^Maniul 
Jose  Arce,  who  had  entered  Nicaragua  with  an  auxil- 
iary force  from  fSalvador,  and  with  instructions  to 
pacify  the  state.  Li  consequence  of  his  arrival,  th  ■ 
dissensions  were  (juietcd  for  a  tinie.-'^  Arce,  without 
l;Io.)dshcd,  also  disarmed  the  troops  of  Ordoiu/  ;it 
(  Jranada,  anil  despatched  him,  together  with  IVishnp 
( rarein,  to  (Juatemala.  Alter  having  made  arranL;<  - 
ments  I'or  elections,  the  }>eace-maker  returned  to  Sal- 
vador, leaving,  however,  a  portion  of  the  force  at 
Loon. 

On  the  10th  of  April,  1825,  preliminary  arraiiL,'<- 
iiuMits  being  completed,  the  first  constituent  assendily 

'■'"Hy  ordor  of  Gen.  Manuel  JosiS  Arce,  who  iifterward  entered  Lion.  I'l  • 
t.iiU  of  liuttles  iind  uctious  durinK  this  unhappy  period  of  Xicara(,'ii!i  liistmy 
I'Kiy  1)0  found  iu  Munire,  JJotiq.  llust.  Ceui.  Am.,  i.  L")l-G;  Id.,  Kj'oii.,  II  I-', 
,.);  .l.'/o»,  ,l/)i(H^r,i, 'J8-3li;  /)iiiil()i)'ii  Cent.  Am.,  lOO-'J. 

-'In  till'  previdus  year  Martin  Aizi'i  iiad  been  sent  as  a  connnissiciiiri-  i" 
I'l'stoio  ]icai'o  in  Nicaragua.  He  was  ordered  to  use  genth;  ineuna.  liul  to  I'lii- 
I  liiy  force  u,i;uin.st  parlies  opposing  liini.  To  support  liini,  oOO  lloniliinnu 
-..fro  stationed  ut  Cliohitcca.  lie  arrived  after  tlic  siege  of  Leon  had  lu-'tin, 
.•;.icl  enilcavoreil  ini  tlio  spot  to  bring  about  an  arrangement  Ijctwccn  tli'-  l"l 
i.^cient.s;  but  iio  Was  treated  disrespectfully  by  llio  Ijcsiegers,  and  >'.iii 
nrrtsti'd  ond  threatened  with  death  by  Salas.  lie  afterward  ilecland  the 
junta  at  Kl  N'iejo  revolutionary,  and  that  its  commands  should  bo  di.sri'^'.iiiled. 
After  that  hu  conducted  the  (Icfence  uf  Leon.   Murtur,  llifij.,  i.  137-1*. 


UULE  OF  AllGCELLO. 


it: 


of  Xicarafjua  met  under  the  presidency  of  Juan  Ma- 
iiui  1  Zainora,  and  ten  days  later  Manuel  Antonio  de 
l;i  (  erda  was  installed  as  jefe  of  the  statc,"^  and  Juan 
Arj^'iiclio  as  viee-jefe.  Unfortunately  there  were  dis- 
amvcnients  on  tlie  part  of  Cerda  with  both  the  con- 
stituent assembly  and  Arguello,  which  delayed  the 
laliors  on  the  state  constitution,  so  that  it  was  not 
(l.crecd  till  the  8th  of  April,  182G.=«> 

The  convention  then  adjourned  sine  die,  and  the  reg- 
ular or  ordinary  assembly  met  on  the  13th  of  August, 
at  Leon,  but  in  the  middle  of  the  following  month 
removed  to  Granada.*'  Meantime  the  dissatisfaction 
with  Jefe  Cerda  had  assumed  such  proportions  that 
tlir  legislative  body  resolved  to  impeach  him.  He 
was.  accordingly,  suspended,  and  Arguello  placed 
tt'iuporarily  in  charge  of  the  executive  authority'. 
Niw  elections  were  also  decreed.^^  But  Argiiello  had 
not  l'»).stered  all  these  troubles  merely  to  surrender  the 
y;)\ iiinnent  to  a  new  man, and  by  intrigues  cc^ntrived 
to  liring  about,  in  February  1827,  the  dissolution  of 
the  assembly.^' 

Tlie  indefatigable  Colonel  Cleto  Ordouez  made, 
\\  ith  the  aid  of  troops  of  Leon  and  Senator  Hernandez, 
an  unsuccessful  attempt"  to  seize  the  government, 
(Icrhiring  Argiiello  suspended.  An  eft'ort  was  also 
made  by  the  president  on  behalf  of  Cerda,  but  it  was 
tlefeatod  by  Herrera,  the  jefe  of  Honduras.  The 
state  of  war  continued;  Aree  reluctantly  had  removed, 
at  Argiiello's  request,  the  few  men  of  Salvador  that 
had  been  stationed  in   Nicaragua  since   1825,'**  and 

''III  thu  latter  (tart  of  1828  he  was  shot,  iimlur  tlic  Bcnteuce  of  a  court- 
niiirti.l  convenetl  by  order  of  the  vice-jefe  .\rgttelli>.  /(/.,  tl/'em.,  G3-4. 

"  Its  support  was  sworn  to  on  the  la';t  day  of  that  inontli. 

'"'I'liu  fust  rcpreseutatix'c  council,  or  senate,  was  inaugurated  at  the  saniu 
I'laic  on  the  '20th  of  Oct.,  1826.  /(/.,  IS. 

^'<'trila  would  not,  however,  lay  down  his  power,  and  continued  exercising; 
it  at  -Mauugua.  Mem.  Iteo.  Cent.  Am.,  4'i. 

^-'i'lic  dissolution  was  'd  consecnencia  de  una  sedicion  proinovida  pur  il 
Vici -jpfc  del  niisino  Estado  Sr  Juan  Argiiello.'  Alaritre,  Hyem.,  18. 

^'Oii  the  14th  of  Sept.,  1827.  This  was  his  third  or  fourth  effort;  all 
fruitless,  however.  /</.,  20. 

^'  lie  foretold  at  the  time  that  'miiy  luego  veria  el  congreso  arder  otra  vez 
b  tea  ilu  la  discordia  eu  aquel  Estado.    Anv,  Mem.,  17. 


1 1, 


r  L  ' 


( 


I! 


174 


SALVADOn,  MCAIIAGUA,  AND  COSTA  RICA. 


thus  the  only  aclvcrsary  of  importance  Arguello  had 
was  Cerda.  The  contest  remained  lor  a  loni^  tinio 
undecided.  Arguello  took  Granada,  while  Cerda's 
headquarters  wore  first  at  Managua,  and,  when  that 
place  seceded,  at  liivas,  the  ancient  town  of  Nicaragua. 

In  September  1828,  Cerda's  party  had  made  so 
much  headway  that  Arguello  and  his  followers  had 
vessels  in  readiness  to  effect  their  escape  should  the 
jcfe  gain  another  victory.  But  the  priests,  wh(> 
worked  against  the  latter,  inspired  the  disheartened 
Argiiellistas  with  renewed  courage,  and  in  anotln  r 
encounter  they  were  victorious.  Cerda's  star  mow 
waned.  A  revolt  planned  by  two  of  his  otKcers  \v;i , 
quelled,  and  the  leaders  were  shot.^'  This  severity, 
and  the  heavy  taxes  he  levied,  increased  his  foes.  ' 
At  last,  on  the  8th  of  November,  1828,  when  Iliv;is 
was  almost  without  troops,  one  of  his  officers,  wii  i 
was  a  relative,  named  Francisco  Arguello,  madj  him 
a  prisoner,  and  before  his  troops  could  come  fioni 
Jinotepe  to  his  rescue,  a  force  of  the  vice-jefe  entered 
Ivivas.  A  military  court  was  at  once  organized, 
and  Cerda,  being  subjected  to  its  action,'^  was  sen- 
tenced to  death,  and  executed.^ 

Areriiello  was  now  free  from  his  stroiifjest  adver- 
sary;  but  the  struggle  went  on  as  new  pretendeis 
sprang  up,  and  its  effects  in  the  course  of  time  were 
most  disastrous.  It  hroujiht  the  state  to  a  condition 
of  desolation  unequalled  in  Central  America.  Dio- 
nisio  TIerrera,  chief  of  Ht)nduras,  undertook,  under 
instructions  of  the  federal  government,  in  182!),  the 
task  of  pacifying  Nicaragua.  lie  visited  Leon, 
and  succeeded  in  conciliating  parties   and  restori!i;j; 

''Their  project  involved  the  aimuxation  of  Nicuiugua  to  Colombia.  /.(» 
A  naif  X,  1872,  T)*. 

•*H6  now  imiposcd  to  surrcudcr  tlio  government  to  ArgUello  or  sonio  mio 
else.     His  friends  dissuaded  liim,  and  lie  was  finally  tlio  victim  of  {ro)ii.iu  ly. 

"  His  friends  had  obtained  that  the  trial  should  bo  atCrannda,  but  tlio 
mob  at.  liivas  opposed  bis  removal  at  tlio  moment  of  doparUire.  A/.,  G;f. 

""Nov.  21),  18'2».  It  is  said  that  the  vice-jefe,  Aigiiello,  decreed  a  sus- 
pension of  the  Roiitcnco;  but  purposely  delayed  the  courier,  so  that  tin'  ro- 
prievo  arrived  too  late  at  Uivas.  A  full  biography  of  Cerda,  witii  scatltiixl 
historical  items,  is  given  in  Id.,  29-7-.  passim. 


HERI{  ERA'S  RULE. 


175 


orikr;  and  when  new  elections  took  ])lace  in  May 
I80O  lie  was  himself  ehosen  its  jele.''  Manaj^ua,  the 
last  jilaie  to  hold  out,  was  finally,  without  tl.o  use  of 
force,  prevailed  upon  to  recognize  the  newly  «on- 
stitiitLiI  authorities,  and  in  June  was  already  enjoying 
the  htiiefits  of  peace.  In  order  to  consolidate  the  peace 
throughout  the  state,  Herrera  made  the  leaders  of 
part  lis  leave  its  territory.  His  rule  was  a  quiet  one 
iui  the  next  two  years,  and  until  Nicaragua  was  called 
upon  l>y  the  national  government  to  furnish  her  con- 
tiii;^ent  of  troops  to  suppress  revolutionary  movements 
huvoMil  her  boundary.*" 

The  revolutionary  spirit  showed  itself  again  in  1832. 
On  December  3,  1832,  the  state  assembly  attached 
the  federal  revenue,  and  refused  further  recognition 
of  the  general  government.  A  few  months  latir  a 
revolt  broke  out  against  Herrera.  The  movenient 
oii^iiiated  in  Managua,  and  was  seconded  in  Masaya 
and  Matagalpa.  Granada  and  Leon  opposed  it. 
Jcl'o  Herrera  at  first  was  loath  to  resist  it,  and  laid 
his  icsignation  before  the  legislature,  and  it  was  ac- 
(r])te(l  on  the  1st  of  Marcli,  1833.  Hut  that  body, 
umlcr  pojudar  pressure,  (\)iir  da3's  after  revokeil  tho 
resolution, and  recalled  Herrera  to  hold  thee.Kecutivc 
autlioiity,  with  the  extraordinary  powers  that  had 
hecii  decreed  him  on  the  8th  of  February  previous.^' 

The  insurrection  had  spread  also  in  jNletapa,  Cho- 
(dvos,  Xandaime,  San  Jorge,  and  throughout  the  dc- 
pavtiiient  of  Nicaragua.  At  the  head  of  the  move- 
ment   was   an    ecclesiastic.      Herrera  exhausted    all 

-''I'll!'  iiistalliitiou  of  the  aaseinbly  was  on  Nos'.  1,  1'8"2!).  Tlic  tlcctioUM 
had  l>ciii  ileiTcc'il  by  tlie  vice-jcfe,  Argflollo,  and  lii.s  ai  t,  iim  well  as  tin'  ( In  • 
tinii-i  ctt't'clfd  under  it,  were  on  tlio  "JiJd  of  M.iy,  ls;tO,  doclaivd  to  lie  Icrit- 
iiiiatr.  Uncha,  Ctxl.  Xic,  i.  80.  lIiTrera  had  bueu  inducted  in  otlicfim  tin:  l_ili 
'1  May.   Moiit<yi,r,  /.'.■«■/(-(  J/Ut.,  i.  1!)!^'J().3. 

''Tho  services  of  the  Nicaragiians  were  I'ecojjiii/ed  by  botii  tlie  I'r  Inal 
lnvbiileiit  and  the  state  oasembly.  lluriors  weio  decreed  to  the  siirvivoi's,  and 
I'di'^i'ins  to  tlio  wonnded,  and  to  the  vitlows  and  orphans  of  tlie  dead.  Huvltii, 
Co'l.  Xir.,  i.  214-15. 

"  '1  Ills  hist  action  was  attributed  by  the  revohitionista  to  llerreivi's  uiach- 
inatidiis  ami  Morazau's  inllucncc;  but  tlio  truth  was,  that  the  |)coplo  recog- 
nized lim  era's  services  as  tho  pacilicator,  and  his  good  qualilicatiuns  as  a 
rulur.  Monlii/ar,  Jlesena  JJint.,  ii.  M-'2. 


176 


SALVADOR,  NICARAGUA,  AMI  COSTA  RICA. 


peaceful  means,  and  liad  to  eujploy  i\)Vco,  and  Maiin- 
gua  was  taken  on  the  29tli  of  June,  183;}."  Nica- 
ragua and  other  places  accepted  the  anniesty  tendoicil 
them."  But  it  seemed  almost  impossible  to  maintain 
peace  for  any  length  of  time.  In  May  1834  Granada 
and  Metapa  rebelled,  under  one  Cdndido  Flores.  Tin 
rebels  were  successful  for  several  months,  and  took 
po.ssession  of  Managua.  But  on  the  13th  of  August 
they  were  defeated;  a  few  days  later  Granada  was 
recovered,  and  four  of  the  ringleaders  were  shot. 

In  the  njornmg  of  the  20tli  of  January,  1835,th<  ir 
was  an  eruption  of  the  volcano  Cosigiiina,**  attend*  1 1 
by  one  of  tiie  most  terrific  earthquakes  ever  expoii- 
enced  in  Central  America."     The  event  was  a  mei.i- 


*^  A  detailed  Account  of  tliis  revolt  is  given  in  the  Centra  Aiwrkaiw,  s'.\ 
{/7.     It  id  Huid  that  :i  nunihorof  medaU  were  found  of  tortoisc-slicli,  golil,  aun 
other  mtitals,  with  the  iina-^e  of  Fernando  VII.,  nnd  l)oaring  tlie  inscriptii.n 
'  Viva  Fernando  Vli.  Key  do  Kspailii  y  do  las  Iudia.s,  Alio  do  1S28,'  which  iravc 

•cvolt  had  been  in  his  interests.  MouUihir. 


liso  to  tlic  supposition  that  the  revolt  1 
JiiHuui  Hint.,  ii.  H(J-8.     IlerriMM  i.saued  a  i 


|i  i\ 


I  proclamation  calling  on  tlio  pc  >]>!('  t>i 
Htaml  liy  the  government.   Miiriir<,  IJ/viii.,  3.1-4. 

"Tlio  assenihly,  installed  on  the  "Jlstof  Aug.,  18.33, at  Leon,  approviil  all 
of  Herrera  8  acts. 

''On  the  southern  coast  of  Nicaragua,  1*2  leagues  distant  fron  Leon. 

".V  ilense  yellow  cloud  rose  tsudtlenly,  acc<mipanied  l>y  a  strung  siiull  if 
sulphur  and  a  shower  of  line  wliite  dust.  The  alarmed  inhabitants  cIumi! 
llioi.-  duors  and  windows,  but  the  dust  could  not  l)o  kept  out.  lireathiiij.'  >» 
came  dirticult.  Thi.s  lasted  nearly  thiei-  days.  On  the  'JIM,  nt  1  a.  m.,  a 
loud  detonation,  followed  by  heavy  shocks  of  earthtiuake,  rain  of  Siimi.  aii'l 
tulul  darkness,  rendered  the  terror  of  liio  people  complete.  Fliicks  of  liiii. 
fell  dead  to  the  ground,  and  wild  animnis  sought  refuge  in  liiiildinjjs,  T! 
frightened  inhabitants  ran  to  their  yards,  or  hurried  to  tiio  churclies  t<>  ii.i 
l)'.oic  divine  mercy.  Forty-three  hours  passed  l)cfore  the  oarlli  bee  luic  ijiiic  , 
wluM  a  strong  wind  cleared  the  utnio8|iliero,  eiudiling  tiie  jn'oplc  to  a.sciviaiii 
the  damage.  'J"hc  ashes  in  the  vicinity  of  tlio  volcano  were  .several  fi'ct  lifcji. 
'I'lic  river  Chiquito  had  beoi  wholly  di'icd  up,  and  two  new  is'.auils  wcii' 
formed.  A  largo  number  of  animals  had  perislied,  nnd  the  living  ones  wcit  in 
a  state  of  starvation.  S;ich  had  been  the  force  of  llie  convulsion  tiiai  ujr 
iletouatioiis  and  the  rain  of  ashes  had  leaclied  a  distance  of  huinlrccl.  if 
l-'aniies,  as  far  as  Oajaca,  .lamnica,  and  Bogota  in  (^Jolombia.  Montiifa!'.  I!'- 
Mriia  liisl,,  ii.  14.">-.")0,  ill  giving  an  accouiitof  ihe  cvi-iit,  adil.i  that  ilu-  pin'sis 
called  il  a  punishment  from  heaven  becausi'  ti'Jics  had  been  ulicilisluci,  iii'' 
doni  of  conscience  proclaimed.  »■  d  the  decrees  of  182l>  and  I8.S0  ii|iIk1i1. 
Tiie  pari.ih  priests  in  several  tov  us  dining  the  prevailing  darkness,  prcac  lic.l 
from  their  jmlpits  that  this  slinking  of  the  earth  was  a  manifestation  (it'tioii's 
wrath  for  the  crimes  of  the  liberals.  S(|uier,  Trav..  ii.  1 10-11,  says  thai  tlic 
s'.iperiiilcndent  of  Dclifie,  or  hearing  the  explosions,  mustered  his  \.:t'i>\'^. 
thinking  that  a  battle  was  b.-im;  fought  somewhere  near  the  coast.  Sti'|'ii(iiv 
Cent.  Am.,  ii.  'AH,  relates  'i  smidar  incident  of  the  military  comniainiii'  <-' 
Guatemala. 


A  GREAT  EAUTllQlAKi:. 


177 


(ii.iblc  one  for  tlio  Nicarajjfuans,  and  its  abatoniont  was 
iiitiiltutctl  to  the  otficacious  iutircossioii  ot"  their  saints; 
iiii<l  in  connnonioration  of  it  ilu'V  still  have  a  feast  of 
tli,iiiks<fivinLr  every  vear  on  thi'  '2?>d  of  Januarv. 


4(1 


A  short  i»erio(l  of  j>eace  ibllowed.  l\niy  aie  the 
(tlorts  of  man  at  kiliini^  eaeh  other  when  heaven  fnes 
it>  artillerv!  The  i'\hanstetl  stati;  seenu'd  nnahle  to 
continue  its  suieidal  eonrse.  The  traiMinillity  was 
lii'tiktii,  however,  thontrh   oidv  for  a  short  tinu",  in 


is: 


The  assend)lv  hao,  on  the  L'lst  of  Fi'hr 


narv 


|s;'.r»,  reco^niized  Jose  Zejteda  and  Joso  Nuiiez  as  the 
(liilv  (K'eted  ji'fe  and  viee-jefe  respectively.  Colonel 
Zi|K(la  was  a  distini^uished  |)atriot,  who  had  lendered 
iiiiliortant  serviees  to  the  cause  of  lil)(>rty.  His  dec- 
tinn  was  hailed  with  approval  in  Nicaragua,  and  in 
the  other  states  of  the  union.  He  took  j)ossession  of 
dtlicf  April  2;],  18.'J5.*'*  The  ,n<)vernnient  experienced 
no  serious  ditriculty  during'  I  8^5(5  in  the  adininisti'ation 


>(  public  ati'airi 


It 


was  encfaijfed  ni   nni>rovMi 


m-  tl 


ic 


pulihc  roads,  and  in  other  matters  of  (general  utility. 
JJiil  I  So?  was  inanguratetl  with  infamous  crimes,  with 
the  nnu'ders  of  the  jefe  Zepeda,  and  of  the  citizens 


in 

Ihll 

..  ii 

i{iv 

I  I'll  • 

Jjt  1 

ri- 

iiiut 

ll.! 

it'  . 

vict 

aiu 

iidn 

■''!'■ 

VfU 

■  ill 

UK' 

,  1 

i<i 

/,'.• 

t.itlK 

•sl» 

y./.h 

1  I 

■111. 

■  M  "1. 

4- 

llcni 

l\- 

til  III  r 

nan 


Valladi 


ues, 


J 


'jvaris 


to    15 


errios,   aiK 


I    1^ 


ascua 


I 


?m- 


as,  which  resulted  from  a  revolt  of  the  Ljarrison  at 
m.*'  The  movement  was  prom|)tly  su[)presst'd, 
the  rinj^leaxler,  Jjraulio  Mendiola,  executed.  The 
-jefe,  Nunez,  assumed  rulershi[»,  and  during-  his 
linistration  a  second  constitutnit  assembly  was  con- 
ed, ami  connnenced  its  labors  on  the  o  1  st  of  March, 

Accounts  of  the  cataatroplio.  (littoriiij,'  tiiDrc  or  If.ss  in  di'tail.-*,  nci'onliiiu' 
•  vaiiiins  points  wIktc  it  was  oliscrvcd,  iiw  j^iviii  in  Munin  ,  A.VJ ;«.,  ."iti  7; 
'  »<'  ( 'flit.  Am.,  ii.  ;{."i-.S;  Siiiiii  /•'.•.  Tfiir.,  ii.  110  11,  liL'  l{,  wiili  ji  \  icw  nf 
.olcaiio;  tli/ain'n  il'llil  Li/i\  \\l-~;  l)iiiil"ii'ii  ('ml.  Am.,  ir)-17;  Ao/,</. 
Ni»'.  ,/oiini.,  V.  ;W7-!t-';  Anfiihitriifi'ia,  (.'ml.  Am.,  l!.'!;  ilV//.,*  J/mnl., 
;  Cor.  Atldiit.,  May  !),  l.s:i.">,  10;  />«<•'.•.  Uiur.  Hist.  (Ao;/.,  x.  'JIO-'JO. 
Ndt  in  ISIKI,  as  Diiiilop  lias  it.   (V»/.  Am.,  l!tl-'i. 

Ills  iuini.sti'r-j;eni-'nil  fora  tiino  wa.s  .1.  N.  (Joii/.ali'Z,  and  on  lii.s  rcsiuiiin;,', 
iiciif^iiilo  Zt'pi'da,  one  of  the  first  lawyers  in  tlio  statu,  sui'd'cdi'd.   Mmi- 

\  !;,.■<■  i)a  i/iit.,  ii.  ;jol'. 

Oil  tiio  'J.'.tli  of  Jan.   •\fiinirr,  K/ini.,  'V.),  M\  Montufar,  /'ixi fia  /list.,  ii. 
ic.  i_'iv('s  the  oflii'ial  flocinnints  describing;  tlio  'jcciirrfnccs. 
UisT.  CKwr.  .\M.,  Vol.  111.     1.! 


I 


ITS 


SAL\  ADOll,  NICAIIAGUA,  AM)  CO  ;TA  IIICA. 


1838.''  One  iiiontli  later,  on  the  rJOtli  of  April,  tlio 
state  seceded  from  the  f'ederntion,  an  act  w  Iiicli  may 
be  called  a  mere  i'ormalitv,  inasmuch  as  Nicara«rn.i 
liad  not  taken  part,  to  any  notable  degree,  in  the 
aflairs  of  the  i^^Mieral  government.  Xominally,  how- 
ever, the  idea  of  a  union  of  the  (Central  American 
states  was  upheld,  and  still  expressed  in  the  new  state 
constitution  framed  by  the  assembly  and  c(miirmed  on 
the  12th  of  November,  ISnS.''  Ail  this  was  pure  al- 
fectation,  however,  for  Nicara-jfua  lent  her  heartv  aid 
to  eradicate  the  last  renmants  of  the  i'ederation.  Tin; 
coveted  sovereignty  was  attained  at  last.  Lati^r  events 
will  show  whether  or  not  it  brought  Nicaiagua  pros- 
})erity.  The  present  generation  had  grown  up  midst 
the  noise  of  war,  hearing  the  battle-cry  of  one  or  nri- 
other  contending  party,  and  it  could  hardly  be  ex- 
pected that  it  could  a|Dpreciate  the  blessings  of  peace.  '^ 

Costa  Rica,  owing  to  her  geographical  position,  was 
almost  isolated,  politically,  from  the  rest  of  Cential 
America.  It  would  be  wrong,  however,  to  infer  that 
lier  participation  in  the  general  aflairs  of  the  republic 
had  been  one  of  mere  formality  or  policy  for  her  own 
convenience  or  safety.  Nowhere  had  the  idea  of  a  union 
been  more  warmly  embraced.  Four  months  only  had 
elapsed  after  the  bases  for  the  organization  of  the 
state  had  been  adopted  by  the  national  constituent 
convention,  when  Costa  liica's  first  assembly  met,'' 

'"Father  Solis,  the  president,  and  others  attributed  to  Morazan  and  tlio 
constitution  of  1824  the  evils  Nicaragua  had  sudered  from,  forgetting  llioao 
preceding;  Morazan  and  the  constitution. 

"  liiitilied  by  tho  executive  Nov.  17tli.  Given  in  full  in  Nic,  Constil  ,  in 
Cent.  Am.,  Coihititittions,  l-.'iO.  A  brief  synopsis  in  S(2uier's  Travcii,  ii.  -11- 
13.     See  also  Mies'  llxj.,  J8:!l),  Ivi.  •!(). 

''-' Daring  llorrcra's  term  the  following  held  the  executive  anthorit\  fii" 
short  periods:  Carlos  liniz  y  Uolafios.  Aug.  18151;  Bonito  Morales,  Feb.  C'.il; 
Jos6  Nunez,  March  18.11.  I  find  that  the  government  was  also  provisi'M  illy 
in  charge  of  (Jregorio  .Juarez,  May  I8.'1.j;  V.  X.  llubio,  .Ian.  IS.'iS;  .Jose  .\  ii^  /, 
as  jofe,  March  !'2,  18.';8;  I'^varisto  liocha,  May  18."JS;  .Joaijuin  Cosio.  'ino 
18."!8;  Patricio  Rivas,  director,  .lunc  181)9;  Joacpiin  ("osio,  .July  IS.'IO;  Hi!  nio 
UUoa,  Oct.  18:i!);  Tonuis  Vallailarcs,  Nov.  18;!!).  In  1810  he  became  diiv.tor 
del  ostado;  Pablo  Buitnigo,  director,  Apr.  1811.  M(iruri\  E/ein.,  G4. 

''Sept.  0,  1824.    Molina,  Costa  liica,  9o,  followed  by  Wagner,  CosUi  R., 


I) 


r.VKXTS  IX  COSTA  RICA. 


m 


,11(1  on  <Ijo  21st  of  January,  182'),  (I«!rroo(l  a  state 
( (tiislitution."  Ji»  IIk'  iniddlo  of*  April  tlu'  lirst  ordi- 
nal v  Iririslatiire  Ix'v^an  its  labors,  and  on  the  24tl»  of 
S  iiU'inljcr  Juan  Mora  was  installed  as  chief  of  tlio 
.vtatf."'  This  was  a  hiii>j>y  choioe;  for  duiin'jf  his  ndo 
Costa  liica  cscajx'd  tlu;  evils  which  protiactod  war- 
);iri'  wrought  in  the  other  states  of  the  union.  Foi- 
lowiiiLT  the  exain|)le  of  Salvador,  a  decree  was  passed 
ill  Si'pteinher  creaiin'Lf  a  bishopiic  ind(>pendent  froni 
Nii;iia!L,nia,  and  appointiiiL,'  Fray  J^uis  (iarcia  the  iirst 
M-hop;  hut  the  doci'eo  hecaine  a  dead  letter. 

The  first  etl'eet  of  Mora's  quiet  rule;  was  the  eii- 
l;ir;j:einent  of  Costa  lliean  territory.  JJissatisfied  with 
tlie  jefc,  Cerda  of  Nicaragua,  tlii;  disliiet  of  (luana- 
caste,  or  Nicoya,  which  formerly  helonj^ed  (o  that 
.state,  declared  its  separation,  and  asked  to  Ik;  incor|)o- 
liited  with  Costa  Kiea.''"  The  arrangement  was  ap- 
proved hy  the  federal  congress  on  IJceemher  Dth,  and 
since  then  Nicoya  formed  ono  of  the  five  de[)artinents 
(if  that  statc.°'  Nicaragua  protested;  Co.sta  ]lica  rc- 
i"us(Ml  to  restore  the  territory,  and  the  matter  remained 
an  open  subject  of  discussion,  but  never  leading  to 
1  lost  i  lit  ies."*' 

I'^ariy  in  182G  an  attempt  was  made"  by  a  Spaniard 
jiained  Jo.se  Zamora,  at  Alajuela,  to  overthrow  tho 
!,Mveniment.     ]Ie  attacked  the  quarters  of  the  garri- 

.Vl'i,  gives  it  as  May  Ctli,  wliioh  is  cvitkntly  .'i  mistake.  Maiuro,  Kj'on.,  1 1, 
has  it  .Sciit.  tJth,  ami  that  Agustin  (jiitiiuTi'Z  Lizaurzabal  was  itii  lirst  prosi- 
ilciit. 

■"CVY'I  Rica,  Lftj  Fundnm.  (San  Salv.,  1S2J),  2t  mo,  20  pp.;  .V.  w.  /.'<  p. 
Crn/.  All).,  ',V2;  Anfahiiriiaija,  Cent.  Am.,  1.'!;  MoliiKi,  ClxI'I  J'.,  IS.  'I'liis 
l.istiiaini'd  autiior,  on  his  p.  ",•."»,  f/ivcs  tlio  dato  as  Jan.  I'-M,  ex  iilciitly  fol- 
hwiuit  M(inirr,  IJi'dii.,  \:>.     S<]iiii'i',  Tmnh,  ii.  liSS,  makes  it  .1,-in.  '-M. 

"■'  Mai  iauo  Montealcgre  became  tho  vicoji'fe.  Mora  war.  nehcteil  in  Mareh 
l^'2!t,  au'l  nilod  till  toward  the  end  of  IS:!:.'.  Muriire,  Ehin.,  (iJ;  7./.,  Ilo^q  , 
ll'.i;  Mnn.  y.Vc.  Cviil.  .1m.,  :!■-•. 

•"' r<  r.soiial  enmity  l)etween  IVdro  Miinoz,  an  infliiontial  man  in  (luana- 
casto,  ,uid  drdawas  the  main  rea.son.  Lou  .iiiali  s,  ls72,  .")!. 

"•  i  111'  ajiproval  was  merely  jirovisional.  'J'lie  other  lonr  arc  Cartago,  San 
Jo:<i',  Jlvredia,  and  Alajuela.   Molinn,  C'o^la  I'.,  .">-(). 

"  Xic.  y  Iloml.,  Doc,  101-12;  Ayoii,  Conoid.  LimitcK,  20-4;  IVitrh,  Mex., 

■^Ma^ure,  Kfeni.,  10,  and  Doxq.,  i.  2.'52-3,  following  A7  Indh-.tdoi;  1820, 
no.  T'l.  and  L'l  Si'maiiario,  ISi'O,  no.  80,  gives  the  date  as  Jan.  2'Jth.  Molina, 
('o.<ii  A'.,  90,  places  it  on  the  2Stl». 


I8() 


SALVADOR,  M(  AllAliUA,  AM)  COSTA  IlICA. 


Hon,  but  after  several  hours'  tijirlitiujjf  was  n^pulsed, 
witli  most  of  Ills  lolloweis  slain,  wounded,  or  inad< 
prisoners.  A  lew  days  al'ti-rward  lie  was  cajjtunnl  and 
shot/'  During  s»,'Veral  years  tiiis  was  the  on!}'  puhli' 
disturhance.  Tho  strULrj.;lo  between  serviles  and  lii)- 
erals  in  the  other  slates  <lid  not  afleet  Costa  lli(;a,  wliirli 
pru«lently  maintained  neutrality.  Slu;  endeavored, 
liowover,  (o  briuLj  on  peace  between  tho  bellij^eront-. 
by  aecreditin!L,^  in  18-8,  Manuel  A^uilar  as  speei.il 
envoy  to  (Guatemala  and  Salva<lor;  but  his  mission 
proved  fruitless,  ehielly  owin^  to  tho  success  of  tin- 
Salvador  arms,  and  the  irreconcilabh;  feelinj;'  thereby 
engendered.*"  It  was  the  unsatisfactory  result  of  tlii^ 
tjflort,  which  in  a  great  measure  prom[)tecl  Co.>t;i 
llica,  after  ^[ora's  reelection  in  182'J,  to  secede  fiom 
the  union  till  the  federal  authority  should  be  reor- 
ganized. When  tliis  took  [»lace,  the  secession  act  was 
revoked  in  January  IS'H. 

In  March  18;].]  the  second  term  of  office  of  ]\[or.i 
cx[)ired;  and  in  acknowledgment  of  his  beneficent  and 
wise  pi>licy,  the  assembly  decreed  that  his  portrait 
should  be  placed  in  tho  hall  of  sessions,  with  a  highly 
complimentary  insct'iption.''"*  Costa  Kica  had  mad>' 
great  progress  from  both  th  material  and  intellectuiii 
points  of  view.  A  number  of  clergymen  endeavore  I 
to  introduce  a  decree  of  tho  ecclesiastical  authorities  oi' 
Guatemala  to  burn  certain  so-called  forbidden  bo(»ks. 
They  failed,  tho  result  being  the  importation  of  a  largr 


"IIo  confessed  to  have  acted  uiulcracommisaion  from  tho  court  of  Spain. 
and  as  a  licut-col  iu  its  service.  Seventeen  of  his  iiartisuna  were  scut  out  ot 
tlio  country. 

"'  A  detailed  account  of  tiiat  mission  may  Ixs  seen  in  ^fem.  liev.  Cent.  Am., 
112  II;  M«r,n(i,  Co-^tii  /;.,  [)(i  7. 

*"'-"  Ocu[);i  cste  higar  rl  ciiidadano  Kx-gcfe  Juan  Mora,  jior  sua  virtudes.  y  i 
oeiipania  suoosivaineute,  los  (jui-,  on  el  misrno  destino,  so  hagan  di;^nos  de  « 1  ' 
Marnvc,  F^'rnt.,  It.'}.  Moia  was  lain  in  Sau  Jos(5  iu  I7SJ,  and  iiad  tilled  s-cv- 
eral  important  trusts  helore  his  election  to  the  chief  magistracy.  After  lii-i 
retirement  he  again  held  ottier  olliccs  till  his  exile  in  18»;S.  Returning  to  liis 
country  in  1S4_*,  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  public  affairs.  In  Nov.  IS4S  he 
was  declared  a  henemerito  de  la  patria,  and  given  a  pension  for  life.  In  .May 
18.X)  he  heeauie  president  ot  the  sup. erne  court.  Honesty  and  integrity  were 
tlu!  prominent  traits  of  his  eliaractcr.  \inited  witii  ability  and  liberal  idcoa, 
but  free  from  exaggerations.  Molina,  Conta  J!.,  75-G,  98,  il9-'Jl. 


nru:  ok  callkcjos  ami  caimmi.lo. 


lai 


iiuiiilicr  of  tlio  «l(iioiincc(l  works.  Jv^o  Mora  troatcd 
tlir  pious  proposal  witli  tho  contempt  it  (IcsorvoiJ.*" 

Mora's  successor  *':'l\y  "l<'cte(l  was  Jose  Kafacl  Oa- 
ll.nds,  wlio  assumed  In^  -lufies  in  April  18;»,'{.'^'  Tlio 
state  at  this  time  was  en;  )yinLr  lil't-rty,  and  jjorfect 
tivcdom  of  the  press.""  it  was  llio  asylum  of  tlio 
(  xiies  from  other  Cential  and  South  American  states. 
It  W!is  not.  liowevei',  alto^^ether  e.\em[>t  from  the 
.vpirit  of  localism.  ('arta;_;t»  had  been  tlie  cap'*^r>!,  and 
wanted  to  lecover  that  |>osition.  San  Jose  leh  is  a 
liiss  the  ahsence  (A'  the  .supremo  authorities.  Ifore- 
diu  and  Ahijuela  would  not  bo  less  than  the  <  Mier  1  no 
places.  (luanacaste  was  tin;  only  one  ().ii,  of  the 
"jiicstion.  Jlence  the  resolution  adopted''*^  that  the 
■-tatc  cap!  .1  should  alternately  he  at  San  Jos,  ,  C/ar- 
ta-^o.  lleredia,  and  ^Vhijuela.  A  later  law.  of  Juno 
'.'th,  prescribed  that  the  rcjiidence  of  the  supreme 
authorities  at  each  of  said  places  should  be  for  the 
iieiiod  of  four  years.  GalleLTos'  rule  was  of  short 
(luiation.      lie  resigned  m  March  1834.*^^ 

Jiiaulio  Carrillo  was  elected  jefe,  and  went  into 
ntlice  in  April   1835.""'     In    his  time    several  liberal 

"Costa  Kica  liad  never  been  TiiiiKr  the  sw.iy  of  bishops,  clergyinon,  or 
ni'iiks.  Tliiit  fanaticiNni  which  lias  been  ho  baneful  to  other  HUitus  of  Sp;>.iiisli 
Aiiurica  never  existed  here.  Mouliij'ar,  limruci  JJint.,  i.  '.iOo. 

"(.'«(!/.,  JlolctiuOjir.,  iS.'i.'i,  no.  lU,  .'<70;  Cuiilii  A'.,  Col.  Li'ii<i>,  iv.  4-."i.  fla- 
llc  .'(IS  was  an  honorable  i.ian  und  father  of  a  family,  as  veil  as  a  wealthy 
judpeity  owner.  ]'.ut  he  was  not  eonvcrsant  with  state  alliiirs,  nor  with  tlio 
iiitri^'iKs  of  jj(jlitii'ians.  Jlis  chief  aim  was  economy;  ho  wished  to  see  tho 
luililii;  treasury  full  of  money;  he  cared  less  to  apply  that  money  in  the  devcl- 
o|iiii(  i.t  (if  the  country. 

'Ill  jJiiMif  of  which  were  the  newspapers  El  Notifio^o  Unirerxnl,  La 
T' rliiiiii,  I'A  Correo  de  Costa  JUca,  and  the  number  of  sheets  that  were  con- 
stanlly  issued. 

''■  l!v  the  assembly  and  council,  and  published  by  the  executive,  Apr.  .'{, 
1^;U.  A,'.,  i'JS-'JOl;  Costa  Ji'.,  Col.  Lfye»,  iv.  110-12,  I'JO-l. 

'•Juan  Jose  Lara  became  jefc  provisorio,  and  in  his  turn  was  succeiMled  in 
•'luie  of  tiie  same  j-ear  by  the  vice-jcfc  Agustin  G.  Liz;i\ir/abal,  who  ruled  till 
.^l;lrch  l,s:i,'),  when,  because  of  ill  health,  lie  delivered  thi;  government  to  Ma- 
irul  I'Vinandez,  who  had  it  till  the  regularly  elected  jei>-  assumed  his  duties. 
Mtinnr,  Ej'tm.,  Gl;  Molina,  Costa  U.,  iW;  CoMa  It.,  Col.  L'-yis,  iv.  I'.i'l-o, 
i.");i-(io. 

"*  He  was  born  in  Cartago  in  ISOO,  and  studied  in  the  university  oi  Leon, 
Xi  :iiai,na.  lie  had  never  been  out  of  Cent.  Am.,  and  conscijuently  Ilia  mind 
liad  nevi  r  had  tiie  expanding  inlluence  of  travel.  He  was  accordingly  full  of 
I'lity  prejudices.  He  could,  however,  appreciate  men  of  merit,  and  avail 
liiui'ri.lt  of  their  abilities;  but  if  he  mistrusted  a  man,  he  proved  a  relentless 


I 


182 


SALW^DOn,  NI(AUA(;L'A,  and  CO.STA  RICA. 


li'lLl 


innovations  were  niade,  in  audition  (o  those  intro- 
du(  ed  s(tinc  time  previously;  namely,  sup[)re.ssion  of 
tithes  and  derrease  of  holidays; *^^  those  enactments 
aroused  the  clergy,  and  prompted  them  to  fan,  in 
retaliation,  the  ilame  of  diseord  existiiii;  between  San 
Jose  and  ( 'ai'taL;'o,  which  culminated  in  an  open  revolt 
on  the  24tli  of  September,  1835. 

An  alliance  was  entered  into  by  Cartago  with  Ala- 
juela  and  lleredia,  to  refuse  recognition  to  the  gov- 
ernment, and  to  convoke  a  new  assembly  with  e(|U.il 
rejiresentative  rights  for  the  diiferent  towns.'"^  The 
allied  forces  marchetl  upon  San  Jose,  then  the  seat  nf 
government;  but  were  defeated  in  several  encounters, 
and  they  again  submitted.'^  The  i-esult  of  this  revolt. 
was  the  further  strengthening  of  San  Jose,  to  whi<h 
place  was  conveyed  all  the  armament  of  the  stad  . 
The  government  was  equally  successful  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  when  an  armed  force  from  Nicaragua,  led  hy 
the  Costa  Ilican  Manuel  Quijano,  formerly  in  ]ii> 
country's  military  service,  Pedro  Abellan,  and  fla- 
nnel l)engo,  entered  the  department  of  Guanacasi(  . 
and  marched  upon  its  chief  town,  where  they  expecti d 
to  find  support;  but  they  only  met  with  disapjjoint 
ment.  They  were  iirst  repulsed  by  the  inhabitant  -, 
an'?  "fierward  routed  by  the  troops.'" 

x'ho  peace  thus  restored  was  not  of  long  duratini;. 
Braulio  Carrillo  was  succeeded  as  jcfe  of  the  statr  ' 

foe.  lie  raivly  pl.'ici!<l  any  trust  in  any  one.  Jfontii/ar,  /.Vsr-Hrj  Ifixf.,  ii.  '.MS; 
Costa  /'.,  Col.  Leijes,  iv.  200-7;  Molina,  Costa  It,,  03  ct  sutj. ;  Wmiinr,  Co.-^l'i 
liica,  20 1 -.3. 

«''I.iiw  of  Apr.  11  mill  Aug.  25,  I8."?J;  Coda  U.,  C>1.  Leyes,  iv.  I'l;-", 
2:!,l-0;  Snh'.,  JJifinoOJlr.,  M;iy  2.'>,   IST."!. 

'"UovcrniiHut  i--su(il  a  iiroulauiatiou  against  the  rebels  on  the  Gth  of  Oi  i., 
IS.*].').   Cos/a.  /.'.,  Cut.  Li'ijc",  iv.  27;i-SO. 

"  Tho  (lL'i.i^iv(!  actiiiii  oclui  icil  uu  tliu  2Sth  uf  Oct.  About  .""'O  ficrsoiis  ]  1 1- 
islicil.  Details  on  thdso  truuMia  appi'.'ir  in  Moliiut,  Cosfn  //.,  9'.)-l00;  J/fi- 
rnrr,  J'/i  m.,  .'SS.  'I'lic  authors  of  thu  rihcllion  were  niuleted  in  sums  rangin;,' 
from  !?-',0l)0  down  to  $,"0.  Monti'ij'ar,  IUm  na  JUil.,  ii.  20S-27,  2;;7-J7. 

'^'I'wo  tlupuyand  men  eameupon  llif  invailei'sat  tlio  haeienila  of  S;nita  li'i'^.i. 
Quijano  ('.si,;i]ie(l  to  Nirara^aia.  Tl:o  governm'  nt,  by  a  decree  of  .lu!y  2,  iS.'Hi, 
declared  liim  and  i.tlier.s  outlawed,  and  one  of  them  was  executed.  Conta  A'., 
Col.  f.ci/rx,  iv.  .'?'_'.')-.'iO,  ;>l'.)-."8.  (Iiianaeastc,  later  knoM-n  as  hibiMia,  ."iiil 
Nicoya,  for  their  loyally,  wero  rewardc  d,  tliu  former  bein;.;  made  a  city,  :i:nl 
tho  latter  a  villa.   Slulimt,  Co- (a  /,'.,  100;  Mouti'/nt;  Uifuiii  Ili^l.,  ii.  'J;;i)  i^. 

'••Carrillo  held  the  executive  oilioc  till  March  lti;!7,  when,  his  term  haviiij,' 


REVOLT  I\  COSTA  HICA. 


is;i 


by  Manuel  Aguilar,  in  April  1837.  A  plot  intended 
to  oviitlirow  the  government  was  soon  after  deteeted, 
jiiiil  the  authors  were  sent  into  exile.'*  But  Carrillo 
had  also  been  disappointed  at  Aguilar's  election,  and 
hcincr  influential  with  the  soldiorv,  lie  had  hut  little 
diflieulty  in  gettin^r  together  a  l»arty  with  wliich,  on 
ilii'  ■ITlli  of  ^lay,  1H38,  he  deposed  this  oflicial.  send- 
ing iiini,  together  with  the  vice-jele,  Juan  ^NFora,  into 
l)aiii>lnncnt."''  This  was  the  first  instance  in  (  osta 
Ivita  when  the  le'dtiniate  government  of  the  state 
\\a>  overthrown  by  force  of  arms.  It  cannot  be  said 
that  the  change  was  altogether  for  the  worse.  Under 
Canillo's  active  and  energetic  rule  the  countrv  made 
rapid  progress  in  a  material  j)oint  of  view. "  He  saw 
at  once  the  hopelessness  of  reestablishing  the  Central 
American  confederation,'^  or  of  reorijanizing  it  so  os 
to  render  it  beneficent  to  tlic  several  states;  and 
therefore,  instead  of  making  fruitless  efforts  in  that 
direction,  strove  rather  to  isolate  Costa  Rica.  This 
policy  he  impressed  on  the  second  constituent  con- 
vention, which   met  on  the  1st  of  November,  l.SoS," 

espircil,  ho  surroiulcred  it  to  Joaquiti  Mora,  a  lirothcr  of  the  former  jcfc,  Juan 
Slura,  who  ruled  only  one  nidiitli,  and  began  liis  administration  l>y  opposing 
Bon;e  (if  Carrillo's  moasiirea.   /</.,  'M'2. 

"Aguilar  luid  iiolitical  eiienuo3 -who accused  him  of  friendship  for  rartaqo, 
Hi  V(  .11.1,  and  Al:ijiu'!a,  llicrehy  exposing  Sail  Josu  to  now  assaults.  With  tliis 
prrt.  \t  a  phin  wan  formed  to  assault  the  barratka  at  San  J oso  on  tlic  night  of 
All,.'.  •Jiitli.  Id.,  :iIS-'20. 

■ 'Ciiniilo  \\ai  recognized  aa  jcfo  by  a  spciid  dccreo  of  the  assenddy  ou 
tlu.'.;;ili  of  .hino,  and  reuMincd  at  the  iiead  of  all'airs  tdl  l'>4'_',  when  In;  was 
ovcitiU'iun  in  hi.i  turn.  Co-fa  A'.,  CoK  A'.'/;-'',  iv.  •2\\;  Mirurr,  Jj'iiii.,  04; 
Moii'iihn-,  Hr-ii  lid  ///.-,'.,  ii.  ;iL'J-.'5.  Miguel  Carran.'.a,  (.';ir;illo'.s  father-in  law, 
beciiiiK!  \icc-jefe.  Sfijihcii,f,  Cinit.  Am.,  i.  H.'ilt. 

'"I'.e  estahlialiuil  a  reign  of  despotism,  in  whieli  hi^^  \\ill  was  law,  restrict- 
ing lie  press  and  punisliing  his  jiolitical  opponents  with  expatriiition  and 
otiiiin  i>o,  tliougli  tliey  were  pardoned  in  IS.'JS.  iJu-il:i  J'. , '  'c/.  J.r)/(  s,  iv,  .'j'_'0-l, 
V.  !)li  lilO,  l'.t.'5-i.  His  fiurse  made  him  m:iny  eneinii's,  uhom  he  trealcil  with 
tlieiitiuoit  burahncss.  His  eliungo  from  a  liljcr.d  tuh  r  loan  arhitiiuy  ono 
was  liiico  marked,  llo  wua  known  by  the  sobiifjiiet  of  Supo  de  Lo/::.  A 
nun.  c  r  of  ehargcR  fiLrainsl  him  iipjiciirin  .Monlii/n;  /,'■.<' ila  Hist.,  \i\,  ,"(;|-7'J. 
Dm  ;!ig  his  fornur  administration,  in  ls;>0,  ho  restored  the  tithes  ami  tlie  <'x- 
ccsiio  nundier  of  liolidays  of  ihi!  ehureh. 

'' 'Ihe  assendily  had,  in  Apiil  iSilS,  passed  a  lesolutioii  inviting  <lie  lederal 
cou.'! ess  to  call  a  national  con'.ention  tor  the  exelusive  juiijiosa  of  relorming 
the  Kilcnd  institutions.   Co4a  f'..  Col.  /-(//'■.-<.  v.  I!M1-S. 

''Carrillo  could  noc  rule  with  Ihclibcral  constitution  of  IS'2,5.  To  do  away 
with  thi.i  obstacle  hou-cd  lis  a  pretex;  thedcereoof  the  federal  congiis.s  of 
Mny  "iD,  lb;;S,  oiiipoweriiig  the -l.ttts  l  ■  reeon-.lilute  themselves.     The  ussem* 


184 


SALVADOR,  NICARAGUA,  AND  COS'lA  RICA. 


and  on  the  loth  the  formal  st'pai'ation  was  declai'cd, 
the  convention  still  nianilestini^  a  willin'L^ness  to  main- 
tain a  sort  of  union  hy  means  of  specijil  treaties."" 

He  al.-<o  took  effeetive  steps  to  })ay  olf  ( 'osta  llici.s 
•sliare  of  tlie  fv)i'eifrn  debt,  contracted  by  the  Central 
American  republic.  The  state  was  for  a  lon<(  time 
exempted  from  the  .afflictions  and  conscipient  injurious 
I'esults  which  visited  the  other  states  diiiinu^  the  bitt(  r 
last  struggle  in  1840   between   Morazan  and  Carrci-.i 


U^» '-- 


CosiA  Rica. 


lor  the  existence  of  the  republic.  The  other  statis 
were  impoverished  and  biouglit  to  the  verge  of  ruin, 
whereas  Costa  Itica,  with  comparative  tranquilhtv, 
was  constantly  marching  Ibrward. 


Illy  of  C  sta  Rica  acceptiMl  the  dei'ivc  on  tin;  Kith  of  July,  18.18,  iunl  Ciiiiilli) 
Kci/i'il  tlio  opportunity  to  got  riil  of  a  fumlaiiicntiil  law  that  did  not  suit  liini. 
It  wan  at  his  H\i,L,%'eHtioa  that  the  asseiidjly,  liy  decree  of  July  II,  18.'t8,  cillcl 
the  constituent  convention.  Costi  A'., '  'o/.  Lcne*,  iv.  -48-ol,  '_'7!)-81;  Moiilt'iJ'', 
Jifscfia  Hist.,  iii.  'J(>(i-7. 

'"A  treaty  of  friendsliip  and  alliaiic(!  was  concluded  July  1,  ISolt,  witli 
Honduras;  another  of  tlie  same  character  one  nioutii  lati'r  with  Cuatcnialii. 
lioth  are  yi\en  in  Conveiu-'niii,  in  Vml.  Am.  t'lum/ ilutiuii.i,  13-14.  '2',i-C>. 


COAT  OF  ARMS  AND  FLAG. 


m 


The  prcsiclont,  on  the  21st  of  April,  1840,  decreed 
a  <(iiit  ot"  arms  and  ilag  ibr  tlie  state  of  Costa  Rica.** 
This  was  abroLijated  by  the  provisional  j^overiiinent 
two  years  later.*^ 

"■'I'lii'  tout  fif  iiims  was  .a  star  witli  rays,  placed  in  the  centre  of  a  sky-bluo 
ciixlo,  ;iii(l  liail  !it  tlio  circimifticiifc  llic  iiiscrii)tion  'Kstado  <lc  Costiv  itica.' 
'I'lii'  llai,' ^■(lnsi^t(•ll  of  tlirce  luiri/inital  stri)i(  s,  tin:  upixTinost  and  lowest  white, 
mill  tlio  fc  iitiid  one  sliy-liluo,  with  th';  coat  (jf  arms  on  the  hittiT.  The  flaj; 
(if  tlicnuicantilc  marine  w,is  not  to  liave  the  coat  of  arms,  l)ut  instead  of  it, 
ill  silver  letters  on  the  centre  stripe,  the  inscription  'Kstado  ile  Costa  Kica.' 
Cosia  /.'.,  O'L  Lrifx,  vi.  .Sllj-'JC 

•■'  ritftiiKiit  .Slonizan's  decree  of  .April  20,  1842,  restored  the  flag,  arms, 
aiiil  coins  as  before  the  promulgation  of  Carrillo's. 


*  ;   .  V'H 


CHAPTER  X. 

DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  UNION. 

1S39-1S52. 
Interstate  Dissensions — Pacto  de  Ciiinandeoa — Confederacion  Ci;:< 

TKO  AmEIMCANA  — Sri'ltEMO  DeLEGADO  ClIAMOKKO — HOSTILITY  OF  GCA 
TEMALA  AND  liUIIISU  OfIICIALS— AUCE  InVAOES  SaLVADOI! — WaU  .1 
THE   CoNIEHEIiACY    AOAINST   (JTATEMALA — IIl.I.l'LESSNESS   OF    ClIAMoKKn 

— End  of  Till'.  Pacto  hh  Ciiinandeoa— Condition  of  the  Stati.s- 
Feukeiia's  IJad  Faith— Salvador  and  IIoNDruAS  aijainst  Num. a 
OCA— lIoniiOKS  OF  Leon— Vice-pim;sident  JoAyriN  E.  Gtzman- Hon- 

DCIW.S    AND  SaLVADOII   AT   WaU — GcaUDIoLA's    VANDALISM — MaLKSI'IN 

Ovektiiuown— Renewed  Efforts  to  Confederate— Guatemala  an 
Independent  Keitblic — Costa  Kica   Follows— Salvador,  Nk  aka 

GUA,  AND  IIONDIUAS  A  CONFEDERACY— ItS  SiIORT  LiFE — FURTIIEII  In- 
SUCCESSFFL  ATTEMPTS, 

The  government  of  Nicaragua,  on  the  13th  oi' 
Soptcniucr,  1839,  following  the  advice  of  ]Mini>.trr 
Pavon  of  Cuatenuila,  asketl  for  the  mediation  (•(' 
Frederick  Chatfield,  the  British  consul,  in  an  en 
deavor  to  bring  to  an  end  the  existing  dissensii»iis 
with  Salvador.  Chatlield  declined  to  interfere,  on  tlu' 
plea  that  Salvador,  in  a  treaty  witii  the  state  of  Li>, 
Altos,  on  the  10th  of  August,  had  insulted  the  Brit- 
ish crown.'  However,  on  the  'J7th  of  ]\Iav,  1840,  In 
sent  to  the  government  of  Nicaragua  an  extract  of  a 

'Articles  Stii  nnd  iUli  of  tlii>)  trcity  stipuliitcil  tliat  the  ports  of  Imiii 
statc.<  were  to  he  elose(l  to  liiilisl'  tnule  until  (iieat  Uiilain  slioulil  restoiv  t" 
Ceiitfiil  AiiKM'ii.M  the  i.,l;iiiil  cjf  Koiitaii,  thy  seizure  of  which,  to^^eilu'r  witli 
its  e(iiisi'c|Ueiices,  is  tre:iteil  of  ill  iiiiolher  jKiit  of  tliia  vohiine.  ChiiUii'M. 
wlio  h;iil  ln'cii  favoriiii;  iho  views  of  tiiiateiiiala  iiL;aiiist  Iaih  Altos,  (leei.iiwl 
to  till'  latter  that  the.^e  artieles  were  ntleii.sive  to  his  gipvi'iniiieiit.  Tlio  f:'iv- 
t'i'iiiiieiit  of  the  new  .state,  lp('iM;4  aii.\iiiM:i  to  avert  any  iiiLerruiaioii  of  fiiea  lly 
relations,  liy  its  minister,  A,:.;iiilar,  ai-suiril  the  eonsul,  on  thu  ISth  ot  .l.iii  , 
Ib-40,  that  the  ohjuotiuiialjle  articles  woulil  bo  reacimleil. 

(ISC) 


drawn 
.sent  to 
to  I'fori 
Xicara< 
tliL'  ace 
iH'giiini 
iii;i'liia\ 
<'Ngust 
Tlh-v  re 
lltllof 
ti"u   in 
cidiial    I 

((('!rg;„|o 

<iv''  choi 
Mil's.-* 


ll 

EXGLISII  IXTERVEXTIOX. 


187 


(.t 
.tri- 
ll  ol" 
(■11- 

tlu- 

it- 

Ur 

1)1'   U 

l.i.iii 

liv  t  ' 

lui'.'.i 
lli.'M. 


P 


tlesnatc-h  of  March  '2d  from  the  Bi'itish  forclg^n  ofHco, 
savinj,'  that  his  sovereign  would  cordially  metliate  be- 
tween the  two  states,  provided  such  mediation  was 
askfil  for  by  both,  or  by  all  the  governments  inter- 
ested, in  which  event  he,  Chatiield,  was  authorized  to 
use  his  <j(iod  oiFices.  But  ho  was  at  the  same  time 
directed  to  add  that  Great  J>ritain  was  not  disposed 
to  iMiter  into  any  eiigiigement  binding  her  to  employ 
arnicil  forces  in  Central  America.  This  course  was 
not  pleasing  to  Favon,  l)ut  fidly  satislied  the  execu- 
tive t)f  Nicaragua.  Chattield's  mediation  was  never 
called  for. 

Buitrago,  director  of  the  state  of  Nicaragua,  was 
drawn  by  the  force  (4'  public  opinion  to  give  his  as- 
sent to  the  state  taking  part  in  a  convention  intended 
to  reorganize  the  republic  of  Central  America.'^  The 
Nieara<'uan  delegates  used  their  best  endeavors  for 
the  accomplishment  of  their  mission;  but  from  tho 
beginning  they  ftjund  their  efi'orts  hindered  by  tho 
nui'hiavelism  of  the  aristocrats  of  Guatemala,  and  in 
disgust  left  the  convention  after  tiling  a  protest.^ 
They  returned  to  it  afterward,  however,  and  on  the 
11th  of  April,  1842,  tho  convention  made  a  declara- 
tion in  seven  articles  establishing  a  'ijobierno  na- 
cioual  provisorio,'  having  at  its  liead  a  'supremo 
delegado,'  with  a  council  composetl  of  one  representa- 
tive chosen  by  each  of  the  respective  state  assem- 
L>lies.^     Antonio  Jose  Cauas  was  appointed  supremo 

•"I'lic  stiitc  •.-i-^i'iniily  imsscil  a  (locioo  to  that  end  Apiil  17,  IStl.atul  iip- 
poiir.ril  ihc  ili')uiti<'3  to  luiii'i'soiit  it,  tlioapiKiiiitcus  liciii.,'  FiaiiciscoCastilloii, 
(iivjcrio  Jiiaii'Z,  lliiiito  lu)salcM,  Kx-jtlo  .lu.-o  Xinkz,  ami  Uuitinncnililo 
Zcji'  ija.  'J  lie  last  iiaimil  was  riprcsi'iiti'd  liy  Siltastiaii  Salinas.  (Ja-ilcilmi's 
Bfltcuoii  liy  the  assuiiil)ly  was  a  blow  at  IJuiLrago,  the  two  lieing  bitter  D^po- 

UOllts. 

'  111  tlin  protest  tlioy  sot  forth  tho  niachitiations  liioui,'ht  to  l>rar  to  iluft-'at 
tliiiii.  Nicaraijna  (iiul  Salvador  had  a.-kfd  liiiati'iiiala  and  (,'o.-.(a  liica  to 
rnlir  the  loiivcnlion.  Fiiivra,  the  exeon live  ot'  Ihrnihiias,  played  a  iloublu 
giiiu'.  Ill'  had  rrprfsi'nt,,ti\es  in  the  foiiviiiticjn,  wh.le  ho  was  luai,'ued  with 
tlie  ai'sluorats  (if  (iciatcniala,  who  spurned  the  itka  of  reorgauization. 
Moir,n,u\  Ji'i'Mi'id  lli-t.,  iv.  141. 

'Miantinie  the  convention  named  tho  KuprcnH!  deloj^atc  anil  tho  inoinhors 
of  llio  council.     The  duties  of  the  executive  oliicer  were  uiuUiiarious,  ia« 


'W'M^^t 


I 


188 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  UNION. 


(1('lciL;-a(lo.  But  tliis  great  effort  on  the  part  of  the 
null  imbued  with  a  truly  patriotic  sj)irit  came  tu 
uauu^lit,  l)ecause  the  assemitly  of  Guateuiala  indiL,''- 
iiiiutly  i-eji'cted  tlie  couipact  of  Chinandega,  and  I\  i- 
rei'a  of  J  loiuhiias  acted  iu  bad  laith,  Costa  liua 
accepted  it  with  certain  restrictions/ 

A  second  effort  was  made  on  the  27tli  of  July  at 
Chiiiande''a  hy  the  deh.'irates  of  Salvador,  Honduras, 
and  Xicarai^ua,  who  passed  an  act  to  form  a  leaL;uc 
under  the  name  of  Confederacii^n  CV'ntro  Americana."^ 
Sixteen  of  tlie  articles  in  the  constitution  conibruicil 
with  the  instiuctions  given  by  the  aristocrats  of  Gua- 
temala throuLdi  the  state  assend)lvto  the  connnissioii- 
ers  despatclied  to  the  villa  de  Santa  Kosa  on  the  L\sili 
of  Se[)tember,  1830;  and  yet,  after  their  adoption  ly 
the  convention  of  Chinandega,  these  same  persons 
nuide  op[)osition  to  them.  The  fact  was,  that  tiny 
liad  been  all  along  using  deception,  appointing  com- 
missioners to  several  diets,  but  never  intendiniif  that 
a  reorganization  of  Central  American  nationality 
should  be  arrived  at.' 

volving  foreign  and  iiitcrn.il  niTiiirs.  Among  the  foreign  affairs  was  the  iic- 
gotiuting  of  .1  concordat  with  tlio  ]iojic,  anil  of  a  treaty  with  Spain  for  her 
rcfognition  of  Central  American  independence,  llu  was  also  to  procure  tiie 
reassembling  of  tlic  American  diet.  ii(jiiicr'n  Tnn\,  ii.  444-");  J\loi)ti(j'iir,  /.''■ 
senn  Hist.,  iv.  147-8;  llekhanlt,  Xk.,  IW-i;  Salt:,  JJiario  Ojk-.,  Fch.  14,  IST'). 

''Act  of  tlio  constituent  assembly,  d.atcil  July  'JO,  1S4'J.  Montii/ar,  Jum  wi, 
Hist.,  iv.  .•304-5. 

"The  act  consisted  of  77  articles,  and  was  an  amplification  of  tlic  foninT 
act.  Art.  4  said  that  the  confederate  states  recognized  the  principle  of  injii- 
intervention  by  one  or  more  states  in  the  internal  affairs  of  t'lo  ntliers.  Tiny 
bound  tiienisclves  never  to  resort  to  arms  for  tlie  Bottlement  of  dispuud 
points,  nor  to  jiermit  tiio  annexation  of  towns  of  alien  jurisdiction  witliDiit. 
tlie  express  as.sent  of  their  sovereign.  The  other  states  of  the  late  iiiiinii 
were  granted  the  privilege  of  joining  the  confederacy  with  equal  rights  iui'l 
representation.  Art.  14  prescribed  tliat  the  government  was  to  be  e.xoivisiil 
througli  delegates  for  the  general  objects  of  common  benefit  expressly  m  t 
forthiu  the  instrument.  Art.  l.").  Tlie  executive  authority  was  to  be  in  ch.iri,'e 
<if  a  supremo  deleg;i<lo,  witii  a  consnltive  council  formed  wiMi  one  uiomhiT 
from  eaeii  state.  Art.  10.  The  judicial  power  was  intrusted  to  .a  court  coim- 
posed  of  memlicrs  ehosen  l)y  tlie  stato  legislatures.  The  delegates  ulio 
sulisciibed  the  net  were;  J.  Nunez,  (I.  Juarez.  Francisco  Castellon,  I'clio 
/eledon,  and  Seliastian  Sidinas  for  Nicaragua;  Mannc  1  Barborena,  and  .losii 
IM.  Cornejo  for  Salvador;  Manuel  K.  Vazquez,  Monico  iJue.so,  and  Jacobo  K'lsa 
for  Honduras.  Civt.  Am.,  I'acto  ik  Con/id.,  l-TJ;  A'iA.s'  Jlcj.,  Ixiv.  "J;  La 
i'liiuii,  Jnuti  ]."),  1S,")0;  Moiiti'ifui',  Ik.ftila  y/(.s<.,  iv. '2(J0»S"J;  I'abeltou  yac, 
Oct.  lit,  1S44,  '21;  Frorbd'K,  CV/..'.  Am.,  \\X 

'  An  act  was  passed  by  the  constituent  assembly  on  the  '28th  of  July,  I S41, 


PACTO  DE  ClIINANDEGA. 


1S9 


Guatemala  accredited  a  legation  at  Leon,  Gcr6niiin> 
CVnacho  being  the  envoy,  lie  tried  to  exculpatt- 
his  <_;-overnnient  for  its  opposition  to  the  conn)act  oi' 
Cliiiiaiidoga,  asserting  at  the  same  time  its  tinii  re- 
solve to  ujjhold  the  treaty  concluded  in  October  184l', 
liv  Pavoii.  Arriaga,  and  Duran,  and  accepted  by 
('o>ta  Rica  in  May  1843.^  This  opposition,  notwith- 
staiiding  the  organization  of  the  executive  aud  coun- 
cil, under  the  ct)mpact  of  Ciiinandega,  was  eftected  at 
Siiii  Vicente,  in  Salvador,  on  the  29th  of  ^larch,  1^-14; 
Frulo  Chamorro,  delegate  from  Nicaragua,  Ijcing 
cIio>rn  su[>reino  delegado,  Juan  Lindo,  delegate  from 
lldiuluras,  president  of  the  council,  and  Justo  ILr- 
roia,  ex-jefe  of  the  same  state,  secretary  of  that  body. 
Tlio  installation  of  the  confederate  government  was 
at  (iiice  comnmnicatcd  to  the  several  states. 

Honduras,  on  the  27th  of  A[»ril,  recognized  and 
arc'([ited  what  had  been  done  at  San  Vicente.  Sal- 
vador and  Nicaragua  expressed  much  satisfaction. 
The  reactionary  government  of  Guatemala  ke[)t  silent, 
and  on  being  pressed  for  an  answer,  n.-turned  a  cold 
and  laconic  one,  to  the  cftect  that  the  matter  wouM 
1)0  laid  before  the  legislative  body;  that  is  to  say,  the 
assembly  which,  on  the  17tli  of  April,  1839,  had  de- 
clared the  Central  American  confederation  dissolved.'' 
It  I'ould  not  be  expected  that  such  an  assend)ly  would 
^ivc  its  assent.  The  committee  to  which  the  subject 
was  referred  made  an  unfavorable  report,  whiidi  the 
asseuihly  accej)ted.  Costa  llica  suggested  ameiid- 
iiniits  to  the   *[)acto   de  Ciiinandega.'^"     This  docu- 

piirpiiitiiiL,'  to  have  in  view  a  restoration  of  the  union.  Giiaf.,  Urcop.  Lri/ia,  i. 

'(■(iv'fi  A'.,  Col.  Lnii.i,  viii.  CS-HG.  1\\U  treaty  \v;i.s  calleil  l>y  the  \v^A^^■^ 
'  trat.nl')  tie  union.'  Carcaclio  ]iii)(luceil  a  iioti'  of  .Iiuio  17,  ls|;!.  inim  Ay -i- 
iii  11:1  iritt  ratiuL;  his  governments  ]iiotost  af,Minst  the  expedieney  and  praeli- 
laljiliiy  of  (ntalilisliing  in  Central  Anierie.v  '  una  forma  ile  ^^oMerno  uni  ai  io,' 
wliiili  ill  in  opinion  wouM  entail  upon  tlio  couutiy  siill  jiieaier  niisiuriun.  s. 
Casttllon,  for  the  Nicarat^ua  executive,  replied  on  tlio  .")th  of  Aii:,'.,  (Iniyini; 
tlwt  any  oll'enec  had  been  coniinittej  by  tntcrtaiiiinjj!  o[)iniond  I'avoraljle  ta 
tlio  late  j,'ovennnent..    Moiili'i/iir.  liseiia  Ifint..  iv.  l."il--. 

'lliwra  I'az'deercc,  in  Hunt.,  licfop.  Lfiic,  i.  4(i-8. 

'' fosta  Itica  appointed  delegates  tu  the  diet.  Co-t<i  A'.,  Col.  I.<'yc.'>,  viii. 
57-9,  'JJ-8,  183-9.     The  minister  of  Guat.  had  proposed  to  Co.sta  Rica  a  cou- 


100 


niSSOLUTIOX  OF  THE  UNIOX. 


I 


■i 


iki 


i 

!«■" 

'  i   lir'ki-;- 

M  ■  ■ !  ^ 

m 

1 

il 

yu 

iiiont  never  liad  any  practical  value,  for  the  goveni- 
nionts  which  were  parties  thereto  took  no  account  of 
the  duties  it  imposed  on  them.  It  will  be  seen  that 
the  executive  of  Honduras  was  its  covert  enemy,  and 
that  the  <]fovei-mnent  of  Salvad(jr  oj)enly  infringed  a 
nund)er  of  its  clauses, 

INIalespin,  president  of  Salvador,  was  arranging  af- 
fair's for  a  change  in  i'avor  of  a  theocratic  rt'nimc  to 
j)lease  Viteri,  bishoj)  of  San  Salvador,  when  ihw.s 
came  that  the  state  had  been  invadctl  at  Ati(juizaya 
b}'  jManuel  Jose  Aire.  The  ex-prcsidiJiit  had  with 
liim  troops  of  (jiuatemala,  and  a  supply  of  arms  and 
ammunition  to  ))ut  in  the  hands  of  ^lalespin's  cih'- 
mies.  The  question  will  be  asked,  Why  did  the  aiis- 
tocrats  of  (jiuatemala.  cause  the  invasion  of  Salvaihn-, 
Iier  executive  being  their  agent  Males))i!i,  who  was, 
moreover,  under  the  control  of  Jjishoj)  Viteri  {  This 
is  easily  explained.  IMalespin  was,  in  the  eyes  of  tlu; 
aristocrats,  another  Carrera,  disposed  at  times  to  ^lip 
(Hit  of  their  hands.  It  was,  therefore,  important  to 
have  him  superseded  by  Arce,  when  affairs  in  the 
state  would  «;o  on  smootldv  and  to  their  satisfaction. 
In  Arce  ruling  over  Salvador,  they  would  have,  he- 
sides,  a  support  against  Carrera."  But  the  ])eoph'  of 
Salvador,  albeit  much  dissatisfied  with  Malespin  and 
Viteri,  were  decidedly  opposed  to  Arce  with  aii>to- 
cratic  surroundings.  His  invasion  of  the  state  only 
served  to  strengthen  Malespin's  power  for  a  time. 
The  president  set  the  whole  state  in  motion  to  lurct 
the  emergency.  He  did  even  more:  he  asked  foitlie 
assistance  of  the  supremo  delegado  of  the  confeder- 
acy, which  was  promised  him.  Each  state  was  to 
furnish  1,000  men;  but  meanwhile  Salvador  w a--  to 
l)lace  2,000   men   at  the  disposal   of  the   confedeiate 

volition  of  cominissidiiers  fi'oiii  all  tlio  states,  .ijipoiiitrd  in  the  in;inmr  1p  '^iig- 
m'stiil,  iinnu'ly,  nil  tlio  (.'omniissioner.s  were  to  lio  <if  Ciuiiti'nmla,  and  ilin  itcii 
liy  liini  t'l  ri'vicw  the  loiiqiact  of  Cliinau(lt'{,'ii.  Tlio  [imiinsition  waa  k  jr,  inl. 
'J'lic  rt]H)il8  of  the  coniniitti'Ps  in  llio  nssi'iiiMica  of  (iuatoniala  ainl  i  u.sta 
liica  n -i- gi\c'n  in  Moi,(ii/<ir,  lli^iua  Hint.,  iv.  'JSo-DT,  ."SO,  407-t). 

"'J'liis  would  save  tlicni  from  siicli  blow.-)  as  tlio  licut-gcn.  iulliilnl  ou 
them  at  I'inula  and  \'illa  do  Guadalupe,  early  in  1S41. 


>l  .tiM, 

* 

■  OUAT 

MALESPIN  AND  ARCK. 


191 


,^\(^(Mitivc."  Tlic  general  goveriinicnt  agreed  to  use 
its  utmost  endeavors  to  avert  the  suhjugation  of  Sal- 
vador Ity  Guatemala,  ^[alespiii  was  (Mijoiiicd,  on  his 
part,  to  confine  his  military  operations  witliin  tlie  ter- 
iltoiy  of  his  own  state.  ]  fe  easily  got  togetlier  in  a 
ji  \v  (lays  at  San  Salvador  4,000  nien,Mith  whieh  foreo 
he  n:arehed  to  the  front.  One  ]iortion  oi'  the  van- 
;^iiar(l,  under  Lieutcnant-ef)loiiel  l^edro  I'lscalon,  on 
the  jth  of  May,  reacjied  the  Chingo  Valley  in  ])ur- 
>ult  of  Aree,  A(|uilino  San  ^laitin,  and  Guillermo 
(^)iiinlanilla,  who  lleel  to  their  head(|uarters  at  Coate- 


Gl'atemala  and  Salvador. 

poqu(\  They  were  attacked  there,  and  took  to  flight 
a  second  time,  leaving  a  large  (jnantity  of  arms  and 
aniniunition.  Another  portion  of  the  vanguard  occu- 
pied Ghal(.'huai)a,  placing  a  force  and  the  artillery  at 
K^aiita  AnaJ^ 

^lalespin,  in  disregard  of  the  command  ho  had  re- 
ceived from  the  suj)reino  dcdegado,  marched  triuin- 
phaiiily  to  Jutiapa,  in  Guatemala:  in  consequence  of 
^vhiell,  the  government  of  Kivera  Vi\z  assumed  that 

'-Till  V  were  to  lie  paiil  for  l)y  tlio  oonfoilcrnto  states. 

'^Tinsi;  fiicta  uppcar  iu  thu  oUicial  report  to  tho  state  Kovernmcnt  on  Mar 

C,  IMI. 


I 


A 


PijiJ 


!  '  ' 


Itt 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  UNION. 


Guatemala  was  in  a  stato  of  war,  her  territory  hav- 
inj^  l)ecn  invaded;  and  Carrcra  was  eallud  upon  to  use 
her  forecs  against  tlie  invadeis.  A  forced  loan  was 
decreed,  and  a  change  took  place  in  the  cabinet,  Man- 
uel F.  i'avon  assuminuf  the  portfolios  of  relations, 
government,  and  war.'*  Pavon  was  certainly  tli.' 
man  for  the  occasion. ''^  lie  returned  an  answer  to 
a  note  from  tlie  minister  of  the  supremo  delegadn, 
which  Milla,  his  bioi,n';ipher,  has  pronounced  an  aide 
and  conclusive  one.  JJut  it  was  in  reality  a  mass  oi" 
abuse  against  Salvador  and  ^Ealespin.  Jfo  did  not 
attempt  to  show  tiiat  Arce's  invasion  was  not  the  act 
of  tile  (juattMualan  go  ernment,  as  he  should  have 
done;  but  claimed  that  the  war  agiiinst  ^Ealespin  was 
not  a  consequence  of  Arce's  act,  but  of  the  malice  of 
the  Salvadorenos.^'' 

The  bad  climate  of  Jutiapa  soon  began  to  decimate 
the  Salvador  army,  reducing  it  to  al)out  ;],000  mm. 
IMoreover,  the  government  of  Salvador,  then  in 
charge  of  Vice-i)resident  Guzman,  could  not  easily 
procure  means  for  the  support  of  such  a  force.  It 
was  quite  evident  that  the  time  for  upsetting  (  ai- 
rera  had  not  yet  come;  and  ^lalespin's  defeat  wcuild 
only  bring  greater  outrages  upon  the  people.  I'a- 
tience  was  necessary  unthir  the  circumstances,  it 
was  consequently  decided  to  abandon  Jutiapa  and  n  - 

'^Jo8(5  Antonio  Azmitia  became  minister  of  tlie  treasniy,  and  Maii.,il 
Ubico  undcr-Kuc.-ycn. 

'^ lie  could  not  deny  Arce's  invasion  of  Salvador,  l)iit  pretended  tliiit  u> 
prondnent  man  of  tlie  govt  or  of  the  aristocratio  party  bad  any  knowbtl.  ■  "1 
ins  Intention  to  invade,  or  of  the  source  from  wliiili  lie  oi)tained  lii.^t  sup|  liis. 
I'avon  knew  well  enough,  but  prevarication  was  convenient.  The  fart  is, 
Juan  A.  Alvarad",  (iwatenialan  agent  in  San  Salvador,  hail  given  bis  govi  rii- 
nient  timely  information  of  the  intended  invasion.  Aice'.s  departun:  w.ij 
open.  In  order  to  put  an  iuTiocent  aivi)iaranee  on  the  allair.  the  govt  deeitr.l, 
May  rj,  1811,  that  Arco  should  leave  the  city  within  "Jt  liouis,  and  the  .siiito 
within  'JO  days.  In  an  address  to  the  people  on  tin;  "Jd  of  .Inne,  Rivera  I'az 
says  that  Salvailor  cnus.saries  bad  been  detected  trying  to  rouse  the  peiijM'  i  f 
Los  Altos  to  insurrection,  and  that  the  plan  was  intended  to  avenge  thr  ili- 
feat  of  \SU).  'I'his  is  hardly  true;  for  Malcspin  had  been  then  on  Cai  i era's 
side  against  Morazan,  and  bis  tool  in  Salvudur  ever  since.  The  arislni  ia!3 
had,  wiien  it  suited  their  jiurposes,  ]]ublished  letters  of  liberal  leaders  tail- 
ing in  their  bands;  and  yet  they  never  brought  out  those  said  to  have  Ikcu 
taken  troni  the  emissaries  at  Los  Altos. 

'•The  two  notes  are  given  in  Monfii/ar,  Heseila  Hint.,  iv.  531^41. 


fM.ml   ,„to  at  tl,o   liaeW,'   I       '."'"^''''''nwaa 

;}■: ""-i"""'-  "car  the  eo^tio  r*''  *"  ""■■«''' 

ilMs  n.nvcntiou  was,  )iowovr.J  n    ,g"verniii,.„t." 

.;..!  .vlusd  to  ratify  it ia,,.V''"'''''-''"''''<''^'H'''l'' 
pualeii.ala  dctermineil  that  it    i      i  ,=','*>-''-i""fnt  „f 

eonventmn  being  ratitic,  bv^«,"  '""  "*'•*"'  t„  tl.o 
»".!  made  a  declaration  „f  Z.„  ■  ."."'f'"'"  ''dogado, 
G.«(on,ak«  He  re,'  r  t  the  I  l""?"'"'"'  '""■•■"■'I 
L."..,  «|,o  ),ad  been  driven  C,  r   "'''  '''^sidini;  at 

tlltl,,  „f  (,e,|,,,  ti      ,.■„>«,>.•,'•    "'"■  I'O  accuses 

ll«^'  |.acto  de  Cid„andeg:ll  ^f  i'ouorabk  „,c„. 
»»;'; a  dead  letter.  Honduo.?  S'V  "=™>  ''"^  ''o- 
'•"    I."  lOth  ..f  Jul/, 844  '",%"'' ^^^'"^'''■^tcrod, 

"«»tv,  v>hich  was  ratified  b'vtot^,"  ^'''™''°'-'  ""»  ^ 
"(■«'■  Vicente  f>,„  •'^        '  guvornnionts.'" 

'•'"».«,,.,  Apr.  -a'lsil  1?',"^'  ^'f<^m  j,,i7,7  <•.■  i-'-'' ''"»"'» 

'w'r  iij»i]-ii,.fi„..„     "-^rwui  aiiicndinents  ).;»   .       V '    •''  '^i. 

■"ovcn,.     on  Si^^«^  ''"miliated  sSadJ  •  ^^.Tr^^'^^^'''^  '"^^'"S  cxceo.Ie.l 

obi,,. to,.y.      ^"^'^P--     Ax.d  ^ct  GuateSl'  U    tU'le '■"'""^'^''-'  ^-  ''- 

J  liu  ohiect  tl,pn  •       •  "•-'-Jaiea  the  couveution  to  ha 

obtain,,!  peace.  ^^  «acnficu,g  a  great  portion  of  Jar    '  U    o 


IM 


DISSOI-UTIOX  OF  THE  UNTION. 


* ' 


Chamorro's  government  was  notified  by  Forrcra 
that  auxiliary  forces  from  Nicaragua  would  no  lonLjcr 
be  allowed  to  traverse  Ilonduran  territor}'.'*  Cha- 
morro's minister,  M.  Aguilar,  remonstrated  against  a 
measure  which  would  prevent  the  arrival  of  IViciidly 
troops  to  defend  the  confederacy,  whereof  Ilonduias 
was  a  component  part."  Chamorro,  using  his  lawful 
authority,  ordered  J.  Trinidad  Munoz,  who  coiii- 
maiidcd  the  Honduras  force  of  operations,  not  to 
obstruct  the  passage  of  the  Nicaraguan  troops.  ^lufioz 
disobeyed  the  order;  and  upon  the  Nicaraguaiis  ar- 
riving at  Choluteca,  on  the  17th  of  August,  he  re- 
quired them  to  leave  the  territory  of  Honduras 
forthwith;  which  not  being  done,  he  assailed  and  con- 
quered them  on  the  19th,  after  a  three  hours'  liLjlit.*' 
This  action  had  a  great  influence  on  the  fate  of  (An- 
tral America;  for  it  satisfied  the  aristocrats  of  Guate- 
mala that  the  supremo  dclegado  had  no  means  for 
enforcing  his  authority  or  for  carrying  out  his  j)lans. 
It  was  virtually  a  declaration  of  war  between  Hon- 
duras and  Nicaragua.  Malespin  was  likewise  iiii- 
boldened  by  it  to  assail  Nicaragua.  The  latter  must 
then  move  with  the  utmost  activity  against  Fetivra, 
before  Malespin,  now  at  peace  with  Guatemala,  eouM 
come  to  his  aid.  But  difficulties  that  could  not  lie 
overcome  were  in  the  way;  and  it  was  only  on  the 
23d  of  October  that  upwards  of  1,000  Nicarai;uans 
appeared  before  Nacaome,  which  they  assaulted  the 
next  day,  and  ifter  two  hours  oi'  hard  fighting,  were 
re[)ulsed.'''^ 


■idently  a  league  against  Nicaragua,  tbongh  it  (-annnt 
against  the  party  called  'cocjuinibos,'  tur  ;:eiKT.il3 
now  serving  with  Malespin.  Moidul'iir,  lleaefia  llift. 


the  an-angement  wai 
bo  Huiil   to   have   bc' 
Saget  and  I'^spinosa  w< 
iv.  r)07-8,  5S1-*-'. 

"'The  confederate  ecutive  had  ordered  a  force  of  Nicaragucnses  tofime 
into  Salvador  through  he  department  of  Choluteca,  Lieut-col  Agiiado  being 
charged  with  their  tr  asportation. 

'■'^Thc  troops  could  not  come  by  sea,  the  port  of  La  Union  being  tiicn 
blockaded  by  a  Britisii  frigate.  Copy  of  Aguilar's  note,  dated  Aug.  II,  1M4, 
in  /(/.,  f)G9-71. 

"''Mnfloz'  report  sets  the  enemy's  loss  at  156  killed,  besides  many  prison- 
ers, and  over  200  muskets,  etc. 

"  Tlio  place  was  defended  by  upwards  of  700  men  under  Juan  Morales. 


m\ 


WAR  ON  NICARAGUA. 


195 


.  t 


Trinidad  Cabaiias  and  Gerardo  Barrios,  two  ( 
Moiazan's  officers,  made,  on  the  5th  of  September, 
1844,  an  attempt  at  San  Mijjfuel  to  overthrow  Males- 
pin  without  bloodshed;  but  haviiiLif  failed,  they  went 
(ilf  to  Nicaragua  by  way  of  La  Union.  Malespin'a 
minister,  Josd  Antonio  Jimenez,  then  demanded  of 
tliL  Xicaraguan  government  that  Cabaflas  and  Bar- 
rios should  be  either  expelled  or  surrendered  to  Sal- 
vatlor  for  punishment.  The  demand  was  rejected. 
The  (wo  officers  were  by  no  means  discouraged.  They 
jn'iscvcred  in  their  ellbrts,  which,  more  than  any- 
tliini,'  else,  finally  brought  about  the  tyrant's  over- 
tiirow.  By  virtue  of  a  special  decree,  ^lalespin  took, 
(Ml  the  25th  of  October,  personal  command  of  the 
state  forces,  j)lacing  the  executive  office  in  charge  of 
the  vice-president,  Joaquin  Eufracio  Guzman,  who 
fiti  tlic  same  day  entered  upon  the  discharge  of  his 
duties,  giving  Malespin  unlimited  powers  for  the  de- 
foiiri!  of  the  state.  Such  authorization  did  not  justify 
Males])iu's  carrying  the  war  into  Nicaragua.^  This 
state,  after  the  defeat  of  its  troops  at  Nacaome,  had 
removed  them  from  Honduran  territory,  and  sued 
for  peace.  And  yet  Malespin,  in  violation  of  the 
laws  of  Salvador,  made  preparations  for  an  ofFensivc 
war  against  Nicara<j:ua. 

It  will  bo  well,  before  relating  the  events  of  this 
campaign,  to  cast  an  eye  upon  the  present  lamentable 
condition  of  the  four  states  thus  bent  upon  each  other's 
destruction.  Guatemala  was  ruled  by  the  aristocrats 
^vith  a  rod  of  iron.  Her  financial  aifairs  were  com- 
pletely disorganized.  In  Salvador  Malespin  had  no 
other  rule  of  conduct  thun  his  own  will  and  Bishop 
Vitcri's  evil  counsels.  He  believed  himself  surrouniled 
by  enemies,  and  indeed  he  was.*^'     Honduras  was  in  a 


^f'lizman  could  not  ^{rant  such  authority,  as  it  was  of  tlio  cxclusivo 
provincu  of  the  state  congress.  It  was,  besides,  unnecessary,  as  neither  Sal- 
vadnr  nor  Honduras  was  invaded. 

"'lor  his  own  security,  in  his  absence,  ho  placed  his  brother,  Calixto 
Makjpiii,  as  comandanto  general,  near  Vice-president  Guzman.  This  man 
used  to  opun  Guzman's  correspondence,  and  deliver  him  only  such  despatches 


III 


^  ff 


loa 


LXSSOLUTION  OF  THE  UNION. 


disturbed  state,  and  the  victim  of  Ferrera's  despotism. 
Nicaragua  was  in  anything  but  a  satisfactory  situa- 
tion. The  men  who  with  their  superior  t.iknits, 
statesmanship,  and  influence  niiglit  have  carried  tho 
ship  of  state  safely  through  the  coming  storm,  Fran- 
cisco Castellon  and  JMaximo  Jerez,  were  in  Euro^io 
working:  to  undo  the  evils  wron<rht  acjainst  Cential 
America  by  Pavon  and  Chatfiold.  The  director  of 
the  state,  Manuel  Perez/'^  lacked  the  prestige  that 
the  occasion  required,  Casto  Fonseca,  the  com- 
mander of  the  forces,  had  been  given  the  rank  of 
'gran  mariscal.'^^ 

The  pacto  de  Chinandega  had  ceased  to  exist. 
Owing  to  hostile  acts  of  Malespin,  Chaniorro  had  to 
seek  safety  in  flight.  Ferrera  treated  Chanioiio 
with  contumely,  and  shamefully  abused  him  in  a 
report  to  the  chambers  of  Ilc^nduras,  in  January 
184G.^^  Malespin  and  his  army  u^ainst  Nicaragua 
entered  Honduras,  and  at  Nacaome  made  an  address 
to  the  president  and  army  of  II<jnduras.^^  The  two 
allied  presidents  had  a  conference  at  Sauce  on  the 
7th  of  November,  and  agreed  thi\t  Malespin  should 
be  recoi^nized  as  the  general-in-chief  of  their  foicos. 
At  Choluteca  proposals  for  peace  came  from  Loon; 
and  on  the  21st  of  the  same  month  the  treaty  of 
Zatoca"''*  was  concluded,  which  was  disgraceful  to  the 

as  lie  tiiouglit  expedient.  See  circular  of  Jimenez,  Guzman's  minister,  to 
govornura  of  dcpartiiicuts,  of  Feb.  I'J,  1815,  in  Id.,  "17-18. 

""  1  Ic  was  the  constitutional  chief.  Ayon,  ApuiUes,  4;  Svmanario  Nic,  Apr. 
24,  ISTJl. 

^' A  pompous  title,  which  rendered  him  ridiculous  in  the  eyes  of  ni;iiiy, 
wliilo  it  cxuiti-'d  jealousy  on  the  part  of  otlicrs.  .97»tVr'.s  Truv.,  ii.  Hit. 
Fonseca  is  represented  as  a  drunkard,  ignorant,  and  the  most  brutal  tVMiit 
Nicaragua  ever  had.  Life  and  property  were  subject  to  hia  nod.  Dunl'ii'i 
Cent.  Am.,  224-5;    Wells'  Jloml.,  494. 

"''It  should  be  known  that  Chamorro  had  not  been  a  Morazanista,  or  even 
a  liberal.  lie  was  tiie  chief  of  the  conservative  party  in  Nic.  On  Marcli  -•, 
1845,  his  term  having  expired,  and  tiierc  being  no  legal  succes.«or,  lie  (kiiit'l 
that  tlio  ollioo  of  supremo  delcgado  ceased  to  exist,  and  commuuicatcil  tin; 
fact  to  the  governments  of  the  several  states.  Moiiliij'ar,  lt(.-<ena  Hid  ,  iv.  1-.'. 

"'Oct.  .'U,  1844.  Tho  object  of  the  war,  ho  said,  was  to  avenge  the  insult 
inflicted  by  Nic,  on  Houd.,  and  it  was  to  be  waged  till  a  lasting  peace  cuuh! 
be  secured. 

•*  Here  tho  invaders  were  joined  by  Gen.  Manuel  Quijanoand  04  dragoons 
who  h-d  deserted  from  Leon. 


ATTACK  ON  LEON. 


197 


Ni<'aiaguan  negotiators.^"  A  secret  clause  was  also 
ji'Tced  to,  binding  Nicaragua,  among  other  tilings,  to 
ivtiit;  her  troops  from  Chinandega  to  Chiehigalpa. 
But  the  authoi'ities  and  people  of  Leon  preferred 
death  with  honor  to  submission  to  such  degrading 
(kiuands.  The  treaty  and  secret  clause  were  indig- 
nantly rejected.  Perez,  the  director,  surrendered  the 
exfCLitive  office  to  Senator  Emiliano  Madrid. 

In  the  night  of  November  21st  the  allied  forces 
eniauiped  in  the  barranca  de  San  Antonio.^"  On  the 
2Gtli,  at  8  in  the  eve  jing,  they  were  in  front  of  Leon, 
and  threw  bombs  into  the  city.  The  next  morning 
at  '.->  o'clock  Malespin,  being  drunk,  ordered  an  assault, 
which  resulted  disastrously  for  the  invaders;  for  at 
sunrise  he  found  his  camp  strewn  with  corpses.^^ 
The  attack  was,  however,  continued  that  day  till  4 
oVIoek  in  the  afternoon,  when  the  allies  found  them- 
selves short  of  anmnmition,  and  with  many  of  their 
chief  officers  killed  or  wound* k1.  Discord  now  broke 
out  among  them,  and  the  Hondurans  wanted  to 
abandon  the  campaign;  but  J.  Trinidad  Muhoz,  act- 
ing lor  Malespin,  quieted  them,  and  the  struggle  went 
on.  That  night  Muuoz  erected  intrenchments,  and 
at  I)roak  of  day  on  the  28th  the  allies  were  in  con- 
dition to  act  vi*/orously.^'' 

(Commissioners  came  out  to  the  allied  headquarters, 

•■'The  comniissioners  were  Ilnrnicnegildo  ZepeJa  and  Gurciuinio  Carcache. 
Mak'spiii  himself  rxUd  for  Sal,.  ;iud  Huiid.  Art.  1  requi. i;d  \ic.  to  pay 
Salv.  anil  llond.  all  the  ox|)ciiso3  of  the  present  war,  and  to  Salv.  those  in- 
ciUTtil  in  the  war  of  April  list  ug.iinst  Gnat.,  because  Nie.  hail  failed  to 
furnish  her  contin'^cnt  of  troops.  This  last  payment  was  waived  hy  .^alv.  in 
art.  '.).  Art.  '2  calls  for  the  surrendei'  hy  Nie.  of  all  arms  within  her  teiritory 
klunging  to  the  allies.  Art.  ',i  made  it  the  duty  of  Nie.  to  di  liver  to  the 
allied  furei'S  the  'facciosos'  Joaquin  llivera,  Maximo  Orellaiia,  Mi;,'uel 
Ah arcz,  Trinidad  Cabanas,  (ierardo  JJarrios,  Dic^'oand  llanion  Vijil,  if  found 
ill  llio  slate,  and  if  they  were  out  of  it,  not  to  allow  them  to  reside  tlurein 
Nw..iinit  the  consent  of  the  allied  governments.  Art.  7  tiirows  U[ion  Nie.  the 
ixptiise  1^'  supporting  the  allied  troops  from  the  date  of  the  ratilieation  of  the 
treaty  till  they  should  have  roaelicd  their  quarters  in  their  respective  .states. 
Moiiiiifar,  Ufsona  Hist.,  iv.  r/J_'-4. 

"'•iuai'diola  became  into.xicated  and  abused  the  deserters;  whereupon  half 
of  tlit'iu  abandoned  the  allied  camp,  and  li<>  was  placed  umU'r  arrest. 
Aiuiiig  tiic  slain  was  (,'ruz  (iiiardiola,  a  brother  of  the  general. 


'"ll  will  be  well  to  record  here  that  Mun 
present  liiliulation,  was  a  Niciraguan  by  birth. 


to  whom  Leon  owed 


id  her 


1 


198 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  UNION. 


and  on  the  1st  of  December  a  treaty  was  negotiated,* 
to  wli it'll  no  ratification  was  given  in  the  city,  and  tho 
war  continued.  Meanwhile  there  was  much  agitation 
in  Salvador,  with  occasional  revolutionary  attempts, 
which  becoming  known  at  Leon,  emboldened  the 
authorities  and  citizens  to  keep  up  the  fight,  not- 
withstanding the  other  departments  had  turned  against 
them.*° 

Josd  Francisco  Montenegro  and  Juan  Ruiz  wore 


C.nr^nlailo' 


fw^^i 


Toe/  .S' I/I  .riinny  •'SJ^fcVv 


Sou TU- \V ESIK K N    N tCAU AU U A. 


"The  negotiators  for  Nic.  were  Canon  Desiili'rio  Cortes  and  Anseliiii 
Aliiicon;  for  Salv.  and  llond.,  Gen.  Niuokis  Espinosa  and  J.  T.  Muun,. 
Under  this  capitulation  tho  terms  agreed  to  in  tho  former  one  at  Zatoca  wf" 
to  bo  enforr-cd  as  regarded  payment  of  war  expenses  and  surrender  of  ariii>. 
Nic.  bound  herself  to  expel  from  tJic  state  Casto  Fonseca,  Cabanas,  llivcni, 
OrcUana,  Barrios,  Alvarez,  Diego,  liamon  and  Josi5  Antonio  Vijil,  Doiiiin^'i 
Asturias,  Jos(5  Antonio  Milla,  and  Jos(5  Antonio  Ruiz;  and  furtiieniidie,  to 
deliver  to  Malespin  some  Salvadoraus  who  revolted  against  him  at  .Sau 
Miguel  on  the  5th  of  Sept.,  1844. 

^"Granada  took  Malespin'a  side,  and  was  followed  by  Rivas  and  other 
places.  It  seemed  as  if  all  the  actas  had  been  written  by  the  same  haiiii, 
Moiitvfar,  Itesefia  //«<.,  iv.  600,  C35-G. 


SIEGE  OF  LEON. 


199 


"-^ 


the  commissioners  of  Rivas  and  Granada,  near  Males- 
pin.  Their  mission  brought  about  the  creation  of  a 
new  government,  which  had  no  recognition  in  Leon. 
Senator  Silvestre  Selva  lent  himself  to  be  made  by 
Malcspin  and  his  allies  director  supremo  of  Nicaragua, 
under  the  stipulation  of  ratifying  the  convention  of 
December  1st,  adding  the  name  of  Pio  Castellon  to 
the  list  of  the  proscribed." 

Several  partial  actions  took  place  in  other  parts  of 
the  department  of  Leon,  which  turned  out  favorably 
for  the  invaders.^-  But  Malespin  was  furious  at  his 
failure  thus  far  to  capture  Leon.  The  firing  of  his 
guns  was  incessant.  He  made  a  final  effort,  throwing 
himself  at  the  head  of  a  force  upon  the  works  of 
Sutiaba,  which  were  in  charge  of  Gerardo  Barrios; 
and  after  some  hours'  hard  fighting  was  repulsed, 
l(\ivina:  the  field  covered  with  his  killed  and  wounded. 
But  there  was  no  unity  of  action  in  the  city  at  this 
time.  Some  officers  believed  that  Casto  Fonseca, 
though  brave,  was  not  competent  to  make  a  proper 
defence;  and  one  of  them,  named  Jose  M.  Valle,  alias 
El  Chclon,  suggested  that  he  should  turn  over  the 
coniniand  to  Cabanas.  Fonseca  looked  upon  the  sug- 
gestion as  an  insult,  and  in  consequence  Valle  retired, 
and  Cabauas  became  an  object  of  suspicion  to  Fon- 
seca. The  siege  with  its  horrors  continued.  Tho 
fatal  spirit  of  localism  that  maintained  discord  be- 
tween the  several  towns,  .specially  between  Granada 
ami  Leon,  was  now  as  ever,  and  till  the  transfer  of 
the  capital  from  Leon  to  Managua,  a  great  misfortuno 


i 


r.'.vi'ia, 

■UHL',  t'> 

lilt  .Sail 

|l  (itlicr 
hunt!. 


"Tlic  most  Imtniliating  part  of  this  nrrangomcnt  was  the  ."lil  chiuso, 
wlu'ieiii  tho  eastern  ami  soutlicrn  ileiiartmcnts  icco;;nize  Malcspin  ai  'pro- 
tcutor  ilo  lu3  Nicara;^iienses,' and  gciicral-in-cliicf  of  tho  uiiiLL'd  arniios,  in- 
cliuiin;^'  one  organized  hy  those  tlepartnienta,  till  the  end  of  the  war.  Id.,  W. 
GOO-'.';  .Vic,  lif<ji«lro  OjL.,  12,  14,  u5-C,  05,  IJL»,  110-l."i;  Sandocal,  L'cv.  I'olit., 
0,  l.VIS. 

'- Several  odieera  wcro  shot,  among  them  a  number  taken  by  Sagct,  on 
the  \  I  .sst  1  Carolina.  Malcspin  issued  stiingcut  orcler.-i  against  rendering  aiil 
to  the  l)esieged.  An  ollicial  report  from  Nagaroto  of  Jan.  '2;id,  to  the  eoiuan- 
(laiitc  at  Managua,  speaka  of  a  defeat  of  troops  of  tho  govt  at  J^con,  with  tho 
loss  (if  'JOO  killed,  ;100  wounded,  and  many  prisoners,  together  with  3  pieces 
of  cannon  and  other  arms,  etc.  .^tc,  liCfjktro  Ojic,  4. 


-Wr  ill 


rlri'f 


■■'■     I  1  ■     ^h  H 


"  ■,:  1 


iSi;'? 


200 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  UNION. 


for  the  whole  country.     The  besiegers  made  the  most 
of  it." 

A  vessel  arrived  at  this  time  at  Realejo  with  arms 
for  the  besieged,  of  wliich  Malcspin  got  information 
from  the  Englishman  Manning,  and  through  Selva's 
agent  lie  obtained  possession  of  1,000  muskets,  200 
rillos,  200  barrels  of  powder,  200  quintals  of  lead,  and 
12,000  flints.  With  this  supply  the  operations  against 
Leon  were  pushed  with  still  greater  vigor,  and  the 
city  surcuml)ed  to  an  assault  by  Guardioha  on  tlio 
24th  of  Januar}',  1845.  INIalespin  now  gave  full  sway 
to  his  bloody  instincts,  by  sliooting  a  number  of 
prominent  citizens  and  surrendering  the  town  to  tho 
soldiery  for  plunder."  The  outrages  committed  defy 
description.'*^ 

While  Malespin  was  engaged  in  the  Nicaragua 
campaign,  the  state  of  Salvador  was  preparing  to 
throw  off  the  yoke,  and  his  brother  Calixto  was  issuiu'jf 
arbitrary  orders  without  tlie  knowledge  or  assent  of 
Vice-president  Guzman.  At  last,  at  midnight  be- 
tween tlic  30th  and  31st  of  December,  1844,  the  gar- 
rison at  San  Salvador  was  surprised  by  a  party  of 
armed  men  from  the  Calvario,  and  captured,  together 
•with  the  arms  in  the  barracks.*"     After  that  the  ro- 

''It  is  related  tliat  Pcilro  Zclodoii,  a  Costa  Kican  residing  in  Cliichigalpa, 
Nic.,  wrote  Muiioz,  depicting  the  liorrora  of  the  war  and  tlio  nceil  of  luaic. 
Malespin  made  Muiioz  invite  Zeledon  to  a  conference,  and  when  ho  had  liim 
in  his  power,  demanded  a  ransom  of  §1,000,  but  did  not  get  auytliing,  and 
Zeledon  obtained  his  liberty. 

"Tho  only  house  exempted  from  plunder  was  Manning's.  Many  himats 
■were  razed  to  tho  ground,  or  bunicl  purposely. 

^-'On  tho  first  day  the  acting  director,  Emiliano  Madrid,  CrescencioXavns, 
cols  Francisco  Lacayo  and  Balmaceda,  Capt.  Valle,  Jos6  M.  Oscguera,  :inil 
Father  Crcspin  were  shot.  Crespin's  offonco  was  to  have  begged  the  infa- 
mous Manuel  Quijano,  at  tho  door  of  tho  hospital  for  tho  wounded,  to  ^pal■c 
them.  Canon  Cort(?3  was  put  to  death  afterward.  Casto  Fonseca,  oaptMioil 
on  tho  coast,  was  tried  by  court-martial  and  shot.  An  eye-witness  ilcrlarcil 
that  '2i  persons  were  executed  by  Malespin  in  Leon.  Moutt'ifar,  I'cxr/'i't  lli-^f., 
iv.,  table  no.  6,  CISC;  Sainlofcil,  I'evisla  Pclit.,  7-13;  Dnnlo/i'sCeiif.  Am.,  '22', 
2;J0-:!;  Nic,  nrijiMro  Ojir.,  4-G,  14;  Croicc's  Gospr!,  l.VJ-OI;  i\ilr.<'  /A,/., 
Ixviii.  1!)U.  Bustamantc,  Jl/^^m.  Ilinf.  Mex:,  MS.,  ii.  77,  speaks  of  Malesiiia'a 
acts  of  horrihlo  cruelty,  adding  that  according  to  the  newspapers  of  (linit. 
Malespin  had  caused  to  bo  assnssinated  over  1,000  persons. 

•''Kigh'y  live  prisoners  were  released  from  the  jail,  many  of  whom  'i  il 
been  contined  there  for  alleged  political  ofTenscs. 


rl    t 


INDEPENDENCE  OF  SALVADOR. 


201 


of 
bc- 
i-av- 

of 

lor 
ro- 

(ilpa, 

[.•ace. 

him 

lusis 

anil 
lula- 
Bxiie 
fu'od 
liicil 

ll'i, 

|V:/., 

ill's 

Ivit. 


volt  went  on  gaining  largo  proportions;  but  the  rebels 
\\\rc  defeated  in  the  plain  of  Jucuapa,  Cojutepeque, 
on  ilic  4th  of  January,  1845. 

Tlic  liberal  chiefs  Cabanas  and  Barrios,  who  es- 
caped from  Nicaragua,  reached  La  Union.  Barrios,*^ 
with  the  view  of  rousing  the  Salvadorans,  spread  the 
rcjiort  that  Malespiu  had  succumbed  at  Leon.  Ca- 
liMuas,  a  trutlifiil  man,  disliked  the  scheme,  but  finally 
allowed  his  companion  to  pursue  his  plan  without 
contradiction.  They  both  entered  San  Miguel  on 
the  28th  of  Januar}',  1845,  and  loudly  congratulated 
liis  friends  and  acquaintances  on  Malespin's  defeat. 
The  whole  department  was  soon  in  conunotion,  and 
IctttrfS  j)0ured  upon  Guzman  to  sound  the  cry  ibr  lib- 
erty. Calixto  Malespin  continued  his  arbitrary  acts, 
and  Guzman  concluded  to  oust  him  from  his  com- 
mand, without  bloodshed  if  possible.  In  this  he  was 
successful  on  the  2d  of  February;*^  the  barracks 
wcr(!  soon  surrendered  to  him,  the  troops  following 
his  lead.  The  capital  seconded  the  movement,  and 
^va.s  soon  followed  by  the  other  departments.*'  The 
•lovcnunent  sent  a  circular  to  the  other  states  an- 
iiouncing  the  change  eflected,  and  it  was  recognized 
h\  all  but  ILjnduras."' 

The  chambers  of  Salvador  assembled  on  the  15th, 
hvl'nw  which  Guzman  made  an  energetic  speech,  and 
Malespin  was  not  only  dethroned,  but  his  election  to 
the  presidency  was  declared   null."     However,  there 

'■  llu  wasasoii-in-liiwof  Vico-iircsiilcntGuziiiau.  Tliey  diirorcd  in  poll  lies, 
li;t  liaM'iti.s  fully  l)(>licvL'il  that  (Jiu'iiiauwas  the  person  to  overthrow  Males- 
jiiii,  an  1  imii-t  1)0 aided  with  sonip  bold  stroko. 

'"  lli3  called  a  largo  luimljcr  of  hi.s  frieiuU  to  liia  liouso  and  armed  them 
with  [M~;tols— he  liad  not  a  single  musket  at  his  conimaii<l.  JIo  then  called 
the  e  aiaiiilanto  general,  and  the  mayor  do  plaza,  Antonino  Arevalo,  and 
iiKi'le  I'lisonera  of  thcni  without  resistance.  Tho  two  escaped  afterward,  Ijut 
M.i'is]iii  was  recaptured,  with  a  wound. 

*^\ctaof  tiic  capital  on  Feb.  2,  1S4,").  Montufar,  ncacfin  I/iM.,  iv.  71'.)-'_'4; 
.U«i,;'.  Co».-.',7.  Iiidrp.,  May  2,  1843;  Li  Minerva,  May --'2,  ISJ,".. 

^'('iista  li.  had  heard  of  it  by  a  vessel  from  Acajn'la,  and  sent  her  recD;j- 
nitioii  heforo  tho  circular  reached  her.  Tho  govt  t)f  Kic,  created  by  >',;!  v 
jiin,  recognized  tSuzman.  Tiio  nobles  of  Guat.  had  to  do  tlio  san'  :  ;::id 
Iiclicviiig  themselves  endowed  with  extraordinary  good  sense,  added  llir'r  ail- 
vu' .  wjih  all  tlio  gr.avity  of  pcda^O'jues.  Monttih'r,  J^cur/ia  Hist.,  i.  (!7S. 
*  lu  tie  ;^'round  of  unconstitutionality,  ho  being  in  command  of  the  state 


i!? 


202 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  UNION. 


was  much  to  do  yet  to  uproot  him  from  Central 
American  poHtics,  as  he  had  .he  support  of  Honduras. 
In  an  encounter  at  Quelepa  Cabauas  was  defeated, 
which  gave  the  reactionists  courage  to  approach  San 
Vicente;  but  pubHc  opinion  was  now  so  clearly  pro- 
nounced against  Malespin  that  Bishop  Viteri  turned 
against  him,  and  began  his  eflforts  to  win  over  to  the 
clerico-oligarchic  party  the  new  president,  Joaquin 
Eufracio  Guzman.'"^  He  at  once  issued  a  decree  oi 
excommunication  against  Ex-president  Malespin.'^ 
But  the  government  of  Honduras  being  bent  on  suj)- 
porting  Malespin  at  all  hazards,  Guard iola  landed  at 
La  Union  with  an  armed  force,  and  occupied  8an 
Miguel;  notwithstanding  which  act  Guzman  did  not 
declare  war  against  Honduras.  Attributing  it  to 
ignorance  of  the  true  state  of  affairs  in  Salvador,  he 
sent  a  second  note,  which,  like  the  first,  reUiccined  un- 
answered. Malespin  continued — with  the  assent  of 
Honduras,  and  witliout  that  of  Nicaragua,  which  had 
assumed  neutrality  in  the  contest — calling  himself 
general-in-chief  of  the  armies  of  Salvador,  Honduras, 
and  Nicaragua,  and    declared    Guzman,    the    Salva- 


if  ■    ' 


forces  at  the  time  the  election  took  place.  Circular  Feb.  24,  1845,  in  Id., 
7lii>;  Bl  Salvudoi-  lU'ticiicrado,  no.  '2. 

'■-'(iii/iiiiin  was  a  Costa  Itican  liy  birth,  but  had  lived  many  years  in  S:in 
Miguel,  .S;dv.  lie  entertained  liberal  iilciis  from  his  earliest  political  life. 
His  military  service,  nndor  Morazan,  began  soon  after  the  battle  of  GualLlin, 
and  ho  was  present  as  a  captain  in  the  actions  of  San  Miguel  and  Las  Char- 
cas.  ilo  accoui[ianied  that  leader  to  (.juat.  Li  the  invasion  of  Cent.  Am. 
from  ^lox.  by  Arec  in  ISii'J,  Ciuzinan  did  gallant  service  at  Jocoro,  and  eii- 
tcrod  San  Salvador  with  Morazan.  Again  during  San  Martin's  rcbcUinii  lio 
served  under  iiis  chief  as  a  lieut-col.  The  chambers  of  Salvador,  on  tlie  i!)tli 
of  May,  1  St."),  declared  (Jiizinan  a  'bcnenierito  do  la  patria,' and  auarikd 
him  a  gold  medal,  nt  the  same  time  promoting  him  to  general  of  division. 
Moiiliijar,  JiiKcila  lll^t.,  iv.  (J'.i;}-4;  Sulv.,  Dlirio  (>fi<\,  May 'Jl,  IS'o.  I'un- 
lop,  CdU.  Am.,  110,  says  of  him:  lie  was  'more  remarkable  for  cunning  tliaa 
honor  or  courage.  His  manners  are  gentlemanly;  ho  has  no  mixture  of  cul- 
orcd  blood,  and  is  rather  good-looking,  though  he  appears  to  possess  but  little 
talent  or  education.'  1  am  inclined  to  think  that  iJunlop  misrepresLii'iCil 
Guznian'ti  character,  for  tJuzman  proved  himself  a  good  and  pure  ruler,  lunl 
his  name  is  revered  in  the  state  and  throughout  Cent.  Am.  by  all  lovers  of 
freediim  and  enlightenment. 

^^On  the  'J.'td  of  Feb.,  1815,  grounded  on  tiie  execution  of  priests  at  Lonii. 
The  decree  forbids  the  faitliful  of  the  diocese  to  have  any  intercourse,  veil'al 
or  written,  with  Malespin,  or  to  uphold  or  defend  iiiai  in  any  niaiiiR'!'. 
Full  text  in  MontiiJ'ar,  Itescfla  Jiinl.,  iv.  079-81;  Ihtshimaiitc,  Mem.  Hkt. 
Mfx.,  MS.,  ii.  78. 


i''\ 


TREATY  OF  PEACE. 


203 


Id., 


Jliul  l-U- 

llinu  ho 
l\io  l'.)th 

\HU1- 

ol  o'\- 
lit  liUlo 

Vr,  ;uiil 
l)vcr3  of 

Inuuuer. 


(loiaii  chambers,  and  the  inhabitants  of  upwards  of 
100  towns  which  had  set  him  aside,  guilty  of  treason. 

Guzman  was  now  menaced  from  several  quarters; 
namely,  from  Malespin's  partisans  in  San  Salvador, 
tlio  military  at  Comayagua,  J.  Trinidad  Muuoz,  who 
wanted  to  destroy  the  liberals  that  had  escaped  from 
Leon,  and  lastly,  Rafael  Carrera,  who,  though  at 
tunes  inclined  to  wheedle  the  liberals,  generally  had 
his  claws  ready  to  tear  them  to  pieces.  Guzman 
found  the  panther  more  untractablc  than  the  other 
wild  beasts.  It  was  therefore  necessary  to  place  in 
Guatemala  experienced  tamers;  but  he  was  unsuc- 
cessful in  this.  His  commissioners,  though  they 
managed  by  fawning  to  approach  Carrera,  met  with 
poor  success  in  their  mission.** 

Guzman  marched  against  Belloso  at  San  Vicente 
defeated  him.     He  next  went  to  San  Miguel, 


am 


56 


which  he  entered  amidst  the  plaudits  of  the  people. 
^Lilespin  entered  with  him  into  a  convention  at  Jocoro, 
binding  himself  to  surrender  all  national  property  of 
Salvador  and  to  leave  the  country.  But  the  autlior- 
itics  of  Honduras  disapproved  the  arrangement,  and 
it  fell  to  the  ground;"'''  the  war  continued,  till  on  tlu' 
I8tli  of  April  a  treaty  of  peace  and  fricndshi|)  >\  ;is 
concluded  at  Chinameca,  to  which  the  minister  of 
Salvador,  Dueuas,  added  another  clause,  requiring 
that  both  Salvador  and  Honduras  should  disband 
their  troops  immediately  after  the  ratification  of  the 
treaty.'^'     Honduras  failed  to  ratify  it,  and  proposed 

-''Tlifty  wcro  Cayetano  A.  Molina  and  Juan  Antonio  Alvai.-nlo.  Tiiey 
askcil  not  merely  for  Carrcra's  neutrality,  but  for  his  active  aid,  and  were  re- 
fenxl  to  the  ministers,  by  whom  they  wore  dealt  with  lU!  ohildi\  n.  'Jlie 
ministers  pretended  that  their  request  could  not  be  acceded  to  withrmt  an 
express  sanction  of  the  legislature,  which  was  not  then  in  session  (>»•  la -1;  of 
a  (luornin.  The  plea  was  a  ridiculous  one,  when  we  consider  that  Carrera 
had  never  before  consulted  the  wishes  of  the  asscndily  to  act  ids  own  wilt. 

'■>  Malcspin  had  been  acting  there  as  president,  nmler  Ilond.  support;  but 
on  Guzman's  approach  his  troops  disbanded,  and  lie  lied. 

'''Ill  March  lS45the  president  of  Ilond.  took  Malcspinand  his  companions 
undu-  the  protection  of  his  govt.  Nic,  Hcjlitro  <)jii\,  o'i-l. 

"  The  conmiissioners  of  Ilond.  were  Sebastian  Salinas  and  Leonardo  Ro- 
mero; those  of  Salv.,  Jos6  Felix  Quiroz  and  Nicohis  Angulo.  The  treat\  vas 
ratilieil  bySalv.,but  rejected  by  tlio  other  contracting  party.  Text  of  the 
treaty  and  Duefias'  additional  clause,  in  MontvJ'ar,  Disena  IliM.,  iv.  7-tt-32. 


'f 


4 


'1 
m 


■ft 


I'll 


204 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  UNION. 


that  new  conferences  should  be  held  at  Gualcinse, 
and  at  the  same  time  despatched  900  men  upon  that 
place  under  Malespin.  Armed  parties  from  Honduras 
invaded  Salvador;  and,  indeed,  Ferrera  was  using  all 
])o.s,sil)le  means  to  exasperate  the  latter  state  into  com- 
mitting acts  of  hostility  against  the  former,  so  that 
Carre ra  might  have  an  opportunity  to  take  a  hand  in 
tlie  game. 

The  chambers  of  Salvador  assembled  at  this  time, 
and  Minister  Dueilas  reported  a  treaty  of  peace,  amity, 
and  alliance  with  Guatemala.''*  He  seemed  to  expect 
aid  frori  that  side  of  the  river  Paz."''  Nicaragua  hnd 
extend. >d  a  friendly  reception  to  two  Salvador  coiii- 
missioners.*"  The  chambers  gave  Guzman  ample 
powers  for  the  defence  of  the  state.  This  did  not 
include  autliority  to  invade  any  otlier  state,  unless  as 
a  retaliatory  measure.  A  resort  to  this  was  finally  n^- 
solved  upon,  and  a  Salvadoran  array  under  Cabanas 
marched  the  24th  of  May  upon  Comayagua,  meeting 
with  defeat  there  on  the  2d  of  June,  and  again  at 
Sensenti  on  the  10th  of  the  same  month."^    The  Hon- 

•''"  Concluded  by  ("ayetano  A.  Molina  and  Juan  A.  Alvarado  for  Salv.,  ami 
Alcjandi'o  Mariiro  and  Jos(5  M.  do  Uriuela  for  Guat.,  April  4,  184");  approved 
by  tlu;  constituent  congress  of  Guat.  on  the  '23d  of  the  same  month,  ami  pub- 
lioliL'd  by  Acting  President  Duran  the  next  day.  Guat.,  Hccop.  Lerjen,  i.  4l.j- 
19;  Gnat.,  Gareti,  July  8,  1853;  Monit.  Coiistit.  Iiid.,  May  til,  1S45;  La  Mi- 
iicrra.  May  22,  1845. 

'*  Duefias  was  then  considered  a  liberal,  though  he  was  a  Dominican  friar 
when  the  convents  were  closed  in  1839,  for  which  reason  the  government  of 
Guat.  would  not  trust  him.  It  was  deceiving  him.  Ho  was,  however,  the 
one  most  likely  to  succeed  in  keeping  Carrera  from  aiding  llonj.  in  the  pres- 
ent emergency.  Ilond.  had  sent  Felipe  Jiiuregni  and  Pablo  Orellana  to  Guat. 
Tlie  former  was  Ferrera's  mentor,  and  in  tlie  councils  of  Pavon,  Ayciiaiia, 
and  Batres.  At  first  ho  was  alarmed  at  the  liberalism  of  the  constituent  cuii- 
gress,  which  had  voted  assistance  to  Salv.  But  he  received  assurances  tl.at 
no  aid  would  be  sent  except  to  quell  revolts  in  tho  interior;  and,  moreover, 
that  tlie  foes  of  Ilond.  would  bo  stricken  from  tho  Salvador  admiuistiatioii. 
Ji'iuregui  now  understooil  the  game,  and  wrote  his  government  that  the  voto 
o'"  aid  by  congress  practically  amounted  to  nothing.  A  note  containing  tliese 
assurances  was  published  in  Comayagua.  Guat.  concluded  a  treaty  of  fr.eiul- 
eliip  aiul  alliance  with  Hond.  on  the  19th  of  July,  1845.  Guat.,  liecop.  Leijc-^, 
i.  41U--J3. 

""Dr  Aguilar  and  Father  Monterey.  Nic,  lieglMro  O/c,  61-2,  12;!-;i4. 
Gen.  Mufioz,  who  so  elliciently  aided  Malespin  at  Leon,  was  now  the  coin. 
gen.  and  most  promiuent  man  in  Nic. 

"'  Ferrera  claimed  another  victory  on  the  7tli  at  Sant-'  Kosa,  but  it  was 
unfounded.  /(/.,  83,  88;  Monitor  Comtlt.  Lid.,  Mav  21, 1845;  Crowe's  Goapcl, 
lCG-7. 


OUAKDIOLA'S  VANDALISM. 
rlurcnos  inhumanly   nnf    i^    i     .,      „  ^ 

S,.lvadorenos  l^tlVcVLt^,^'  '",  't   ^^-"""^'-^ 
I'crrera,  now  flushed  wlH    f^^        ^"'^    ^^^"^a  liosa 
-"/•'  'iietato  torn,  to  Sa  ,X"e7'  f^^^^^^t  ,hat  lie 

t";;'pan.  the  disasteis  of  Co  n-fv  ""  "'/'^^  "''  '"^'-^o 

^   ^nardioJa  conn^nttey  ^^C^^^f^^ 
I^a  Union,  in  consequence  ofil  •  .  %?^  ^^"cJah-sn,  in 
<"'  <'"■  ^'5th  of  Jul,.  "dZ/'\^''"^'^  Muiister  Duoilas 

•''•^^-^^-ations^;^:!£s^':-^^^^^^ 

-_^_^__ °  ^•o'linst  the  seizure  of 


.„.  ,        ,  ,  <li'.aa<.T.s    before    rola(«|, 

f"'>  ^'>niU-^-ost.     lleio  .     "•^''■.'■'^"'•y  ^"Closed  bv°tl.«  I         ''''•^''''•^""^"t  of 


203 


DISSOLUTION  OF  TIIK  UNION. 


arrived  at  San  Miguel  with  scarcely  fifty  men,  and 
endeavored  to  collect  his  scattered  forces;  but  his 
efforts  were  unavailing,  and  Guardiola  marched  into 
the  city — which  had  been  abandoned  by  nearly  all 
the  inhabitants — and  gave  it  up  to  be  plundered  by 
his  soldiers.^ 

All  that  part  of  Salvador  on  the  Lempa  and  tlio 
district  of  Chalatenango  were  in  the  hands  of  the 
enemy,  who  acted  as  the  master  of  a  conquered 
country.  One  of  the  commanders  was  the  notorious 
Manuel  Quijano.  The  Salvadoreilos  attacked  him 
and  were  defeated.  The  Hondurans  now  felt  cert:iiii 
that  they  could  capture  San  Salvador.  But  on  the 
15th  of  August  Guardiola  with  900  men  attacked  tho 
Salvadoreilos  at  the  hacienda  del  Obrajuelo  and  was 
routed,  losing  two  thirds  of  his  force  and  most  of  his 
war  material.*^*  He  evacuated  San  Miguel  at  mid- 
night. The  authorities  of  Honduras  soon  after  })uh- 
lished  a  suspension  of  hostilities  in  order  to  negotiato 
a  peacc."^  An  armistice  was  afterward  signed  at 
Suinpul.""  Munoz  of  Nicaragua,  for  motives  of  his 
own,  exerted  himself  to  bring  about  peace  between 
Honduras  and  Salvador,  to  which  end  he  despat(;hed 
Sebastian  Escobar  as  connnissioner  to  the  two 
belligerents.  Sensenti  was  tinally  lixed  upon  as  tlio 
place  (or  holding  tho  conferences,  and  a  treaty  of 
peace,  amity,  and  alliance  was  concluded  on  the  27th 
of  November,  1845,  under  which  Malespin  and  Es- 
jiinosa  were  forbidden  to  set  foot  in  Salvador  without 
leave  of  her  government.^'' 

f'^Ono  house  containing  British  property  w.aa  spared.  The  houses  of  two 
Frenuh  nuTcliants,  whose  nation's  flag  was  flying  over  them,  were  plundoiid. 
Dii III, >]>'■<  Ceiif.  Am.,  '2:',9. 

'■'In  his  report  lie  tried  to  cover  up  this  serious  disaster.  But  the  fact 
was,  thut  he  escaped  vvitli  only  about  .'iOO  men,  leaving  on  tho  field  upwanl 
of  .'iOO  muskets,  and  a  lar;,'e  number  of  slain,  wounded,  and  prisoners. 
Monli'ifar.  llcsc'ia  Hist.,  iv,  700-1. 

''•'llond.  troops  entered  Salv.  after  that  and  were  defeated.  Guardiola 
with  ;).")0  men  attacked  Carballo,  who  had  only  .30,  and  murdered  them.  It  is 
Baid  that,  this  act  wa.s  commended  by  Fcrrerain  his  reiiort  to  the  chambers  of 
llond. 

''•'(lnxman  then  returned  to  llond.  a  number  of  prisoners  who  had  been 
represented  by  his  enemies  as  murdei'ed. 

^''  So  lung  as  they  remained  in  llond.  the  latter  was  to  compel  them  to 


GUATEMALAN  INDEPENDENCE. 


207 


The  government  of  Guatemala,  with  a  view  of  not 
too  openly  going  counter  to  public  ojiinion  in  the 
states  desiring  to  see  a  national  government  established, 
iiisi  rted  in  the  treaty  concluded  witli  Salvador  on  the 
4th  of  April,  1845,  a  clause  apparently  intended  to 
promote  that  end.*^  And  yet  it  was  at  the  same  time 
(Diisidcring  the  expediency  of  declaring  the  entire 
iii(loj)cndence  of  Guatemala,  and  gathering  material 
wliich  was  made  public  in  a  manifesto  in  March  1847. 
Indoed,  she  had  no  desire  to  carry  out  the  stipulations, 
though  she  named  Joaquin  Duran  and  Doctor  Mari- 
ano I'adilla  her  commissioners."'  Pretexts  were  not 
wanting,  and  new  commissioners  appointed,  namely, 
Marure  and  Rodriguez,  both  of  whom  favored  Guate- 
mala's absolute  independence.  The  result  was  the 
abandonment  of  the  plan  of  reorganization  as  entirely 
impracticable.'"  The  declaration  of  independence  was 
made  in  the  decree  of  March  21,  1847.'^  Carrora, 
the  president,  in  a  manifesto,  set  forth  the  causes  that 

live  at  a  great  distance  from  the  Salv.  frontier.  Montufar,  lifxcna  Hist.,  iv. 
T.'.ij  8;  JJindop's  Cetif.  Am.,  239-43;  Xic,  KeijUro  OJlc,  152,  172,  221-2;  El 
Ttimpo,  March  12,  1S4G. 

'^liach  of  the  contracting  parties  was  to  appoint  two  commissioners  to 
iiK'Pt  at  iSonsonato  on  the  30th  of  Aug.,  and  was  to  urge  upon  the  other  three 
states  a  consideration  of  the  lamentable  state  tlic  republic  was  in,  Buu'uesting 
liuw  l)er,t  to  do  away  with  sucli  a  condition  of  allairs;  and  proposing  therefor 
tlic  couvocation  and  assembling  of  a  constituent  power,  or  such  other  measure 
as  it  iiiiglit  deem  conducive  to  the  desired  end.  MoiUiijur,  liesi  nu  Jli-^t.,  v. 

•-^Diiran  well  understood  the  policy  of  bis  government.  Padilla  did  not, 
and  vuhmtecred  to  represent  in  San  !~^alvador  tlie  ardent  wishes  of  lluat.  for 
the  irstoration  of  tlic  union.  He  did  so  in  a  jiatriolic  speccli  tiiat  f:ave  him 
u  giiod  name  in  Salv.  and  a  bad  one  iiiOuat.,  where  the  ildccta  rebulied  liim. 

'" '  I'll  delirio  do  iinaginaeiones  enfermas,'  it  was  pronounced  to  be.  Dclc- 
t;.itos  from  Costa  It,.,  JSalv.,  and  Ciuat.  were  at  Sonsonato  on  the  17th  of  Feb., 
ISlu,  an.l  lixed  tlio  lotli  to  the  20tii  of  April  for  eonfereneea.  but  ihey  did 
not  take  place.  On  the  loth  of  June  Costa  1!.,  lloiul.,  and  Salv.  only  were 
icprisinited.  Nic.  and  Costa  K.  signiluil  their  ^^  iilingness  to  meet  tlie  other 
stutcs  at  any  place  they  might  select,  llond.  having  suggesLed  Naeaome,  as 
Sonsouatc  was  no  Ioubtv  deemed  safe.  The  wliolo  plan  failed  at  last  because 
of  the  action  '  f  ouat.  Mucii  interesting  infoimalion  on  the  subject  and 
(jllicial  coi  I espomlence  appear  \a  Gnat. ,  Gac.  Ojic. ,  no.  20;  Costa  /?. ,  Cot.  Liytn, 
i.x.  01-3,  fiS,  203-4,212-11,313-0;  x.  115-17,  123-4;  A'(V., /.V;/.  O/c,  2:i(U30O, 
lassim;  Montv/nr,  Hesefia  Hint.,  v.  310-18,  .334-.J;  Froi'beVs  Cent.  Am.,  143; 
JJi/iilop'.^  Cent.  Am.,  2,j3-4;  Niks'  Roij.,  Ixi.x.  34. 

"'Si^jjned  by  Rafael  Carrera,  and  countersigned  by  Josi5  Antonio  Azmitia, 
luiuistor  of  relations.  Gnat.,  Iterop.  Leyi-s,  i,  73-0;  Co-ttali.,  Iiiformi'  lieladoues, 
f^■.,  1S48,  4;  El  Uuiversnl,  June  8,  1849;  Niles' Jieg.,  l.>cxii,  208;  The  Cad/or- 
nkui,  S.  F.,  Nov.  24,  1847,  ii.  3. 


■tr  ,t 


*i 


^H      1  f  ,¥  E '    '  ill  I 


I  111 


t<!i£] 


ace 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  ITNION. 


Jti; 


\ 


Imd  proniptoil  .such  a  measure,  which  he  called  one  of 
regeneration,  and  asked  the  people  to  greet  it  with 
the  same  enthusiasm  tliat  was  shown  in  1821,  wluii 
the  cry  for  separation  from  Spain  was  raised." 

Tiio  secessionists  pronounced  it  an  able  ellbrt;  hut 
it  caused  a  disagreeable  impression  in  the  states,  jiiid 
in  none  more  so  than  in  Salvador.  It  wounded  pi  b- 
lic  sentiment.  Carrera  had  no  legal  right  to  (;  ko 
such  a  step.  The  constituent  assembly  had  plin  ed 
him  in  charge  of  the  executive,  but  had  not  made  li  in 
a  legislator.  For  all  that,  the  separation  fron»  tlio 
rest  of  (.Ventral  America  became  an  accomplished  fact, 
and  Carrera  was  declared  a  hero,  the  founder  of  the 
republic,  and  coin  was  struck  with  his  bust  on  it.'^ 
This  act  was  ratified  on  the  1  1th  of  September,  18-18, 
by  the  constituent  assembly  of  Guatemala,  when 
Carrera  was  no  longer  in  power. 

Lindo  was  ruling  in  Honduras  and  Guerrero  in 
Nicai-agua,  but  these  two  states  were  in  accord  with 
Sal  va(l()r,i'rom  fear  of  British  pretensions,  on  the  neces- 
sity of  a  Central  American  union.  They  constituted, 
early  in  1848,  the  diet  of  Nacaomc,  which  urgently 
invited  Guatemala  and  Costa  Rica  to  join  it;  i)ufc 
the  former  peremptorily  declined,  alleging  that  the 
decree  of  March  21st  precluded  her  taking  any  step 
backward.     Costa  Rica  sent  deputies  to  Nacaonie.  * 

'■^Tlic  document  boro  CaiTcni'n  name,  but  it  was  no  production  of  his  ouii 
mind.  The  autliorsliip  was  attributed  to  Alejandro  Marurc;  that  is  ti>  ^;i.v, 
bo  (hew  it  up  from  the  materials  that  had  lic^n  collecting  for  years.  Iai 
J'ci  isUi,  tiic  organ  of  the  Sociedad  EcoinJrnica,  declared  it  tlic  ollspriiiL:  of 
loii^  meditation,  and  indeed  it  wa?,  for  tl  .,•  aristocrats  of  tJuat.  had  Imcii 
planning  it  since  1828.  The  full  text  is  given  in  Monliifar,  Iteaena  Hi<t.,  v. 
100 --07. 

"Manuel  Pineda  de  Mont,  compiler  lA  Gnat.,  Hecop.  Lryes,  i.  453,  chiiins, 
however,  that  Guat.  was  the  last  of  the  five  states  to  set  aside  thofxUial 
govt,  the  last  to  secede,  the  last  to  continue  bearing  the  general  burdens  vl 
tlie  system,  especially  the  peeuniiiry  ones  to  sustain  even  the  senibUuae  of 
authority;  and  that  she  only  adopted  the  resolution  of  March  21,  1847,  iiitii" 
exhausting  every  cfTort,  and  losing  all  hope  of  seeing  her  wishes  rcalizcil. 
The  reader  will  judge  between  his  statements  and  the  facts  as  they  have  bitn 
fairly  given  by  me. 

'Joaquin  Bernardo  Culvo  and  Juan  Antonio  Alvarado.  The  rulir  of 
Costa  Rica,  Dr  Castro,  was,  however,  of  the  opinion  that  the  live  tVntial 
American  states  would  be  better  off  aa  separate  nations.  MontuJ'ar,  iU'sma 
Hid.,  V.  2G6-7;  Nacaome,  Dictdmen,  in  Cent.  Am.  Pumph.,  no.  5;  frovljils 
Cent.  Am,,  143. 


REPUBLIC  OF  COSTA  RICA. 

If-;  «.into,|  tI,o  aid  of  C,  s  a  i?        ■.''•'  '"•'  ^'""■'V. 
'^':'  '  "«l'l«l  l.ini  to  bo«„„  /i,        ^"'"'"'".■in  ivn„|,|i,. 

I'"l"y  "f  a  wholly  in,l,.„n, '|„r,  *'"  ^^"^^'■»  f'.vored  tl.o 
^'••it'-"  ■^   "<iM'u.cIc.nt  govcrmnont  for  their 

'""yi-oss,  on  tho  aoth  nf   v         , 
'"•"."•I  ""-■  «-ork  of  fina     o^«,.^t"=""*'.  '^W,  con.,u,„. 
r'^""'?;-  tl.at  tl,o  title  '  E.  .J  ;   '  ''n'-  "''"'  "  ''e^''-oo  <le. 
■!'  •  "'-""ueo  with  thel'oi'    rtiS'^^r"'  ""■^  '"'' 
"""•  ":'"<'Ii  established  th,r  ,„f  •  ,'  "'^  "'"  ™»stitu- 
;;-'-,^nty,  freeclon,,  a,  ''n'''r'^"»'"  «i»^ 

1'"^  "".lenstamli,,.  a/ul  a"  a  f  eo""-'  *'''■"  «'"' 
M"".'i.".t  >">tio„,°„ther„o,ve,-st,l  r'"T'^"'  '""I  '•"■ 
""  "   '■"*"«  of  equality  'n"      ,   ^'""^"'^  "•'■"'  her 
;i"7;,"?  ""t  the'wiJie's  of  t"'  "'";"!■'"■'•'  ■■'-■^"'v,.,! 

g:mm  „„  tho  3ist.  ■'"ii'ct.oned  its  pron.ul- 

.■"-t;:::t:t^/i,-:^;,ft"''^-.«-'Vio,,..of 

""■I"-'     !■'  Nove,„be,  /"j';'-  "'^  '"•v'l'PUshin.v  fheir 

f "'  ""  tlie  8th  a-recd  unn„  °  i   ■'t*^<-^'"bl«l  at  Loo,, 
""■'■'■  fates,  theater, trr'    I  '  ^''^  "''  "'"»»   "f  H  e 

r.csi,!c.„t.  'VJS  ^l^.the  .loputy  Xazario  T.,].,,.  ■ 


(I 
(ii 


a«-  C..N-X.  A:...  Vo"  n'r°  "ii  ^"''y  ""ion  on  u'o\Jt  ,^Ttfl''!^.  ^'^"''"ct- 


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210 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  UNION. 


mala  and  Costa  Rica  to  join  it  or  not.  The  remnants 
of  the  aristocratic  clement,  with  the  support  of  Brit- 
ish officials,"^  opposed  the  union,  and  in  order  to  de- 
feat it,  promoted  revolutions  in  Nicaragua  and  Hon- 
duras. The  compact  went  into  effect,  however,  on 
the  9th  of  January,  1851,  when  the  national  repre- 
sentatives assembled  in  Chinandega,  Jos6  F.  Barrun- 
dia,  representative  from  Salvador,  being  chosen  their 
president.'^ 

The  national  constituent  congress  was  installed  at 
Tegucigalpa  on  the  9th  of  October,  1852,  and  began 
its  labors  on  the  following  day.®" 

Trinidad  Cabanas  was  on  the  13th  elected  jefo  su- 
prem.o  of  the  federation,  but  he  declined  the  honor, 
being  desirous  of  disarming  opposition  to  the  new 
organization  on  the  part  of  his  political  opponents. 
His  resignation  was  accepted  on  the  26th,  and  Fran- 
cisco Castellon  chosen  on  the  28th.®^  An  organic  law 
was  enacted  on  the  13th  of  October,  and  communicated 
to  the  government  of  the  federation.®^     The  suprcnu 

Am.  Miscel.  Doc,  4G;  Costa  If.,  Gac.  06b.,  March  2,  Apr.  20,  1850;  ITcnd., 
Gac.  Ojlc,  Aug.  31,  ISoO;  El  Shjlo,  Apr.  2-_>,  1851;  Nic,  Corr.  1st.,  Dec.  10, 
1849,  March  21,  Oct.  3,  1850;  La  Union,  Jan.  1,  15,  1850;  GucL,  Gac.,'Ko\: 
30,  1849;  Salv.,  Gac,  Dec.  7,  1849. 

'"Consul-gen.  Chatlkld  was  olGcially  advised  of  tho  new  organizatinn  on 
tlic  21st  Jan.,  1851,  and  ignored  ,Suc.  Buitrago's  note.  On  bc'iig  remimlcil  i<i 
it.  May  2L'd,  he  returned  an  insulting  reply  July  13th,  refusing  liis  recogni- 
tion, when  the  g-^>'^innient  decreed,  on  tho  24th  of  Julj',  to  cancel  his  c\o- 
quatiir  as  consul-gen.  in  tlic  states  belonging  to  tho  confederation,  niul  to 
inform  his  govt  of  tho  cause.  Cent.  Arn.  Docs,  1-C.  Tiio  British  olliciils 
also  resorted  to  other  means  to  defeat  wliat  they  called  Am.  policy.  iSqiihn 
Cent.  Am.,  ii.  135;  El  Univerml,  Feb.  19,  March  20,  1850;  Salv.,  Gac,  Dec. 
21,  1849;  Dem.  Urc,  Nov,  1850,  452. 

''••Guat.  and  Costa  R.  had  refused  to  join.  Salv.  Qac,  March  8,  22,  IS'O, 
Oct.  12,  1854;  ^'lc.,  Corr.  Int.,  inn.  IG,  30,  1851. 

^'' The  act  of  installation  was  accompanied  with  religious  and  civic  cere- 
monies, tho  govt  of  Ilond.,  at  whoso  head  was  Trinidad  Cabanas,  lioartily 
joining  them.  Congratulatory  messages  came  from  all  friends  of  tlie  uiiiou. 
El  Sii/lo,  S.  Salv.,  Oct.  29,  30,  Nov.  1,  4,  10,  14,  10,  19,  1852;  Iloml.,  die. 
Ofic.  Oct.  30,  Nov.  15,  1852;  Perez,  Mem.  Hist.  Ifcvol.  Nic,  17;  ElPono''r, 
nos.  C,  7. 

**  Tho  assembly  also  elected  a  vicc-jefc  and  four  substitute  councillor.-' to 
fill  tho  executive  chair,  in  tho  event  of  the  jefo  or  membera  of  tho  excoutivt 
council  dying  or  becoming  disabled. 

*'It  set  forth  tho  duties  of  the  jefo  supremo  and  councillors,  tho  indepen- 
dence between  tho  federal  and  state  authorities,  the  rights  of  citizens,  icspon- 
sibilitics  of  public  officials,  and  organization  of  the  federal  judiciary,  lloni, 
Gac  Ofic,  Nov.  30,  1852. 


A  SHORT-LIVED  FEDERATION. 


211 


,Xov. 

Iitiui)  ou 
liu.le>l  a 
Ivccogui- 

ftiul  to 

tic  Cfvc- 
[bcnrtily 

IJ.,  <•''/• 

InnorsW 
Ixocutivf 

I,  iTsr"ii- 


executive  authority,  on  the  20th  of  November,  1852, 
was  held  by  Pedro  MoHna,  vice-jefe,  four  senators, 
and  two  acting  ministers  of  state.  The  federation 
thus  organized  was  not  destined  to  be  long  lived. 
Upon  the  allegation  that  the  congress  had  created 
a  dictatorship,  and  referred  the  organic  statute  to 
the  people  instead  of  the  legislatures  of  the  states, 
the  assemblies  of  Salvador  and  Nicaragua  set  aside 
the  federation,  and  declared  themselves  independent 
slates.^''  Nicaragua  may  have  receded  from  that  act; 
but  whether  it  was  so  or  not,  the  union  between  Hon- 
duras and  Nicaragua  was  dissolved  by  the  war  which 
broke  out  in  February  1863  between  Salvador  and 
Guatemala,  Honduras  joining  one  of  those  states,  and 
Xicara":ua  the  other.  Further  efforts  have  been 
made  from  time  to  time — 1871-76,  and  even  as 
laii;  as  1885 — to  accomplish  the  union  of  the  states 
under  one  government;  but  obstacles  have  been  in 
the  way,  the  chief  doubtlessly  being  the  personal  am- 
liitiou  or  jealousy  of  rulers,  and  the  project  still  re- 
uuuus  as  a  possible  event  to  come  about  in  a  few 
wars,  as  it  is  believed  to  be  much  desired  by  the 
aiajority  of  Central  Americans.^* 

'^Salv.  on  tho  2l8t  of  March,  and  Nic.  on  tho  30th  of  April.  The  con- 
giuss,  acting  too  precipitately,  overstepped  tho  bounds  of  its  powers.  Perez, 
Mun.  nut.  l/rv.d.  Xic,  17-18. 

^''.Morodctiiilson  tho  confederation  sclicmc  arc  contained  m  Antahurtnga, 
('■i,t.  Am.,  110-10;  ElNncionaLl^ow  '27,  Dec.  •..' s  ItJ.lS;  y'c,  Uol.  O/ir.,  July 
;in,  iMiii;  Id.,  Gac,  March  2,  9,  1872;  /■/.,  S< ,n>^  :.  .VtVa/.,  Nov.  '21,  Dec.  12, 
IbT:.',  Feb.  0,  Oct.  10,  1873;  Los  Ana[<':t,  Dec.  1,  1S72;  Mex.,  Diario  O/ic, 
Nov.  '2,  1S71;  U.  S.  Oov.  r-c,  11.  Ex.  IV^c,  42d  Cont;.  2d  Seas.,  i.,  nt  1, 
060-;;;  tWa  A'.,  Inf.  JicI ,  1870,  12-14;  3alv.  Oar.,  OJic,  Juno  10  July  6, 
Au;,'.  19,  Oct.  20,  27,  1870;  /(/.,  Diario  O/ic,  March  17,  Oct.  .5,  i3,  1875, 
Jau.  27,  30,  Feb.  2-G,  1870;  Pan.  St^tr  and  Heraid,  .March  2,  1S7(';  Caicedo, 
Lat.  Am.,  00-2;  Cent,  Atn.,  Contest  al  Voto,  1-23;  Vhavwrro,  Cuestion  No' 
do  lal,  l-T;  Harper's  Montttli/ Aloif.  xv'u.  G91. 

I'urtlnTautlKirilii's  fur  the  prcci'ilm^  chaptfrH  arc;  Mmhi/u;  A'lwr/'nf  Jfiff., 
viils  i.~iv.,  passim;  Id.,  Piscnr'^n,  1  12;  <>'ii<iL,  lln-np.  I.'i/fs,  i.  1  72,  ',t(i  l(H>, 
lii^7'.l,  IN.VC,  1117  202,  207,  217  73,  3S2  ',».".,  4:>3-:),  401  7.'),  502  0(M»,  S.'.S  <», 
877-^;  ii.  J>3  200,  0;<-'  "■  iii.  2.Sti,  3;W  4.S;  Jd.,  llvlif.  Ojir.,  \y.',\,  no.  2;  is:i-.', 
nos.  17,20;  1S.'!3,  )  »;  1834,  nos.  34,   "x;,  .lulj   1."),  (Kt.  I,';   IS3(),   no.   S4; 

1S37,  no.  10;  1S38,  no,  53;  I'nmuido  VII.,  D.ifninnitai,  204-70,  2.S1  .">,  2;»2- 
:>il,  :i:!7  40;  /,/.,  I)<ri;tn.s,  410,  1.")  20,  :i3  73,  10.-.  10,  120-.34,  140  >S2,  101- 
au,  220  3,  243-81;  Ainni,  Cnuxiil.  f.iiiil,.-<,  204.  Id.,  A)'nii/i.'<,  pa.<siin;  A.sla- 
hrwi'iii,  ('.  Aiiiir.,  12  32,  70-80:  Airr,  Mini.,  passim;  It' ir/mrdf,  X/r  ,  70  !<; 
I<l;  ('nil.  Am.,  37  44,  114  17.  133  4,  1.30  4,\  20841:  /'im'.s  (;,i/r  of'  Hi-  J'u-  , 
:!\  .".(•.,  ,-)S  (U;  n,i,:  I  my.  Mv.v.,  i.  102  3,  445-S,  477-0,  480  Oi,  r>(!3  5:  ii.  l\:yi - 
01,03:.,  tl.-7--0,  077-0,  73.-.,  747-52;  <dac.  dr  Mt.r.,  182,1,  no.  3,   U-':!,   18-2(., 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  UNION. 


;'f| '' 


.lulv  4,  Sept.  Ki,  Oct.  31,  Dec.  14;  1820,  Jan.  25,  M.iioli  1,  ."11,  April  -iii; 
Orvai  E-'^iHin.  Eiiih/.,  V.  307-11,  400-13,  487-505;  '-,  8-21,  107-17,  302  i:!, 
383  4;  vii.  3-7;  j\'orl,<i.  Cod.  Mr.,  i.  19-23,  SO-W,  ;2-!t2,  214-Ui;  ii.  22  :iij, 
1G3  4;  Mo-iiziin  y  Carrcrd,  A]>iiii/)'.%  MS.,  1-lS;  MaUno,  ('imp  d'nil  I'oMn  /,'., 
4-5,  0  12;  111.,  ViMiilt.  y  X.  (Iruuniht,  D  10,  l()-2'.»;  /'/.,  i<o.«/.  Cu.stnJ/.,  ]<:i^- 


1  40;  Ji, 


liitr.j.  Cnit.  Am.,  Due.  11,  184!t;  HI  Hid.,  Oct.  13,  1S54;  Zdimliia,  M, 


(ilia 


f.,  ii.  ]0;i-4;  /(/.,  Stilt. 


if  (,' 


Jfi-it.  (liMt.,  74;  Su 


t.,  581  2:  /</.,  Stiifr.'i  a  A.,  3(i()-l,  4!4-l(;,  4(itl,  482,  4!».3,  575-88,  (VJ 


(illll 

(•.41-.3,  (iC.3;  Jil.,  TrairU  C.  Ai 


Wills'  J/onil:. 
50- 


IIC),   120,  230-1,  472-83;   Jon/m, 


piissini;  !■/.,  Coiiiji.  Jli-'l.  C.  A.,  18  T.U; 


lis    Jhllli/iiS 


in   / 


lini'/lii  ;■- 


(III- 


Ml- 


,  252-7;  <'o.s,'fe  J>'.,  Mem.  Ji'elnr.,  1884,  2-34,  ami  ( 


1  iiiicl2;  A II  III  I  Li  J 1  lit.  Jjii/i-i.,  i.  (iO;  ii.  1'.'2,  305;  Uvrmtwh-zy  /)(ir<tlo.i.  Col.  J><«-.^ 
ii.  81-2,  130-1;  Jlirirni,  DUrnr.'io,  1-12;  Sitnn'Z  y  Nanirfo,  I/i.it.   Mij.,  .'!n(), 


407-14;  Sur 


A I 


iSolire  lii.i  I'viturhiinoiiin  dr.  (hint.,  1-52;   Ln/oiid,   ]' 


iniliuir  i/n  Mniidi;  i.  3()7,  373-8;  Lo/irriin;  J)c  I'aris  d  (liint.,  )8  (J4,  25(1- S; 
I'liyilt  1 1  lihirkuiii,  L'liloiikiitioii,  110-24;  lilrrrn,  1114.  Jalnjhi,  ii.  3')5;  Urrinl'i, 
liiiiiittiTii,  7-12;  Ziiiiiiirriit,  JIM.  Mij.,  ix.  'J-IO;  Aznero  i'li'tn,  JiiJ'unin;  l-l'.l; 


/V.'fJ 


>//•.   I'lihl.,  Dec.  1.3,  20,  1828;  .I:im.  18,  Fol).  14,  182'.);    II'. 


'}>}" 


Mr 


v„.l 


C.  A  inn:,  258-(»4,  271-4,  ,300  3;  Trolloji<''n  W.  Iiul.,  3.35;  Diiiiuk  ihmlr.tiiiiht, 
13  2!),  150-1,  107-88,  205;  Atbtit,  1411-50,  li»tt-2(M),  477;  (Imit.,  Mnn.  c<.„/,. 
mini  nil  Ajirini,  4,  120,  14(»-58;  A/.,  Mrmnrin,  1837,  12-22;  h'ol)rrt.''iiii'.i  lli^i. 
Am.,  ii.  Il:i8'il;  Kl  I'riujrr.'tn,  April  11,  18,  2.5,  1850;  Trihinii'.  Almiiimr,  IS.M, 
30;    lloUiii^ki,   l.ii  ('•iVfiiriiir,   305-31;    Jfiistoii'.i  Joiiniry   in  J/mid.,   11;  AV/.  <' 


■i/l.itr 


xxii.  05;  xxiii.  400;  xxvii.  3,">5;  xxviii.  37,    114  15,  304;  xxix. 


Iit2,  382;  XXX.  43t)-40;  xxxi.  100,  172  (i;  xxxii.  80,201,2.32,282,375;  xxxwi. 
38;  xxxiv.  8.  :!(),  123;  xxxv.  41,  1."m,  :'.!;I;  x  .xvi   321;  xxxviii.  3()'.t,  3115;  xliii. 


208;  xlv.  210;  liv.  281»;  hi.  41»,  2!0,  243,  385;  K 


34,   280;  lix.    lill;  /;. 


ijrnilo  Olisirr.,  1828,  5-24,  122,  in  Orius  dr  E^ijuiiin:  I'invda,  Dr.-'rrip.  Oivj.,  H- 
10;  Ji'i/iiiii's  Wild  1 /if r,  32-7;  Noiii:  Aiiiinlis  Voy.,  xcii.  50-00,  75-7;  c.  51  liii. 


04-0;    I'l 


".I- 


Mo 


She 


15-21,20-3.3,  42  3,  .53-80,  100-14,  122-38,  15(;.  IC 


Orrrliiiiil  .Miiiitlilii,  XIV.  1.511-07;  Liirriiiir.iir,  Soronn.i 


80,  132,  108,  178;  7/ 


torio 


iiirrirniii), 


i.  273-81);  h'li.f/rni  CoukI  C,  Am.,  8  25;  Strninjiirny^'  Mo 


4-.5,  51)-(;8,  111)  33,  144-8,  2.37-338;  Ihmlnp'.i  ('rut.  Am.,  pa.ssiiii;  Hmdi 


A, 


•itoj  Br.  JloiiiL,  28-10."),  1C>, 


400;  /'///(  mill  Sri 


Ihittimit,  314;  A'( 


J>'<}rliiiliii/,  \'(iy.  ilrii.c  Anii'rii/iii-t, 


ennudiirr,  Mr.r.  rf  (luiit.,  2;).5-.308;  1\ 


iiriv   I  iiijiro  Lj  liir. 


rtt'.i  Xoli'X 


on 


.Mr 


Com  mi 


iv,  441);  JJiuiliiir'.i  Mr 


l\ 


api 


iii.  000-10;  l.i 
I.  t)4;  .1  /;'/( ;•«' 


234-5;  Jirjil,  in  Si. 


Ml. 


11 


i.  231),  .315;  Anromi,  lli.it.  Yiir.,  iv.  221-35;  Holrtin  < {fir.  {.Mi.r.), 


J)ipiitiulit.-i,  Lis/a  de;  Dor.   J/i.tt.   Cnl.,  iv.  807-8;  Sum 


Inl'r 


no.    I(. 
182;  J)r 


Unir.   J/ist.   droij.,  x.   1)1  !)-20,  1)71;  Findlny'.i  Dirrrlnry,   i.   223,   240;  I'.  mU'i, 
liipiih.  do  Co.ftii  J'ira,  4-8;  J'olynr<imi,  iv.  lOli;  Xortli  Am.  I'rr.,  xiv.  4"_M-H1 


130-8,   14.3-5;  O.shonir'.'i  (liiidr  to    W.  hid.,  2.34,  201-2; 


liirn,  201-.3,  231,  543-51,  508;  ( 


"roirr  ,s'   (loa^ 


<:l  in  C    A  I 


'.'/'"''■, 


11.')- 51.  200-22;  1.0 


\mdi.%  Oct.  15,  1872,  p.  471;  Nov.  1,  1872,  y.  .53;  Nov.  15,  1872,  p.  50;  U 


1,  1872,  pp.  62-3;  Dec.  1.5,  1872,  y\*.  71- 


/; 


'rrdr.i,  ( 'oii.st  of  Mimi 


Ullo 


Mi'J; 


Xir.,  Srmmiiirio  Xic,  May  30,  .luly  4,  IN,  l>cc.  20,  1872;  Jan.  2,  .Marili  li, 
April  17,  24,  1873;  J/ii.t.irl,  Mr.r.  and  (.'nut.,  .310-11);  JSiiddmn'.s  Arrns.i  Cn.l. 
Am.,  00;  Bolrt.  Kxtniord.  (liutl.,  Oct.  10,  l.s;i2;  July  3l),  18,33;  Fnrol,  Id'J  ."i; 
Vol,  Tiinp.iky\  Mitlii,  337-43;  Juijnnlii,  Inj'ormr  nl  Miii.  Itiiac,  2-3,  M  1."'; 
llnrlfki  ii'n  itrizc  Hilar  Ciiat.,  ii.  7t»-l)7;  Id.,  Cm/nd  Amiril.ii,  1-408;  Sli]'loi'-' 


Ti 


rlt  C.    A  I 


i.  11-22,  11)5-200,  211,  225-50,  304- 


351); 


37-8, 


107-17,  205-1);   TiiiMiijxion.i  dual.,  2,  130,  140,  100,  103,  107,  185-0 


422  3,  501)- 10;  lAiilai 


A  I 


•a,  250-2;  Orti'iii-ni,  Srrmoii,  p. 


2-8,41,-, 
M;  Urn. 


Miirrl.,  no.  1,  p.  1;  Co.ila  Ji'irn,  Lry  Fnndamvntal  Iti/iiriiiaila  {.\h\']\n:\A,  ]>>.'i'i,i, 
1-48;  /'/.,  /,((/ /V//(/((//H'«<'(;(/(' ('().v/(t /i'.  (San  Salvador,  1825).  ;   20;  Anor.lli- 

2.58-1),  3.'i8 -02;  y>'oA/..^'' '■• 
.\rta.i  Conijr.   '' 


Nov.  18,-)0,  440-55;  SIouI'k  Xir.,  147-1).  lliS- 


Mr.(.  (lioij.,  2(la  ep.,  iii.  100-0;  iv,   712-1,' 


Ml 


Id.,  Col.    I>r 


nh.  ( 


urji:,  p. 


.Ml  111  y   Lroiiipart,  J/i.<l.  Ai 


.-f.,  i\.  2: 
.  :ii;ii  7'.'; 


.387-1)2;  vi, 


!•>, 


Martin. ■<  //i.it.    11'.  Ind.,  i,  J(;.3-70;   Lond.  (Iroij.  So 

1.35;  viii.   317-27;  xi.  82-8;   I.iinrh,  Jlilarion  'I'untnil,  1757,  .MS.,  4-1!);  mm 


Jii'/lix,  subrc  Jiijurma  tii  Criit.  Am..  1   21 :  /'. 


J)o 


our 


I\ 


(ol.  /^ 


AUTHORITIES. 


'2i:i 


MSS.,  no.  31,  pp.  G2,  00-70;  Pinart  Coll.;  S.  Anier.  ami  Omit.,  i.  221-a; 
l.!riiiii<i,  Adii:  y  llrctijir.,  Ol.'i;  JIdllc-Iiruii,  Prtrk  Oi'oij.  I'tiiv.,  vi.  4(i8;  Mm'- 
iiri'ld/.i  J'i'D'j.  AiiK'iii'it,  i.  744-7;  (lonlonn  JJiiji'.'<t  Lairs  (f.  S.,l,V2S-',irr,  J^initirii) 
'i/rC' iiini-Aiiit'i::  HI  S'njlo,  .l;in.  10,  May  10,  IS")!;  Juno  5,  lSr>'_';  <!w>t.  ('inn. 
unit  A'/rir.  Co.,  1151^-7;  Miirplnrsons  Annuls  of  Com.,  iii.  548;  iv.  l.')'.!,  17'.';  AY 
Ohiv^'iutor  di:  la  li(j<i'i>>.  Mv.r.,  July  4,  1S'_'7;  Owif.,  Los  JN'oWw,  1-11;  Jilit.'niui'z, 
Ol'liiiiin  solirc  Ion  C/iaiiii'li'o.f,  in  J>oc.  Orii/inalis  C/ilnjia.i,  4-");  Diarin  Jli.r.,  xi. 
'_'7'.t  SO;  xii.  477X0;  Amrr.  Aiiiinal  Jfiy.,  KS'J.VO,  40-0;  Id.,  18'-'ti-7,  171-8-i; 
W'isf  Iiidii.-f,  l>i<'ri}i(lon,  40-50;  Tonriitv,  Itirol.  Ilifp.-Ain.,  i.  11");  Itiriu' 
Anil  rii'''iiii;  i.  .'{'.18-408;  OjTn.ticion  (/-".),  Juno  1"),  ISH.");  Di'iiinr.  lii  r'nir,  v.  (iOO- 
1(1;  XXX.  547;  I'ldii'lloii  Km:,  Nov.  "21,  1844;  .\>.,  /,',■;/.  < >jii:,  \\-V.\,  ."•'.»  (JO; 
/,.).<  .i/A).-,  Maiiif,  Doriiiiiinliuln,  1-'J8;  Ainii:  Cm/.,  Ji'iilaiii.  di'  Intirr.,  7-10; 
I'SHi;  Annwiin'  llixt.  Uuii'.,  1S'J7,  577-8;  Cor,  Fid,  Max.,  Xiv.  0,  II,  '11, 
l).c.  14,  18,  IS-Mi;  1.V_'7,  passim;  FiU.  l.'l,  March  31,  Juno  14,  .luly  18,  Sipt. 

I,  !•,  14,  18,  '2\-'l,  Oct.  28;  Aiiii'ri'i'ii-  CniL,  Civ  Hrl./i;  pt  ii.  ;U)-'J,  1 15- '_".»,  1(10-1; 
Hunt.,  Dirrrfat,  i.  nos.  1,  4,  'JO,  25,  .31,  .32,  30,  41,  1.34;  Monlif,  \'oi/.  dans 
I'Aiinr.  ('nil.,  ii.  201;  Jlon/ijonu'ri/'s  Xarrnfiri'  Jour,  to  diint.,  ',V.\-~A,  142-0; 
.1'  -'. ,»  Tnirillir,  Mix.  and  CiioL,  ii.  104-5,  317;  Mr.  ;/  J/ond.,  i>i>r.'<.,  1-11, 
■'..'i:     '■rii(/''rid,  Itrri.ita  Poll/.,  3-7;  S'Ul  Juan,  ( truyar'nni,  28-4.3;  Alaiiiaii,  Hist. 

■'f,  201-2;  V.  .57,  478,  014,  ap.  pp.  4(1-0.5,  104;  Id.,  Afnn.  Pn-^^ni/ada  a 
!•'  •  mix,  0;  Itidiri'lCs  Panaiiiii,  347;  Hand.,  (!ar..  Ojic,  Fcli.  20,  .liiiio  .30, 
IvSm;  C.  Ji'ira,  (liic.  Coli.,  Jan.  20,  18,50;  One.  i\ic.,  April  1,  .liino  17,  1805; 
,n.,\  -0,  KSil7;  San/iinijilo,  Conijr.  Paiianid,  73-5;  Kiiiraria,  Aw/.  Poll/.  h'-</ad., 
17-1"^;  Kl  ■'iniianal  Xiriiraiji'irii.'<r,\.  44;  Jioili/'s  Ci'ii/.  j-l/;/.,  81-2;  Ali.r.  Fiinni., 
April  IS,  1.SS5,  pp.  40-2;  J/i.i;.  >/  (liiat.,  Cncst.  Linii/ix,  .52-3;  Sir.,  Sin  ra  J)is- 
ai<iiiii,  (i;  (I'ar.  ,Sali:,  Oct.  12,  18.51;  ,S(dr.,  Piario  Ojir.,  Fcli.-May  1.S75,  jias- 
••.im;  March  2,  2S,  Sept.  0,  1870;  Sopt.  20,  1878;  June  20,  .Sc])t.  ,5,  1870;  JA>., 
Mnti.  (hurra  1.-33,  ]).  8;  /,/.,  Mmi.  Pilar.,  1823,  pp.  11-12;  1827,  p.  11;  1S20, 
1>.  2;  1M12,  pp.  2  3;  18.33,  pp.  1-2,  1835,  pp.  li-A;  18.38,  p.  1);  1830,  jip.  2-3; 
iv;',i,  MS.,  pp.  12-13;  1840,  p.  2;  1841,  in  Diario  Ooh.  Max.,  Jan.  24,  1S41, 
(1.  1:  .!/'.'■.,  Mem.,  ii.,  docs,  1,  5,  8;  /(/.,  Mii,i.  Min.  I'rlar.,  i.,  docs.  2,  4,  5,  0, 

II,  12,  13;  AVc.,  Mrmoria,  in  ('■ii/.  Am,  Pamyld.,  iii.,  no.  1,  4-28;  J'ni/nr's 
lii-i.  JJniij).  ( 'olimii'.'i,  324-.32;  (,iuarl.  Itiriiw,  xxviii.  157-01;  (lar.  dr  (luat., 
(Kt.  7,  l>i53;  May  5,  Doc.  22,  '854;  Cox/a  Pira,  JiolH.  Old:,  .Ian.  13,  24,  27, 
1\1..  ;!,  7,  14,  17,  28,  March  14,  17,  18.55;  Mill's  Mr.i:,  2O.5-10;  .1////.,  Ilniz 
('■ihwl.  Sidr.,  1M.3,  00-71;  Id.,  (Inaf.  Quia,  1853,  l.'{-14;  Id.,  Hand.,  I82'.t,  5, 
lS-;!7,  5(1-04,  00-5,  121-7.  1.33-48;  Ca/iildo, /n/i:ri,ir  i/iir  d  Ca!,ildo,  1-75;  Can- 
i-'li.tii,  T  ..  Mi:x.,  l.)V-ll;  Cha/Jii Id's  J.il/i'r  to' Lord  Palmnv/on,  l>cc.  1.3,  1S47; 
III.,  I.il/i  r  to  CunL  (I'oi',  i.)cc.  10,  1847,  in  Moxij.,  Corn-xjHind.  rixju'r/inij  Moxi/. 
T<rr.,  170-2;  /  r  A'kc.'i  >!,  Sept.  8,  1S5(1;  Mnxi/.  Kii,'</e  und  !/V./vi.v,  20-.30;  ('oiiL- 
liii'i'x  (li;!dv,  3;;'>-G;  S  :'ional  Calendar,  18;  Condir's  Mix.  and  (iiia/.,  105-7; 
C'li/ro-Ah  lir..  Lii.  ,n,'/»(j  v(wi,  1-17;  Candi',  (•'ol/r  dr  J/ond.,  5-0;  ('rntro-Aimr., 
Ill/or  nr  so''>\  ht  <  ■ni'-'it-.,  p.  73,  and  p.  30;  Id.,  Connnrion,  1-32;  Cm/ro- 
Aiii' ivnno,  pa. -'im;  'irtrn,  .l.tas  Pii^.l.,  ii.,  April  23,  1SI4,  p.  320;  Caxtrllon, 
li<-x.  i;,l,,/.,  3u,  iO!;  ■"/  \a.yonal,  Juno  10,  20,  .Uily  5,  31,  Aug.  14,  Sept.  2.5, 
11.  c.  11,  1S.5S;  ,lan.  22,  KS.50;  Sept.  8,  ISOO;  Moxi/m/o  Indian,  in  ClairrliiWs 
'•'.//.,  vi.  300-11;  Brririit  Mo.ii/id/olaiidix,  5-7,  12,  2.'!,  28,  31-43,  220-7;  Cor. 
All'iii/iro,  May  0,  18.35;  Jim/on's  Tliir/i)  Years  Vi.ir,  0,5-0;  Id.,  Jhl..it,s  in 
( V/.,  vii.  3.S3-4;  viii.  7.37,  740;  ix.  700;  x.  740;  xi.  707;  .IAwikVo  J/-./.,  ii.  232, 
iil'J,  oil,  402;  Karionalidad h'x]>iiiiolii;  Moxt/nito  /Aun-.,  ims.  77-220;  \ir..  Unlit. 
"/•.,  Sept.  0,  1802;  Id.,  Con.iti/.,  18:!8,  1-30;  Id.,  Porx.  Di},.  Jl,xt.,  IS  22;  Id., 
('•>i:  U.,.\n\y  1,  lS-10;  Oct.  3,  18.50;  Id.,  J>e  Onh  n  dd  Pinrtor:  Mnnoz,  Pe. 
/'ii.tii  l.l.inx  San  Pedro;  ()ir,xjHi  de  ChiL,  1>53-0.1,  45I-.54;  Cnr/is,  Diario,  LMl, 
vui.  :!:;;  IS13,  \ix.  404;  lvS21,  oxt.  i.,  Sept.  22,  p.  7;  ext.  iv.,  Nov.  18,  pj.. 
I'J-l.'i;  1S35  i\  ii.  227;  La  Uni^n,  Dee.  1,  1S40;  .Ian.  1,  18.50;  La  Union  de 
-W.'.,  .)ail.  f).  i«  ;:  Kl  Unirersal,  April  18,  18.50;  April  10,  lS.53;  YoiJ.,  Sun 
I  iiii:  ('ill.,  i;.  ;,',  1-  S;  yerdai/eras  liazonex,  1-13;  I'laijera  Unir.,  xxvii.  174  7, 
Ml  HI;  Wril  I'm.  Colcnixalion  de,  4;  AY  I'erarruziino  Lilnr,  ,luno  13,  |S2S; 
I'"/"/-,  .)Fi.iiij,ir,  \:A  '.),  200-27,  310-10;  Cmt.  Am.  Pajiirx,  i.-v.,  pa.^siiti; 
/'■';»/'<  I'liriiix,  xix.  pt  18;  cxxi.  pt  i. ;  cxxiv.  pt  0;  oxlix.  pt  7;  olx.  pt  10; 
clxvii.  pt  5;  ccxxvi,  pt  10;  L'ni/eil  Sen-ire,  Jour.,  183,3,  pt  ii.  4.50;  C,  S.  (Iitrl 


if    I     3 i(t tSwi 


ii: 
I' 


214 


DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  UNION. 


T)f>r>>.,  Commercial  lUil.,  18CG,  507-8;  18(58,  302,  728-9:  Id.,  Cong.  Olobo,  18;W- 
It,  iti;  /(/.,  Cong.  Debates,  1S25-G,  i.  i:W3-5;  1831-2,  i,  7ti7-74;  Id.,  Aiik  r. 
State  Pap.,  For.  Kel.,  v.  774-82;  Id.,  19th  coug.,  2il  sess,,  U.  S.  Acts  '  ti.  ,s- 
31;  Sen,  Dec.  1,  vol.  i.,  pp.  149-70;  /./.,  2()th  cong.  l.st  sess.,  H.  E.\.  Doc.  '2, 
p.  G;  /(/.,  30th  cong.  2(1  seas.,  H.  Coin.  Kept,  14.5,  pp.  3811-5;  Filixola,  Mun. 
Critcrra  Tix.,  ii.  SS-9;  Id.,  A  la  Junta  Solierana  dc  Uunt.,  1-8;  Oaxtadediiat., 
vi.  21,  177-84,  443;  ix.  7.')7;  xi.  4-7,  91-2,  120-4;  xiil.  3.')3,  309-70;  xiv.  1- 
10,  82,  205;  IMilun  and  Lriznno,  Liy.  Mi:c.,  i.  32(5-7;  Bmianianle,  Voz  da  In 
Patria,  MS.,  4;  Id.,  Hist.  Iturbidc,  1(5(»-1,  170;  Id.,  Cmidro  Ilid.,  MS.,  vii. 
108-19;  viii.  177-9;  Porrenir  de  Mr.,  Oct.  22,  29,  1871;  July  20,  1873;  I',n:, 
Mi'in.  Ciiin}).  Nticional,  82,  154;  Id.,  Iiio<j.  Sanuta,  3-5;  FrMt,  Staatvn  rcu 
Mcc,  55-(52,  73-8;  Ki'weus  Xir.  ami  Walker,  MS.,  27-3(5,  39-(iO,  04-85;  ('.,.ta 
llim,  CM.  Lnjf.t,  iii.  4;i-5,  101-18,  129-31,  144-07,  109-88,  280-2,  297-8,  304  (!; 
iv.-v.,  passim;  vi.  41-3,  270-SO,  304-5,  319-20;  lidli/,  Air.,  i.  71-5,  lliT, 
350-2;  lionirm,  Bv^:;.  Hist.,  42-5,  60-233,  395-417,  039-795;  I'ineda  d<:  M,„if., 
in  Gnat.,  Jirrnp.  1  -.  ,  iii.  347-8;  Crnt,  Am.,  Mem.  Hist.  lietxil.,  passim;  Mrm, 
Hist.  Cf.htro-Atn.,  :    1  un;  Bonq.  Hint.  Cent.  Amir.,  piiaaim;  Id.,  Ej'< m. 

lledioa  Notables,  pass. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

RErUBLlC   or  t'OSTA  RICA. 

'S41-1856. 

Kri.F,  OF  Cakutllo  Contisuek — Pi.dis  for  its  Oveutiirow — Inv.xhion  of 
M(ii!A/.\N— Chasck  ok  Govkknment— Mouazan's  Policy— OrrosiTioN 
—  Kkvoi.th — Moua/an\  ]>eff.at  and  Deai'h — Satisfaction  of  the 
Olkiaucus — Measckes  of  the  Vutous — New  Constitution — SrnsE- 
vc KNT  Ameniiments  —  SEDITION  —  Castejo's  Akministhation  —  Costa 
Ku'A  Declauei)  a  Reitismc — REccMiNiTioN  iiY  Si'ain — Relations  with 

vVlTIKi;  I'OWEKS— HoCNDAHY  C^tCESTIONS  Willi  XlCAKA(!CA  AND  CoLOMIlIA 
— I'UESIDENT  JlAN    RaFAEL   MoKA — HiS   REIMtESSIVK   MEASURES. 

Cakkillo,  bclicvin<i^  liiniselt'  clotliod  with  unlimited 
autliority,  on  tlie  Stli  of  ^larcli,  1841,  issued  what  he 
callttl  a  'levde  Ljarar.tias,'  i>"ivini>;  himself  a  life  tenure 
(if  ottice  and  inviolability.'  The  supreme  government 
was  made  to  consist  of  the  executive,  and  two  chani- 
licis,  named  respectively  'consultiva'  and  'Judicial,* 
whose  members  were  to  be  chosen  V)V  electijral  col- 
k'oes."  Intending-  to  celebrate  with  eclat  the  inaugu- 
ration of  the  cdmara  consultiva,  Carrillo  recalled  from 
t  xili'  Juan  Mora  and  four  others.''  The  consultiva, 
fuliowing  Carrillo's  wishes,   elected  Manual  Antonio 

'  Molina,  who  dciiios  tlmt  Carrillo  was  disjutscd  to  lio  tyrannical,  but  on 
till'  ((iMtrary  anxious  for  tlio  gcod  of  his  country,  ailding  that  he  was  '  scvcro 
y  siiiiillii  en  su  conducta,  y  (juu  paliaha  su  arhitraricdad  con  d  cjcrcicio  ilu 
las  virtiidcs  mas  rck'vaiitcs  en  uii  niahdatario, '  confesses  that  on  the  iiresent 
lui'iisiou  tliis  great  man  committed  a  grave  error,  y/ovi/.  Costii  A'.,  1().'{;  ('nsfn 
I!  lh,\  do  (jnritn.  >/  bit.'O'K,  24  mo.;  A/.,  Col.  Lii/.  viii,  l,")-,'{(),  41-1!;  Sub'., 
Ihtno  ({tie., 'May  'jh,  IST.'t. 

-'riie  former  was  cohstituted  with  as  many  members  as  tliere  were  de- 
piirtiiients,  namely,  four.  Tlie  latter  was  composed  of  a  jiresident,  two  rela- 
tiins  tiscales,  and  four  justices. 

■'  He  insulted  them,  however,  l)y  providing  that  thoy  sliould  he  under  the 
Muvi  illanco  of  the  authorities.   Co-y/n  /{.,  Col.  Lnj.,  vii.  4". 


216 


KErUBUC  <JF  C08TA  RICA. 


Bonilla  scgundo  jcfc*  Tlie  encmios  of  the  present 
ruler  were  numerous,  and  increasing.  They  called 
Morazan  to  their  aid,  through  General  Bermudez  of 
Peru. 

^lorazan  sailed  from  Chiriquf  in  Panamd,  and  aftt?r 
visiting  several  jdaccs  in  Central  America  landed 
with  about  500  men  at  Caldera''  on  the  7'h  of  April, 
1842.  With  him  were  generals  Sagct,  C  d)anas,  Sn- 
ravia,  and  Bascon.''  Carrillo  heard  of  tie  invasion 
in  the  evening  of  the  8th,  and  at  once  assumed  pi  r- 
sonal  command  of  the  troops  to  operate  against  the 
enemy,  turning  over  the  executive  office  to  Bonilla, 
the  vice-jefe,'  and  providing  other  measures  for  an 
active  caminiign.  Nearly  1,000  men  under  Colonel 
Vicente  Villaseiior  composed  the  expedition,  anionic 
wlK)se  captains  and  lieutenants  were  some  of  tlio 
wealthiest  })orsons  in  the  country.''  Morazan  had 
issued  a  manifesto  assuring  the  Costa  Ricans  that  liis 
policy  would  be  one  of  order,  union,  and  progress,  to 
accomplish  which  Braulio  Carrillo  must  be  ousted 
from  power.  As  the  government  forces  approaclicd 
the  invaders,  AHllasenor  made  known  its  contents  to 
his  connnand,  and  asked  whether  they  were  for  fight- 
ing or  for  a  peaceable  arrangement.  Both  officers  and 
men  almost  unanimouslv"  favored  the  latter,  and  a 
convention  was  conchuled  at  Jocote  on  the  lltli  of 
April,  by  virtue  of  which  the  two  forces  fraternized, 

*  Hu  was  married  to  a  iiioco  of  Carrillo.  Bonilla  was  faitliful  to  liim  in 
life,  and  to  his  memory  after  death. 

^According  to  Cnl  Bernardo  Rivera  Cahezas.  Barnindia  makes  the  fcirce 
oidy  'MM.  He  had  at  first  landed  at  La  Union,  in  Salvador,  with  '22  otlicirs 
of  all  ranks,  and  marched  upon  San  Miguel,  where  he  recruited  "JOO  nuii.  .iml 
then  returned  to  La  Union.  He  next  visitetl  Acajutla  and  Sonsonatr,  wlniu 
he  ascertained  the  state  of  puhlic  atfairs  in  Salvailor  and  (Juatemal;!,  after 
h'^' "lUg  some  correspondence  with  the  chiefs  of  the  former  state  and  Nii.'ii- 
ta.  Tiie  latter  answered  very  olleiisively.  Mnntiijhr,  /iV.sr«a  J/i-'f.,  iv. 
4?-.^)"),  14").  Kntcrtaining  a  favorable  idea  of  the  invitation  sent  him  liy 
tile  Costa  Ricans,  he  .sailed  for  the  isle  of  Martin  J'erez,  in  the  gulf  of  Foiist^'a, 
where  he  tiiiully  organized  his  expedition  and  embarked  it  on  the  vessels 
(^nizii(ior,  Asiiiirinii  (Imnaiitna,  Jnsij'n,  /■■idbcl  I/.,  und  Coxmojmlifd. 

'^  AstdliKrntiijd,  Crnt.  Am.,  riri-G;  Sail'.,  Dittrio  Ojir.,  Feb.  14,  1875. 

ToMii  A'.,  ('ill.  /.CI/.,  vii.  '248-00. 

''Among  tliein  Were  Vicente  Aguilar,  Francisco  and  Mariano  Montoalegro, 
anil  Rafael  Barrocta. 

'■'  it  is  understood  that  Rafael  B:»rroeta  was  the  sole  exception. 


MORAZAN  AND  SARA\aA. 


217 


l)C('omiiig  one  army.  It  \vas  further  agreed  tluit  a 
constituent  assembly  should  bo  called  to  reoganize 
tlie  state,  the  government  meanwhile  remaining  in 
('Ikii'j.c  oi'  ]\Iorazan,  or  in  his  absence  in  that  of  Vicente 
Yillasofior.'"  This  convention  was  accepted  on  the 
mxt  (lay  at  San  Jose  by  Carrillo,  with  a  few  additions 
A\  liieli  did  in  no  wise  vitiate  it,  and  Morazan  afterward 
ratitk'd  the  whole  at  Hcredia."  He  was  enthusiasti- 
cally welcomed  at  Alajuela  and  Heredia,  and  with  an 
augniciited  force  marched  on  San  Jose,  which  he 
entered  without  hindrance.  As  jefo  supremo  pro- 
visorio  lie  made  Jose  Miguel  Saravia  his  sole  minister 
(if  state,  and  issued  a  proclamation  embodying  com- 
plete toriLjetfulness  of  all  past  political  offences,  and 
tendiTiiig  an  asylum  in  Costa  Rit^a  to  all  persons,  of 
whatever  party,  suffering  persecution  in  the  other 
statrs.^"  He  next  appointed  a  committee  to  revise 
the  laws  enacted  by  Carrillo,  with  the  view  of  repeal- 
ing such  as  were  deemed  unwise  or  arbitrary,  and  a 
nuinher  of  them  were  accordingly  annulled,  the  pre- 
posterous one  of  March  8,  1841,  not  being,  of  course, 
excepted.  The  state  constitution  of  January  21,  1825, 
was  revived,  and  the  people  were  called  upon  to  elect 
a  constituent  assembly,  which  was  to  meet  at  San 
Jose  on  the  10th  of  July.^'^  This  body,  composed  of 
tliiiteeii  members,  one  of  whom  was  the  distinguished 
(X-jefe  Juan   Mora,  was  installed  on  the  appointed 

'"('urrillo  was  to  leave  the  country  with  a  full  plodgo  of  safety  to  his  fam- 
ily aiiil  jiroperty.  Tiie  convention  M'aa  signed  by  Morazan,  Villasefior,  gi'ti- 
ti-ils  Sam't,  Saravia,  and  Rascon,  3  colonels,  and  the  other  assenting  otiieern 
lit  all  ranks,  including  5  Texiguas. 

"<'arrillo  left  the  state  from  Puntarenas.  Bonilla  was  also  guaranteed 
Mciirity.  Mtintii/tir,  Rixi'i'ia  J/ist.,  iii.  (H.Vli);  Xilc.i'  f'<j.,  Ivii.,  27.').  Hotii 
'uiilld  and  Aguilar  died  out  of  Costa  R. ;  the  former  was  killed,  and  Ills 
iiuii'iKrcr  executed.  Funeral  honors  were  ])aid  in  Costa  R.  to  Agudar,  Aug. 
'-'•"i,  IStC).  C(W<i  I,'.,  Col.  Lci/.,  ix.  '2S'J-!M).  The  remains  of  lioth  cx-chiets  were 
liriiUj,'lit  home  by  Presid.  Castro's  decree  of  Nov.  5,  1848.  /'/.,  x.  ifO.VJS;  £1 
S:ilr(i,lor  /fc/incrddo,  .June  4,  1842. 

'- Dated  Ai.ril  14,  1S42.  /'/.,  vii.  250-1. 

'^A  general  order  was  given  to  prevent  any  interference  with  the  elections 
"II  the  jiart  of  the  troops.  Copies  of  Morazan 's  decrees  to  undo  the  evils  of 
Ins  ]ir(>cleeessor,  and  to  prepare  for  the  reorganization  of  the  state  on  liberal 
luniciiiUs,  are  furnisheit  in  Id.,  230-342,  passim;  Motitii/ar,  Jfcaeila  Hist.,  iii. 
0'.M-31, 


\   ] 


'U 


UlilL  .AAk. 


hit  >'T3.| 


h     I 


218 


REPUBLIC  OF  COSTA  RICA. 


day  under  the  presidency  of  Jose  F.  Pcralta,  deputy 
for  Cartago,  and  on  the  15th  of  July  unanimously 
elected  Morazan  provisional  jefu  of  the  state." 

The  great  political  change  thus  effected  in  Costa 
Rica  greatly  alarmed  the  reactionists;  and  specially 
those  of  Guatemala,  who  lost  no  time  in  adopting 
measures  to  destroy  Morazan.  This  chief,  on  tliu 
other  hand,  took  steps  toward  the  reorganization  (if 
Central  America,  equipping  troops  therefor.  Souiu  of 
his  measures  were  deemed  too  severe,  giving  rise  to 
rebellion  in  some  localities.  There  were  intimate  rela- 
tions between  Carrera  of  Guatemala  and  Gemiiil 
Antonio  Pinto  of  Costa  Ilica,  as  well  as  between  the 
serviles  of  both  states,  who,  together  with  the  cleryy, 
worked  to  promote  a  revolt.  An  attempt  in  Guana- 
caste  by  Colonel  Manuel  A.  Molina  failed,  and  caused 
his  arrest,  trial,  and  execution  at  Puntarenas.'''  Colo- 
nel Molina  was  a  son  of  Pedro  Molina,  the  notuil 
champion  of  free  principles,  and  however  legal  his 
execution  may  have  been,  it  was  c(;rtainly  impolitic. 
His  sentence  might  have  been  commuted,  thus  avert- 
ing the  disruption  which  at  once  broke  out  in  the 
liberal  ranks. ^* 

Sagct  was  at  Puntarenas  attending  to  the  embarka- 

'*  Again  <m  the  ."^Oth  of  Aug.  it  authorized  the  continuation  of  his  gdvcni- 
nioiit  till  a  now  eonstitutifin  shouM  be  framed.  The  same  day  it  reatiirimd 
Morazau's  extraordinary  powers,  and  on  the '2d  of  Sept.  adjourned  to  rea^siiii- 
l>le  April  1,  lS4li.  Among  the  most  noted  acts  of  this  convention  wire  the 
following:  A  Vote  of  thanks  and  other  honors  to  Morazan  and  Villasenor,  tlio 
latter  lieing  awarded  a  gold  medal  with  an  honoralile  inscription.  Mma/im 
was  given  the  title  of  Libertador  de  Costa  Ilica;  and  on  his  refusing  to  juiIj- 
lish  the  decree,  the  assembly  specially  requested  him  to  do  ao.  Tin-  aiiiiy 
that  brought  about  the  change  was  honored  with  the  name  of  Division  JjilnT- 
tailora  de  Costa  Rica.  Tlie  assembly  also  made  a  formal  declaration  on  tlio 
20th  f)f  July,  in  favor  of  a  federal  republic.  Costa  Ji.,  Col.  Ley.,  vii.  ;U'J-')!, 
37y  -82,  403. 

'■■It  was  strictly  in  accordance  with  the  military  code.  His  brother  Fe- 
lipe, in  relating  the  occurrence,  says  that  a  disappointment  in  love,  and  his 
removal  from  the  comandancia  of  the  department,  preyed  upon  his  mind,  '  lo 
sobrovino  una  tiebre,  perdio  la  razon,  y  se  hizo  criminal, '  But  he  subse(|ui,'iitly 
declared  his  loyalty  to  Moraziin,  and  while  lying  on  a  bed  of  sickness  wm 
arrested.  Molina,  Uoki/.  Costa  Ji.,  104. 

"^  Molina  did  not  hear  of  his  son's  fate  till  after  the  15tli  of  Sept.  ( In  atly 
agitated,  and  shedding  tears  for  Morazan's  end,  his  son-in-law,  Irungaray, 
told  him  not  to  bewail  the  fate  of  Morazan,  for  he  had  spilled  the  lilooil  of 
Manuel  Angel.  These  words  so  shocked  the  aged  patriot  that  he  fell  seusi- 
less  to  the  ground. 


WAR  AND  REBELLION. 


219 


fliinm'il 
i:i.ssfm- 

llM'l!  tliO 

fior,  the 

|i'  unny 
on  the 

Ihcr  Fe- 
liiia  hH 
|u<l,  '!>•' 
l|\ioiitly 

pri'iitly 
|i!4;ir:vy._ 
lliio'loi 


tion  of  45  officers,  200  men,  2,000  or  3,000  muskets, 
and  about  1,300  pounds  of  powder  and  load.  At  Ala- 
jucla  wore  300  recruits  of  that  department  and  100  of 
Cattago,  all  commanded  by  Florentin  Alfaro.  This 
oHictr  was  won  over  by  Morazan's  enemies,  and  revolt- 
inn-  ()u  the  11th  of  September  marched  upon  San  Jose, 
wlure  the  people  followed  his  example.  The  revolu- 
tionists then  called  General  Pinto  to  the  command.'' 
]\lt)iazan's  body-guard  of  forty  Salvadorans  thrice  re- 
pulsed the  assailants,  but  finally  had  to  retreat  to  the 
diicf  barracks.'^  The  jefe,  together  with  Cordero,  Ca- 
l)anas,  and  Saravia,  and  80  men  sustained  another  ter- 
rilik'  onslaught  on  the  12tli.  The  besiegers  were  con- 
stantly on  the  increase  till  they  numbered  5,000,  and 
till'  l)esieged  on  the  decrease  by  death  and  desertion."' 
Chaplain  Jose  Antcmio  Castro  came  to  propose  a 
cajiitulation  based  on  Morazan's  abandomnent  of  the 
country,  and  a  pledge  of  security  to  his  supi)orters. 
Ktlicving  that  his  loyalty  and  milita-y  honor  were  at 
stake,  Morazan  declined  the  propositions.""  Pinto's 
secretary,  Vicente  Hcrrera,  was  very  virulent,  do- 
inauding  Morazan's  blood;  and  the  chaplain  reported 
tliat  the  jefe  wanted  war,  refusing  to  recognize  any 
authority  on  the  part  of  his  adversaries  to  give  pledges, 
wliich  enraged  their  commander  and  his  secretary  all 
the  more.'"'     The  fight   continued,  and  blood  flowed 

'■  Ho  was  a  Portuguese  who  came  to  Costa  Rica  while  still  young.  In  his 
early  years  he  had  been  in  the  naval  service,  and  acijuired  some  skill  as  an 
aitilkiynian.  He  married  into  a  respectahle  family  of  San  Jos«5,  and  liad 
imiiicrous  descendants.  By  the  cultivation  of  cotiVe  he  made  liimself  wealthy, 
iuiil  this  together  with  his  connection  with  tlie  ('arrilh>  family  cnal)led  him  to 
attain  the  position  of  comandante  general,  and  to  link  his  name  with  .some 
itM[i(iitaiit  events.  At  his  house  the  worst  enemies  of  Morazan  had  always 
liciii  wik'ome<l.  Montufar,  Rcsena  I/Lit.,  iii.  G47-H. 

'"There  were  two  l)arrr,cks  in  San  Jose;  one  his  guard  occupied;  in  the 
otlitr  were  150  men  from  Cartage  who  had  no  ammunitiou.  ElSiijlo,  Aug.  Ki, 

1N.VJ. 

"  Morazan  tried  to  save  his  wife;  but  in  traversing  the  street  to  reach  tlie 
liiiiise  if  the  Escalantes,  amidst  the  deadly  tire,  she  was  taken  by  the  enemy 
aiiil  LMinveyed  to  the  house  of  Father  Blanco,  a  brother  of  Luz  Blanco,  one  f)f 
Moniz.iii's  mortal  foes. 

•■'  lie  would  have  met  with  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  security  for  Saravia, 
whd  was  much  esteemed  by  all.  But  tiie  case  was  different  witii  otliers, 
especially  Villaseftor,  against  whom  mucii  animosity  was  felt. 

■'  Hcrrera  was  a  stuilent  when  he  gained  this  unenviable  notoriety.     He 


lift 


''     I' 


■l"l 
I     t 


^r 


M 


-Tl' 


I  >       I 


|l 


1 


!f;ll 


'S-  ■ 


!, 


220 


UErUBLIC  OF  COSTA   llICA 


freely."'^  Mayorga,  roniaiidantc  at  Cartago,  rehcllcd, 
and  Morazaii's  situation  had  buconio  a  desperate  one 
on  tlio  ir^tli.  No  reiinforccnionts  could  reach  him,  and 
provisions  wereexliausted.  Juan  Mora  and  Clia[)]uiii 
Castro  endeavored  to  bring  about  an  arrangement, 
but  the  terms  offered,  being  o})pressive,  W((re  rejected. 
The  firing  was  resumed  between  one  and  twt)  o'clock 
in  the  morning  of  the  I4th.  Morazan  and  his  liand- 
ful  of  su[)i)orters,  worn  out  by  fatigue,  hunger,  and 
wounds,  made  their  way  through  the  besiegers  and 
reached  Cartago,"'  C^abanas  covering  the  retreat  witli 
80  men.  ^[ayorga's  wife,  who  disapproved  her  hus- 
band's disloyalty,  sent  them  word  of  their  danger. 
But  it  came  too  late.  Morazan  and  tlio  rest  were 
surrounded  and  ca[)tured.  Y(jung  Francisco  Morazjiu 
and  Saravia,  arriving  a  little  later,  were  also  secured. 
Dece[)tion  toward  Cabanas  was  used,"'  and  treachery 
toward  Morazan,  who  was  promised  his  life. 

Early  the  next  morning,  an  officer  named  Dari'o 
Orozco  came  to  inform  Morazan  and  his  companions 
that  they  were  to  be  put  in  irons,  by  demand  of  tlio 
troops.  Saravia  rose  and  seized  a  pistol  to  blow  liis 
brains  out;  but  Morazan  prevented  the  suicide,  thou^li 
only  for  a  few  moments.  Ho  then  walked  a  while 
smoking,  and  finally  submitted  to  have  the  shackles 
put  on  his  feet,  and  just  as  it  was  being  done  he  had 
a  horrible  convulsion  which  ended   in  death.      It  is 

afterward  went  to  fJuatomala  to  complete  his  studies,  and  was  M'cll  trciteil 
and  much  aided  by  Juan  Jose  Aycinena  and  Manuel  V.  Pavon;  and  he  lie- 
came  their  most  humble  henchman.  Returning  to  Costa  Rica  as  a  lawytr,  lui 
was  aj)pointed  after  a  while  a  justice  of  the  supreme  court.  On  many  mca- 
sions  he  proved  himself  unprincipled,  treacherous,  and  contemptible. 

■^■'  Over  100  killed  and  200  wounded. 

^^Jle  had  wanted  to  go  to  Tarcoles,  expecting  to  find  Saget  there,  Imt 
was  ilissuaded  by  Villasenor  and  others. 

^*Tlie  Spaniard  Espinach,  a  reactionist  of  some  standing  who  acted  as  a 
commissioner  of  the  revolutionists,  fearing  that  Morazan's  popularity  in  Car- 
tago  might  bring  on  a  counter-movement,  and  in  order  to  avert  it,  askoil 
Morazan  to  instruct  Cabanas  to  lay  down  his  arms,  and  to  comnianil  Sagit  to 
deliver  those  he  had  in  I'untarenas.  He  assured  Morazan  his  life  was  in  no 
peril.  His  next  step  was  to  meet  Cabanas  at  Cliomogo,  telling  him  Moia/au 
Mils  leaving  tlic  state  l)y  tlie  Matina  roa<l  with  sufficient  money,  and  advising 
him  to  disband  his  men.  Cabanas  was  deceived,  aud  went  alonu  to  Matiua, 
where  he  was  taken  prisouer. 


BLOODY   WORK. 


881 


said  that  lie  had  swaUowed  poison.  Tlie  sliacklcs 
W(  re  riveted  on  a  corpse!"'  Yiilasehor  stabbed  hini- 
soh'  witli  a  dai^iyer,  and  tell  to  the  ground  eovered  with 
hlixid.  uiitortunately  lor  him,  not  dead,  ^[orazan  was 
.shackled.  The  })risoners  were  at  onee  taken  to  San 
,T()>e.  ^lorazan,  though  wounded,  rode  on  liorsebaek, 
and  A  illasehor  was  carried  in  a  hammock;  but  on 
arriviiiL;-  at  the  ( 'uesta  tie  his  Moras,  Captain  lienavi- 
Jcs,  a  L'lruvian  who  commanded  tlieir  i>uard,  mado 
thcni  walk  to  the  court-house.  ^lorazan  on  the  way 
conversed  with  Pardo  and  A  ijil,  and  rememberinj^ 
that  it  was  the  15th  of  Septend)i'r,  remarked  to  Vijil, 
"  How  solemnh'  we  are  keepin*^  the  anniversary  of  in- 
dependence!"  The  other  pris(Miers  were  contine<l  in 
the  liuildinjj;  called  Los  Ahnacenes,  and  ]Mora/an  was 
left  with  A'illasenor  as  his  sole  companion. 

]\[()derate  men  strongly  urged  a  strict  observance  of 
law,  aside  from  prejudice  or  passion;""  but  their  voice 
was  drowned  in  the  uproar  of  the  enemies  of  Alora- 
zau,-'  clamoring  for  his  death  without,  form  of  trial, 
regardless  of  the  requirements  of  the  constitution  of 
lSi!o,  and  of  the  fact  that  he  was  the  legitimatt;  chief 


■'.Vdrmr,  Efcm.,  56.  Saravia  was  a  son  of  Miguel  Oonzalcz  Saravia,  tlie 
fTiivi'iiicir  of  Nioaru^^iia,  wlio  attachod  that  province  to  ltiiil)i(li:"s  I'liipire,  and 
:i  L'lMiiilsou  of  ((t'uoral  Saravia,  prcsitlent  and  captain-j^oneral  of  (iuatoniala, 
wliu  iiail  lii'cu  appointed  viceroy  of  Mexico,  and  wa«  shot  hy  Morehis  in  Oajaca. 
Vimng  Saravia  3  mother,  (Joneepcion  Najera  y  Uatres,  was  of  the  leaders  of 
tiuitriiialan  Kociety,  for -which  reason  tlio  aristocratic  part}- expcctiMl  much 
fi'din  liini.  But  after  completing  iiis  education,  with  evidences  of  extraordi- 
nary talents,  he  often  gave  expression  to  the  most  lilieral  i<lea3.  Before  heing 
aihiiittcd  to  the  l)ar  in  1834  he  had  served  in  tlie  ofiiee  of  the  secretary  of  tlio 
s('tiat<',  and  later  as  a  chief  of  bureau  in  the  department  of  foreign  all'airs. 
lie  afterward  held  a  judicial  appointment,  hciu;,'  at  all  times  noted  lorahility 
and  cldiiuciu'c,  as  Well  as  for  his  writings  in  Kl  Si-iiKiiuirm,  which  attracted 
tlic  attention  of  Morazan,  who  made  him  auditor  de  guerra  of  the  federal 
army.  From  that  time  Saravia  followed  Morazan's  fortunes,  taking  part  in 
several  actions  of  war,  aiul  thus  attaining  the  rank  of  geiu'ral.  He  was  also 
this  leader's  aide-de-camp,  private  secretary,  and  niinistcr-gciu'ral,  lioth  in 
Salvador  and  Costa  Rica.  A  portrait  of  the  young  general  gives  him  (piitt'  a 
ili.stine;iiished  air. 

■''Aniiinr;  them  were  Mariano  Montealegre,  Juan  de  los  Santos  Madriz, 
.111(1  .l(K,'.  m'.  Castro. 

■■  Tlie  most  virulent  were  Luz  Blanco  and  Herrera.  Thcj^  even  worked 
iili'iii  til.'  feelings  of  Pinto's  family,  and  it  is  said  that  his  daughter  Petronila 
uii:ii;iiied  that  she  saw  her  father  sent  to  the  scaffold  by  Morazan,  and  fell  iu 
;i  convulsion. 


222 


IlErUIiLIG  OF  COSTA  lilVA. 


of  tlu.'  state.-**  J^ut  notliing  availed  to  save  liis  lite. 
J'int(),  like  hia  pnjtotype  Pontius  Pilate,  after  a  slij^lit 
lu'sitatioii,  signed  the  order  of  execuitioii  of  both  Moiu- 
zaii  aiul  A^illaseiior,  to  he  earrieil  out  within  thico 
hours.  Alorazan  then  sunnnonetl  his  son  Franeisco, 
and  dietntcd  t<»  hitu  his  last  will  and  testament;  sonio 
of  its  clauses  are  e[)itoniized  helow."''  After  placing,' 
in  <']iariru  of  Alonti'alei^re  a  handkerchief  and  a  few 
other  oltjects  for  his  wife,  so  soon  to  become  a  widow, 
he  walked  with  dii,Miity  and  a  firm  step  to  the  phitu 
of  execution.  A'^illitsonor,  who  was  nearly  dead  iVoiii 
liis  wound,  was  carried  in  a  chair.  On  arriviiin'  iit 
the  fatal  sjiot  Morazan  embraced  X'illasi'uor,  saying, 
*']\Iv  dear  friend,  })osterity  will  do  us  justice."  .l];ii- 
rundia  thus  di-scribes  the  last  moments  of  the  ex- 
president:  lie  <j;ave  the  order  to  pn'pare  arms,  saw 
that  a  !j;'ood  aim  was  taken,  then  L>;ave  the  connnaiid 
to  lire,  and  fell  to  the  n'round.  Still  raising  his  Mecd- 
iny-  head,  he  cried  out:  "I  am  vet  alive;"  wIk'U  a  sec- 
ond  volley  despatched  him.  Thus  on  the  lotli  nf 
8e[)tember,  tlu'  annivei'sary  of  (^entral  American  in- 
de[)enden<'e,  just  as  the  sun  was  siid<in<^'  in  the  west, 
the  soul  of  the  noble  patriot  returned  to  the  rcLiinii 
whence  it  came.''" 

'•""M(ir;i/;m  IkkI  (U'liiandi'd  ;i  triiil.      Ho  also  dcsiri'tl  t(i  addrc's.s  a  ciriulir 
to  tlif  Liovcniiiiints  iil  tlii.'  Nlatis,  liiit  it  was  not  Jitiiiiittcd  liiiii. 

-'Ho  doolai'fd  that  lio  had  oxiioiuh'd  tlio  whuh'  ot'  liis  own  and  liis  ■wilt's 
usl.tto,  hosidos  SlS,(MM)  duo  to  (ion.  lioi'inudoz,  iii  I'ndowing  ( 'osta  Itica  ^vitli 
a  govornint'Ut  ol  hiws.  'J'iiis  was  his  solo  otienoo,  for  vhioh  ho  liad  hoon  nm- 
donmod  to  loso  his  lito,  whioh  was  liirtlur  aggrasatod  liy  a  lirokon  pli'lui', 
for  lu'  hail  lioon  assurod  by  Ksjiinaoh  that  his  lifo  ■would  ho  .sparoil.  'i  he 
foroos  lu'  had  ornanizod  wore  ori^^inally  intoudod  to  dofi'ud  ( iuanaoasti' at' I'li^t 
an  oxi>ooto(l  attaok  from  Xioaragua.  Sid(so(|uontly  a  nund)or  of  voluiitnrs 
vore  dotaoliod  for  tho  paoilioation  of  the  ro[)ulilio.  Jlu  roitoratod  his  livvo  fcH' 
Contral  Auu'rioa,  iiri.iug  ui)ou  tho  youth  of  tlio  land  to  iniitato  his  oxaniplc, 
and  light  to  rodooin  hor.  llo  tinally  disolainiod  any  oninity  or  rancor  t.'Wiiril 
ids  niurdorors,  forgiving  thoni  and  wishing  thoin  cvory  possihlo  haiiiiiin'^s. 
In  that  instrument,  says  lianaiiidia,  'so  vo  diiifaua  ol  alma,  noblo,  trainiuihi, 
y  goiiorosa  dol  horoo  (iuc  dosoondia  a  la  tumha.' 

■'"Tho  ri'mains  lay  in  Costa  Kiia  till,  undor  a  decree  of  Pros.  Castro,  Nnv. 
0,  1848,  thoy  wore  oxhumod  on  tlio  'JTtli,  and  after  paying  honors  on  tin'  ttli 
of  Deo.,  wore  Kurromlerod,  aooording  to  Morazan's  wishes,  to  Salvador,  liv 
whose  authorities  they  woro  reeoivod  with  high  ndlitary  and  civic  lii'iicrs 
CiwAi  /i'.,  Cdl.  Lt'ii.,  X.  3()8-S(.  Carrora  afterward  treated  them  with  iiuii:;- 
nity.  JJoiifii/nr,  7i'(wr*'f  JIU.,  iii.  (ioO;  iv.  21.)-'_'0,  '_',-)():{;  v.  C.'iO  •-',  (iii.Vii; 
TiMitin,  iu  L'i'id.  Aiii.  Pi']>.,  No.  2.  Further  iiarticulars  on  Morazau's  rule  in 
Costa  liica,  aud  ou  his  death  and  interment,  may  bu  found  in  J\7c.,  Cvrno  I>t., 


Miv  I,  I 

'/v.;..,  „ 

111.';  /■:i 
I'D.;  .-,;  / 

!'.■<:  .S.,/r. 
tf'if  Ai,i,i 
'■'  ,i"iini,d 
•;-lM'icli  ,,f 
ii-al  |Mviil 
"if"i-iM,i(i, 

«1m  \(,|^ 
''.Vlilitl.sll 

.i'mrii.d 
i"d,vd  (|„ 
"Jl<:  ./r  II. 
■■■  T),,. 

■^'"'•■■l/.IM  « 
^W    -Alltni 

•^'"niz.iii 
-^'"i"i/:ill  .sa 
net  !.,.,.,!  al 
111  iNii(iiit\- 

.'■''"■'' <'f'stai 
n><  !irr|„.(,.., 

■■'II, ,.^ 

>tatii,.  Mas 

I'^rn;  (■.,.,„ 

!''"l'llt,    IIHWI. 

""'"■ov,.s,, 
■■""!  tl,  .',„a,. 
''■"•■  '/'  '.■-,„/ 

I^!'"''^-     Iiias, 
:'"'-iteIIit,.« 


MORAZAN'.S  CUEATNKSS  RKCOGXIZED. 


•J'JH 


ri 


Mor.izau's  death  oausetl  niucli  satist'action  to  tlio 
iiliiiLi-  powiTS  of  Guatemala  and  Honduras.^'  Tn 
iiialriuala  it  was  an  occasion  lor  rejoicing,  witli  liigli 
iiia>s  and  (»tlier  relii;ious  c(>renionies.''"  The  time 
caiiie,  however,  wlien  Morazan's  gi'eatness  was  recog- 
iii/.cd  in  ( iMatemala  and  Honduras,  when  tlie  scrvih! 
I  li  iiitiit  no  longer  had  a  voice  in  ])ul)li<'  atl'airs."' 
Jlclations  liad  Keen  suspended  by  the  (Juatemalan 
'j,()\(rnnient  with  that  oF  (\)sta  Kica,  while  the  lattt-r 
iri(i;4iii/-ed  ^ioi'a/an  as  its  chief'.'"  Treaties  ot"  union 
and  mutual  defence  liad  hreii  made  l»y  the  states  of 
(luateniala,  Salvadoi",  Nicaragua,  and  1  [onduiasagainst 
Costa  J\ica  on  the  7th  and  Kith  of  October. '''  Alter 
]\i(ira/.an's  downfall  an  attempt  was  made  to  jirevail  on 

M  ly  I,  1SI'.»;  \ili.i'  AV;/.,  Ixiii.,  IS),  ITti;  A';-'.,  Unjistm  Ojir.,  Xo.  "J,  7;  S'/n!' r'.i 
Tf'ir.,  ii.  tH-!l;  U'(ijt}K'iiis,  Mix.  vml  Cnif.  Am.,  '.M;  Itiiihanlt,  (  <iil.  .Im., 
1  I'J:  lU  /'rit'insn,  Oct.  'A,  l.S.'iO;  ry..»v".<  (,•,«;«■/,  l.VJ  :!;  Il'-n/////-,  CW,;  /,'., 
'.'ii.i  .":  Jhiiiln}!'-:  C<  ii/.  Am.,  '2\':--2'2;  Ii<ihi,  yir.,  i.  7;{_4;  II'.//./  Jfnn,/.,  4S4- 
'.i.'i;  S'llr.,  IHnrio  < >l!c.,  l'\'li.  14,  IST'i;  llnhrit  (lln-ironi  l)iiiili)]i,  Ti'imU  in  i'ni- 
li'il  .\iii'  rlrii,  Loiiilcm,  )S47,  8,  .'{."iS  jui.  ami  iiia)),  is  a  work  puriMntiiii,'  to  Ihi 
;i  iiiuiM;il  (if  marly  tliruo  yearn'  ri'sidfiici;  in  Central  Anu'rica,  ami  uiN'inj,'  a 
ckitcli  <if  tilt'  liistory  of  the  ri'iniMie,  togotluT  with  an  aeeoiuit  of  the-  ]ihy.s- 
ii'al  iMciiliaritiis,  agrienltiiri',  eoinnu'rec,  anil  .•-tate  of  society.  .Much  of  the 
infonii.itioii  therein  is  corri'et;  hut  on  historical  ami  social  topics  the  author, 
vlii  was  :i  Scotchman,  displays  I  narrow-inimleilness,  ami  a  juik'nient  warpeil 
liy  r>riti>li  [irejiulices. 

■'  In  the  latter-  his  native  state — his  la-it  will  was  ^lnllli^lle(l  in  tin' oliieial 
innriial  in  tin' eohinin  of  varieties  with  i>trensive  remarks.  These  note.-.,  and 
indeed  the  wiiolc  conduct  of  the  authorities,  were  disgrac(^fnl.  h'l  J'' i/nifur, 
iif,<:  .A   /A.,,./..  Sciit.   ir.,   1S4;{. 

■-'IIm'  priest  .luan  .lose  Aycinona,  who  was  the  minister  of  state,  hated 
Mei:i/.:in  w  ith  a  deadly  hatred  from  the  .lay  that  his  lirother  was  defeated  at 
Nui  Antonio.  This  animosity  liecanio  more  intcnsilieil,  if  jiossililc,  upon 
Mer,i/,in  eontcin]ituously  ri'jectinn  tho  ilictatorship  that  was  ti'ndered  him. 
Mi'ia/iii  said  in  his  last  will  that  his  death  was  an  assassination,  as  he  hail 
iii't  liecn  allowed  any  form  of  trial.  15;it  tin;  worthy  pa.lre  and  hisaccomidicu 
ill  iiii(|uity,  I'arrera,  attrilmted  tho  crinio  to  heaven,  and  ma.le  Kivcra  i'a/, 
eliief  of  state,  aocuso  providence  of  aiding  Viueutc  llerrera  and  I.iiz  Ulanco  in 
its  iiirpctration. 

■'Honors  Were  paid  to  his  memory  in  the  city  of  (Juatemal.i  in  1S7<i;  a 
statue  was  urected  to  him  by  Honduras  in  18.S;{.  La  /'c/i  iirnirioii,  July  10, 
Mii;  r..s/,f  /,'.,  ^f,^m.  li'diirhi',,:^,  1SS4,  '_>-.'{,  and  iloc.  1,  "J.  ' 

"'  livery  ahusivu  epithet  was  a[ii)lied  to  him  in  the  otlicial  press;  tyrant, 
h.iii.lit,  monster,  were  among  the  mildest.  The  aim  was  to  make  lum  ajijiear 
111  thi' eyes  of  the  ignorant  as  the  only  olistacle  to  ]ieaci^  ami  reorgaiii/ation; 
■iiiil  til  ■  masses  lielieved  that  he  was  the  author  of  all  the  evils  umler  the  sun. 
'.■■(.•.  ,/'(;,(•!/.,  Oct.  'JS,  184'2. 

"Thi' suhscriliing  commissioners  wore  Manuel  V.  I'avon,  for  Ciuatemala; 
I'nlro  Niilasco  Arriaga,  for  Homluras;  and  .loaipiiu  Duran,  for  the  oth.r  two 
states,  liiasnmch  as  Arriaga  and  Diiraii  were  Aycinena's  and  ravon's  lium- 
'ili'  satellites,  till!  treaties  might  just  as  well  liave  been  signed  ravon,  I'avon, 
i':uou.  MuHlufar,  Jieneria  JIM.,  iv.  l'_'y-33;  Gtutt.,  Jkcop.  Leij.,  i.  3U5-408 


i|!: 


I 


-V-  .If;  '  i 

■  'iF.ii 


::  i; 


.hri  ■  if 


mi 


iii^ 


i,ui;!{ 


H.iii^ 


m-^ 


^m 


SS4 


rept;blic  of  costa  rica. 


I  > 


',-i- 


the  new  government  to  subscribe  to  these  treaties,  but 
itfailed.«« 

On  the  23d  of  September  the  civil  and  other  authori- 
ties at  San  Jose  passed  actb  setting  aside  the  su- 
preme powers  that  had  ruled  the  state  since  its  oceuj)a- 
tiou  by  Morazan,  and  proclaiming  J.  M.  Alfaro  as  jefu 
l)rovisorio,  with  Antonio  Pinto  as  comandante  gen- 
eral. ^^  These  acts  were  subsequently  confirmed  by  tlio 
people  of  the  state. ""^  Among  Alfaro's  first  measures 
were  to  forbid  the  return  of  political  exiles,  includiiiii' 
Carrillo;  to  check  attempts  at  rebellion;  to  in\itc 
Morazan's  soldics  to  return  to  their  homes  ;^''  tore- 
store  confiscated  property;  to  establish  an  oflScial 
journal ;  and  to  raise  a  forced  loan.^"  Disregarding 
the  remonstrances  of  Guatemala,  the  government,  nf 
which  Josd  Maria  Castro  was  nov/  minister-gene;ral, 
by  its  decree  of  the  5tli  of  April,  1843,  called  upon  the 
people  to  send  deputies  to  a  constituent  assembly. 
This  body  was  installed  on  the  1st  of  June,  and  soon 
after  adopted  the  groundwork  upon  which  was  to  be 
erected  the  fundamental  law  of  the  state.  *^     The  as- 

^''Itis  asserted  that  the  Guatemalan  government  saiil  that  Costa  Iti.a 
should  appoint  as  her  commissioner  a  resident  of  (Uiatemala.  But  Jose  .M. 
(.'astro,  the  young  Costa  Kiean  minister,  thought  differently. 

''They  had  led  the  revolt  on  the  11th  and  the  following  days.  Malim, 
Bosq.  Costa  It,  105. 

""So  says  ^larure,  now  a  confirmed  '  conservador, '  adding,  '  y  celebrados 
con  eiitusiasmo  en  toda  la  repiibliea. '  Efcm.,  5G. 

'"The  expeditionary  force  of  300  to  500  under  Saget,  on  hearing  of  tlic 
troiihle  at  Sai.  Jose,  went  on  board  their  ships  at  I'untarenas,  tluiicu 
menacing  the  government.  Subsequently  arrangements  were  made  for  tlie 
surrender  of  the  arms  and  disbandiiient  of  the  men,  but  owing  to  niisuiiikr- 
standing  were  not  carried  out,  and  tlie  i:X[.edition  dep:irted  for  La  Libertad  iu 
Salv.  on  the  Coi/iiimbo.  Costa  K.  afterward  c-lniiaed  the  armament  ciud  sliip, 
but  Salv.  invariably  refused  to  return  them,  ou  the  jdea  thit  tiiey  bei.'iiyoil 
to  Morazan's  family^  'como  ganadiis  en  ley  do  guerra  por  aquel  caiiiill"' 
Much  indignation  was  felt  iu  (iuatemala  and  Tlonduras,  and  somewluil-  liss  in 
Nicaragua,  agaiuit  Salvador,  because  the  latter,  notwithstandir.g  +hc  ti<:itii'rt 
of  1840  au<l  164'2,  and  the  protest  to  the  contrary,  had  allowed  Saget,  Cab:ifiii.s, 
Barrios,  and  their  companions,  to  reside  in  tlie  state  under  the  protect  imi  «t 
its  laws.  The  first  two  named  governments  saw  that  for  all  they  h:id  iiki- 
nceuvred  to  make  of  the  executive  of  Salvador  a  mere  subinissiv  ageut  <it  tlio 
ariiitocracy,  he  had  now  emancipated  liimself  from  its  control.  Jiloii/iifir, 
Jii'^cfia  J/Lft.,  iv.  4-5,  115-.13;  Molina,  Bosq.  Conta  It.,  105-6. 

^CosUi  n..  Vol.  Lfij.,  vii.  404-lG. 

''Art.  3  stilted  that  the  idea  wi'a  not  yet  entertained,  which  latiT  m.!" 
formed,  of  declaring  tlie  state  to  be  a  sovereign  and  independent  riinilil:' 
Art.  5  resolved  the  question  of  bouudarie.'i  with  Columbia  and  Nicaragua  iqiua 


seiii 
of], 
certi 

of   11 

Cf.S.Scj 
VOLC" 

was   < 

niiiho 

iiftcrw 

ujio/i 

assciiil 

I'lino.s,' 

''''ll-'    Hi 

tliority 
tJjf  fii, 
liciiiL;'  (• 
tloji  of 
lltli  „f' 
t"  take 
.i^'ciifi'al 

"Ppositi 

""'  I'l'incijilus 
J"'"'''Min,;,.r 

■;-MMMi,ly  „(■  • 


11 


tllMII 

•V; 


li  It  iiien 

'^'I'lllO.S 


'"'',  A'-w- 


'/•  i 


,,%'i.ese. 

illc^rovtv 


fONSTITUtXr  ASSKMBLV. 

soijiljy  Jikcwiso  enacted  i.  I..w  i    .  " 

cvrtmn    n„itati„„3.     An  „  ,t    k^  "f,  ""^  '"•^•''«  ""''^■r 
«f  mcjition  passed  I„.  «   •    ^     ,      °*'"-'''  at'ts  Wortl.v 

.vs,s,„'  uiider  it.  All  ],is  11  '^''''•'*'°"  "'^ '"'«  sue- 
-■-  "f  «.u„ks  was  at,,td  |;ir  ''';'"'"^""''  »'"'  " 
""^  .^'ven  to  General  I>i  ,to  '  '^  """'"'■  ^"to 
"'.'"■"  "f   chosen   s,...u,,do     ;.(;,      "'f'"^''"  -^^^  O'va- 

"I"'"    ««ve  of  absence  bei,  "   Z     '!  ''•\^'™'"-«  '•''»i>-, 

■"""■<■  .lid  not  ...eot\l  e  a,  rr':r  "''^  ''«  *''- 
,  '";  ..«".,l,ly  tl,.:„  ado  'r,  "'^*'."S«nen„ne„t. 
..."';■  l"-"v.sioi,  for  two  1      '•"..stitution,    NvJ.icl, 

'-■  '.....-•t.onaries  cou..tituth;  fl  ^""""'^y'  "'"'  .." 
':'"'S-  elloseji  l,v  tl,,.  „  ,T  ■"  1"  *'"I"'.^^»I0  powers 
foil   of +1  '  ^^JJolf>  dcodI,*      T-i  i^'^i^xs 

V    '^  '^^^^'  fundament,/  h  ^"^  i'roinuJoa- 

'  ''.'•^  April,   1844,«  ad,  J  i^   '^'^^'^  ^''^^^J^'  ou  the 

.'^7'^^al,  refused    to    do    s         v,  "^^•^' *^^^  ^'^^'''^inlanto 
Alfaroand    others.     V^^of r'   ^?*    ^'^--'Jti    ' 
;"';'"'tion,  but   did  nc  t^.„        ^,  *"  '"^^^^^^   ^''1   anneil 
^'  -'^WAfar/rQ  l^:^;;:'  ^^^  -a.  di.ni.s^ 
^''^"  Puhlication  (!f    ho    '^'T'';"-  ^"■"'•" 

;;:Sf-^^!;--  '..Co..  kLT ^'"'^"^^-^^^  w  was 


":;.!rT'^« -«*-'H..n,,  coi,;::'  """■  ^""^''"iiental  Ja^- was 
;";  J.v  "1-  ■■i.ii'i,..,,  tl  m '  -  ■  '*«■ "  i'i"«»  ii.o    ,    :■"" "'""  "I'-™  '-■•■■".. 


ass  li|=eisapsii! 


m 
1 1 


ti 


i 


22C 


REPUBLIC  OF  COSTA  RICA. 


celebrated  with  feasts  for  three  days.  But  the  fact  of 
Pinto's  dismissal  from  the  command  of  the  forces 
caused  serious  divisions  in  families/^  which  has  been  felt 
ever  since  in  the  political  events  of  the  country.  TJie 
two  chambers  decreed  by  the  constituent  assembly 
complicated  the  political  machinery,  and  the  enemies 
of  the  new  constitution  exaggerated  its  defects.  Tlit 
necessity  of  a  senate  in  Costa  Rica  was  not  clear,  fur 
the  composition  of  the  house  of  deputies  was  svich 
that  it  required  impulsion  rather  than  checks.  Tlieie 
fore,  what  would  be  the  mission  of  the  senate?^" 

Alfaro  reassumed  tlie  duties  of  the  executive  ofhce 
on  the  28tli  of  June,  on  which  date  Castro  resigned 
his  position  of  secretary-general,*^  to  take  a  seat  in  tlie 
chamber  of  deputies,  whicli  was  installed  on  tlie  .Id 
of  July.  The  first  duty  of  this  body  was  to  count  the 
votes  for  senators;  but  the  returns  were  coniini,^ 
in  very  slowly,  so  that  the  senate  did  not  assemble 
till  the  12tii  of  November.**^  Both  houses  then  on 
the  15th  declared  Francisco  Maria  Oreamuno  duly 
elected  jefe  of  the  state.  He  took  possession  of  the 
office  with  reluctance.*^  The  spirit  of  localism  which 
caused  so  nmch  trouble  in  1835  was  still  rampant,  mid 
Oreamuno  found  himself  confronted  by  it.  What- 
ever measure  was  proposed  in  favor  of  any  one  local- 
ity was  certain  to  displease  tlie  others,  liather  tliaii 
contend  with  such  difl^culties,  he  tendered,  on  the 
26th  of  November,  his  resignation,  which  was  not 
accepted;  but  he  was  resolved  to  retire,  and  one  day, 
heing  more  than  usually  disgusted,  he  abandoneil  liis 

**  Pinto  was  an  xxncle-iu-liiw  of  Castro,  sccrctarj'-geiicral,  who  umlcr  tin' 
cirouinstanccs  HUrrouiuling  tlie  govt  could  not  ri'storo  liiiii  to  liis  oH'uh'. 

"'To  givo  an  idea  of  tlio  Kituatioii:  Cartago's  diiputitiH  were  tlircc  i  li  i^'v 
men,  I'eralta,  ('ain)io,  and  Carazo.  Hcredia  also  sent  the  priest  Floirs.  l! 
the  i-'.'nators  nni.st  be  still  more  grave  and  circumspect,  where  could  tlu  y  In 
procured?  Mo)iliif<ir,  Hi'xctia  //is/.,  v.  173, 

*'•  His  successor  was  Juan  Mora. 

^''(W'f  A'.,  Col.  jj.,  viii.  ;{,■)'_>;{,  :i84-r). 

*^  He  was  a  native  of  Cartago;  a  man  of  elegant  manncr.s,  culturcii  witlmiit 
afTcctation,  well  mfornicd  on  general  sidijtx-ts,  and  a  highly  respi^'ted  i  itizni 
Though  not  a  nienihor  of  the  l>ar,  he  knew  enough  of  law  to  suecesst'ully  ii|'iii'>' 
the  lawyc-rs  who  constantly  took  advantage  of  the  confusion  existing  m  t'" 
old  Spanish  laws. 


MOYA,  GALLEdOS,  AND  ALFAKO. 


post  and  went  off  to  his  home  in  Cartago.^  His  suc- 
cessor was  Rafael  Moya,  then  president  of  the  sen- 
ate,'  who  exerted  himself  to  do  away  with  localism,  and 
to  promote  harmony  between  the  several  sections ;  but 
]iis  senatorial  term  expiring  on  the  30th  of  April, 
1845,  he  could  no  longer  continue  holding  the  execu- 
tive authority,  and  the  chamber  of  deputies  called  to 
assume  its  duties  Senator  Jose  Rafael  Gallegos/'-  who 
Ava>5  made  chief  of  the  state  at  the  expiration  of  Juan 
!Morau's  second  term.  He  took  the  chair  on  tlie  1st 
of  May.  An  ominous  cloud  could  already  be  de- 
ciied  away  in  the  horizon.  The  new  constitution 
liad  tlms  early  become  an  object  of  abuse,  even  by 
tlic  nu>n  who  had  entliusiastically  ])roclaimod  it,  and 
!u  rimoniously  censured  Pinto  for  refusing  it  recogni- 
tion."" 

During  the  elections  a  bloodless  revolt  of  four  regi- 
iiuiits  sinuiltaneously  occurred,  on  the  7t]i  of  June, 
I.s4(),  at  San  Jose,  Cartago,  Heredia,  and  Alajuola, 
to  overthrow  the  organic  law.  The  movement  was 
seconded  at  once  by  the  people,'^  and  Jose  jNTana 
AU'aro  was  summoned  to  assume  the  reins  of  g(»\<i'n- 
mont,  Gallegos  returning  to  the  presidency  of  the  sen- 

'''Tiio  chtimber  of  deiiuties  censured  him,  l)ut  his  ]^)urpose  of  getting;  I'id 
Ml  tlic  (.'xocutivo  office  was  accomplished.  Coidi  R.,  Col.  Lit/.,  viii.  8!t'2-;i;  ix. 
•.•;(  4. 

'  A  wealthy  iiuiii  and  head  of  a  large  family  which  gave  him  much  social 
iiuiKirtaiice.  During  his  short  administration  he  iniiu'oved  the  public  roads. 
Mi'lni'i,  Boxf/.  t'onlu  ]{,,  107.  He  also  gave  im])ulse  to  education,  though 
midcr  till' old  ecclesiastic-'  y^tem.   Montiifnr,  H(.-i<na  llitf.,  v.  IT-"). 

•'H'orrcspond.  on  tlij  subject  in  j<i.,  184-t). 

■'^  Fault  was  found  v,-ith  tlie  clause  rc(|uiring  tlic  election  l>y  the  people  of 
nil  imlilic  f)inetionaries,  iiu'luding  the  ministers  of  state  an<l  judges.  It  was 
Miiil  I  lie  people  should  not  be  nu)Tested  with  so  many  elections. 

■'The  manifesto  issueil  by  the  leaders  comjirised  the  abolition  of  the  con- 
stitution, and  the  frannng  of  another  better  suited  to  the  lU'cds  of  tlic  conn 
tiy.  the  iimiieiliate  election  of  a  new  vicc-jefe,  who  nuist  be  a  native  of  Costa 
Itica,  not  under  25  years  of  age,  marrieil,  or  a  widower  with  children,  and 
piisscss  property  to  the  val'ie  of  no  less  than  .'JIO.iHMI;  one  who  had  never 
lii'cM  iiiiiiiually  punished,  e  cept  by  a  pecuniary  line,  nor  attached  for  delits 
'iiiitnii'ted  in  tlio  state;  he  nnist  have  served  in  other  public  oHices  witliout 
tiuiit,  and  must  be  in  favor  of  independence  and  a  separate  government  for 
tliii  st.ite.  A  new  legislative  chamber  was  to  be  immediately  convoked,  and 
till'  niarmcr  of  election  fixed  by  tlie  chief;  meantime,  the  present  assendily 
Mils  til  continue  its  sittings.  The  chief  wius  to  select  a  good  port  on  the 
iimth  ci-ast,  and  make  a  road  from  it  to  the  capital  with  funds  of  the  treas- 
ury, Vo.tta  J{.,  P(tj).  Siielton,  nos.  1,  2;  Dunloi^a  Cent.  Am.,  252-3. 


■:l 


ii 


1,  ^<  . 
1', 


I  ':■ 


228 


REPUBLIC  OF  COSTA  RICA. 


ate.  Every  one  recognized  Gallegos  as  an  upriglit 
man,  against  whom  no  complaint  was  made."  Alt'aro 
accepted  the  r61c,  went  into  office  on  tlie  9th,  and  ini- 
me(hately  proceeded  to  carry  out  the  [)urposes  of  the 
revohition.  EK'ctions  took  place  under  the  existino- 
constitution,  Alfaro  being  chosen  jef'e,  and  Jose  M. 
Castro  vice-iefe  and  secretarv-«>eneral.  The  latttr 
henig  the  intellectual  superior  of  Alfaro,  every  branch 
of  the  administration  finally  fell  under  his  control. 

The  constituent  assembly  met  on  the  loth  of  Scji- 
tember,  and  completed,  on  the  21st  of  January,  1S47, 
the  new  constitution,  which  was  pronmlgated  at  onco. 
to  have  efl'ect  from  and  after  the  Tth  of  Marcli.  ** 
Exjierience  having  shown  that  several  clauses  of  this 
instrument  were  practically  inexpedient,  and  that 
others  were  not  clearlv  worded,  under  article  IS"  (•!' 
the  same  congress  subsequently  adopted  a  nuujbcr  of 
amendments,  which  had  been  asked  for  by  a  majority 
of  the  municipalities.'"  The  elections  for  supniiic 
authorities,  decreed  on  the  I7t]i  of  February,  took 
])lace;  the  constitutional  congress  assembled  on  tlic 
1st  of  IMay,  and  after  counting  the  votes  for  ])resi(h  iit 
and  vice-i)resident  on  the  5th,  declared  Castro  iluly 
elected  for  the  first  ])()sition  and  Alfaro  for  the  second. 
They  were  inducted  into  office  on  the  8th.''^ 

Castro's  admini.stration  had  to  overcome  serious 
obstacles  which  might  bring  on  political  convulsions 

■"  Jli.s  ri'moviil  from  tlio  cxijciitive  soat  ro.siiltcd  fnim  the  intrigucis  of  .1 
few  wlio  kiu'W  that  lio  couhl  not  be  iiiado  a  roiivi'iiiuiit  tool. 

'"'It  was  (liviikMl  into  14  soction.s.  iilaccd  tlic  oxcuiitivu  in  a  itre.sich'ut,  funl 
croati'il  a  vit't'-iU'c.siiU'nt.  Tlio  k'i,'ifihitivo  authority  was  Vfstfil  in  a  coiiu'iiss 
of  a  singli!  cliainbor,  presiduil  over  hy  the  vicu-prusiiU'nt.  Tiio  Koiiiun  r  iih- 
olic  ridigion  was  the  only  one  permitted,  and  it  remaini'd  iia  tliat  of  the  st.ity 
and  luuiur  its  protection.  Casta  li.,  L'otiKtit.,  1847,  \  'H;  hi.,  ('ondit,  I'olit., 
1847,  1-118;  /(I.,  Col.  L<!/.,  x.  1~5G;  AM.nliurwujii,  Cent.  Am.,  41) -'.». 

•''  Nov.  'i'i,  1848,  and  proiiudgated  l)y  the  executive  ou  the  30th.  A  l:iw 
regulating  tlie  election  of  the  supreme  authorities  was  passed  l>ec.  "Jiltli. 
(VW<i  /.'.,  Coii.st!t.  PoUt.  (ed.  of  1850,  8'),  I-IIS;  Cosla  ]{.,  Col.  Ltij.,  x.  :i'7- 
408,  4l2'2-5'2;  EL  Unii'vr.wl,  June  8,  184!). 

"^  El  Arm  Iris,  Oct.  14,  1847.  Alfaro  was  not  pleased  at  being  lowcicd  tn 
tlio  second  place,  even  though  he  had  ex-ofticio  tlie  jiresidemy  of  iMiiiiZiiss. 
Ho  resignecl  on  the  1st  of  Oct.  of  the  same  year,  and  Juan  Kafael  Mori  Ik- 
came  his  successor.  Costa  li.,  liiforme  lidacioncs,  ap. ;  /(/.,  Col.  Liy.,  x.  SI>-(, 
KJO-l,  187-8. 


INDEPENDENCE  DECLARED. 


'.'29 


ill  iIk!  near  future.'"  Indeed,  several  disturbances 
lirnkc  out  at  Alajuela,  headed  hy  Alfaro  and  his 
tVi.  lids,  whicli  were,  however,  easily  (juelled  by  Pres- 
i(l.  lit  Castro,  and  once  by  Vice-president  Alora,  when 
tlu:  |)ivsi(K'nt  was  absent.*"  The  last  of  tlie.se  trouldes 
caused  some  bloodshed. ''^     Albeit  the  revolts  were  put 


Ali.MS   UK   CoslA    UlCA. 


II 


"'•'■I'^tro  had  cncinios  in  Sail  .lose.  l[c  was  .icciisimI  nf  liringiiig  al)..ut,  (la- 
tt;ii.s  clismi.s.sal.  This  a.-i.-iiTtiou  was  icjicaU'.l  Inmi  iiiouih  to  iiiuiitli,  and 
c.iiiii'  t(i  lio  liflii've.l  hy  many.  Moreover,  .sumr;  nica  tli.it:  lu'  locked  on  as  liis 
iiiiihl.s  siijigustud  to  liini  unwi.so  nii'a.stirfs,  with  the  view  of  (laiiiai;iii<,'  his  ad- 
ii.iin.tialioii.  L'nt'ortiiiiatfly,  oonHi'css  hof,Mn  to  show  aristocrat iotuilih  ncios, 
1^  ■  ini^;  tlio  aholishud  connicllations  witliniit  o|i|io:.ition  on  Castro's  iiart. 
!»'•  titlo  of  ExoLdlency  was  voted  to  itself,  the  pr.sident,  and  the  .snpiviiie 
'Hint.  ^ 

"Cistro  and  Mora  dift'ered  on  many  iioints.  The  iire.sident'a  eirele  con.sid- 
'^■'i  Alora  a  dangerous  eonipotitor.  Congress  treated  .Mora  with  marked  in- 
'lill'iviiei.,  tliough  he  had  restored  ^leace  in  Alajuela  with  only  'JOO  men.  Ho 
I'^igiied  the  viee-presideney.  An  ijeetion  heing  ordered,  at  the  second 
•i|Mii|,t  Manuel  .lose  Carazo,  a  friend  of  Castro,  was  elio.seii.  (.'arazo  was  aii 
jil'l"  aihl  Well-informed  man.  lie  resigned  the  otliee  on  tho  24th  of  \ii" 
I'm  was  reelected  Seiit.  'J'Jd.    A/.,   I'.IO,  .-{(Mi  7,  :{l()   I'-',  ;W7  !). 

'"'"-/'t  A'.,   //(/   J{,/„rioi,is,  10   !•.>,   •_>.•(.-).     In  Nov.   of    the  same   ve.ir  all 


) 


MM  Ml 


n 


m 


'^fi! 


REPUBUC  OF  COSTA  RICA. 


down,  the  state  continuea  much  agitated.  Inflam- 
matory writings  against  the  president  were  secretly 
circulated,  which  the  government  gave  importance  to, 
and  the  official  press  tried  to  counteract  their  influ- 
ence. Castro  concluded  to  resign  his  office,  but  con- 
gress by  a  unanimous  vote  refused  to  accept  the 
resignation.®'^  Costa  Rica  having  by  the  act  of  litr 
congress,  on  the  30th  of  August,  1848,  declared  hw- 
self  a  sovereign  and  independent  nation,  under  the 
title  of  Repiiblica  de  Costa  Rica,  that  body,  on  tlio 
•29th  of  the  following  September,  adopted  a  flag,  coat 
of  arms,  and  seal.""* 

Costa  Rica  was  the  first  state  of  Central  America 
to  be  recognized  as  an  independent  nation  by  S})aiii, 
which  was  done  in  the  treaty  of  May  10,  1850,  M'liicli 
was  ratified  by  Costa  Rica  March  0,  1851.  The  iv- 
])ublic  made  a  concordat  with  the  Roman  pontiH",  \\n- 
the  understanding  of  ecclesiastical  aft'airs,  on  tlio  7tli 
of  October,  1852.  She  has  endeavored  to  maintain 
cordial  relations  with  the  powers  of  Europe  and 
America.  To  that  end  she  concluded  treaties  witli 
the  United  States  of  America,  the  Hanseatic  Towns, 
France,"*  Great  Britian,  Belgium,  Holland,  ]taly, 
(lermany,  and  several  of  the  Spanish- American  re- 
publics. With  Guatemala  a  treatv  was  entered  into 
\n  February  1850,  and  the  government  awaited  tlie 
result  of  the  eflbrts  of  the  other  three  states  to  << in- 
stitute themselves  under  one  nationality;  and  wluii 
they  failed,  and  the  states  assumed  the  role  of  iinK- 


|)nlitical  (ifTciKlors  woro  iKirdnncd,  and  a  war  tax  which  had  heoii  Icvii'l  u 
Alajiiflawasordoredri'fuudL'd.  Co.-</(i  II.,  Col.  Lnj.,  x.  'JUD-SM),  374-(>,  410:  hi., 
/'iijK  Siicl/tM,  iios.  H-5;  Moliiiii,  Bi)"'!.  Co.4a  A'.,  107-8. 

'"(.'ougrcHs  took  into  consideration  a  nnnd)cr  of  petitions  from  inline  ntuil 
sources  liighly  cf)ninienilatory  of  Castro's  acts.  Castro  on  the  Kith  oi  N"^. 
had  l)ccn  made  a  general  of  division.     Moiittifar,  Jfcscnit  Jlitt.,  v.  S'J.")  ti,  •"'•'" 

"■"The  flag  had  five  horizontal  stripes,  of  which  the  centre  one  occuinid  'Hi'' 
third  the  width  of  the  Hag,  and  the  others  one  sixth  each.     The  centir 
was  red,  the  one  ahovc  and  the  one  xindcrncath  it  were  white,  and  tlm 
two  hlue.   Contit  R.,  Col.  Let/.,  x.  3.54-(). 

"*  France  sent  in  April  1847  the  corvette  Ln  Oi'nie  to  make  dcmiim 
behalf  of  her  subject  Tliierriat,  which  Costa  Rica  settled  by  paying  .^10, 


tnpi' 
itlaT 

Is  on 


n.l 

•itli 
lis, 

aly, 
w- 

iiito 
llir 

•dU- 
lirll 


lil    u 
/■'., 

,uti;il 
INhv, 

lll  ow 

Itrii"" 
IcitlaT 

lis  on 


THE  BOUNDARY  QUESTION. 


'J3I 


niiident  republics,  it  made  similar  diplomatic  arrangc- 
iiRiits  with  them  as  foreign  nations.*^ 

Tliu  boundaries  of  Costa  Ilica  with  Nicaragua  on 
oiK!  side,  and  with  Panamd,  one  of  the  states  of  Co- 
loiiiliia,  on  the  other,  have  been  a  source  of  constant 
iiiixiety,  repeatedly  occupying  the  minds  of  the  diplo- 
iiuitos  of  the  three  countries.  Fortunately,  the  points 
in  dispute  have  been  peaceably  discussed  by  the  gov- 
eiiiiiiLiits,  though  the  press  and  politicians  have  not 
always  touched  upon  them  with  the  same  spirit.  The 
district  of  Xicova  or  Guanacaste,  at  one  time  under 
tli(!  government  of  Nicaragua,  became  annexed  to 
Costa  liica  in  1824.  This  annexation  was  acce])ted 
l»v  the  Costa  Jiican  assembly,  and  tlie  federal  congress 
allowed  it,  in  a  decree  of  December  0,  1825,  us  a  pro- 
visional arrangement,  to  be  in  force  till  an  op})ortuniiy 
was  had  to  run  the  boundary  between  the  two  stattss. 
Tliis  congress  took  no  further  action  in  the  premises; 
and  since  the  dissolution  of  the  Central  American 
union,  the  district  remained  attached  to  Costa  liiea. 
Nicaragua  never  assented  to  the  segregation,  though 
she  made  no  attempt  to  recover  the  territory  by  force 
of  arms.  She  has,  however,  endeavored  to  sustain 
Ik  r  right  to  it  in  repeated  diplomatic  negotiations."" 
The  time  came  when  Nicaragua,  being  invaded  by 
Willlaiii  Walker's  filibusters,  and  the  indopcndcuce  of 
all  Central  America  threatened,  the  citizens  of   the 

'•'  I'uU  ])iirtioulars  on  the  foreign  relations  are  given  in  Molina,  Bo/i</.  Casta 
/,'.,  II  10,  (ll-'_>,  ll'_'--n);  III.,  Coup  (I'liil  Costa  R.,  3;  Costa  A'.,  Col.  L,i/.,  x. 
Xill  47;  xii.  T)  18.  <»4,  202-7;  xv.  'J-J,");  xvi.  19."M>;  xviii.  <).■>  (>,  171-.SS;  xix. 
KIT  '.I;  XX.  'J4-8;  xxiii.  184~'20U;  xxiv.  171-97;  I''.,  ile  ]S(;'.),  2]ti~'2'2;  hi.,  do 
iST'.l,  1)1 -:J;  /,/.,  Oor.  (/(-  doh.,  Jan.  iL',  '2(),  Feb.  'S.i,  Maroii  9,  IS.IO;  Id.,  BoL 
<>ii,:.  Doc.  8,  '21,  i.Hi-7,  '-'9,  18r).1;  .Ian.  5,  Apr.  '20,  18,")4;  Id.,  Iitfoninsy  M,i>i., 
Ilitiifiiiiiis,  18,")0-8<);  Soli:,  Diitrio,  Nov.  T),  187");  Con;/,  (llolic,  18(10-1;  Siiiitli- 
laiiiiiiii  /,',j)f,  18(W,  54;  Colo)i)hi<i,  Dinrio  Ojir.,  Fel).  14,  1874;  U.  S.  (1  rt  Ihir., 
liiitli  cont;.  '.M  suss.,  sen.  i.,  19  vol.  i.;  /(/.,  ;i9tli  e<ing.  '2A  scss..  For.  Ail'.  (Mess, 
and  Doc.,'  Dcptof  St.,  ptii.),  4:10-45;  1,1.,  40tli  eong.  "jascss.,  For.  All'.  (Mess, 
ami  Doc,  Duritof  St.,  ptii.),  277-80;  A/.,  4-J.l  eon^.  '2d  «.  s.,  H.  Kx.  Hoc,  1 
Kor.  U  •!.,  p.  7  (•_'49-r)'_');  Id.,  4lM  cong.  a.l  sesa.,  F<ir.  Kel.,  p.  xxxv.  (l.")8  01); 
I'liii.  <!'ii\,  Apr.  10,  1870,  antl  nunierons  other  works  in  varions  langnajies. 

'''Mc  armicd  that  the  constitution  of  Costa  11.  of  18*25  dcclareil  her 
liiniiiiLiry  to  Tie  at  EI  Salto,  not  at  La  Flor;  to  which  Costa  K.  replieil  that  tlio 
iiistniiiKnit  alluded  to  was  anterior  to  the  federal  decree,  and  tiicreforo  could 
nut  ciiilirace  Nicoya  in  Costa  Rican  territory;  buc  after  this  decree  the  funda- 
iiautal  laws  of  Costd  R,  did  take  it  in. 


nil 


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hi 


Wf 


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if 


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>1 


I' 


I 


RKPUIJUC  OF  COSTA  RICA. 

five  republics  at  once  saw  tlie  necessity  of  liaving  tin; 
(juestion  amicably  settled."^  The  other  republics,  nion; 
particularly  Salvador,  brought  their  influence  to  beai; 
and  a  treaty  was  concluded,  duly  ratified,  exchanged, 
antl  published  as  tlie  law,  to  govern  the  boundary  ho- 
twecn  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Kica."'  Under  its  second 
article,  both  contracting  parties  ceded  a  portion  of 
their  claims,  Costa  liican  territory  not  reaching  the 
lake,  nor  the  Flor  River,  but  merely  the  centre  of 
Salinas  ]3ay.  On  the  other  hand,  Nicaragua  no  h  )iiger 
claimed  territory  t()  th.e  Salto  or  Alvarado  lli\er,  but 
limited  it  to  the  af<»resaid  bay,  and  to  the  line  j»ie- 
scribed  in  the  treaty.'*''     The  acts  of  several  congresses 

*'Nic.  had  (IcmandcMl  the  restoration  in  184:$,  which  h;(l  to  the  iniikiii;,'  of 
a  vuhuiiiiious  ])r()to('ol,  without  any  (U'iiiiitivo  I'csnlt.  Moiifi/j'iu;  Jt'taii'iii  J/14, 
ii.  'J'J'.t  :{|;  iv.  HSl!-:{;  Costa  /.'.,  dil.  A-//.,  viii.  H-i. 

'■'"'I'lii;  treaty  was  made  at  San  .Jose,  Costa  II.,  on  the  l.")th  of  Apr.,  l\"iS, 
and  signed  l>y  .lose  M.  (.'ana.s  and  Maximo  .Icie/,  i>h'nipotentiaries  res[iiit- 
ively  of  Costa  R.  and  Nie.,  and  l>y  J'edro  R(imnlo  Negrete,  mediator  on  tlie 
]iart  of  Salv.  The  si,i;natnres  of  the  .si  cretarie.s  of  the  thi'ee  legations  alsi) 
ajppear  to  the  instrnment.  Tlie  ratilieations  were  made  in  (hie  form,  and  ex- 
ehanged  by  the  two  govts  on  the  'Jtith  of  April,  the  same  year,  'i'lu;  ticaty 
M,(s,ip[)roved  hy  tlie  ><'iearagiian  eonstituent  congress  May  iJSth,  and  pnhlislitii 
by  President  Tom;ia  .M.irtine/  and  his  secretary  of  state,  .hinc  4tii.  I'lnltr 
its  '_M  article  the  diviiiing  line  was  to  be  as  follows:  Starting  from  tin;  Atliiiitic 
Ocean,  tiic  line  to  begin  at  tin;  extreme  end  of  J'nnta  deCastilla,  at  tlie  nioiitli 
of  the  River  San  .luan,  and  continne  on  the  right  bank  of  that  sti-eani  to  a 
point  in  waters  liclow  the  Cas^.lio  Viejo,  at  three  JOnglish  miles  from  tiii'oiitir 
fortilications.  'J'iienee  a  curve  was  to  conniienee,  wliose  centre  shuidd  ]\v 
tiiosi!  works,  and  distant  therefrom  in  all  its  course  three  J'Jiglisii  mih  s,  and 
terminating  at  a  point  distant  two  miles  from  the  bank  of  tiie  river  in  waiters 
above  the  fort.  Thenee  tlio  lino  siu)nld  eontimie  in  the  direction  of  S;i|ic>;i 
River,  which  empties  into  Lake  Nicaragua,  following  a  course  invai'ial)ly  l\\u 
miles  distant  fi-oin  the  riglit  margin  ot  the  San  .Inan  River,  with  itsciuvis 
to  its  source  in  tlie  lake,  and  from  the  right  margin  of  tiio  same  lake  to  tlic 
said  Sapoii  River,  where  this  line,  parallel  to  .said  margins,  ends.  From  tlu 
point  where  it  may  coincide  with  tiio  Sapoa  River,  wiiich  nnist  of  course  lie 
two  miles  from  the  lake,  an  astronomical  line  should  lie  drawn  to  the  ceiitial 
point  of  tiie  bay  of  Salina.s  on  the  racitie  Ocean,  wiu're  tlio  delimitatien  el 
tiic  two  contracting  powers  will  terminate.  The  Gtii  art.  gives  Nie.  tiic  ex- 
clusive control  over  the  waters  of  the  .San  ,Tuan  River  from  its  source  in  bake 
Nicaiagna  to  the  point  where  it  empties  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  Costa  U. 
retaining  tiie  right  of  navigation  in  said  waters  for  trading  purposes  from  tlii' 
month  of  the  river  to  adistance  of  rdiree  English  miles  from  tiio  Castillo  N'iejo. 
L'oc/iii,  Cud.  Nie,  i.  i:{7-tl;  Co.s'/!a  A'.,  Col.  Lvii.,  xv.  7.")~tJ,  lSl>-8;  1,1..  Injorm,- 
C'oh.,  1S.-)S,  12-i;};  Ii/.,  Inf.  lid.,  ]8()0,  «;  S'alr.,  OncrUi  Otic,  .Tune  7,  \^n, 
61:1-14;  HI  Xaciomil,  .June  20,  IS.W,  10;  Peraltti,  liio  S.  JiMii,'2i-5;  BMi,  /.'• 
JV7f.,  i.  :i.")!)-(52. 

"'■"The  treaty,  after  being  completed  and  published  in  tiie  official  journal  nl 
Nie.,  was  commnnicatod  by  both  govts  to  the  foreign  diplomatic  corps  ac 
credited  near  them,  as  well  as  to  their  own  representatives  abroad.  -Ul 
frienilly  nations  came  to  look  on  it  as  an  accomplished  faet« 


i^lVKUS  TUKATIES. 


1"  XT'"  •>'ia 

oi  Aicaragua  in  after  vears  ;..  ]•    .    , 

^^-^.  officially  uttemi    byXi  :.^,t''^^"*^>      ^^"t  a  w.J 
;[^^u,.st  rts  validity.     After^^:*^^^  •  "^  ^^^en  yeai-s 
''"'»'ts  Ayon,  her  n.inistor  of  f     '•     '^'^  ^'^^'  *-'^'«t'^I, 
l-,t  to  the  national    ."X",    aif'\  f^''^'  '"  '^  ^- 
a".l  tlie  boundary  question  vtf'  "^'"I'^tc'd  ,ts  validity 
••  ?^-ave  diplonuUic^d^^  ^^  re.>,>ened,-  givin.  rEi 
-tu-eon  the  citizens  of^E    t" '"'"' ".^  ^'^tle  ill  M^,^ 

f''-'\    Atlast,eari;  n  ,88s7;fr^'""^  ''''  to 
'^vuKua    I^  pIenij,otentiaHet\i"  r'^''^««'^''<"<iin 
"•'."^■.the  dispute  to  a„   e,     ?.  %^"^^}   ^"""tric-s    to 
'"    '>I",^-  the  treaty  hefbic     'ho  v"      '''""^  Cardenas, 

-«. -"hi;;  iSGt'u  "  ^'>;*'"^^  *'-  treaty],..,  , 

^"''"■'""^'  "ithi,.  tlu.      t  ,     ,      V'^  ^^'^■-  ''^tahlij,;     t    ;    ""'•^•l'"l'lic.s.      Ho 
'('"■-"""'.^norcMUhoK-.       „     ■'■"'"■■^  '"'  ""^timoa  h.     /,,"?'  V^  ^''"  •''"'t^-, 

;''''\'>''''i''m./,,v,„ ' 'r.^T^     ^•''''«titu,.w,fc'V:,,r;'''''r''''"' <'■''* ^'ven 

"T'  ^"''''  '-'.  a  I^     /:?*>'  t"  '-  vhH.I  an.li^  '"'-'•  "f^ican,g„a^ 


5f    I. 


j;  !i 


i 

ifM^HMMM 

Hi^' 

'i'fflH^^H 

p  ' 

,11 1— 

M 

■LdiL 

1     II 


!.      '! 


REPUBUC  OF  COSTA  RICA 


1   I 


respect  the  boundaries  then  existing  between  them, 
and  to  jnter  at  an  early  convenient  opportunity  into  a 
special  convention  directed  to  fix  the  dividing  linc.'^ 
The  antecedents  of  the  subject  will  be  found  in  a  note 
at  foot."*  All  subsequent  royal  provisions,  down  to 
1 803,  tend  to  confirm  the  limits  of  Costa  Hica  that 
were  fixed  for  Cherino  <m  the  Atlantic  side.  But  on 
the  20th  of  November,  1803,  a  royal  order  placed  the 
island  of  San  Andres,  and  the  coast  of  Mosquito  from 
Capo  (irracias  il  Dios  to  the  River  Chagres,  under  tlie 


CusiA  Rica. 


"All  extract  of  that  treaty  is  given  in  Montitfai;  h'c-icnit  If  Lit.,  i.  '_'S|l-!lt(. 

"'The  royal  coinniissiou  of  Diego  ile  Artio<la  Clierino,  governor,  ciiiHaiii- 
general  of  Costa  R.,  issued  in  l.")73,  fixed  the  boundaries  of  the  proviiui'  lidiii 
the  'euihoeadura  tlel  Desaguadero  o  rio  Sun  J\ian  de  Nicaragua  liasta  hi 
frontera  de  Veraguas  en  el  Mar  Atlantico,  y  ilesde  los  liuderos  de  Xicova 
liasta  los  valles  de  Chiriqui  en  el  Raeitico. '  Mnlimt,  Baiq.  VoiUi  li.,  14;  /'/., 
Cox'a  It.  !i  Nuevd  Onniada,  0-10,  1(5-35.  P'cliije  Molina  l)eing  in  the  service 
of  Costa  R.,  and  intrusted  with  the  defence  of  her  interests,  his  assirtioiis 
might  he  by  some  deemed  biassed;  but  the  testimony  of  .Juarros,  the  historian 
of  Guatemala,  who  wrote  with  the  offieial  docs  before  him,  is  not  open  to  tlu' 
same  objection.  He  says,  speaking  of  Costa  R.,  '  sus  terminos  por  el  mar  ilil 
norte,  son  desde  la  boca  del  rio  San  .Juan  hasta  el  Escudo  de  Veraguas;  y  [mr 
el  siir,  desde  el  rio  de  Alvarado,  raya  divisoria  de  la  provincia  de  Nieavauiia, 
hasta  el  rio  de  Boruea,  termino  del  reino  de  Tierra  Firme,'  Jlontti/ai:  I!' ma 
Hkt,  ii.  230. 


DISPUTED  TERRITORY. 


236 


supervision  of  the  viceroy  at  Bogot.i.  Nueva  Granada, 
now  Repi'ilica  de  Colombia,  has  maintained  tliat  this 
royal  order  made  a  new  territorial  division  between 
tin;  capitania  general  of  Guatemala  and  the  vireinato 
of  Xueva  Granada;  and  to  the  latter  belongs  all  the 
territory  alluded  to  in  the  royal  order,  and  that  said 
territory  was  recognized  as  hers  by  the  Gual-Molina 
treaty.  On  behalf  of  Costa  Rica,  it  has  been  al- 
leged that  the  Spanish  crown  never  made  a  territorial 
division  with  a  mere  royal  order.  The  division  of 
provinces,  vice-royalties,  and  captain-generalcies  was 
cH'eeted  under  a  pragmatic  sanction,  a  royal  decree, 
or  a  roval  cedula.  The  roval  order  aforesaid  made 
no  division  of  territory,  but  merely  jilaced  San  Andres 
and  tlie  ^[osquito  Coast  under  the  care  of  the  viceroy 
at  Hogotil  because  Spain  at  that  time  had  military 
and  naval  resour'^es  at  Cartagena.  Xevcrtheless  the 
oidtr  liad  no  etfect;  it  became  a  dead  letter,  the 
viceroy  never  having  protected  that  coast.  Such  was 
the  impression  of  the  Central  American  negotiator 
of  the  treaty  of  I  825."'  With  this  same  understanding 
the  federal  government  of  Central  America  mado  a 
contract  in  1  8;3()  t(»  settle  an  Irish  colony  in  the  region 
of  Roca  del  Toro,'"  which  was  not  carried  out  because 
the  Xew  Granadan  authorities  drove  away  the  settlers, 
and  liave  ever  since  Jiekl  control  of  the  region,  disre- 
garding (Vista  llica's  claims.'^ 

Sc\-eral  diplomatic  efforts  were  fruitlessly  made  to 
fix  tlie  boixndary.'^     The  last  one  was  made  at  San 

'The  territorial  division  recoguizoil  by  liiiu  was  tliat  iiiade  in  1810,  at 
whidi  time  no  New  frraiiadan  authority  had  a  footing  in  Cent.  Am.  teriitorj'. 
A  reprosentatiou  of  the  ayuntamiento  of  Cartago  to  the  Sp.  ciirtes  in  IS] 3 
says;  'I'dsta  Rica  tiene  por  liniitea  de  su  territorio  el  rio  de  Cliiriqui  ipie  la 
separa  ile  l,i  provincia  de  I'anania.'  C<irtt!.f,  Ditirio,  \Sl',i,  xix.  404. 

'*'< 'niitract  of  Col  (ialindo,  aa  agent  of  the  govt.  Moliiin,  lioxq.  Cai/ji  Ji., 
llHI   1. 

"  Copy  of  correspond,  between  the  gov.  of  Veraguas  and  that  of  Costa  R. 
Moniiifiii;  I, '  I  s)- 111  I.  Jli.H.,  ii.  272-3;  Mot(j.  Corrc-sj^Dinf.,  2'2-.");  /'mi.,  Aw.v.  Ofir., 
iu  P":i.  Col.  Jhrx.,  no.  31,  pp.  02,  00-70:  hi.,  Sttinuid  Ifvmld,  Out.  IT).'  10, 
ISSO. 

■■"  iMu'ing  the  Walker  war,  a  treaty  was  made  at  San  .Toso  between  P.  A. 
Henvm  for  Colombia,  and  Joaquin  B.  Calvo  for  Costa  Rica,  which  does  not 
follow  tile  line  on  Molina's  niaj).  Modifications  were  made  to  it  at  Rogota, 
aiul  ratitications  were  never  exchanged.     Later  ou  Jose  M.  Castro  went  to 


I     I    LS 


i  ! 


236 


REl'UBLIO  OF  COSTA  RICA. 


Joau  on  the  25th  of  December,  1880,  in  the  form  of  a 
convention  to  refer  the  wettlement  of  the  question  at 
isHue  to  the  arbitration  of  a  friendly  power,  namil} , 
the  king  of  the  Belgians  or  the  king  of  Spain,  and  in 
the  event  that  neither  of  them  could  or  would  undrr- 
take  it,  then  the  president  of  the  Argentine  confed- 
eration."* It  is  understood  that  the  matter  was 
finally  submitted  to  the  king  of  Spain,  and  that  the 
resolution  was  long  pending. 

Political  disturbances  continuing  in  1841),  Castro 
resigned  the  [)residency  on  the  Kith  of  Novenilx  r,'" 
before  congress,  which  had  met  in  extra  session  Octo- 
ber  2d;  his  resignation  was  accepted,'*'  and  the  same 
day  Juan  Rafael  Mora  was  chosen  vice-president,  and 
on  the  24th  president  of  the  republic,  being  inducted 
into  oftiee  on  the  2Gth  of  Novend)er.'^'  One  of  liis 
first  acts  was  to  grant  an  anmesty  fi^r  })olitical  offences. 


IM  I, 


Bogota  an<l  negotiated  another  treaty,  whieh  did  not  stipulate  Molina's  lino. 
This  treaty  was  not  latilied  liy  either  govt.  Tlie  ne.\'  attenipt  was  made  liy 
]i.  Coneoso,  on  helialf  of  C'olonihia.  His  negotiations  were  mostly  verlml, 
disiegaiding  arguments  for  the  wtraight  lino  between  I'unta  de  IJuriea  and 
the  lOseudo  de  N'ei'aguas;  and  alleging  that  on  the  N.,  N.  K.,  W.,  ami  N.  W. 
of  that  line  were  C'oloml)ian  settlements,  whieh,  under  the  constitutiou  of 
his  eountry  eouM  not  he  eeded.  A  treaty  was  entered  into,  however,  wiiieii 
did  not  obtain  the  ratilieation  of  eitlier  government.  In  Costa  R.  it  waseon- 
sidered  a  ruinous  one.  Correoso  was  charged  in  Colond)ia  with  having  niaile 
a  damaging  arraiigeinont.  P(tn.,  (uiccUi  Intino,  Oct.  20,  1841;  /(/.,  dn'm.  "ji''-, 
Feb.  t),  KS');?;  /./.,  /iolrtlii.  Ojic,  Dee.  2'),  1870;  Pan.,  Oacvta,  June  ]"),  I'sll, 
June  lit,  1872,  Aug.  I'l',  2i),  Oct.  31,  1874,  May  21,  187(3,  July  2"),  Am,'.  4, 
22,  .Sept.  21),  Oct.  VA,  Nov.  10,  21,  1S78,  July  11,  Sept.  12,  Oct.  17,  2.S,  ;il, 
188);  n<ni.,  Mem.  S<r.  Ook,  187V»,  i:S~14,  35-42;  i'olomhu,  Dhirio  O/ir.,  I'di. 
2o,  187();  Co-s/'i  A'.,  Jlcm.  lid.,  1851,  5;  I<1.,  Col.  Leif.,  xiv.  54-5.  Ki'o  1;  hi., 
Iii/oniiv  Oiifiii.,  1880,  2-4;  If.  S.  Gort  J)or.f.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  41,  p.  ()4-5,  vi.  ii.'itli 
cong.  2(1  sess. 

•'■•Ratilie  1  by  the  executive,  and  sanctioned  by  the  gran  consejo  nacionul, 
of  Costa  R.,  Dee.  27,  30,  1880.   Pun.,  (Inrettt,  Jan.  Iti,  1881. 

''"Carazo,  the  vice-president,  had  done  the  same  Oct.  2tith.  Costa  It.,  Cul. 
Lei/.,  xi.  210. 

''' At  the  same  time  ho  \va.s  declared  a  benemerito,  and  the  founder  of  the 
rep.  of  Costa  R.  1<1.,  157-8,  224-5;  El  Coxtaricciise,  Nov.  17,  1840.  Thr  'ip- 
position,  however,  made  severe  comments  on  his  policy  as  reviewed  by  liini- 
self.   Allot,  d  lit  reiiiuiriii,  in  Cent.  Am.  Jli.-:cel.  Doc.,  no.  20. 

^''  Mora  was  a  Costa  Rican  of  rare  intellectual  powers,  (juite  couversanj; 
with  her  affairs;  a  wcaltliy  merchant,  who  had  travelled  abroad,  and  by  lii.s 
frankness  and  liberality  won  a  well-deserved  popularity.  El  Co^tarkenxe,  Nov. 
18,  Dec.  1,  1840;  Costa  /.'.,  Col.  Ley.,  xi.  225-0,  234-5.  Francisco  M.  Oiea- 
numo  was  elected  vice-pres.  Jan.  30,  1850.  Id.,  241-2;  Costa  R.,  Cfucetn,  IV'Ij. 
2,  1850. 


1'RE.SIDENT   MORA.  'SM 

Till'  Ixiiuls  of  discipline  and  subordination  haviniLT  1)0- 
coiiK'  ivlaxod,  Mora  had  bot'oro  liiiu  a  difficult  task  to 
ri'storu  jK'aco  and  order.""''  Ho  dealt  severely  with  the 
aiitliois  of  rovolutiisnary  niovonients.  (^astro  bt'caine 
a  ftiu'itive,  and  the  others  were  exiletl.  I'or  his  efforts 
to  r<'store  order,  congress,  on  tlie  lifjtli  of  June,  1850, 
MiiiiiU'd  him  the  title  of  bonenierito  de  la  patria. 

Till'  president's  policy  was  one  of  repression  by  all 
iiii;iiis:  but  finding  himself  oj)posed  in  the  chamber, 
he  nsiL;iied  the  executive  offici',  and  his  resignation 
not  I  icing  accepted,  took  upon  himself  to  dismiss  the 
((I  '  .itss,  calling  on  the  people  to  choose  new  rei)re- 
st'iitatives.'"' 

The  continued  revolutionary  attempts  ])laced  the 
H'ovcnuiient  in  a  difficult  pr)sition,  and  promj)ted  the 
pivsidcnt  to  adopt  severe  measures;  hence  the  orders 
el  exile  issued  against  prominent  citizens.^'' 

Mora  and  Oreanmno  were  on  the  Od  of  Mav,  185.'}, 
I'lected  ])resident  and  vice-president  respectively.^" 
I'eud  A\as  now  restored,  and  the  govermnent  devoted 
it>  ^ftf'  tion  to  the  promotion  <.)f  education,  and  of  the 
material  interests  of  the  countrv.*^' 

"■'.V(<'.,  I'oi:  /.-•<.,  May  'J,  18.">0.  In  an  addmss  ^Inra  depicts  the  situation, 
aiiil  tile  attempts  of  Qniroz  and  otliur.s  to  disturb  the  poatu  in  San  .Josi?  and 
Hi  riili;i,  tn;;utlier  witli  liis  nioasurcs  to  l)alk  thcni.  El  prrsiil.  i/c  In  nji.  d  la 
Xunni,.  ,lune  8,  1S.")0. 

"■'The  (ki'ivo  was  issued  at  the  Hacienda  do  Frankfort  en  las  I'avas,  and 
iciiuiti'isigiicd  by  Joa(piin  Bernanlo  Calvo,  minister  of  jiovt.  He  based  Ids 
lutidii  (111  the  fact  tiiat  congress  liaving  declined  to  accept  his  resignation,  he 
w;is  iiiiiile  responsible  before  (iod  and  the  people  of  evils  that  might  result 
fmm  tlie  existing  order  of  things.  Costa  /{.,  OacHa,  no.  105;  El  Siijlo,  March 
10,  IN.VJ;  rr»A(  /,'.,  (W.  Lcij.,  xii.  !»()-7. 

■".Iiisc'  M.  (.'astro,  Bernardo  llivera,  and  Nazario  Toledo.  El  Siijlo  (S. 
Salv.),  March  4,  l.sr)2. 

'"'.lune  (i,  isr>.'},  the  j)resident's  salary  vas  raised  to  3."),0()0  a  yei;r.  Cnnta 
I!..  C'l  Iaii.,  xii.  'I'MM,  •.>47-8;  hi.,  Oanta,  .Inly '23,  IKili;  Jfoinl.,  OarHa 
';/('•.,  .lime  •_'(),  18r)3;    Wai/iiei;  (W'(  A'.,  171  1.',  501)  8,  '_x.»tJ-7. 

''Mill.  Calvo's  rept  to  cong.  May  ll!,  1854.  Tiie  ehaniber  on  the  5tii  of 
Jiiiie  sanctioned  all  the  acts  of  the  govt,  and  pa.sscd  a  vote  of  tlianks  and 
iiiiii;ratulation  to  the  president,  'por  el  acierto  y  prudeucia  con  quj  la  ha  re- 
iuW  Vom  Jt,  Me-7i.  Bel.,  15. 


m 


CHAPTER   XII. 

REPUBLU'   OF  NU'AKA(;UA. 

ISSS-lSi')'). 

State  OovEnKMENT — Dirhctor  Buitr.\c;o's  Conservatism — British  Ac- 
cRE.ssioN — DiuEcroR  iSamh)vai,'s  Rn.E— Ini'eknal  Troubles — ( Iiki;- 
hero's  Administration — The  Most^riTo  Kinodom — Irs  Orkjin  ash 
History — Buhules — Bkitlsii  1'ketensions— Seizcre  of  San  .Tian  hki. 

NORTE — DiI'LOMATU'    ( 'oMI'LICATIONS — t'l.AVTON-BlLWER   TrEAI  V      \|i  ■ 

ARAGUA  Recovers  her  Own — Relations  with  Forkkjn  Poweiss— An 
American  War  Ship  Bombards  San  .Tian  i>el  Norte— PixLiiAs 
Government  -KsTAiiLisHMENT  of  tiik  Reithlh' — Party  J)lssensii)N< 
— Leoitimlhts  versus  Democrats — Chamorro  and  Castellon — I'imi, 
War — Death  of  Chamorko — Estrada  Succkeds  Him. 


J    ! 


Little,  if  iiiiythiiig,  lias  been  said  in  this  liistoiy  of 
tlio  intei'ual  affairs  of  Nicaragua  since  18;}8.  L'litler 
]icr  first  constitution,  tliat  of  18'i(),  the;  cliicf  executive 
officer  of  the  state  was  called  jefo  (kil  ostado,  and  lii.s 
term  of  office  was  for  four  years.  The  second  oi'i^aiiic 
law,  pronudi»ated  in  1838,  gave  that  functionary  the 
title  of  director  supremo,  limiting-  his  tenure  of  oftice 
to  two  yi^ars.  ]^al)lo  Buitra^o  seems  to  ha\'e  i'ocii 
the  first  director  called  upon  to  enforce  the  constitu- 
tion of  is;)8.^  He  was  declai'ed  hv  the  chambers,  (tii 
the  4th  of  Marcii,  1841,  to  have  been  constitutionally 
chosen.  His  first  step  was  to  remove  from  the  otHco 
of  ministro  general  Francisco  Castellon,  who  held  it 
ad    inteiim    under    appointment    by  l^atricio  Rivas, 

' 'i'lio  followinif  iiiTsous  lield  the  oliice  !nl  int.  liiifore  him:  uaiii'"ly.  I'.itri- 
oil)  Uiviis,  .luiu'  IS.'t'.t;  'oaciniu  Cosio,  .July  1S.'{'.(;  Uiliirio  UUoa,  sLMiiitm  in 
cliiii-;,'!-,  Oct.  183!t;  Toiiiiis  Valliidiiros,  senator,  Nov.  183!);  Patrii'io  Kivas. 
Sfi)t.  IStO.  Mnruir,  I'^'rw.,  (>4;  .]fonfiifiir,  /\'c/ii'i}a  //int.,  iv.  VM:  II'"' 
//oi}</.,  4!U. 

•'Tlii'i'e  was  much  dissimilarity  of  views  on  political  matters  liotHf'ti  tlii 

1238  J 


BUITKAGO,  OROZCO,  PEREZ. 


239 


callinof  to  succeed  him  Simon  Orozco,  whom  he  could 
more  easily  control. 

Buitrago  treated  a  comnmnication  fioni  Morazan, 
sent  him  from  San  Miguel,  with  contumely;  and  af'ter- 
Avaid,  when  the  ex-president,  as  jefe  of  Costa  Rica, 
accivdited  near  him  two  commissioners,  he  declinei'. 
tu  loeeive  tliein.^  His  course  won  him  commondation 
tVdiii  the  rulers  <*f  Guatemala.*  His  term  of  office 
caino  to  an  end  on  the  1st  of  April,  1848,  and  he  was 
tt'iiu'niaril'"  succeeded  hv  Juan  do  Dios  Orozco.  The 
otficial  press  asserted  that  the  election  for  director  had 
l)erii  iiuide  with  perfect  freedom.  But  no  candidate 
luuinsx  received  the  recjuisite  number  of  votes,  the 
assi'iiibly  chose  Manuel  Perez  t<>  Hll  the  position.'' 
The  state  was  at  peace,*^  but  was  not  to  enjoy  that 
l)Oiiofit  loiijjf.  In  a  pre^'ious  chapter  1  have  spoken  of 
tlie  desolating  war  waged  within  her  borders  by  tlie 
tyrants  of  Salvador  and  Honduras.  She  was,  nioi'e- 
u\('i',  liarassed  by  the  intemperate  demands  for  J>rit- 
isli  <laimants  made  bv  Chatheld,  the  allv  of  tli(> 
aristocrats  of  (Guatemala,  who  went  so  far  as  to  thc- 
tate  to  Nicaragua  how  to  recognize  and  pay  these 
(•l.iiiiis.'  The  assembly  then  autliorized  the  executive 
to  arrange  tlio  matter  in  the   best  way  possible,  and 

two  null,  tliini;jli  ("astuUiiu  iiml  foiitriliuti'ii  to  nuitraiio's  cloctinii.  Many 
liitti'i-  ]iiililiiatioiis  iip[)earc(l  .suliSL'((UL'iitly  tidiii  tin'  ^iuils  of  tli(3  two  advcr- 
suiirs.    I'trrz,  Mem.  IliM.  li'rr.  y!r.,  4S.   141). 

'  Tiny  wcro  not  even  allowed  to  iMitcr  tlio  stati-,  ln'cauwu  of  the  treaty  of 
Oft.  IS42,  .-iigneil  liy  I'avoii,  Arriaga,  and  Duraii. 

^'I'lie  ( ^aceta  eulon;i/ed  liiiii,  and  I'avoii  .said  that  lie  wa.-i  '  nii  iiomlire  de 
(iriK'ii  (|\ie  solo  aspiialia  a  la  justicia  y  al  ileeoro.'  liuitrago's  jmsitiori  was  lie- 
I  niiii]i;,r  a  dillieult  <uu'.  Mora/an  ruled  ill  Costa  Jtiea,  hail  not  a  few  friends 
ui  NiiMiagiia,  and  imblic  oi>inion  in  the  latter  state  favored  a  conventi'jn  of 
>tiite.-i.  On  the  other  hand,  hi'  was  an.xious  not  to  foi'feit  tiie  jfood  o|iini(  n  of 
the  luilili'.,  and  nuns.  Upon  the  news  of  .Mora/aiTs  e.xci'Utii  ii  reailiiiig  J.eoii 
111'  liad  it  imlilished  with  marks  of  satisfaetion.  lie  also  olijetted,  thniigli  nut 
>triiniimsly,  to  the  landing  of  Saget  and  lii.s  eoniiianions,  yi'le]K,'d  ( 'oiiuiinhos, 
ill  .Silvador. 

One  of  hia  first  acts  v,as  toniakoFraneiseol'astellon  his  niinistro  general. 

'Tlie  new  otllcial  journal,  h'ri)  t/c  In  Lvi/,  in  its  liist  nnnilper  deciareil  that 
;ir  Oetiivian  jieace  reigned.  .\iid  iinleed,  had  Xie  iragua  hieii  away  from  oh- 
iMxiims  iiilluiniees,  peace  might  have  lieeu  maintained  under  rejmliiiean  insti- 
tiitieiis.  But  she  was,  uidiappily,  surrounded  by  states  where  for  a  time  hrutal 
fill"!'  lii'Id  sway. 

The  claimants  were  Bridge,  lUenton,  and  Manning.  P'ull  details  on  the 
ckims  of  the  last  two  arc  in  Xic,  liciii^tro  ojic,  109-10,  121-3,  132-");  Dun- 
'"ji'cf  (.'lilt.  Am.,  uo-U. 


.,  >  rat  I 


51!"  IM 


m  I  i 


Wm 


H 


if  \ 


'jt;) 


KKPUBIJC  (IF  NKARAOUA. 


Castellon,  llio  iiiinistro  j^cucrul,  jiroijosecl  to  Cliatiit  Id 
to  submit  tlu!  disputed  claims  to  arbitration,  iiamini;' 
Bisliop  Viteri  as  the  Nicaraguau  arbitrator.  Finally, 
ii  legation  was  dcs])atclKHl  to  Loudon,  Castellon  bcln^- 
the  minister  and  Miiximo  Jerez  the  secretary.^  The 
JiJritish  authorities  resolved,  however,  to  use  coercion 
in  order  to  force  a  settlement  of  tlie  claims,  tlu^  coi- 
vette  Daphne  blockading  the  port  of  Uealejo  in  Au- 
gust L84G;  and  the  government,  l)eing  without  funds 
to  meet  such  demands  at  once,  had  to  pledge  the  ]'(\- 
onue  from  the  tobacco  monopoly  during  tlie  next  four 
N'cars. 

Leon,  after  its  terrible  conilict  with  the  forces  of 
Salvador  and  I  londuras,  aided  bv  Nicarayuan  allli  s, 
w;;S  in  a  shatterc^tl  condition,  and  most  of  tlie  fainilics 
dwelling  therein  M'ere  in  mourning,  and  reduced  to 
indigence.  ^luhoz,  who  so  efliciently  c(»operate(l  In 
that  result,  had  st-cured  the  coveted  reward,  the  eoiii- 
mand  in  chief  of  t]w  western  department.  The  sr.it 
of  government  was  at  San  Fei'nando,  and  Jilas  An 
tonio  Saenz  assunu^d  the  executive  duties  on  tlu!  l.*iitli 
of  .Janu.iry,  1845."  Uiuler  the  swortl  of  Muiio/  the 
elections  for  director  supremo  were  effected,  and  .lox' 
Leon  Sandoval  obtained  a  plurality  vote.''  JIi'w.is 
declareil  duly  elected  on  the  4th  of  Ajiril.  The  assem- 
bly [lassed  sc>veral  ini[)ortant  measuri's." 

l\'ac(^  had  not  been  restored.  .Disturbances  \\r\v 
breaking  out  in  several  }>arts.     There  were    revohi- 

'^Tlicy  cinliarked  atSau  .lu:m  ilcl  Xorto  on  tlio  iltli  of  Miucli,  ISlt.  I'nitli 
hiivc  MiH'i"  (iniirt'il  iiroiuiiicritly  in  ]P(iliti«il  larclcs, 

"Sih'.i  li.iil  lii'lcf  tlm  (itlicc  liy  virtue  of  lii.s  position  as  m'liior  .senator  to  iliit 
ilatc,  when  liis  .senatorial  ierin  i";[iinil. 

""J'JIi  votes  wi'i'o  cast  tor  liini,  tlie  next  liigliest  receivinj;  only  111!'.  Tin; 
otlier  e.iuilidates  were  .lu.iii  .lose  JJiii/,  .lose  (lueri'ero,  J'alile  Buitrayo,  j.iiiiv- 
ano  J'ineda,  Jose  ]{osa  I'erez,  <1.  (.'an'uciie,  I'atrieio  I'i.as,  ami  Kal.u  1  M:>- 
I'liailo.  AVc.,  Jiiifhtro  Oji':,  47  f>;  Siun/ornl,  Jicrindis  !'(ili/.,  lit;  J)iinli>}''-<  <' nl- 
A  III.,  'I'M. 

"To  raise  two  loans  of  .s|(M>!H)  ..n:!  .'Jr'I'iO.llOO,  respectively,  and  to  iruuliite 
tlie  tiiiaiieial  system.  Trial  liy  inry  vas  snspei-.iled.  An  amnesty  Mas  issmci 
■\vitli  many  i'xee|itioiis  ni^^ainst  tlie  delenders  of  Leon,  yic,  /'(■(/iK/roO'i'-,  'il' - 
7(1.  Two  jiortfoUos  viire  crea'ed;  nimely,  that  of  war,  intrnsted  lo  l.iinj 
Ci'sar,  anil  that  of  treasury,  Jilaeed  in  cliargo  of  ilesus  de  la  Jvoili'i.  ■''i^>' 
Moiitenej^'ro  was  ministro  jicncral  and  of  forei;,'n  relations.  Tin!  adiiiinistiM- 
tive  course  of  Kruto  IMiamorro,  as  su])remo  dele;,'ado  of  the  late  coiilrili  r;uy, 
was  aiiproved  the  t»tli  of  May,  lonj,'  after  C'luiiuorro  had  vacated  hi.i  olliiv, 


nth 
thr 

was 

111- 

;.iv 
-dlu- 

,,fli;it 

•111.: 
[\   M:- 

li^siii'ii 
,  I''.' 
I.ui" 
.l,.>e 

li-tr.i- 


KKSOLUTIOX    I  TON    Ki:Vt)LUTI()N'. 


•-'41 


t'diiaiT  movoinc'uts  in  ^[aiiagua,  and  tlio  govia'nniont 
scit  thither  Ponciano  Corral  to  make  an  investiga- 
tUM,  and  quell  the  sedition.  His  nport  brou;_;lit 
iil»(  lit  the  ini{trisoiinient  of  several  eitizens.'"  A[ani- 
fcstations  in  lavc^r  of  Cabanas  at  J\ivas  w^n-e  put  down 
\\i;li  an  iion  hantl.  On  the  24th  of  June  there  was  a 
icvdlt  at  Jieon,  \vhieli  Muuoz  quelled,  and  the  o'overn- 
iiient  liad  Ic;  authors  contined  in  San  Juan  del  Xorte/'' 
Tli(^  ex(M'utive  had  jiroelainied  neutrality  in  the  con- 
t'  st  hrtween  the  i;()\-ernnR'nt  of  Salvador  and  IMales- 
jiiii,  ^vlu»  was  sustained  by  Honduras;  and  thou;j;h  he 
(■(iiicluded  with  Salvador  at  San  Fernando  a  treaty  of 
]i(a((',  lViendshi[),  and  alliance,  he  also  entered  into  a 
similar  one  with  Honduras."  The  latter  treaty  was 
iiit''nded  to  bearealitv,  and  it  is  undeniable  that  \i«'- 
iiiii^ua  was  a  faithlul  ally  antl  e<)0[>erator  of  Honduras 
(liiwn  to  the  treaty  of  Sensenti.  The  treaty  with 
Sahadoi'  was  not  made  ni  j^'ood  faith  on  the  part  of 
Xic.-n'anua. 

The  town  of  Chinande^a  was,  in  the  latter  part  of 
July,  (aptured  by  i:()0  re\olutionists  under  Jose  ^I. 
\  allc,  alias  El  Chelon,^'  who  had  eoiiie  with  sixty  or 
ii'j,lity  men  on  a  schooner  i'roni  lja  I  nion,  and  landed 
at  Cosi^iiina. '"  On  the  lidth  M.uhoz  was  attacked  in 
Leon,  hut  dcfeatetl  his  assailants.''  '^Phe  j4'ovi'rnint'nt 
iil)iiii(l()iicd   San    Fernando   and   went   to    ^Fana^ua.'^ 

'■  I'lulrr  tilt'  dcfi'i't'  of  .Fiiiio  '2.'M,  tin'  prisoiici's  weM'c  cimfiiioil  ri'sjicctivcly 
ill  liranaila,  M,it.ii,Ml|i,i,  At(iya[i.i,  Sum  I'Viiiainlo,  iiinl  Naiiil;iyriit',  and  .siili- 
jii'lril  to  jii'ii.s(u'titi(iri  liy  tiu'  cuuilM,  .Many  ihtsoms,  xpcuially  tlii^  |iarti.sans  nt' 
I  iliafias,  wi'i'o  Ljivfii  liy  ("on'al  tlii!  advice  wliicli  wan  taiitaiimunt  to  an 
"I'i' I— tiM|iiit  .'\lanagiia  and  not  ivturn.  ^ir.,  l;r,,l.<li;>  Oiir.,  itO,  "Hi  s,  |0I, 
liH. 

'■'I'lic  iMiisc  was  tilt!  indignation  at  tlio  syinjialliy  of  tlio  uovi  rnint  mI'n 
uiiits  liir  Mali's])iii  and  (iiiai'iliola. 

"Tlir  tnaty  with  Salvador  lioix'  date  of  .May  (i,  IM."),  and  was  ratilicil  liy 
'Iw  Nilvadoiaii  cJianiKiTS  .liuit-  .'ftl. 

'lilt'  iiiiini(i|>(d  autliiiritifs  and  cili/fiiH  of  tlic  |plai't',  liy  an  at'ta  on  tin? 
'-"■'Ill  (if  .Inly,  autlioriztul  Vallo  to  takf  siuli  aftiim  as  iif  dcfii'itcl  lifsl  to  upset 
!lii' fxistuii;  liovernini'iit  and  rostoi'o  constitutional  oidrr.  Mmi/n/'ir,  /I'l  ^ii'ni 
//'-'..  V,  Hill  t(t;  \„:,  lt,',i,slrn<>ji,\,  ]:iS  !>. 

'■Salvador  was  for  a  tiinu  siispcctcil  of  connivanct>  with  Vallc,  Init  she 
;'i'"Vi'il  tlu;  contrary. 

■  l>inctor  Sandovui  callcil  thcni  assassins  ami  rolihers. 

'  I  In  wi'stcni  tlt'iiartniciit  iiiitl  Managua  were  inulcted  in  .'?1'_',UM)  ns  iniii- 

■'luiii'Ill. 

lliM',  cr.NT,  Am  ,  \'i>i.  ill     |i; 


!^  I 


<\ 


I  I 

I  i 


,   ,    ,. 


24l' 


REPUBLIC  OF  NICARAflUA. 


Mufioz,  victorious  again  at  Cliicliigalpa,  marched  on 
Cliiuaiiduga,  whicli  he  occupied  witliout  opposition; 
hut  having  to  return  to  Leon,  the  insurgents  retook 
it.     He  came  hack  witli  a  large  force  on  the   IGtli  of 
August,   and  reoccu[)ied  the  place. ^'*     Sandoval  had, 
on  the  9th,  i'orhid<len  the  m(>n  who  accompanied  ^lo 
razan  to  Costa  liica  from  entering  Nicaraguan  soil 
A  ministerial  crisis  occurred  at  this  time,  Kocha  and 
Cesar  resigning  their  ]">ortfolios,  which  were  givtii  tn 
Maximo    Jerez    and    Buitrago.""     Tlieir   teimre    \\a> 
necessarilv   short,  and   thev  were  sui)erseded   in   tin 
latter  part  of  the  year  b}-  Fruto  Chamorro  and  »Josi' 
Guerrero,  the  latter  heing  almost  immediately  sik- 
cecxled  by  Ijino  Cesar.      This  new  arrangement  gave 
the  director  an   homogejieous   cabinet.     The  govci'i! 
ment  was  now  a  decidedly  conservative  one. 

The  revolution  camt^  to  an  end  in  the  latter  part  nf 
September  1845,  an  anmesty  bidng  issued  exct'iitinj 
only  tlu^  chief  leaui'rs,  and  ])ersons  guilty  of  connuon 
crimes.'-'' 

This  short  truce  enabled  Sandoval  to  pay  an  tdiici.il 
visit  to  the  several  districts.  In  Chiiiandes>a  tlic  in- 
habitants  having  abandoned  their  homes,  he  issiKd 
or'Jers  to  bring  tlunn  back."''  The  government  \v;i,- 
levvino-  heavv  taxes.  The  citizens  of  Leon,  Chinan- 
dega,  .l']l  Vic^jo,  and  other  })laces,  who  were  the  victims 
of  the  self-styled  "ejercito  piotector  de  la  paz,"  wnv 
com[>elled  to  su}>port  the  regime  which  had  its  hrin:^ 
out  of  the  destruction  of  the  tirst-named  town.  It  is. 
thcrtdbre,  not  a  mattei-  of  surprisi!  that  the  [i('o]ilr  ct 
many  towns  went  off  tti  the  woods.      Tlie  insuricrtinii 


"  llis  oHicitil  ri'iioi'ts  of  July  8th  and  ITtli  arc  tcxtiiallv  given  in  .1/"/-'  ,' 
li,H,nn  IIU.,  V.  lO-J  4;  .V(V.,  R,;jUlm  ()fu\,  I'J.S-l),  VX\-\. 

'•^■' It  is  iiioxiilii'aliU;  lu)\v  tlicsL'  two  iiiou  could  Murvo  in  tho  siiiiir  r.liiiut. 
iinli'ss  undor  souio  oni;  of  vurv  i~uiii  rior  mind  and  cliaractor,  wlnili  Siinliiv.i, 
<'i'rtainly  diil  imt  possess,  .lerez  was  a  denioi  rat,  a  friend  of  ('entr.il  Aimi 
iian  union,  and  an  admirer  of  ,Moia/an.  15uiti-ago  was  the  opposite— a  f '> 
servative,  separatist,  and  oiiponiut  of  Morazan. 

■' Leaders  surrendering  weri;  to  li('  dealt  \\it!i  liy  tlio  civil  courts  etii' ' 
wise,  if  c.iiitnred,  wi.ulil  l)e  tried  under  military  laws, 

--' l''very  one  refusing  to  return  wjs  lieavily  lined.     ( 'iiief-of-Iitirean  I'..  C.r 
tillo'a  iustruclious  to  tliu  .suhpreluct,  in  MuntiijUf,  Jtusiim  ll'tM.,  v.  "JDIi. 


SANDOVAL  AX,>  MORALES 
I      1  SMS 

uinkf  out  a<»ain    Voiu 

'""iirstv  decree  w,^  fl  ^''  ''^  ^J^oveinber      Tlu. 

:.-^^- -  M-.ro  c!,)featecl  first  I'v  '{V.f'-'""'""!'-     1'l'«  i">^nv- 

"I";''  «'tl'  W"r<;.s  .,(•  /;;,";,.';'"  *  '«  8-over,„„..„t 
;■""''  ""t  I.C.  .spared"     T  ,      v",'      *  *',"''  '"'^  "'^"i-'-s 

i:il"rts  w,.r..  mad,,  (jy  Bulh...,.         ,      , 
:■"'""  .Sa.„l,„„|  t„<..,ij    '"'"''""/""'  "tl.crs  topr,.- 

''-  l"i'iy  „K.t  fi,..,t  i,;,s„„  Fe ',.,  ;'  i;'"i"«iti'>ii.  ri.o 

'"^"■■""-"•=^  Af ;  r;  7 ' -■-.v  !-t  a,.t  „;■  ti;;' 

'';;■  "';'■'' "  "■■■'■^  .^u"..",,,  7i    . ,  ""^'"^''"1  '■"■--».s 

"I  i'..'.l.lJlln.l..  '  '  "-•  iL'tM-uiI  OH  tl„.    |,,.;fj, 

TI,"'  I'lul  of  ,Sa,Kl„va|'„  ton,,  „•„ 
-'"''l>-  ""'t  :<!„un  o„  tl,  ,  *".''\  1*"'".     ri„.  as. 

-"""*■'■  ■S.-,li„as  in  J,is  .o     ,  I         ""'■'  "'«  -■■^"•utivo 
"'  ^'>^^'Mi.,u.  to     I   .  ;  .     T'  '■"'""■'  '"a,l,.  a  ,„„„i;,: 

;r'"-V"'»''.«^^^^^^^^^ .......,•„,.,.„ 


r 


Oil 


'^  ''iw;i 


I  1  ■ 


id';!    I  'h 
'!|  i*  '>  J', 


I 


-2U 


kki'lulk;  of  nicaraoua. 


WWtlill 


:i  1' !! :'!  \  n 


■«     I  '} 


conservatives,  "iiuxlerado  y  ae  orden;"  good  relations 
^vitll  the  pope,  and  eordial  frierulshi[)  with  thcpri(>t>: 
piihlic  instruction  based  upon  tlie  requirements  of  the 
council  of  Trent.  Tlie  office  of  supremo  director 
passed,  on  the  Gth  of  April,  into  the  hands  of  Jose 
Guerrero,  who  had  been  chosen  for  the  constitutii)ii;il 
term.'"''  Acceding  to  the  repeated  petitions  of  tlie  peo- 
ple of  the  western  department,  (JJuerrero  decreed''"  to 
make  Loon  the  residence  of  the  govermnent,  and  the 
transfer  was  effected  July  20th,  tlic  ])eople  of  that  citv 
greeting  the  director  and  his  officials  with  joy  Tin 
asseml)ly,  however,  prefern^d  to  sit  at  ^lanagua,  nml 
did  so  on  the  3d  of  Heptember.^^ 

The  country  stood  in  need  of  a  new  constitution, 
but  this  could  not  be  framed  at  the  present  time.  1m  - 
cause  the  whole  attention  of  the  government  iwA 
people  w;.s  absorl)ed  by  the  (juestions  with  (jiKar, 
Ih'itain,  which  were  a  menace  to  Xicaraguan  terii- 
toiy,  and  even  to  tlie  independence  of  all  Ceiih'al 
America.  These  difficulties  were  connected  with  tlu 
possession  of  the  territory  known  as  the  Moscjuito 
Coast,  or  Mos((uitia.  The  Spanisli  autliorities  to  the 
li.st  moment  of  their  rule  over  C-'utral  America  acfcd 
in  a  manner  indicative  of  Spain's  claim  of  full  sonci- 
eignty  over  that  territory,  disallowing  the  preteiuiiJ 
right  of  the  Zambo  chief  who  under  l^ritish  prottctioi; 
had  Iteeii  dubbed  King  of  Mos(|uitia.''''" 

A  l^ritisli  aofcnt  claimed  some  vears  afterward  tliat 
the  relations  of  the  Spanish  and  Mos(juitiau  authori- 
ties had  been  in  1807,  and  even  before,  such  as  an 
held    between    inde[)endent   powers.'"^     The    so-callnl 

-"■' Saiuloval  rcturnuil  to  'Irauiula  ami  was  rt'cuivuil  witli  <s,rc.;it  luiinir. 

•'".Fnly  1(),  1S47.  This  iiu'asurc  awakciiuil  iiiucli  acrimony  dutsicli'  <<(  tl' 
huuctitcii  (K'pai'tiiiciit. 

■"  AV  llinmiiloi;  Mw.  '1\),  1S47. 

■'- Seo  y//.s^  Cnd.  Am.,  ii.  ,V.I'.>  (i07,  tliis  scries.  In  Nov.  1S0;<,  tlic  wimb' 
nortli  coast,  iiuhnling  tlic  islaml  of  San  Amlrcs,  ami  the  Mosi|uito  ('nist  o\ 
tcnilin;,'  t'r'oui  Cajic  (iracias  ii  J)ios  lo  the  ( 'liayrc  Ivivcr,  vas  jilaccd  iiinicrtln' 
viceroy  of  Xiicva  ( Jranaila;  hut  tivc  yi'ars  lator  the  transfer  was  arinullnl,  :um 
the  coast  of  >''i-i(initia  restoreil  to  Nicaragua,  to  whicli  it  had  l)ecn  ainicXi'il 
by  royal  order  of  Marcli  ."l,  ]S0;{. 

•'■'lie  liased  his  jireteii-;ion  on  tht^  fullowing  incidi^iit:  The  Carihs  nii  ti.- 
Trnjillo  line  relielled   in  ISOJ    hitakin'j  themselves  to  Mosc[.  territory.  "li<i' 


THK  MOSQUITO  VOAST. 


•;  ""'.t  -'■■f^   miles  in  \m-:ulth     V        '  '"  """"'•  »".l 

;"'-;i;H,,n,.o,,„c!  iTuiia,,  i,i,,^f  '^'i,!?''  '"  '«»",  «■.■,■,.  „f 

';-; ""  ti'^'  r«''-t"^i-..  Ai '::n^^  '■' »'"-  ■••"en. 

""'■•     I"  1815  1„.  ,  ,      '    '"•'■^''"'1  "•«  -I"  in.lili;.;.  t 
"5";|M,-  tho  oeromonv  -ul'l  V  •"'"'".  Aiiustron..  ,„,- 

''■'" '  '^"'^'  •■f  «--^^.4"t.  si,,.,.  :'.;;;'■%*''"■  i- 

""■"'-••«|..mv,n„.»„.,„  ""■•"«' >i-iti"M,  ,„„l  a 

/■"■iu.li..!  r,:,,,,,Tl      l',"'"''  niun,,,  .     l'  ,    „  "'■  "  '•""'•■'  "■..fa,.    , 

,,,='■">•»■ •  ..1,....,  7„  „„  "■■  '""-'■"■'•"».././„: 

'■:":;:;:"  ■i;";j;:S;:,!"V"*LS' " -"  - '™  :s.;:l:s^r 

J'l'it  W.i.s  ,I„,„,    ,>  •  "'•>    o'>t.    Il(u,l,rsun\ 

^■^:-.  ^^is«  S^r  s.st;^;  - ,»  "  i^  f  5-  »:E";r 
;'■'",'";■■'  •'•"''  «'..Vv ;;?";■'' ,""■  ^-^^^  rC'^r^'r^- ■■<  •"->- 


'!  n  ; 


3LUEFIt;i.DS3Ll'l"f 


^.  .'"i    Jihulii'lils  IVw  n'\ 'i\ 


(liilfof 
S<tii  .Jiuiu 


Mi)S(jri  TIA. 


Hritisli  Avar  ve^sol   mux-        i    ■  •  ^^^ 

^iV'U-mHiiBioH''     t''"'^'.>'^'^'   Jhiu  and  his  chiefs  in 

H^f^i^ratums,  and  fUJ],  CiWe     ,!7  f  ^'''  ^^^^'  «^' 
'vtri.'vo  Jnni«elf'  froni  view  u^  ^'^  ^'"«Jtl    not 

f.'^'  '-tt^N  Wl.ic.h  soon  n,  Je  r^;  •*'^'   ^'^I^T'^^^^^    f''<"» 

^""^  •""!  his  Jife   becai,  1:   '""'  ^""^  ^'^''^rt  failed 

-".l.n.-  h„„  presents,  u.kI  (tm^  ^"^^^^vst, 

'"^  ^^  ^-t  India  educat^n     •  ^'''^^  .''^'■^  the  .fibct  H f 
■Col  Arthur  ti,  '-^^"^^^'  -bi-edenck. 

^-T-- »"-;'»:;--  -•!;. ;;» ;;*  rv^ '";;Si^s  ,td,s 

;»- 1"  '«"Vi>i « t  Si";:'  "'■""■"'  ''»'"'■»  «k™-,;"  t,"*  ;» ? ''-i 

'"»"".'  ■""!  c;,lat  S;.;  '"■■"';""'.  a"'l  lis  ..i.iiiL         ;■"'""  "»  l'"'<'ry. 

:,"*  ■,";i«'*'i  ""'w'  's-'-'^ii".,*-". 'i  i" ' "  ...iS';;".',,  r,';;r '" 


■  •i.  J 


,  j  ,    i  i  ! ;  I  i 


■  ,'| 
kiMi 


'iij 


ilErUBLiC  OF  NICARAGUA. 


Moofjuito  annals  do  not  record  what  l>c('anie  of  him. 
Tlic  iioxt  kin^-  was  llohort  Charles  Frederick,  who 
helievini'"  hiniseit'  a  ical  nioiiareli,  for  and  in  cdiisidt  r- 
ation  ol  abundant  ('(jnti'ihutions  of  rum,  to  which  Ic 
was  nnu'h  addicted,  Ix'^an  to  make  large  grants  n{' 
land,  some  of  whicli  cariied  with  them  the  rights  i>t' 
absolute  sovereigid.y.  ]Most  of  these  grants  weic 
afterward  cancelh'<l,  and  the  king  was  taken  hy  tin- 
British  authorities  to  Belize,  and  kej»t  under  contii  I. 
He  died  there,  leaving,  in  a  s  -calh'd  last  will,  daod 
in  l^\l)ruar\'  1  H40,  to  Suj)erintendent  ]\racdonald  tlic 
regeiicv  of  his  dominions  during  the  minoiity  of  lii> 
heir,  the  ])riiH;ess  liu'Z  Ann  Fredei'ick.'"'  Macdoii.iid, 
whether  as  sucli  ri'gent  or  as  an  otHcer  of  the  Jhit- 
ish  crown,  a.|)[>ointed  his  private  secretary,  I'atiick 
W^alker,  to  reside  at  Jilewtields,  and  have  charge  of 
the  affairs  of  Mos(|uitia  ;  sinc(>  which  time  tlie  shoic  hc- 
gan  to  assume  nmch  importance,  at  least  in  a  ]»olitii;il 
sense.  AVaJker  estai)lished  a  council  of  state,  and 
soon  oj)eiied  a  disj)ute  ahout  houndai'ii's  witli  tlic 
Central  vVmerican  states,  giving  rise  to  grave  question.s 
which  occupied  the  attention  of  other  goverimieiits, 
and  of  whicii  1  will  treat  latei'. 


ii 


■l^\' 


Several  atttnnpts  were  made  smce  the  early  days 
of  tlic  present  century  to  colonize  the  Mosquito  sIkhv, 

the  Atl;mti(.'  to  tlio  I'aeific,  via  tlio  river  San  Juan  and  lakes  NicaragiM  :.;iil 
Leon,  witli  an  imlix  ami  a  prcfaeo  l)y  Ivlwafd  Irving,  is  a  littlo  book  ij.'^ii  ip- 
tive  of  tlio  autlioi-'s  journry  up  the  San  .luan  Kiver  to  J^^'on  througli  l-iki' 
Nicaragua,  and  of  tiadini;  voyages  in  whieli  lie  was  many  ycai's  eii;.M:;t''i 
among  the  Indians  of  llond.,  Nie.,  and  Costa  K.  His  ojniortunities  fm- (>!■• 
servation  seem  to  have  lieen  good,  and  his  manner  of  setting  forth  the  iiiier- 
mation  thus  ohtained  is  clear  and  aiiparcntly  reliable.  On  .Mosquitia  aii'l  lur 
govt  and  [leoplo  he  gives  nuieli  tliat  is  really  interesting  and  useful,  //.  //. 
IJoiiii;/''  is/lr's  S}<(iiii-ih  A  iiirricii,  or  a  dcxcrijilirc,  /li.-^/iir/i'n!,  oiid  i/i'0<jrii}'/i''''l  '"'- 
count  iif  tin'  (loiiihiiiDt.'i  of  Sjxiln,  London,  ISTS,  8',  U  vol.,  pp.  xxix.  .'{."(i,  v.  .'i.VJ, 
map  and  engraving,  is  mo.-tly  a  eonipilatiou.  poor  in  style,  divided  iiite  two 
parts.  Till'  lirst  treats  of  the  Spanish  dominions  in  North  Americi;  thi! 
second  of  those  in  South  America.  Everything  is  treated  in  a  eursoiy  man- 
ner, and  the  part  relating  to  Cent.  Am.  anil  the  istlimus  of  Panama  is  im  a-ie 
and  trilling. 

^-Morc  details  in  Si/iticru  Cnil.  Aw.,  041  .T;  Mnsijiiitohml,   31-3.  :fS  4(1, 
47-50,  '■2'2'y  '.):  A'i-.  jViicni.  Jfism.von,  (i;  Cnnir.t  dn.sj,,!,  'JOS-IO;  S.  Jmin.  "'"i 
33-."),   4")-!);  yHi'.'i'  Jfc,/.,   Ixiv.    130;  Fi-i.-'c/i,  Stantiii  run  Mc.c,  1)4;  Ik'f'  <n 
Ci-iit.  A  ,1.,  1.34,  140-1,  ''OS  11. 


lU 


<";)w]ilchkrn-o  tracts  „r] 
ti;>'  most  iiiiportaiit 
Sir  C' 


i'AILlKi.: 


LM9 


ilVyol' 


Wild 


and  Were  uiantcrl       \ 


Mloiio- 


hlllihC 


J''"'l)''<'t,  which  Jati 


i"<I  Glided,  al 


'■!•  was  ]< 


^"  «<'<'ii   after  started 


•lujH's  wJio   Jia,|    1,^ 
hVitisJi  CVntral  A 


'•'I't    18l';{,  d 


""^V"  us  the    f 


<nais 


><^"eii  drawn   int.)  it 


'•■^iistrouslv  f'oi.'f) 


"i.'idc  anotJicr 


i"<-'rica  La,nd  ( 


In  ^J 


10 


8;i!)  the 


•'•^ix'riinent 


'•'"I''"'y  '>i'  Lond 


^'ink'd  in  iiiil 


w, 
ill   I  s 


.  Jiad   to 


'■'•lttTl„s,„j,al,„utt«„tl,ir,ls,.ffl,        "■ 


"\l''     I^lcwh'clds, 
'd)and(»ii(.^J 


iiiti'i 


"I  is  t'citU 


"•;•-  ^\'Hl  not  as  h.althv.      f 


«t,  ]i otter  tJ, 


•Ul    Jli 


uid  it 


;«'^^ses  many  natural  el 


";••»>•  l>osaitl  tliat  tl 


i^  ,i>-reater  j);,i-t  ,,p 


'<-'  <^'onnti 


i;|'.;mom  of  t] 


*'i:-'i:^'.;iTi;r::;:r^';-?''''.':  -ii 


It'  .same  nam 


»^'iuitia,  is  (,n  tl 
I'l  the  Jatt 


•y 

lew- 
'^'  liver  and 


"'  HI|e|(Js  and    its  W,.,,   .  ']        •  ^'^"'"1"  I'Ul't  of  IS  I 


til 


'    ''^^^-m- white  and  488   I., :i 
the  laro-er.    ]-.'I,,„.^'.,i,.      ,    ^."i<Kl< 


■SS( 


'milt 


'•'>  Carlsrul 


f.  J^Jlewfic.hi.s,  ] 


le 


lavnio 


/  ^ 


J 


rr-.^?'!-'^"  this  kind 


w 


,y  W  alker,  the  Hritisl 


Y  ^'^'  the   ]ious( 


lion 


1  tl 


le  .sovereio'i 


I  a«'' 


Was  thei 


'tants, 
"1  two  \i]. 
'*>u.ses,  and 
•s  Wc!i-e 


1  I't'sided 


■•^'"t  and  consul 


■g< 


'  <>i'cuj)i(>d 
Jiei-al,  with 


'J"  the  iL'thof  Au-ust    Tqjl     Tir      , 

<;  \,  n  ^   ^^  <*1  Ce  (.>n   the 


■I  f'« 


i 


•.:.".() 


KErUHLIC  OF   NK'AUACLA. 


B  ' 


tViuatt'  Tirrrd,  hriiiixiiiiif  with  him  th*'  so-caUcd  kiii"- 
of  till'  Mos(|uitos  or  AIoscos.  At  tlu!  Siuno  tiuu.'  an 
arniccl  slooj),  under  tlio  MoH(|uito  ihig  and  conunandt  il 
1)V  iV'ter  Shcplicrd,  entered  the  port.  Tlie  coniaii- 
dante  and  re veniu;  officer,  Lii-utenant-colonel  Quijaim, 
Went  to  sec  tlk!  eonmiandini:;  otHcei-s  at  She[)ht  ids 
house,  but  was  not  received,  on  llie  jtlea  that  hdtli 
the  kiniic  and  superintendent  wen;  unwell.  An  nlH- 
cial  letter  iVoni  him  was  left  unanswered.  At  last, 
the  superintendent's  secretaiT,  together  with  the  <  ap- 
tain  of  the  frij^ate  and  the  kind's  secretary,  called  on 
(^)uijan(»  and  told  him  that  on  the  following  day  ]iis 
li-ttei-  woukl  he  answered,  re(juiring  his  recognition  n( 
the  Mos(|uito  king  as  the  ally  of  hei-  Ih'itannic  .Ma- 
jesty. Quijano  refused,  and  his  visitors  retired.  Jlc 
reitei'ated  his  refusal  in  a  letti-r  to  the  sui)orinten»l- 
ent,  and  in  the  name  of  his  government  solenmly  pro- 
tested against  his  pretension,  as  wt'll  as  against  tlir 
insults  inllicted  ou  his  country."  Ho  was  finally  notilicil 
that  if  he  intc^'fered  with  any  Jh-itish  or  Mosipiitu 
suhjcct,  hoth  he  and  )  is  govenuneiit  would  he  Jnld 
responsihle/'"' 

Till'  demands  and  insults  of  the  British  othcers  con- 
tinued until  the  JAth,  when  tliey  seized  Quijaiio  and 
carried  him  on  hoard  the  frigate,  intending  to  take 
him  to  Belize."'  The  Nicaraguau  government,  in  a 
note  to  JJritish  V^ico-consul  Foster,  denounced  the  acts 

^■' M.icildiKilil  iiiiswi'i'i'il  All;;,  l.'itli  that  'Ah-  olpjt'ot  ftf  lii.s  visit  to  tiic  iiia.it 
liucl  lii'i'ii  t(i  L'diivcy  a  iiit'ssa;.;o  iit  II.  15.  .M.  to  liir  ally  tlio  .sovi;rc'i,i.:u  of  tliu 
.Mosi|nito  nation,  and  to  a.-^c'crtaiii  liy  lii.s  om  n  oli.srrv.Uion  tlio  trnc  lioniiil,iiii.'3 
of  (lio  .Mo.s((nito  iluniinions,  ujion  wliicli  point  ho  w  islicd  to  ln^  cnliulitiiii  ■!  liy 
lj>nijano.  lie  niach;  furtiicr  doniand.s  for  a  rcoonnilion  of  his  donianil,  hut  tlic 
Nioaiaunaii  oni<'iid  invarialilv  n'tnrntd  a  n.fusal.  Mii-<'/nl/iil(ii'i/,  '2\\  "-'-•I  '': 
A'//<.s'  /.'r;/.,  Ixi.  !tS;  Ixii.  04,  -JT.");  Ixiii.]!*,  I'.U;  (J.  .':.  dnrt  Jhu:,  11.  Kx.  I'(.c. 
7"),  vol.  X.,  Slst  coni;.   1st  suss.;    }'()/^»(/'.v  Mii-ni.  S/iiirc,  'M  -J 

'''An  Iviylish  Mritcr  says:  '  Tlii.s  farco  hardly  so<'nu'd  ci)nsistont  vilh  tlic 
dignity  of  a  Hritish  olliccr,  gov.  of  a  sottltnuont.'  J)iiiiliip'.-i  Tnii:,  "Jl.")  Hi. 
(Jrowe,  also  an  I''.n^lislinian,  doclaros  it  to  have  been  an  infanions  act.  ii(,.<ji(l, 
2\'2.  It  was  not  disavowed  by  the  Krit.  govt.  iSijiiiii'.:  Trurili,  ii.  44!t;.\"«/'. 
Aniiiitc.i  Villi-,  xciv.  '_'.">!  -'J. 

•''  lie  was  left  on  a  desert  island  on  the  coast.  Mm-inr,  llf'vii:.,  54;  MunKi- 
Jar,  Ih'xciiii  llist.,  iii.  (iCJ.  Maeilonald  himself  on  tlu;  l.ltli  niiule  his  nets 
known  to  the  govt  of  Nie.,  alleging  that  he  hail  l>een  speeially  re(j'.'i';-trcl  iiy 
many  pernons  of  San  .Inan  to  remove  (i>uijauo.  The  latter  was  nndouhlrilly 
a  bad  man,  but  uo  foreign  authority  had  any  right  to  interfere  with  Jiiiu. 


UUril.^ll    INlKltl-r.lMlNCK. 


col 


III 


(if  tlir  Tlritisli  Oificiiils  at  Sati  .Tuan  as  lii^li-luuidi'd, 
iiciiisiiiH'  ^racdonald  <if  usurpiiio'  tlic  iianu-  of  lici' 
ilrit.iimic  Miijtsty  ill  su|»j»')siii_Lj  lu^r  to  Ik;  an  ally  of 
til''  so-ndlcd  ^[os((uito  kiiij.;".'''^  The  whole  American 
itiiieiit  hecame  indioiiant  at  the  ]^iitish  proceedings 
San  Jnan.  There  was  one  exception,  however, 
wliicli  must  1)('  <'lassiHcd  as  vile.  Ferrcra,  jcfc  ot 
lidiiduras,  under  the  inlhieiice  of  the  servih;  element 
dt'  <  Juatemala,  allied  with  C-hatfield,  recognized  the 
Mii-c|iiito  nation.'"' 

Cliatfield  inl'ormed  Xicaraufua  that  the  whoUf  ( *en- 
tral  American  teri'itory  lyin^'  l)(>tween  Cape  (Jraeias 
;i  I  )i()S  and  the  mouth  of  the  San  Juan  liiver  hiditiioid 
tn  the  M(»s(|uito  Uint^,  Avithont  jtrejudice  to  otiiei" 
li^lils  the  kinL;'  mi'_';ht  ha\e  south  of  the  San  Juan.'' 
In  Jaimary  iyi(S  two  Ihitish  war  Acssels  occupied 
till'  |i()i't  of  San  .Juan  without  I'esistaiice,  replacing' 
ilie  Xicaraouan  olHcials  hy    I'lnu'lishmeii   as  ser\ants 

-('(insul  t'liutiii'll  tliiimiMl  tli;it  (,Miij;iii()  was  rciiicivdil  from  Mo,si|.  an'l  not 
Nil.  tiiritory;  tliut  lie  hail  '.i'liisclf  ji.itiliiil  tliu  ^ovt  of  Cent.  Am.  ni  \  .i; 
1  \i^t('m•l;  of  the  Mosij^.  iiatio'i,  and  that  (Jriat  liritaiii  wmihl  not  locil<.  \\i;li 
iiiihirrfincu  uiiou  any  ii.sui|iatioii  of  the  territory  of  a  inonareh  Mith  who  u 
>ln'  hill  elose   relUioiis;   Miat  Spain   hail  reeogiiiziil  tlio   M(is(|.  natioi 


Stcoln'ii 


vi^ilicl  San  S.ilva'hir  and  <!iiateniala.      Jli 


'tter  vas  ila 


ted 


()■  (.  •_'!,   In1'_'.      Fiirtlier  eon'es()onileueo  followed  l)etW(;en  \ie.  and  C'hatlield 


ilheiit  tiio  former 


111  ly  he  seen    Ul 


J/n 


//. 


■'/• 


/he. 


way  to  his  pi'eteiision.s.     The 


wliole  eoiTe: 


;d. 


J{i.<L,  iv.  DS    111. 
Ill  a  treaty  with  Thomas  L 


K 


Cdi:  14.,  Sept.   "Jli,  IS.'iO;  Mn„/,,/i, 
■iii^iied    ill   ( 'oiiia\',iiilla    I  )ei 


isrf.     Mnillilf 


"i\ 


/.'. 


a  lli<f.,    iv.   ll'J-14.     Tlio   aristoeratH 


if   <;iiat. 


«a!ite.l  a  iiidtretiiiato  of  (!reat   Britain  over  Cent.  -Vi 


am 


lit 


was 


Ni 


tor 


a  M'hile  tliat  Costa  J!,  had  given  way  to  the   iiilliieiiec 


if   1' 


<  liiitlill,  and. I.  .1.  J''lores  of  Ivaiador,  and  had; 


iteil  tl 


le  selienie. 


Chat- 


liLJd  lia\  iiij;  eoneliided,  on   the  "Jtith  of  Nov.,  IS-HI,  a  treaty  witii   Costa  K., 
atteuiiited  on  the  strenutli  of  it,  on  the  1st  of   hee.,  to  dietate   to    Nie.      lie 


•lil  that  ilili'ereliei 


hetweeii  .\i 


nd  ( 'osta  Iv.  must 


t!ie  iniderstandiim,  that  other  means  won 


hi 


not 


le  aiiiiealily  arranLied  in 
looked   on  with   iiiiliHer- 


IV  <  irea 


tl'.ritii 


•'That  Was  pursiiant  to  orders  from  Lord  raliiierstoii,  i:i  wdiii  li  for  the 
lirst  time  a  proteetorate  over  tlie  Mosquito  shore  was  assertnl  hy  ( Ireat  J'.iit- 
liii.  (.'hatlield  and  Walker  had  claimed  I'igiits  over  the  I'litire  eastern  eoa  t, 
Iiiiiii  Ciqie  lloiiduraH  to  Ciiiriiiuiljogoon,  an  extent  of  7t)0  miles,  hut  J'aliiirrs- 
t'lii  sit  the  limit.s  '  fl'oni  I'ape  Jloiidiiras  down  to  tlu;  month  of  tiie  river  f  .;n 


Ml 


itiine    the  Xieara'4iian   authorities  liad  ohtained,  Oet.  'J8,  1;  17 


irnlll 


the  I'rineess  Inez,  lielieviiig  her  the  heir  of  IJoliert  Charles  Fredi 
full  iiiiiniiitioii  of  the  antiiority  of  Nie.  over  the  shore  of  Mosij.,  and 


iiKiiid  to  all  iiiti'rloping  foreigners 


to  h' 


I'ave  the  eoiii 


Hi   1.-Illll> 


jKir 


U'u-.t'i,  Manh  ],"),  IS50. 


heeil  to  this  arrangement.   S<pt 


try.     'J'iu!  IJriti 


( '<)it. 


illieia 
(;44-(;:   Sidr 


KKrUBiJC  OF  MC\RAflUA. 


m 


i  ' 


•  f  ihe  Mosquito  king',  after  doing  wliich  tlicy  sailed 
away;  but  no  sooner  liad  the  intelligence  reached  tli.^ 
interior  than  a  force  was  des[)atclied  to  San  Juan, 
Avhich  reoccupied  the  place  and  sent  to  the  caj)ital  as 


Sll 


])risoners  the  intruders.'"  Whereupon  the  Briti 
returned  in  ibrce  in  ^VEarcli  1848,  and  defeated  the 
Xicarag'uan  detachment.  Hostilities  being  furtlur 
prosecuted,  the   Xicai'aguans  had  to  succumb   before 


tl 


e  superior  ])ow 


■r  of  their  foe,  and  consented  t 


o  an 


armistice,  providing  that  the}'  would  not  disturb  San 
Juan,  or  attempt  to  reoecn])y  tin;  port,  peiKhng  the 
negotiations  wliich  must  follow  on  these  exei'.ts.'" 

Nicaragua,  by  her  ablest  diplomates,  defended  Ihp 
rights  to  the  dis[)ute(l  territory  both  in  Europe  ami 
America,  without  obtaining  a  satisfactory  result,  until 
the  fears  of  CV'utral  Amei'icans  for  tlie  independence  it' 
their  countr}'  were  brought  to  an  end  by  the  Clayton- 
Jhdwer  treaty,  otherwise  called  the  Shi[)  Canal  <'oii- 
^■^'ntion,  concluded  at  A\'ashington  ]»etween  the  Unittd 
States  and  ( Jreat  Jirltiiin  on  the  L'Jth  of  April,  ISjn, 
l»y  the  first  article  of  which  neither  power  conN 
occupy,  fortify,  coloni/e,  nor  t'xerciso  dominion  oxrv 
Nicaragua,  ( 'osta  Kica,  the  ^ros([uito  (/oast,  or  any 
other  portion  of  ( *entral  American  territory,  nor  make 


use 


»l   a  })rotectorate   m  any  tor 


m. 


Tl 


lus  was  tins 


vexed  ([uestion  terminated,  England  resigning  all  Ihi' 
claims   to   the  .M.os<piito  Coa:;t,  and  by  a  subsecjnriit 


■•■' S>liii<r'.-<  Trnnl-i,  i.  7S  80;  M,inl>t,  I',,;/.,  ii.  304;  K/lnh.  /,'rr.,  im.  -Jll. 
144;  Xil(.s'  Ji'i;/.,  Isxiii.  '2~'.i;  TiicL-crK  Mitumc  J)(i<-lriii<',  4l'> -7,  ."i"J-4. 

■'"]{ut  till!  NiiJirayiuiiis  iu'\it  ivliii<nii.slu'il  tliuir  claim  of  s  )vurfi,:,fniy  nvi.r 
tho  imrt,  uiir  uviiu  liy  iiin«iii-Mtioii  ivfuyiii/cd  the  king  of  >  os(|(iiti),  W.-., 
M,ii,lf.  sohr,'  Tnit.,  \~\\\;  (■kLIIuii,  lh>.-.  l;rl.,'rt-'A;  Xi.:,  ])  :  J)!pL,  .•(•.'11; 
(,'iii'i-nm,  Jlmil/.,  17;  ,Sfoiif.\<  Xir.,  L'7S;  Kl  Sijlo,  Nov.  L"J,  IS.".';  .\>.,  </"'.'■« 
(Ii>l>.  Siipi:,  Out.  14.  Nov.  4,  L'.*).  ])(.<•.  2,  1S4S;  Xilr.^'  L'cj.,  L\x  .-.  100;  .sV/i.-'m-'v 
Cent.  .\j)i.,  047;  A/.,  '/'/•"/•.,  i.  l(tl-"_'. 

■''Tiio  otlicr  artiuloM  rcior  to  tlic  ronritnutiim  (if  an  intci'iK  ■anin  i  'iiiiiiiiiii- 
oatiiiii,  t'ithui'  in  tlio  foi'ni  df  a  canal  nv  of  lailroad.-i,  securing  i  e  ncutiality  ct 
intci'oceanic  ways.  Aiiinils  lirit.  Lfiji-i.,  i»7-  I  U),  'j:{!)41;  Xif.,  jXiicrii,  li'(«'<i\, 
1-44:  Moiitii/,!,;  l!i.-^r,iii.  J/i.^f.,  iv.  87  HI;  i.'os/n  J,'.,  O'ln/n,  March  4.  1^''4: 
Al>l«lt'.i  Mi.K.  iiml  U.  ,S.,  340  •_';  MnViiiii,  Jiosr/.  Cos/a  /,'.,  Ill;  I'nhiwsKn,,  vi. 
ll).")-!);  vii.  40;  Xic.  ;/  Jlnml.,  hoi:,  Vl'l  ')\  Am.  \)wirf.  AVr/.,  iii.  SlU-lM:  A'/'V, 
(,hiiirt..  I'd'.,  xcix.  'J.'{7~70;  h'l  \iir/i)iitil,  -rnly  lU,  1S.")8;  Xir..  licnnni  Xi'\, 
Veh.  14,  1>S74:  Jlinit\i  Mnrlin,,/.,'  Jl,„j.,  xxiii.  101)-11;  Wells'  WoWcr'-^  hxp'l., 
J'2b-'.'',];  Caicrdo,  /.(it.  Ant.,  111!). 


TREATIE.S. 


253 


ticat\'  concluded  at  Manaij^ua  on  the  28th  of  January, 
1S(!0,  known  as  the  Zclcdon-AV'vku  treaty,  ceded  to 
Nicaragua  tlic  protectorate  absolutely.'^"*  Since  tluMi 
Xicarajji'ua  lias  subjected  the  ^I()S(|uit;)  Coast  to  a  ]U't> 
I'cctd.''  Xevcrthelcss,  it  is  understood  that  tlit^  In- 
dian reserve  is  still  ruled  by  a  chief  chosen  by  the 
natives,  assisted  by  a  comicil,  which  assembles  at 
]:)lc\\iields;  but  subject  to  the  supreme  authority  of 
tlic  Xicurai>uan  <>()vernment. 

Xicarny'ua,  as  soon  as  slie  assumed  the  position  of 
an  independent  nation,  hastened  to  open  friendly 
relations  with  other  powers.*^"  Spain  made  with  the 
ripublie  July  25,  ISoO,  a  treaty  of  friendship,  coin- 
ing rce,  and  naA"i_<;ation,  the  first  and  second  ai'tieles 
(if  wliich  fidly  recognize  Nicaragua's  independence."' 
hailv  efforts  were  made  to  arrange  ecclesiastical  affairs 
\\\\\k  tlie  ])a[)al  see,  a  concordat  being  finally  concluded 
at  leuue  Xovembcr  2,  IHOf."' 

With  the  other  Central  American  states  Nicaragua 
made  treaties,  which  underwent  from  time  to  tim<! 
alterations,  as  circtnnstaiices  seeme<l  to  demand  ftr 
IhT  own  or  th(»  general  defence.  Several  of  these 
will  be  made  ap[>arent  in  the  course  of  my  narrative. 
Xicaiagua   lias  endeavored  to  maintain  c(trdial    nda- 

"'I'lic  liicul  1  hid'  was  prevailed  en  t^  a  ^'I'pt  this  aiTaiiL'i^iiioiit  with  a  pcii- 
.siciii  dl'  .S'l. <••'()  a  yi'ar,  duriiiy  tvii  years  tliat  is  to  say,  till  ISTO,  payalilu  liy  tii(^ 
sii/craiii,  hut  tho  last  i-Uict  dioi'  in  ]S(!4  or  lS(i,"),  ami  Xic.  lias  ii(.'Vcr  rccoj.^- 
iii/.ril  his  sucffssor.  A'i''.,  CUur'  <,  ])i'f.  t'-'i,  IStiJ;  KiiciirhqK  Jiri/.,  xvii.  4{)',\; 
,V/ ■  .  /,.(.  I'liiitn,  f]\uw  1."),  ISIil;  llowi.  darHd,  Feb.  "Jd,  ISIil;  Jx'orw,  (o<l. 
y;..,  i.  ll.S-'J7,  ]:!2;  ll'lhi,  Xh:,  i.  'JIC-.SOI ;  Xir.,  Cnnr.  ^fn.■«,.,  1-S;  J';,ii\ 
(;■:!' i/ /III'  pill-.,  40'.1  iL'.  Kiirthor  lU'tails  (Hi  the  Moscj.  (juestidii,  giving  ilip- 
liiiiatii!  cnm'siKinileiiee  anil  parliamentary  (liseussiuns,  in  //inisurd'i  /'iirt. 
I'l'i.,  (nU-.  KIO.TT;  vl»//r,'/.v  Jiii/.  IauU,  x.  l'Jll-41;  also  in  T.  ,S'.  (liM-t  Due, 
Kv.,  Sill,  and  House,  whieh  are  to  )  nuiiu  roiis  to  ([uote  here;  and  like«  isc  in 
'■.  S.  Cinni.  (;inlii',  lS.-),-)^t;,  IS.-.T-S,  lS,V,t-l)();  Jrnnio  </i:  Ar!.-  >.■<,  Apr.  L'l,  ISuT: 
V'V.  IhilrliiiOfu:,  .Ian.  'J!},  Mareh  4,  IS.'iT. 

•'  IliHii,  <•',„/.  y;,:,  ii.  'Jl-'J;  J'nii.  ,S/iir  I'ml  Jl^r-iU,  .Mar.  -JC,,  ISSI;  ,\'/.'., 
.1/   ".  A'./.,  LSI  17,  '.^-\± 

'"' Aiitot;raph  letters  were  exel'.inf.;ed  in  1S4S,  hrtweeu  I'res.  llerrera  of 
Ml  N.  and  Uireetnr  ( liierrero.   ..\"c.,  (i'ln/n  dali.  Snyr.,  .^ept.  ]('),  1S48. 

"I'.itilied  hy  \ie.  Mareli  -Jl,  IS.")!;  Hoilm.  C<,<t.  jXir..  i.  Ij'.t,  l(i;!-.  yi.:, 
Ti't.  ,lr  /'„:,  ete.,  1-);?. 

'•I'.\  C-irilinal  Antonelli,  for  the  jiope,  and  Fernando  de  J.oreiizaiia  for 
Nil  'I'lie  treaty  was  in'.Misheil  in  the  latter  eonntry  as  a  law  Aug.  'JS, 
l^'i'i'   A7.'.,  OdCit'i  Goli.  .Sii}ir.,  Oet.  7,  KS4S;  AWik,  Vud.   Nic,  i.  7'.t,  lii'J  7. 


i 


Ini 


m 


§^ 


V.   '      HI 


IMlF 


254 


KKI'UBLIC   OF   XJl'AUACUA. 


tioiis  witli  lier  neio'libors."''  The  ro|)iil)lic  entered  intu 
frieiully  tliploinatie  relations  with  the  powers  df 
Eunipo  iintl  Anicriea,  most  of  tht'ni  haviii<4'  treaties 
of  amity,  eommeree,  and  extradition  t>f  criminals.  li> 
relations  with  the  United  States  have  i^enerally  hi  en 
intimate,  made  so  by  eonsid(>rations  of  iiciohhorhotxl, 
hnsiiiess  intere'sts,  and  similarity  of  institutions  as 
Well  as  l)y  a  mutual  desire  to  forward  the  eonstru*  ilun 
of  a  sliip  canal  across  Xicara^'uan  tfri'itory.  Viicv 
have  been  disturbed  at  times.  liowe\er,  while  iSlca- 
ra«;'ua  was  a  transit  route  between  the  eastern  states 
of  th(^  ^Vmerican  union,  and  during'  the  execution  n\' 
schemes  of  American  lillbusters,  such  as  tho>e  m|' 
Kinney  and  W^dker. 

While  the  ^losijuito  (pu'stlon  was  jiendiuLi,'  between 
Nicara-jfua  and  (ireat  JJritain,  eircumsLances  W' ic 
hast"nin!4'  a  practical  solution  of  it.  An  American 
coii![iany,  acting  under  a  Xicara^uan  cliarter,  openetl  a 
transit  route  for  passen^'ers  tiiiounh  the  state,  be-in- 
niuL;-  at  San  ,luan  tlel  Xorti',  which  place  ra])idly  lilltd 
u|)  with  emigrants  from  the  ITnited  States,  wlio  lie- 
coming'  munerically  jjn'domlnant,  met  in  a  j)!'lmarv 
capacity  and  organized  an  independent  n'oN'eiinnent."' 
^VfU'i'  an  indiscreet  attem])t  o\i  the  part  of  a  Jh'itish 
i'onnnander  to  levy  duties  on  an  .\nierican  steann  i', 
which  was  disaNowed  by  his  ^dvernment,  the  l)rili>li 
ju'otectorate  over  San  .fuan  at  last  virtually  ceased 
Tlu'  town  ai:d  port  remained  under  tiie  direct  contiel 
of  the  inha1»itants,  most  of  whom  were  Americans,  as 
a  free  city."'  T'lie  pi'ospertty  of  the  place  was  retanled 
by  a   dis]iute  with    tlie  persons   into  whose   han<ls  ilie 


W-y, 


""I'ull  purtic'iilais  w  ill  l)(j  fduiul  ill  A/.,  l.'iT-i;!;  ^\V.-.  'J'mf.  </i:  cul.-'  Xi 
1/  //mil/.,  1-8}  /'/.,  a. Will,  185;{-74,  passiMi:  /(/.,  (  nl.  ])i"-.  if  Anicnln^.  h'l 
'iSTl.',  pussiin;  A,'.,  'J'ruf.  rmi  Coyf.i  II.,  1-7;  Costn  It.,  Inf.  Idi.  JMH,  ."'  I 
I'/S.  I:  ISS),  ;M;  ^<ili:,  U'na/n,  Aug.  ll',  \s:,:\,  Oct.  'Jli,"lNTti,  Maivli  .' 
A|iiil  'JO,  IMO,  iiiissiiii;  Ah.,  Mtiig.  del  I'nuiiL,  ]87'.»,  i.-v.  1 -'J.'i;  ami 
Jiiriims  otli.'i'  autlidritios. 

''''I  hoy  liv-it  ('i\<U'a\-oro(l  to  rcj^aril  tin;  nllc^ud   .Mi.simitu  aullioril} , 
liiiiilly  treatcil  it  ;i«  a  iihto  liotimi.     S /ali  r\f  did.  /I,//.,  ii."i"_'. 

' 'Miiiiiuiinl  oi'iliiiaiH'cs)  for  thi'  |il  loo  wliicli   Iiad  iinw  taken  tli(!  ii.iii 
<!ri'yt(i\\n.   I'lirlinrilt,  (  viiL  Am.,  :^11-(J,  lijl;  Miinii;  On/iiinairK,  in  <'(ii' 
AJ'iui:i,  int.  4,  1-10. 


Mil 


.1;/'. 


'•  "main,  ; 

!";V"'"i'-' ill 


ARBITRAllY  A(   TS. 


'^oo 


transit  hiul  f'alk'ii,  whuli  produced  liittcr  frtliiii;',  and 
resulted  iu  alleged  iusults  to  Solou  liorland,  United 
States  minister  to  Nicaragua,  wlioso  belligerent  in- 
siiiift:^  carried  liini  away  to  interfere  in  matters  which 
Were  loreign  to  liis  otHce.  The  sloop  of  war  Ci/aiic, 
Coiuniander  'lollins,  was  des[>atched  hy  the  American 
n(i\rrnnient  to  look  into  the  cas(\  Jiolllns  iissumcd 
;i  liostile  attitude."'  niadi-  arrogant  demands,  and  the 
hiiter  not  heing  complied  with,  lie  homharded  tlio 
tcuiion  the  1  .".th  of  .Iidy,  IS.Vt.  and  landing  a  party 
of  marines,  hurned  it  to  th(^  ground."'  "J'his  act  has 
Imtii  generally  ('ondenmed.  The  .Vmeri -an  gdxcin- 
iiunt  hardly  conteni])latrd  it;  hut  not  ha,\ing  ])im- 
i.-hrd  ('ommander  ILoliins,  it  must  hear  the  odium. 
X'ltwithstanding  these  diHiculties,  ])eaceal)le  relations 
v,(  !(■  not  disturbiM.I.''''  Nicaragua  also  has  troatic  s  w  itli 
Jli  '■■'Miu,    Italy,    France,    England,    l\'ru,    and   other 


li;':  ;i';i  • 


a.) 


'    III'  is  .s:iicl  111  linvt;  ImM'II  iictinL,'  r.iiilci'  iiii]ii'.i]ii.M'   iiilhu'iiccs.   Stjiiicr'-':  Ciiit. 

A  ...  (i."i;!. 

'  'I'lif  town  ;iutluii'itii'.-i  li.nl  nluscil  tu  p:iy  an  iinU^iiiiity.  Tlii.s  was  tliu 
tii-,-t  ilirirt  augft's.sii;!!  liy  I'.u.'  U.  S.  in  (Jciit.  Aiiioriia.  A'/i-.,  Ihic.  J)ipl,i,ii., 
7  \2:  Ciistd  /;.,  <;,ir,'/,i,  .hvu:  17.  -'•_',  'Jl>,  IS,")-!;  .S'-r/c,  <,'iKvy,f,  Oct.  ]'_',  KS.")1; 
Ti'iiiic  xlliii.,  1857,  ;U ;  r.  v.  <i<irf  lhi<\,  'X\A  coiig.  isoss.  1,  Sen.  Dm'.  S.  vul. 
iv.;  l>(ic.  S."),  vol.  xii.;  J'Jii,  xvi.   IU   [i[i. ;  /-/.,   Jl.  Ex.  Ihic.  I,   vil.   i.,   jit  iL, 

.■iN.'(-(l. 

''" /.I '■//,  AVc. ,  ;il>5.  Piildii  l-'i'tl,  \o/ii'i  Ot'oi/fijicii--) ;/  J'ji-fiiiniiiifd.i  .ii,hr<  It  l!i- 
jiiil,li-ii  ill-  yiriirrtijuii,  I'ai'is,  ISTIt,  Hoy.  S\  (J'J7  ]']>  i\U'\  iiiap,  is  a  ti'c'ati.so  on 
rMr.iiai.'iia  ami  its  liiiialiitaiit.s.  Bcjiiiniiiig  witli  an  lii.-.tiii-ical  I'lviiini''  of  ainiunt 
;iiiil  mioiUtu  N'ii'ai'agna,  it  gives  a  ix'vii'W  ot'  tliu  topograpliy,  cliiiiiito,  natural 
jii'ii 'lu'ticpiis,  government,  proiilc,  anil  tlu'ir  institutiuns.  Tlu' \\  riii  r'.s  iiiim- 
):i:ci;.iu  (lu  tUu  country's  jiliy-^iial  [iniillaritii's  may  liu  set  ilown  as  uxiul, 
tlii'i._'li  siiMio  ildiciuni'y  i.s  notml;  Imt  tliat  on  tin;  political  ami  ailniiiiistrativu 
liiiiu  lies  is  tini'rlialilo,  .showing  him  to  liavo  hail  lait  lltllo  knowledge  oi  I'cn- 
ti:il  ,\iiii  riiMu  jiolilics.  He  I'viilently  had  not  th>;  documrnts  ujiou  which  to 
tniiii  a  cnnci't  .indginont.  The  (|ncstion  of  a  canal  across  the  islhujus  ot  Xic- 
aiMuiia  is  also  r  ^viewed,  and  a  icMunc  of  its  history  given.  The  la-^t  general 
tn.ilyv.ith  tlic  U.  S.  was  negotiated  in  rsi)7.  Tlieie  \\ as  also  a  convention 
liir  'die  extradition  of  criminals  in  IS7I.  iS'ie.  lias  made  ari'angenients  to  pay 
Am.  elaliris  against  hei',  and  on  her  part  asked  compensation  tor  the  damages 
1  III.  d  hy  the  homlianlment  of  San  Juan,  which  the  Am.  govt  fefuscd.  J'r- 
>•■.  Mm.  t  limy.  X<ii\.  IS  I'.t;  Itorhii,  Coil.  Xir.,  i.  '.K\;  A>.,  Tint.  </•■  .iwi-<- 
I'll.  ('■■.,  iidrc  A'/V.  (/  liK  i',H.  UU.,  l-l(i;  .V.  /'  Jniin  dii  Xor/i;  /.n-.'  ('iiir.n.<, 
\\l  I  l-J;  /..(v/,  A'iV.,  •_':!.".  !l;  Siili\,  Dhirm<Hii:,  Nov.  10,  Dee.  2'-',  1.S7S:  lin- 
mil,  I'l'ri.-i  if,  fir,  J'l/i/imi,  I -'.'U;  and  a  multitude  of  L'.  S.  go\  t  does.,  and 
iitlii'i'  papers. 

"Treaty  witli  Heluiuni,  May  IS,  ]S,"iS;  with  Franco,  Ajir.  II,  lS5fl;  with 
••  Hiitiin,  I-'eli.  II,  isiK);  with  Italy,  March  (i,  iMhS;  inid  a  i  nnsnlar  couven- 
iM'i  iiMJe  iu  l.S7'J:  Willi  I'eni,  1S7',I."  '/'/•.//,  ilr  AnilMnil  intrf  Xir.  ij  li  Hilificn, 
1-1  ';  /■'.,  I  nlfi'  Xi<\  ;/  la  Frniicin,  1  "Jti;  Xir.,  L' i/.  JJinil.,  \\-'.M;  J'liiliii,  <\itl. 


li'  "^ 


41 


1  1"  > 


Vii  nn 


250 


llEl'UIJLLC   Ob'   NK:ARAGUA. 


A  squal)l)k;  oeourrecl  in  187G  at  Leon,  in  wliioli  t\\r. 
Gornuiu  consul  and  a  Xicarnguan  citizen  were  cdii- 
cerned,  giving  rise  to  a  conflict  between  the  Gerniaji 
and  Xicaraguan  governments,  the  former  making  of  it 
a  casus  Ix^Ili,  and  demajiding,  hacked  by  a  naval  foici , 
a  considerable  Jsuni  of  nioney.''^ 

Tlie  political  situation  in  the  interior  of  Xicaragu.i, 
during  tlie  winter  of  1848-9,  w^as  arything  but  sai 
isfactory  to  tlie  lovers  of  peace.      Piirties  were  ag 


llh 


ventuu 


tl 


len*  aniUK^sitie 


The  leader   Bernabe  S< 


moza  ca})tured  Kivas,  and  afterward  became  notorious 
for  deeds  of  cruelty  and  robl)erv.  L^irector  Xorl)*i'tii 
llamirez  despatched  there  a  strong  force  under  J.  T. 
Muhoz.  Somoza  was  defeated  and  captured  at  San 
Jorge  on  the  14th  of  Jui 


le, 


I 


vamu'ez  was  succeeded 


n  a 

I. 


by  Jose  .Laureano  Pineda  in  LS51,'^  against  wJioi 
revolt  broke  out  Au<jcust  4,  1851.  haviiiLi-  J.  Trinidad 
Miuu)z  for  its  leader.  Pineda  and  his  ministers  Fran- 
cisco Castellon  and  F.  Diaz  Zapata  were  arrested. 
The  ])lan  failed,   however.      Leon,  Muhoz'  head(j 


uai 


ters 


was 


tak 


en    i)v    govennnent   forces    assis 


sted    1) 


troops  from  Honduras,  and  ]Muhoz  surreudin'cd.'*  ( 'n 
the  expiration  of  Pineda's  term  in  185)),  Chamoiro 
became  chi(.'f  of  tlie  state,  having  been  elected  by  the 
suifraoes  of  the  moderados.      The  new  direct(jr  was  a 


I()I)-1S;  nnithawl,  li 


U'Jiii 


I^li.VSii;  Ti'iit.  lie  Aiiii-<l(i(l,  ('!<' 


//  .V.    .1/.   n.,   1-1.-);  Aiiii.iU  Brit.   L, 


vie. 


nil  re  jMr.  y  tl  ri'/iio  < 
rviiio  (le  I/'iti'i,  1-1'.);  A'/''., 
JJinrio  O/i.:,  Oct.  '2'.),  IST'.t. 


;/'•' 


iit,r 

i.K.  .STS-Sl;   Trot.  <l<'  AiiiM'nt, 


/('  Jtaliii,  1-17;  <  'oiiniirioii   ('Diiniiliir  I'lifri'  \i 


(I 


(lari  t'l,  Supt 


14,  Oct.  '2i;,  Xov.  'J,  1S7L';  Snlr 


th 
tl 


' DaiiKiyus  lor  the  iiijurcl  (u'l-mans  !?:W,01)0,  and  a  fine  of  .S8.000,  IrsIiIh 
(it  tho  (itiifial  atcMsid  of  insulting  (rernian  dignity.     'I'liiw 


10  iinni.sliinrul 


10  su|iiTi(ir  tiirco  dictatos  nnjnst  ti'l'ni.s  to  tlu;  inl'orior. 
"  His  toriii  liugan  Apr.  l.'lM'.t. 
'-  Ho  was  tiioil  liy  cuui't-niarli.il,  sriitoni'od,  and  sliot.Tuno  17tli.   A''..  />■ 


Ir/i 

'-",».->!»;'  fV«^    Am.   J//.sr</.  J>o 


1.-)  iS,  ,luly  4,   .5,    l-J,    IMil;  Siin 


T, 


I'.M,  li'.r, 


Mufitiz  was  rewardod  with 


d.il,  and  till'  fric'udH  of  the  boldiors  who  perished  rocoivod  pousious.    /.'■ 


('..,/.  Xi 


;it;-i; 


'•'  Uot<)!4ni/i  d  l)y  the  asscnildy  March  14th  as  duly  clootoil.  A'r'.,  ('"/••  />' , 
March  L'O.'lS.-)!;  /ClSh/ln,  March  'JS,  Ihol. 


10,  ISfil.     .Ml 
militai'y  rank.     He 


lad  liecii  declared  .1  traitor  and  deprived  «(  lu'* 
I  to  leave  Nie.,  and  went  to  re.side  in  Sulv 


(haniciiiii  was  made  einmnandir  of  the  forci's.  Xir.    Ihc  y  Ariwrdos,  IS.'il-H, 
DL'-li,  UtJ-IS:  J/oii'l.,  (.nitrtiiOnr.,  ,T,in.  l,',  1,S,")'_». 


U-eJ/ 

(•our 
lijijif) 
'-■ieiiji 
I'Ocieo 

J'l'0\-i,s 

J'uiiJi.s 

I  ■'All  fi 

tlie  St;i 

'I'/JoWc 

decree 

tlie  stni 

"ig  lis 

"'  ."irjns 

Ajivll  2] 

A  Con 

'■'■.'iiIht, 

Inv    tli,. 

'''i'uMie, 

'';t'  7 I'm, 
"(  an  on 
'f'-'i  ten, 


"•/■■•n(re  ,„„,,, 

'    •^"■"•■■ll-'ll;,,   i„ 

■•''>"^',  l.s.-.(i 
„„•'  '"""-^  "lo 


'fV'nu-nU,  together  \,-i,'""a^    ^^"t  I'is  |,nlit;',| 

™-. --•  ^.t  ,,...;;^^„;: --.,..     :^^ 

'/'I      7      •  ,     .  1    JU.-5  poller  ui 

j-ho  io^'islativc  ^  ■  ■      i  j  '■./'• 

i'l'f'vIsiV.n'alconstih!'^"''     S^-'"^^^'^^'^   April  •!()    ic.-., 

;  '"7;'^  5^- «tatc  const  tuc^  rr'^'  }?"^'  '>3' ^»ot  or 
;  s  ate  tJ.  title  of  Kep!^^  ^^"''b'  --„.,„.  ,^ 

'  ..^  'f'^  (■xecutive  tJ.c  nunc  oV     ^^.'^'^^'^'.^'^'^^-tiul  o.;,.. 
^^  t'on.stltuont  .■)svov..Ki-.       „    . 


Inl 


'\  ^<"',stituont  assciaj,]v  r-,]l    ] 

■^^te-E— , ~.,.,:;:r  :"■'"■ 


i  '  -J' 


! 


!i 


i  ' 


e*    1 


I     I 


III 


iJiS 


IIEI^URLIC  OF  NI(AltA(;UA 


duties  sliould  (Icvolvc  om  the  luciiibcr  of  the  constitu- 
ent ussemhlv  cjilled  1)V  liini  to  assume  tlieiii.  ('Li 
morro  was  tlion  elioscu  provisional  jjresidcnt,  to  liold 
t!ie  otKee  till  tlie  1st  of  ]\rarch,  18jo.  The  new  char- 
ter of  the  ]'e]»ul)lic  was  sanctioned  on  the  oOt]\  of 
i\))i'il,''^  whi(  h  was  in  force  oidy  in  Granada  and  otlni- 
towns  {i('knowledt;iii;j;  Chaniorro's  L^'over'iunent. 

The  op[)osition  (»!'  the  lihcrals  (•idniinat('<l  in  an  ;;t 


kV'^aii  Antonio'-;^,,   W  ^,uu.*    ^ 
\^-  ':  'W'l     /--{..-/.if 3i.h\\.a'; 


.1/,,, -,.';,.,."""  I  ':  -"%,„...^  V 


NlTAKAdl    A. 


"■'It  lia'l    lOi  articles,  ami  Minu'uhat   ri'strictcil  tlic  riglit  i>i  /■*<(/<  nslii]-. 
crcati'd  a  siiiuli'  cliaiiiln'r,  (■(Piii])(iscil  of  au  t'(|ual  iiniiilicr  nf  seiiatfti'^  i*m1  r  |'- 
rcscntativ"    ;  jiriosts  were  I'Xi'hiilcil  troiii  tlioso  positiim!*.     'I  li'?  tiTiiis  ijI  C" 
picsiiU'iit,  senators,  ami   rcitrt'siMilativcs  wcri;   to  lugiii   M.u'fi    I,    \*>'u<, 
last  I'our  years.     Alter  the  expulsion  of  tlie  lililinstc  rs,  <a  juiitii  l^"  j/'.'ii' : 
coiii|iosi'il  of  the  li'aJiiiff  men  of  llio  two  oii[iosin;j;  parties,  was  o^f  iMitln-;'. 
whieh  ileelared  the  eonstitiitioii  of   IS:{.S  in  force,  ami  a  constituent  a.-<-'(i'!" 
was  convokeil,  its   menihers   \w\\\\t,  fl'oni  anionj{  the  liest  ami   most  III 
iiu'ti  of  the  reimhlic.   A/.,  'JIM;  A'/V.,  t'ii iiiiiikiI Nk.,  Apr.  17,  KM.'i.    The  pev, 
j^'ranted  the  executive,  whuli  were  include. I  in  the  fnuilaiiiental  law  ef  I'^'t 
thouuh  with  the  additional  cjan.se  tlliit  when  u.sing  them  he  should  r'iiert  ; 
fact  to  the  next  iegi.-ljlnre,  greatly  alariiiod  the  opposition.   I'criz,  .1/'  "'•  li 
lin\  Nir.,  24. 


tell 
,],.,■ 

rr.sf 
iU\tl 

u>U,i 

iiojl 

\ras 

<'f  ll 
anus 

'■l.ij'iii 

lie  ;is.s 
"fa  In 
in.'i],-t  \ 
/.(■(111,  I 

''I /I    iVlY'f 

i>:>r>. 

"f'M,Md\ 

■^'''/(ifjitl' 


.   "Ill  Nov 

"!■"'■■•  '•■'.„„: 

"'"'  ""'■:,  I), 

„  ;',''■■  *'"'" 

,'  "ii  iiiai 
'"'"•Unee.       J, 

,^;'"l  rep,,,,, 

''!'"'">■  ten 
"Kirly,,, 

"'''■''"/ 1>,„:    F. 

,  ''.''"'.r '"''  til'' 
''"iiciam, 

e 


■'    ""'    fie|,|.     /. 


•'".  IN,-).-). 


^<'>m   AXJ)  BLOODV  ^VAK. 


tt  nipt  at  revolution  I,,   i    , 

'••-;<  mo-  at  Alanaoua  defbatpil  flu  •  ^  ■^■"^•^■»:"nu-„t  tJien 

'"';"''^'^-  «'Hi  Avith  the  f^v'o,  -;•";. ^;'^'"'''"-^""' 

^^V-^i-v  astound  aft  ,     .  .''"'•"''^:'    <'''tain<.,l  ,,- 


.'HK 


T^^'  ;'""J>-  tried  to  axxT  -  ^^'^''''•''■^^'''^^^"''t- 
'"^/'<"K.da  and  fortified  tl>,  ^"^^  ''«te)lo„,  ,,,ti,vd 
-'7'''^'uIarsi..eof      v"jt'''?r'^^^^ 

'•^  '''""'*  V  en,-„uater,s      f  ^".''''-  •^"^'■»'  -'i  Nrries 

-'!-"%    mised/'^.:v7!r^•'^ '-'-<'- was  c' In- 


1^., '^I'umik;.      11,7/^,'    //         ,       -;    i-"vj.   rtllfl   r,i)    rci'iiiivt..  ,    .     ' '     '"   'I- 


''  ■'<i!rviuo 


f  w 


L'llO 


KEl'UHLKJ   OF   NiCAKAtiUA. 


ofcuiTud  at  this  tinic,^'  did  not  favor  the  democrats. 
He  was  sui'ceeded  hy  Joso  Alalia  Estrada.  Coiial 
was  tlie  i;ciieral-iu-<'liief  of  the  le^itiinist  forces,  iind 
was  oru'aiiizint''  at  ^lasaya  an  arinv  to  cai)ture  l.i-i.n. 
The  gox-eninient  liad  called  the  constituent  asscnihh-, 
which  met  on  the  8th  of  April  with  only  louitnn 
niemhers,  and  on  the  10th  rv-solved  that  Kstr,i(|;i 
sliould  j'ctain  tlu^  executive  until  a  president  sIh'iiM 
hf  chosen  under  tlu'  constitution.  This  o'reatly  dis- 
pleased Corral,  who  had  e.\])ectt'd  to  he  called  to  iliat 
position.  J  [e  had  his  ln'ad(piai't<n'S  in  !\[anaL;'ua,  and 
threatened  to  be  revenu'ed  of  the  men  A\ho had  sh^iitrd 
him.'-" 

]\Ieanwhilu  ]\runo/,  had  L^one  to  ]  londuras  and  iv- 
turned  with  a  small  division  of  troo[»s,  the  cjiief  cnni- 
niand  of  hoth  the  democratic  and  ]londuran  fniccs 
hciiiL;'  \estcd  in  him.  J]y  his  ad\  ice  Castelloii  a]i- 
j)ointed  liosah'o  ("ortes  and  J*.  Ahinan  connnissioncr.s 
ti>  ascertain  the  a  iews  of  tiie  Ico-itimist  chiefs  \\ith 
refcin-nco  to  jteace  ne_L»'otiatioiis.  l']strada  consented 
to  recelvi!  Cortes,  ])ut  not  Aleman,  and  the  formei'  liad 
intei'vi(>ws  ^\■ith  him  and  his  su[»porters,  prevailiiiL;'  nii 
tlicni  to  enter  into  ne^'otiations  either  in  their  oflicial 
or  ])rivato  capacity.  jMunoz  had  aiithorized  ('oitcs 
to  tell  ( 'oiral  he  wished  to  have  a  direct  understand- 
ini;'  with  liini.^'  Cortes  first  saw  Coi'i'al,  and  hy  ]ii.> 
ad\icc  next  had  interviews  with  ]']strada,  ^'e,^■a,  and 
others,  all  of  whom  showed  a  willingness  to  treat  t'nr 
[leacc,  and  asked,  him  to  return  to  Leon,  which  lie 
did,  touching  at  jManagua,  where  Corral  assured  lilui 
of  his  disposition  to  c(jme  to  an  understanding  witlt 
Muhoz. 

^''Tntlic  li:u:i('iiil:i  of  Qnismapa,  south  fif  ( iraiiailii,  Marcli  I'J,  ISri'i.  Clia- 
iiiorro  was  a  wealthy  ciii/i'ii,  Imitii  in  (Iraiiadi.  A  hrav  ',  rcsdlnto  iiriii,  tinii 
ill  Mistainiiij;  Ins  jiolitii'al  jiriiu'iplcs,  Imt  lacUiiiL;  discrii  liiiatKni,  iiiiil  l'.imIv 
ihijii'd.   i'lri-..  Mini.  JIM.  /,'ri:  A'/V'.,  12(!;  Asiiil.iii-itiiiin,  CnJ.  Am.,  l>7. 

■■"  ]Vrc/,  Mi:,i.  J/i</.  li'ir.  Mr.,  ]-2s,  coiisiilorcil  ttic  aut  oi  Iho  asM-iiihly  as 
a  Hcriniis  hluiiihi'. 

*■'  His  ]iro]M)-iifi()iis  wiTc:  funal  and  himself  wcf^  to  CDiistihu,'  tlieii!^' h'ts 
a  junta  do  noliienio,  ami  direct  iiiil)lie  mII'.ijis  until  a  ciinstit.itiniial  |  •■'■.nloiit 
eoiild  he  eleete  I.  If  Cori'al  olijueted  to  this  arranjii'me'it,  lie,  M'.iiio/,  m  'il'l 
I'ei'oynizo  tlio  legitimate  goveiiimenl,  [iiii\  idod  <  lUial  hecaiuo  the  hoadef  it. 


l>ii.M0C 


I-  •  W 


lit'J 


•-M-j  i;i;ri"iiij(    ok  mcauahua. 

clur.is,  and  or^aiiizeil  a  fiiin[i;iiiy  for  the  uoiistnictioii  of  an  interocfunii'  lul- 
way.      Ill  lMil{  :iiiil  tliu  lullnwiiig  yvnv  lio  w;i.-i  ciiipldyuil  liy  tlie  U.  S,  j,'ovt  ,im 
a  comiiii.s.-iiiiiiur  in  I'ciii  lurllio  adjurjtint'iit  <it  claims  a^aiiiMt  tliat  rei)ul)lii',  mikI 
tlit'ii  ilcV()ti'(l  si'Vi'ial  iiiiiritlis  to  tlu:  t'\|i|oi'atioii  of  aiicii  iit  liioiiunit'iit.s  in  ilmt 
Country.     In  ISdH  lie  was  lor  a  time  LJ.  S.  consul  gun.  to  llomi.      lio  visitcil 
I'lnnHKj  several  times  lioth  for  ]ileasiire  anil  linsiiie.ss.      In  add  it  ion  to  the  Works 
that  w  ill  lie  lierein  enumerated,  he  eontriliuted  many  j)iiiieis  on  anti(|uitie.i  ;iiii| 
other  sillijeet.s  to  American  and  Knro|ieaii  seientilic  jieriodie.d.s.     The  f<illo\i  ini; 
list  comprises  his  jiriiieiiial  wdiks,  most  of  which  have  Ih'cii  translated  iiitu 
several  laii;;ua^'es:   Miiiii(ii«i(t'<  of  III''  .Uisyi.-<s!],j>i    ]'(ill,  i/,   heing   vcl.    i.   oi  tlir 
i^mitlcsonian  ('ontrilmtions  to  Knowleilf^e;   Ahnri'/iiiiil  MDiiitim  iili  of  IIk'  -tih  i,i 
\<ir  Ytirh\  in  vol.  ii.  of  the  Smitiisonian  Contriliiitioiis;  A  iil/i/i(i/i<s  oi' ///!■  shifi' 
!>/  Scir  Yiirk,  with  a  sii|i[ilement  on  the  antii|uities  of  llie  west;    'I'lif  S' qunt 
Si/iiiliol,    {If     ]\'iirs/ii]t   III'    tlic     /'ir/yri)i-(il    /'r/iirijilr.-i   <;/"    XnlniT    in    A  iw  rii-n: 
W'lii/.'iiii,  or  All II  lit II ri-1  on  till'  MoM/iii/n  ,S/i(irc,   under  the  ])seililonyin  of  S^mi- 
iiel  A.  ]>ard;  <,hiislii,ii  A  ihjIo-.I  iin'rirniiir:   /t'ljiiirl  <ij'  f/ir  sum  i/  of  tin:  lliiii'hiinn 
iii/i  rori'i'iiic   riiiliriii/;    Miuiiiiiniji/i  oil  aiilliiir.i   ir/io   lini'i'   wrlthii  on    tin    ii'.uri.il. 
mil  liiiiijinnics  of  Ci  n/ml  Ann  rim;    'l'i-u]iifiil  jihrin  inn/.  (Inir  iroiiDinii-  i.ilrin'- 
tiini:  f.-i  coi'tin  liinjl  Snnrrr/i  oj' collnn  mjipbi:    /nriilin/i  i>t'  Triinl  iiinl  /•.'/■j./o- 
ruf/oii.'i  ill,  tlie  liiinl  of  lliv  liifnn.     Otlier  \\  orks  of   this  aiitiior  (jnoled  in  my 
volumes  on  Cciitr.il  America  are:  A'o^w  on  lliv  slnU'i  of  J/nniliiriis  iiml  ^nlri- 
ilni;  with  m.-qis  and  illustrations,  •vvliieli  gives  valiialile  data  on   tliose  i  (nm- 
tries.      Ill  treating  of  diplomatic  relations  lie  expatiates  on  manifest  il—tiuy 
and  British  iiitriuues,  Ids  conclusions  not  lieing  prohaMy  palataMo  to  tin  siili- 
jcets  of  the  Uritish  crown,  and  others  disposi'd  to  op[pose   the  ahsorplini  ef 
more  territory,  or  the  exercise  of  jxdnsive  inllneuee  hy  tliu  U.  S.     'ill  ■  i  !ii]n 
drawn  hy  liitchcock  under  Sipiier's  directions  are  the.  hest  that  to  th  it  tiiim 
had   lieeii   ]iulilislied.      'J'riinl.-i  in  < 'in/riil  A  nn  rifn,  jiiir/irnldrli/  in  I^'ii-itrinjini, 
N.  v.,  IS.l;!,  Svo,  '2  Vol.,  pp.  -I'Jt  and   l.VJ,  niajis  and  cuts,  eontain.s  a  d  siriii- 
tiiin  of  alioriiiinal  movements  and  sitenery,  tom  tlua"  with  a  concise  accoiiiit  nl 
the  history,   a_^ricultural  ami  otiier  resources,   of   Xiear.igua,    the   lair.ji.me, 
m.inuers,  and  customs  of  the  people,  with  illustrations  of  the  prineip.d  hnil.l- 
ings,  towns,  ports,  etc.     The  woi-k  also  di'scrilirs  at  leajuth  the  ]iroposiil  iiumI 
route,  .setting  forth  its  adv.inlai;<'s.     The  author  li.id  I'Very  f.n-ility  as  l'.  ,S, 
eiiarge  ilaHdires  toolitain  the  most  exact  ilat.i,  and  usi'd  them  conscieutiMiisly 
anil  with  marked  alnlity.      Xirnnii/n.i,  !'■•■  pi.ijn'r,  .<rriii ,;/,   nnnnnnrnli,  lunl  tin; 
propii.-iii/  iiilirnriiiiiir  rninil,    Loud.,    l.S.'i'J.    N.  V.,  1S.")(>,  li  vol.     This  wui'k  is 
similar  in  all  respects  to — in  l.ict  a  reprint  of  —  '/'rinl-i  in.  Ci  nt.  Am.     AiietluT 
edition  under  the  aforesaid  title  ap|ieai'eil  in  Xew  York,  IStiO,  1  vol.  nl  pji. 
(i'.U,  which  with  tile  exception  of  ahout  IS  )ip.  in  tlie  apiiend.,  and  a  lev.-  iiioii; 
illustrations,  was  .similar  to  Tnir.  in  ('ml.  Am.     Tin'  Slutrsof  Ci  nlral  A:iii  ri''", 
N.  Y.,  IS.'iS,  Svo,  p.  7N-,  majis  and  illiist.     The  autimr  issueel   in  IS.'i.'i.  with 
the  title  of  Xutr.i  on  Cnitnil  Amirirn,  an  Svo  vol.  of  IiKT  pages,  with  m :i|'s  :iii'l 
cuts,  iiiti.'iided  to  serve  as  a  hasi.s  for  this  moru  cxtonsivu  one,  wliieii  tn  its  el 
the    jihysical   iieculi.irities,    population,    ]ii'oduetions,    couimerce,   and   otliir 
resources,  political  organization,  iihorii^ines,  etc.,  of  the  country  in  general, 
and    of   the    states    siparately,    and   also   of    15ili/e,    the    IJay    islands,   and 
Mosijuito  shore.     Squier  was  evidently  conversant  with  his   sulijeet.     lli-' 
.style  is  vivid  ;iiid  inti^resting,  as  well  as  instructive,  and  the  statements,  as  ;i 
rule,  worthy  of  acceptance.     In  his  treatment  of  diplomatic  atl'airs  lutwitii 
(ireat  Britain  and  Cent.  Am.,  in  whiih  his  own  country  was  iiiteresleii  i.ii 
the  side  of  the  latter,  ho  espouses  the  Central  American  .side  with  .sn  iiiiuli 
warmth  as  to  awaken  a  sns|iicion  that  his  judgment  may  have  hei'U  uai'l'id 
jiy  his  patriotism.     The  (|Uestion  of  an  iutei'oceanic  i-ailroad  having  eidrossnl 
jiulilic  attention  since  tlie  i)iililication  of  this  Work  the  author  felt  jii-tilieil  m 
reiiroduciug,  under  the  title  of  Jfunihinix,   I.,oncl.,  isyo,  Vl\  27S  j)p.,  with  a 
map,  iu  a  more  compact  and  accessilile  form,  a  dcscriiition  of  this  c.nnitry. 
\\'illi  the  exception  of  a   fuller  inldrination  on  the  route,  and  its  allcgi  il  au- 
vantages  over  all  others,  and  an  appuudi.x  relating  to  immigration,  the  ww- 


'iJl!iJ(>(;|;.\|'|iv 


("its  1,1'  till!  ].onk  Iiavo  1 


•ecu 


';""/  to  III,'  /;, 


fol. 

li.sllCll   (111    tilis   sill 


'"-  I'l'-   .'nKl  )(i;i,,.       I 


inrtorx  of  il,r  //, 


tii'ii.  I'lit  ill   the 


"'Jift,  nil. I  ill  i,s.- 


f'%tm.t<.,li„t|„.  ,,i,,j 

'")/</itnr,  lilt,. 


">«>-ai<|,i,.;,l 


Until 


:.'i;;{ 


■'■  "II  tlio 


•""■■'  .vivir.s 


ill  lull.     Tl 


■■'I'l'i'iiilix  \v 


!•-•  I'lVscllt  Moil* 


tTC 


'  •■iiinfli,.,.  ^,|;,|, 


114 


■  v,ilmii.l,st,iii.,t      ^ 

q«  mlh>  ill-   l„   J/;^f] 


!<■  i^n-v^  ;i 


«'\ill  lliitlnr 


iilillii 


liiiiil.irvr 


.l"'lt   W.IS  J, 1,1,' 


(•(lire 


.iiiilovi. 


I'Ic'td  rc|„irt 


'",-'   ll".'lc|(liti,,„;,l 

I"'";l''Mc...  an.l  til,,  ,.|i 


lllloi' 


lll.'l< 


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Ai 
Ntnij,!,!  In't 


iiiijilics.   i.s 


'''    ralilh;,    ,/, 


;V"''<7"itii..tv,,.sii,ii 


"'tl'  .ill  .Irtail 


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«ii'ii  ri 


"'H''li  ('ciitral  A 


I'lil'li-'aiis 


fill  fiutlii 

i.s  t 


'  ii/m-Ai 


I'yof  tl 


IIHTICl  Ma 


that 
on  (III, 


',  J' 


'I  *i\-, 


'   f'o  I.„liti,,il  Ji'f.^t, 
I  .sk,t,'li  (if  tl 


"^■l"'"|><ist;,[  r 

||'«,  J.s.'.d,  ii> 


liter 
l'i'-<cii(. 


,    i'l'- 1- 

'■y  "f   Ciitral 


t»v,.ntiie,\.,i,,  .ts-t ,i;;""'r'''''*" ^' 


"I'l  iiK'nanliist 


'•(■voluti. 


II  ami 


''  <ii''  fi'ilerat 


"II II  Car 
"/  l><m  J), 


""';  "."■'  tilt.  „ltii„,,'t 


ly.'iivli.s,  \\\ 


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y 


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.•■i-i  WLJIas  t,i,,l.    7 


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'/•,  ill' 
i;  of  ( 


N.  Y.,  ] 


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'?y(( ,/;, 


)  '■■'  III 

■SliO. 


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"'Mcr  ,.f  tJio  1; 


oil 


r  '''■"'::''  '•"■  ■^;""" "« ^ 


//O/f 


Hint  Ht  til 


"it'icnt  imivi 


^  I'o^al  an, I 


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ittei 


"■lii,'li'iu  ,S 


r;i;:i:i,i:^^""---'''t^K,ii.i 


ii.u  nihaliitaiit 


iiit.lli 

I'lit 

I'istriirti 


•tcl  tl 
I'llt 


a  il,... 


tC'N  of     ( 

iii;,'uai:. 


.";'!•■'■■'"'■ ''ti.iti.iiial 


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null . 
■il'lli- 


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I,  lo  the  k 


"■'  'iif'Tiiiati,.!!   1 


■il.t 


filstoii 


mil  ,,t   the  r 


ami  le 


ll/;,.;i( 


111, 


lyioii  ,ii  tl 


^'i\in 
ami  <  ■ 


«aii 


as  A\e]l 


Us 


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V,  ami  1 


:i.s  a 


y  or,l„|.  ,,f  ]| 


'""•■'  "f  (-'„i,aii':     l...^! 


K'lf  ali.ir 


lll.ily,   Mell-, 


KovoI•,.,^„,  ami 


'■'"■ri'i-lm,.- 


,1   ,S( 


iii'.ii  IS  i 


■|'lli'll.s 


U..MI 


II 
and 


'•■',"  ,"."'i  ■'"■'I  of"  hi.  t 

■■     ".'■■*   '''■■■s,.|i|,ti,,„  „(•  ^1 
'";i".^'  f.stal  ■ 
Nijiiiora.hi 


ll'.'Ullllur    1, 


Jl 


1.1  II ; 


■■(lioui.,1  1 


•'■lo  evi.li 


I'i  ii.irrat 


:i|.(.'i 


li.she, 
.1 


It-'  I'tllll.S  ui    C 


N,)iii,.\v|iat 
i^'iJ  is  liiitl 


Mills 


.sii|i,.r.stitj 
I  i-fa,lali!,,. 


ii,'i- 
itly 
It  an 


I'aitlyf, 


fjicn   tiierit 


•^■'l  niiniei-,ui 


ill  alter  years  1 


;'l'.ui  .•.vtr,.mely  int 


iml 


yil 


■■'  ami  int„r(..st 


'"'"t;.  tlinii^h  a  i 
"iiN'niit.s.  .J!e,,i,, 
'II  liiaiiii.serfpt  ivlat 


"'•an,it  .stiieta.ll 


"■'■i'll.  iMlfly  fn,. 


n:  act 

111,1,'  n,iti 


•  ■n'stiii!. 
"lilts  of  Fu,.iite 


'"•aiitiiiil 


K'l'L'llro  to  tl 


'-Troll 


nit 


"•'■s  nicani 


lii.s  t 


raiis- 


tl 


l,..Si 


i;I] 


jH-'nnion  of  tv|i„,rra, 

i;ivi.  Ill  11      '^      1 


lavo  m  my  ]il 


■•I'ti-T  the.  S 


l.llll.sll  c 


'"«  to  Central  A 


•I'ai-y  mini 


ii-'.-^innt  of  th 

lisfiyi 


ll^'S    ,r|V 


I'll  til 


in\',  I.- 


""''";^-''i'I'nlili.she,i. 


"i'l'-'st,  whieh  .Mr  ,S 


.""-■'■K'aii  Jiistor 


L'l'on.s  valiialile  ,| 


'■"I''f,'inal.     Th, 
"'ill   many 


u-ei 


./  7 


'lui'T^atli 


ins.  j.Sd 


rarri:^  //I 


iliivctnr-ir 


«\  2  vol 


""'■''/>i'-  <  •niirnlv. 


mail: 


/.'■  Xi 


y.  t^'oin  tl„.  earliest  ,| 
i-oin  various  sou 


ere,l   f 


o''iinii.nt.s 


i.>s 


rcos 


II 


L'  Ha 


'"•'•al  of  a  Frenei 


'I'M  ,1    li.    (  ■ 


lie  ta 


•■<  also  a  eh 


'^  o(  iihtain 


uvaheraml 


1  eanal 


iiij. 


;i  we  11-1. 


'.„:y"l4>S(,   i,,,.,hyj..el 
'■"'iilLiny  for  „,„.„ 


g  a  charter  f 


i<'io\rn  \rrit 


tl 


0-t  he  visited  cj?.;;, :( 

"uiss,u.yex,,Iorations   f 


roin  K 


'J'o  1 


II,  11 


ii-.ii-agiia  for  tl 


i.v  ISell 
ii«  a  X 
iiin  ha 


'It'll   Illlr 


y,  v\ 


'<  "iii,/i/r 
I"  was  tin 


iwii'.-igna  nnitc 


11 


'■iiiiiy  of  t 


■.i«;u.ain   IN/is/oIitained' 


1.1  canal. 


III'  thus  1 
iii.-^titiit 


L'  luiilertak 


'■"•i-.itive  of  1 


"■'c.uiic  Well 
;■*  vcncrallv 


Of  routes 
«  caused  J{,.Ily.  t 


Ion 


it'i|ii  iint,.,l  witi 


iiid  resoiir, 
y  to  visit  tl 


tl 


'I'l 


ic  chart 


10  del 


'eeii  mtriistei! 
"Ill  Willi  this 
ie 


cr,  am 


made 


Tl 


1  Us 


iL'  country  i 


''■■*  I'l'orniation  1 


resoiirei 


iiore  tl 


and  niicer- 


I),.,ij 


lan  oiieo. 


governn 


•"  '.'"•  'i'-t  vohi.r  •'The?  "'"    '"  ^'•'''^'-.  "'I.    r     u^  re  m"t  ■■'""""•''""  ^''tl' 
l"'"||'.fs.  ami  ....„.,,■■.,/"'  •"'■'■'""'  volume  is  wl,„n,.  ,  ^.  ';'^l,":'''''Vo  .states,  ,dv,„. 


'^;;'i'l'artsineo„„ecth, 


lent. 


and 


particnlai-lv  t 


(.(.(•nil 

l.s:,,s. 


•^^  1-^  attractive,  tl 


>  a  detailed  hist 


IS  who]] 


lition 


■ontains  not 


>  •'  JC]iriiit,  ;i[ 


"■scrvatii 


Ills  el 


'■y  of  1 


y devoted  to  t 


'■/„ 


'  .siirvt 
II  L'liiil, 


''son  till 


I  leare. 


-vi'r,  an, I  tl 


MS  OWI 


I  canal 


"   KS7().   /i,.//,^^  f 


1^!  mtormat 


ic  lilt 


.SClll.IlK 


given 
cr,iei.aiiie 


y  made  tor  that 


\m 


!'!'• 


''",'/'• 


'IDlll 


roil  . 


l'iir|„ 


-t  of  I)|,il,] 


I'lgacaiial  th 


'irlr  tl'i  hill, 


""I  <-X-cell,.,it. 


■|-| 


t'osta  J 


uca. 


one  map,  is  th 
utcl 


;■";':;■;'  -ith  a  fe.;.';^ 


^"•'1 1- 1, 1  III,,  I'l 

;is  Cai-ti 


l''>'ll.r   Jiill,,^    I 


•oii,iili  N 


<l,- 


I' 


iris 


■same 
ics  of  tl 


'('i:-«-lr.l ; 


>iirr/il,riich   ,/, 


icarauna.aml 


le  cniuti 


''  il'ihnli 


Knrl  S.-li, 


y  F, 


'A  I', 


iiirrinii, 


I.S.-)!». 


■y  <'iiid   iM.ople'of  X 


i!-^'    15elly,  lint 


icaragna  and 


^. 


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IMAGl:  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


/. 


<- 


1.0 


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1.25 


ii^lllM    11125 


■32 


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I, 


1.4 


1.8 


1.6 


^- 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRHT 

WEBSTER, NY.  MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


"4 


^ 


.% 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

REPUBLIC  OF  (iUATEMALA 

1840-1805. 
Presidfat  Rivkra  Paz — CAUiiERA's  (  Oirhf, — Pretenpeii  Repittox — Tisso- 

I.rriOV  OK  'IMK   AssKMUI.Y — A  C'dNSE.TO   CoNSTITrYENTK  C'KKATEI) — CaI;- 

kera  Becomes  President — Attempt  AfiAissr  iirs  Life— Revui.t  m 
Monterrosa—Carh era's    DEsrciTisM — The  KErniLic   Lstaiii.isiikh— 

lU'.I.ATIONS  WITH  <>rilER  PoWERS — IlKVOLlTION  OF  THE  ^loiNTAIN— CoN- 

■stitl'est  Ashemrly  Convened— Carrera's  Korcf.d  Resignation  am> 
P^xii.E — LniKisAi.s  TRiiMniANT — Their  Sq^aiuiles  and  Disintkciratiiin 
— The  Moi)i;iiAi'o  Party — Revoltiiov  of  Los  Ai.tos — iNTRKirEs  m 

THE   SeRVII.KS— PRESIDKNCIES    OF   MARTINEZ   AND   EsCOIlAR — CaISES    c'K 

their  Uesiunaitons-  Paredes — IlKCAi.f.  OK  Carrera — Deeds  of  \'en- 

(iEANCE — CaRREUA  A(iAlN  PRESIDENT — PARTIAL   Rk.STOKATION  OF  PeAi  K. 

Cauueka  liad  l)cconie  so  inflated  l)v  fiittory  that  lir 
actually  bolii'vod  himself  able  to  >_  a  upon  instinct 

Guatemala,  and  even  all  Central  Ai  riea.'  He  tried 
to  shak(!  ort'  aristocratic  eontrol,  and  showed  })UL!^na- 
ciousness  toward  the  assembly  and  the  administrator 
of  the  diocese.  Obedience  not  being  in  ev(>ry  instance 
given  to  his  whims,  he  threatent>(l,  in  August  1840,  to 
resign  the  command  of  the  trooi)s,  which  he  held  with 
the  rank  of  lieutenant-general."  The  aristocrats  were 
much  alarmed,  and  the  assembly,  in  Hattering  teriii>, 
declined  accepting  the  resignation.  He  now  aj)pearcd 
in  the  roles  of  financier,  political  economist,  and  enemy 
of  tlie  nobles,  presuming  to  dictate  a  ])olicy  for  tlit 
protection   of    manufactures,    agrieulture,    and    other 

'At  this  time,  in  1H40,  lie  could  neither  roiid  nor  write,  ami  useil,  for  aii- 
pcniling  liis  Hi^'Uiitiire,  a  stamp.     Later  he  leariieil  to  xign  ids  name. 

'•'Ho  sent  ills  resignation  to  the  asseml>ly,   implying  tliat  it  was  cdnil' 
Becnsion  on  his  jiart  to  lay  it  licforc  that  hody,  us  ho  owed  his  position  tlirectly 
to  the  Yotes  of  the  people 

( y'4 ) 


Hi 


IIEIGX  OF  l)i:.Sl'OTl.S.\l. 


889 


liitiTosts.  His  dlsploasuro  witli  tlic  nobles  was  be- 
caiiJ^o  lie  believed  them  hostile  to  tlie  iimsHes."''  They 
i)i,iiia}jfe(l  to  mollify  him,  and  he  tlieii  eoiiteiitcjl  him- 
si  It  with  issuing  a  long  address,  on  the  Dth  of  ()rtol)er, 
ri  iterating  his  auxietv  tor   tlie  jjeneral  welfare,  and 


IVIIK 


uistratinir  auainst  tlie  intriLriU's  of  ]\\> 


pe 


rsona 


tiiiniies. 


A  reign  of  despotism  was  now  established,  which 
(•(iiitinued  u[)ward.s  of  tliirty  years,  LilxTal  laws  were 
alnogated  one  after  another,  and  retrogressive  ones 
sulistituted,  ineluding  a  oomplete  restoration  to  the 
clcrijv  of  the  Auros  tliev  had  been  deprivi-d  of  bv  the 
lilnial  e(')rtes  of  Spain  in  18*J0.  C'arrera's  enmity  to 
the  assembly  bt'came  more  apparent  from  day  to  day. 
lie  sliowed  it  l>v  word,  and  bv  tlu^  i)ress.''      lie  could 

t  write  a  line,  ])ut  others  wrote  for  him,  and  printed 


im 


ame 


J 


P 


ose 


rancisco 


aitnit's  appearea  over  Jus  n 
IJaiiundia  had  returned  from  his  exile,  and  had  been 
(lio-^cn  a  deputy,  but  Ik;  resigned  on  the  ]  Itli  of  ^[arch, 
1842,  giving  jutwcrlul  r<'asons  for  his  course.'  lndc«-d, 
]>ariundia  would  have  been  out  of  place  in  a  body 
iiKotly  made  u[)  of  ultramontane  pri(!sts,  self-styletl 
IK  lilies,  and  reactionists. 

"Ml!  was  wr.-itliiul  at  tlio  tlinu(,'lit  tliat  tlioy  hail  tondercil  a  dictatorsliii)  to 
Mi>ni/;iii,  and  ciilistcil  tlir  <,'iii'/alti;cs  against  himself,  lie  diil  nut  foruet  Ri- 
vciM  I'.iz' iiroclaniatioiis  calliiiif  liiiii  a  liandit  and  an  niilnijiii/'inid.  lit;  askod 
liM-  tlif  meaning  of  this  last  Wdrd,  and  on  hoinj:  told  it,  llew  into  a  I'au'c  whicii 
tlinMtiiu.'d  a  i'e]ietitiou  of  tin;  iiorrid  sei'ncs  of  l^nczalteiiango.  MitiitiiOir,  Ho 
HI  I'm  lli-i/.,  iii.  ^>1'2. 

Mill  rtfcrreil  to  I'avon,  IJatrcM,  and  Aycinena,  It  was  ivident  that  ho 
tiiiu  know  ftf  .hian  Fenniii  Ayi'ini'iia's  hargain  in  Madrid  whiidi  niado  liiiii 
iii.iii|Uis  do  AjL'incna. 

■'Ills  press  was  i;allod  Imprenta  del  j'',je,'cito.  Ho  had  lirouglit  it  from 
Qnez:il!cnan;:o. 

'■Several  deputies,  under  one  jiretext  or  another,  triecl  to  re-ij.'!!,  hut  only 
the  elrigyman  Loren/ana  was  permitted  to  do  so.  T<  mjixk-y's  Jnunif!/,  lUI-'Hl. 
A  iMiii  named  Andrailo  Mliniilly  woundeil  Carrer.iin  the  evcMinii  of  Aug.  H, 
I**!!,  lie!  was  murdered  hy  the  troops,  and  <  'arrern,  witli  tile  as.sont  of  the 
gii\  t,  had  the  liody  ipiarti'red  in  tile  jireseneo  of  liumlreds  of  persons,  and  tho 
piiTes  iijaeeil  on  exhiiiitiou  at  the  city  gates.  The  order  for  so  chiing  was 
Higiiid  iiy  Kivera  I'a/,  and  his  minister  Viteri,  afti'rwar<l  hishop  of  Salvailor. 
/■/.,  ."iHAS;  (Imrf.,  dm-.  (h!r.,  no.  2*2,  8(1-7;  Di(iiln]>'.i  C'lif.  .!»(.,  24S;  Xi.ii,; 
Aiiii"li.^  I'oi/.,  xeii.  37">;  S'ili'n'  Jt'f'j.,  Ixi.  177. 

'  lie  hail  promised,  ho  said,  to  remain  in  ]irivato  life.  His  voice  wouM 
I'lmheeded.  Without  freeilom  or  inlUleliee,  he  enuld  no  lunger  do  tluieoun- 
'i\  iiiy  good.  '  Ningun  jtensamieiito  hay  aeeptahle  en  la  eritiea  eomplieaeioii 
i'  -lis  Megoeios,  y  eu  I'l  niovimieuto  retniL'rado  (pie  no  Ic  ha  dado.'  Mvntii/nr, 

!:■    ",  //;.,/.,  iii.  .v.'S-'.t;  (;„r.  </.  .<„/,•.,  Oet.  1-j,  ls.-.». 


:sa 


KWUULIC   OF  <;UATKMALA. 


Tlio  treasury  was  so  exhausted  that  tlic  assenil)]y 
hati  no  means  to  pay  its  clerks.  But  the  ecclesiastical 
coffers  had  an  ahundaiice  of  money  from  the  tithfs 
tax,  and  Carnra's  troo[)s  had  to  he  paid,  or  he  would 
resent  the  neglect.  This  was  made  evident  in  Sej)- 
t(Mnher  1844.  llivera  l*az,  the  president,  with  the 
utmost  dithculties,  managed  to  procure  money  for  the 
pay  of  the  soldiers  from  day  to  day;  hut  for  son.e 
reason  unexplained,  it  did  not  reach  them.  Carrera 
found  a  way  to  secure  his  ends,  lie  had  a  conference! 
with  some  of  his  oJMcers,  and  the  result  was  that  tlio 
battalion  of  regular  tr<»ops  revolted  on  the  20th,  and 
sa<'ked  a  nnniherof  shops,  and  tlie  stalls  in  the  market- 
place, getting  an  ahundant  supply  and  luining  seveial 
traders.""  Carreia  then  gathered  his  soldiers  in  Ihe 
barra<'ks,  and  in  order  to  keep  u[>  apjuarances,  the 
next  day  witliout  much  ado  or  any  form  of  trial,  had 
six  men  shot." 

liivera  l*a/.,  fniding  his  position  unhearable,  resigned 
it.  The  assembly  acerpted  his  resignation,  to  take 
effect  after  his  successor  should  be  ajjpointed,  ami 
qualily.  (  arrera  was  cln)sen,  but  declined  the  ofliic. 
A'enancio  Lope/  and  IJernardino  Ijeinus,  a])))ointe(l  in 
the  order  named,  followed  his  exann)le.  Kivera  I'a/. 
had  to  remain  as  iiomin.'.l  head  of  the  government, 
Carrera  being  the  actual  ruler,  whose  demands  cla>lie(l 
with  the  fiery-tempered  Alteii,  minister  of  stat<'. 
They  had  a  serious  (juarrel.  which  culminated  in  the 
arrest  by  Carrera,  on  the  7th  of  l)ecemb(>r,  lS4l,"if 
Kivera  I'a/,  together  with  N'iteriand  hissubonlinates.'" 

"Rivera  Paz  tliil  not  I'sciiiic  insult;  liut  not  iikhi'  than  ( 'iirrcra  lUi  im  d 
needful  to  kooj)  liiiii  liuiiiMu. 

"Till'  O'tm/ii,  uo.  17''{,  luciitiniu'il  tliat  uuinlnT.  Otliers  iiiaile  it  larger. 
Till"  Jiulian  chief  Jvicanld  Cal/um  and  otlierH  on  their  way  t"  the  jilaee  el  i\<- 
euticm,  ill  loud  tones  deelarcd  tiiat  tiiey  hatl  oidy  olieyed  their  generalH  en  leiv. 

'"Carrera  liad  tiireateneil  Viteri  witli  'la  fuer/a,'  and  tlie  latter  aiiswiivii 
tliat  he  iiail  on  his  side  'la  fuerzji  de  la  razon.'  Carrera  miderstood  tins  to 
mean  cannons  and  niuskets,  and  rushing  out  to  tiie  jiia/.a  came  liaek  simui 
alter  M'ith  trooiis  and  artillery,  surrounded  the  government  house—  linn  n|'|iip- 
hite  the  Santa  liosa  church — and  furiously  enteretl  the  hud'linjj;,  deinuiidin^  "I 
Kivera  I'a/.  to  show  hiiu  his  forces.  N'lteri  tiieii  explaini'cl  the  lueanin:;  ••'■ 
fuer/a  de  1,1  ru/.on.  Mnvfii/nr,  /'isn't, i  Jlist.,  iii.  ri.'{(i-7.  Scjuier,  'J'niirl",  n, 
443  deacribcii  Muinuthing  biinilar  aa  iluuu  by  Carrera  to  the  auHcndily. 


"0|,  til, 

I ../ . 

'-OMsc 

na,Me,,t   'e, 
"■  Meinj, 

« 1  •  O 

"I'l-e  lif  M-a 
'    Tlu.yl 

•'-..III  at  the 


I 


SAX« i LIN Ali V    r< UJTICS. 


2ti7 


])ut  after oxplaimtitms  Ik;  ictintl  his  force,  and  calm 
was  ii'storcd.  On  tlio  refusal  of  Carrcra  to  accept 
the  prcsuloncy  n'sioned  liy  llivera  Paz,  J)cccnd>er  14, 
istl,  the  councillor  A'enancio  Lopez  was  called  upon 
1(1  assume  the  olfice."  The  lieutenant-jj^eneral  asked 
for  a  passport  to  leavo  (iuatemala,  liis  {»l)ject  heinjjf 
only  to  ohtain  more  Jionors  and  money.  His  plan 
S((  ins  to  have  sueci'cded.''  Loi)ez  ga\e  uj)  the  piis- 
i(l(  i.cy,  and  lliveia  l*az  for  the  tliird  time,  on  the  1  Uh 
tif  May,  1H4'J,  was  api^/mted  to  fill  it. 

The  assembly  adjourned  on  the  4th  of  Xovcmher, 
1S4;],  to  meet  again  on  the  1st  of  April,  1.S44.  Uui 
Curnni  had  resolved  to  su)»[)ress  it,  and  pretending 
an  intende<l  seditious  movement  at  I 'inula,  he  had 
tlic  sui)posed  rehels  fired  upon,  an<l  the  criminal  f.ii'ee 
riidcd  with  a  simulated  capitulation  at  (juadalupf  on 
llie  I  1th  of  March,  J  844,  hv  which  the  asseml)Iv  was 
M  t  aside,  and  a  council  of  government  was  to  fake  its 
|ilarc,'''  The  assemhly  was  con\oke(l,  i-atilit<l  its  own 
(li.->lionor,  gave  the  government  full  pown-  to  p-gidate 
administrative  affairs,  and  decreed  its  own  dissolu- 
tion." "J'he  decree  convoking  memln-rs  for  the  ni  w 
council''  was  issue<l  on  the  'J<»th  of  .Vjtril,  and  it  w;.s 
foiiiially  installed  on  the  Sth  of  ])t'cend>er,  ha\ing 
jiiiioiig  itsmemhei'sa  numher  of  liherals.  I{iv<'ra  l*az 
)■(  signed  the  presidi-ncy,'"  and  ( "arrera  was  chosen  his 
successor,  assuming  on  the  lltli  of  ])eci-nd»er  anotljce 
tl'.at  he  had  virtually  controlled  since  the  l^Ith  of 
Apiil,  18;l9.  At  the  ele«'tioii  of  justices  of  the  supremo 
ceiiit,    the   nobles    Were    dei'eated.''      'J'lie   colisejo,    or 

"  i,ii|iiz  \v;i.s  a  NiiNini^tian  e»luc;itccl  in  »iu,it.,  .111  liniini.ililr  in.iii  iiml  mm  .ir- 
(■Hiii]i|i>lnil  jurist;  Init  (iwiiin  til  liJiil  IumUIi,  pi  isuikiI  li.ili;!«,  .iiiil  uIIht  ciiisi's, 
«;i  ■  Kiitit  lor  till'  i'Xci'iiti\  I'  iitiii'c. 

'  Tlu'  UMHiMiilily  I'oiiHiilcri'il  ii  liill  grunting'  liiiii  largi'  tiMi'ts  nt'  l.iml. 

'■  Tlu)  ciiiiMtitiitioii  to  1k'  frairu'il  wu.-i  t.i  lie  ijitiliiil  liy  l\\v  liist  Mtli.s(i|iiiiil 
c'liiiiii'il  (if  (lonlilo  tlie  no.  of  rcjircsciitutivcs.  Tlir  ilm'.  Ii.nl  l"J  artichs.  i-'iii/., 
Jul  l'.ir,.ii,  '_'-"»;  iV(V<V  llr,,.,  Ixvi.  'J4'.'. 

"•Ill  the  14th  of  .\[,iri,'li,  1S44.   <!wil.,  /,', r„p.  Iaii.,  i.  114  l(i. 

'  "(.'miHi'jo  constitnycntc '  it  was  lir.st  ralli'il;  aftfiwanl  it  ailoptiil  tlio 
11.11111'  ivt  't'oiign'so  const ituyentc* 

'"  liciiig  uiijiointt'il  I'arly  in  lS4'.t  t'orrcgidor  of  .Tutiajia;  wliilu  011  liis  way 
tlnri'  liu  was  nnirilcruil  with  othiTs. 

'  I  licy  had  I'ouiitfil  on  Carn'ra's  aitl,  ami  lu'  failoil  thcin,  for  wliii'li  tiicy 
aj.nii  at  tlifir  secret  coulcTvuct's  rcapiiliod  to  him  thu  nainu  unfnijxtjUiji,, 


■    'I 

.1 
,  5 


<   M 


llKrUBLIC  OF  (iUATKMALA. 


: .' 


congrcso,  as  it  had  bogun  to  call  itself,  became  an  ob- 
ject of  bitter  enmity  on  the  part  of  the  aristocrats  and 
serviles;  and  Carrera's  overthrow  was  also  contem- 
l>lated  by  them,  pretending  cooperation  with  the  lih- 
erals  for  its  accomplisliment.  The  plan  fell  through 
])efore  maturity,  owing  to  distrust  between  the  leaders 
of  the  two  j)arties.  Carrcra  was  informed  of  his 
danger  by  the  confession  of  a  dying  man,  but  never 
penetrated  to  the  sources  of  the  plot.^^  During  C'ar- 
rera's  absence  from  the  capital  on  furlough  in  Feb- 
ruary 1845,  Joaquin  Duran  occu})ying  the  executive 
chair,  a  revolt  took  place,  headed  by  Monterrosa  and 
an  oiticer  named  Mendez,  but  not  being  seconded  by 
the  people,  they  entered  into  a  capitulation  with  Duran 
to  have  the  city,  on  Jiis  solemnly  pledging  them  that 
tiiey  woulil  not  be  molested.  They  accordingly  went 
out  on  the  5th  as  itiomised,  and  on  the  next  day 
St>tero  Carrera,  A.  Solares,  and  Vicente  Cruz  entered 
at  the  head  of  their  respective  forces.  Carrera  ar- 
rived afterward,  and  was  received  in  triumph.'" 

At  the  expiration  of  his  furlough  Carrera  reassunud 
the  reigns  of  government.  Joaquin  Duran  resigned 
the  portfolio  of  treasury  and  war,  being  succeeded  hy 
l^rigadier  ( Jeroiiiino  J*aiz.  The  .statt;  was  now  virtually 
under  the  control  of  a  triumvii-ate  composed  of  liaftiel 
and  Sotero  Carrera,  and  J*aiz.-"  The  subse<)uent  rt:s- 
ignation  of  ^Mitiister  Najera  and  appointment  of  Jose 
Antonio  Azniitia  inspired  a  little  cotifidence."'     Tlie 

""A  iMunlHT  of  ipci'soiis  wciv  ItliiiiUy  per.sei'uti'd,  jiartioularly  lirijjailirr 
Monterrosa  ami  lii.s  family.  Biii-nint/itt,  Jier.  (!<•  '.■  a  I'lirtiilot,  in  Montii/iir,  J'c- 
Diiiii  lli.'ii.,  iv.  (((ilJ. 

'^  J)iiraii'.s  ii1lm1;;cs  went  for  notliiii),'.  lilood  ami  extermination  cmleil  tln' 
ilraiiia  of  Tel..  1S4.').  /./.,  (•.(•..•{-'.);  />(0(/nj.',W<  ,,<.  .1 ;«.,  244-7. 

■'"The  most  ilesiHitio  caiitaiii-geiierals  of  the  colonial  period,  witiiout  exci  !)• 
tiiij;  the  tyrant  liiistamaute,  arc  not  to  l)e  eoinpared  with  these  men.  li^u- 
rumlia,  in  tryiiij'  to  cuiisole  the  young  men  who  l»<;wailed  tho  condition  of  tlm 
coniitry,  a.ssured  tliein  tliat  it  was  transitory,  'un  regimen  salvajc  en  iiliiio 
Bi;.;lo  XIX.  no  puede  sir  iierpetuo  en  la  Aniei'iea  independicnte.  J^a  Iti/ ii"S 
viene  jior  el  Nortu  y  jmr  el  Sur;  solo  el  centro  esta  en  tiniehlaa,  y  esa  noclie 
lU^^iilire  no  pnede  isi'r  etcr'iia.'  Mmili'ifur,  L'imi'ki  ///.«/.,  v.  1). 

'^' Azniitia  was  an  enliglitencd  man,  and  thirstecl  for  no  one's  Mood;  hut 
his  inllucnec,  outside  of  tlie  foreign  department,  was  small,  and  men,  itnlieai'l 
and  untried,  weie  sliot  before  liis  eyes,  without  liis  being  able  to  prevent  it. 
His  fi'iemls  claimed,  however,  that  through  him  eiuat.  was  spared  many  inorf 
ttots  of  barbarity. 


(Kllstl 

IlrW  o 

did  in 
ject  o 

its  se.si 

liad  ol 

\'icciit 

assuiJK 

;i  striet 

Carrerj 

ai^ain  a 

ing  eoi 

tlir  Con 

izrd    tll( 

,1^'IVSS. 

iiifri^ue 
'■•'la  and 
till'  act 

I'liWrr.-'* 

( 'ari-ci 
U'idor  of 
'lad  no  J, 

laming  t 
pJot  Was 
"lid  thee 
Ji'td  powe 
t«>  J)erish 


II 


<^'uate 
''■"111  tJie 
'iV  her  as 


''It  consist 
f'l  11,, tiling.  /'/ 

""•'I'lizlia,! 
i'iiii,|,',|.     ll^,  J 

■iMN|,,i'rats. 

''Jirrundia 
■■'iid.-.ra,  h;„l  1 
tii,ii. 

i,. ■".'!'"■  i'''i"  1 


fUNSTlTUTlOX   AND  CONCllESS 


209 


CO 


iistituent  congress  ])assed  liberal  laws,  and  issued  a 
IK  w  constitution  on  tlio  IGtIi  of  September,  1  Rio,  that 
did  not  suit  the  arist(»crats,  and  they  niatle  it  an  ob- 
jtct  of  ridicule  and  contempt. ^'"  The  conj^icss  dosed 
its  session  on  the  2lst  of  the  same  month.  Carrera 
liad  obtained  anotlicr  leave  of  absence,  and  Brigadier 
Vicente  Cruz,  the  vice-j)resident  chosen  by  congress, 
assumed  the  executive  office.  "*'  The  aristocrats  ki'pt 
a  strict  watch  on  Cruz,  an<l  lireathed  more  freely  when 
Carrera  with  his  ministers  l\iiz  and  Azmitia  were 
a";iin  at  the  head  of  the  Ljovernment.  The  succeed- 
iiio"  conu'ress  on  the  1st  «>f  Februai'v,  1840,  rejected 
tlie  constitution  franuHl  the  previous  year,  and  author- 
ized the  governm«'nt  to  call  another  constituent  C(»n- 
<4i(ss.  This  was  the  result,  not  only  of  aiistocratic 
intrigue,  but  of  violent  threats  on  the  part  of  Car- 
rt'ia  and  his  minions  against  all  attempting  to  sanction 
till'  act  of  the  'desor<;anizadores'  to  undermine  his 
|in\ver."'* 

Carrera  and  l\iiz,  aided  by  Sotero  Carrera,  corre- 
gidor  of  J^a  Antigua,  now  ruled  supreme.  Citizens 
liad  no  protection  uidess  they  ai)[n'()ved  of  every  act. 
Dining  the  funeral  services  of  Archbishop  Casaus  a 
plot  was  made  to  assassinate  Carrera,  which  failed, 
and  the  conspirators  were  seized  and  tried.  Those  who 
had  powerful  friends  were  sent  into  exile;  the  rest  had 
to  perish  in  the  damp  dungeons  of  the  fort."'' 


( Juatemala,  in  view  of  the  political  change  resulting 
tV<»m  the  dissolution  of  the  feder-al  compact,  decreed 
liy  her  assembly,  on  the   14th  of  November,  184.'),  a 


'•'*  It  consistcfl  of  222  articles,  .ind  was  rtrawn  up  at  Quczaltcnango;  it  caini- 
til  imtlmij,'.   I'iiinhi  dc  Moiil.,  in  Uiuif.,  Iltriqi.  I.iij.,  i.  8(!. 

■"  ( 'ruz  liail  rist'ii  witli  Carivra,  Imt  liad  a  iiiilil  di.s|Hi.siti<)ii,  ami  was  IIIk  ral- 
iniiidcMl.  JIu  luarned  cri'Kiiig  that  the  pcopli;  had  nothing  to  txpuct  iVoni  thu 
.11  istocrats. 

■'  Barrundia  loft  an  account  of  all  tlu'  iirocccdiugs.  Out;  man  only,  .Tohc 
'l:inilara,  had  tho  courage  to  hack  his  couvictiona  and  vote  for  the  oonstitn- 

tiiiU. 

•''Ihr  plan  hai.  been  to  shoot  hint  as  he  caino  out  of  tlio  cathedral.  Duu- 
lop's  Ceil/.  Am.,  248;  Vm'  K^>iii.,  Dee.  12,  IMli. 


270 


IlKPUBLIC  OK  «;UATEMALA. 


new  coat  of  arms  for  tlio  state""  On  the  Oth  of  April, 
lHi)7,  the  government  was  empowered  to  make  in  tin; 
coat  of  anus  sucli  changes  as  it  miglit  deem  judicious, 
hut  ]tres(!rving  the  inscription,  Guatimahe  liespuhlici 
suh  Dei  Optinii  Maximi  protectione.  Tho  clwiiim' 
Mas  decn^ed  on  the  .">lst  of  May,  ]8j8.'"  A  law  dl 
^larcli  14,  IBal,  confirme<l  in  that  of  May  .".I,  IH.V-^^, 
cstahlishes  the  national  flag.-'* 

The  national  independence  of  Guatemala  was  err- 
long  recognized  hy  foreign  ]>owers,  with  wliieh  slu 
op(  lied  diplomati<'  relations  and  iiuuh^  treaties.-'^  Tin 
fdiinal  I'ccognition  hy  Spain  took  j)lace  in  tiu;  tre;ity 
of  iSlny  -1),  18(1.'),  suhsctjuently  ratified  hy  hoth  gnv- 
ernmeiits.  (uiateinala  has  (Mideavdicd  to  injiint.iiii 
friendly  relations  with  all.  Witli  the  I'nited  Statrs 
they  have  heeii  (piite  cordial.  J)uring  Carrera's  rule 
his  governinent  gave  recognition  to  the  imperial  vr- 
gime  of  Maximilian  in  ^Eexieo.""  J)uring  the  Stuiili 
American  struggle  hetwi-en  Chile  on  one  side,  ami 
Peru  and  lioliviaon  tlu;  other,  (Guatemala  maintaini  <l 
liers<'lf  neiiti'al.  She  accepte<l  in  IHSI  the  invitatiiii 
of  the  I'^nited   States  governnu'nt  to  he  represt'ntcd 

-"Tliu  iii'iiis  ti>  1m!  thoMe  Cent.  Am.  iiscd  on  tin;  oIa'lt.'^i!  wiili;  of  liiT  r.iin, 
but  .sti  arran^'i'il  that  tlii^  sun  and  volcaiKics  slimiM  lie  in  the  eeutre  of  u  .>hic  II, 
with  the  iiis(rii>tion,  (iuateiiiala  en  Centro  America,  15  do  Setiemlire  th'  |S"JI, 
li.iviuL;  in  the  (juiver  an  olive  erowii. 

-'  .\  shield  divided  transver.sely  into  two  (juarter.s;  the  ujilier  one  on  an 
«i)ien  lield  azure  with  \ertieal  liars  argent;  and  tiie  lower  with  three  voliamius 
on  a  liudit  t~k\d)lne  lieM.  Over  the  shield  was  a  sun,  and  on  each  side  ni  it 
two  llags  with  the  national  eolors  dis[ilayed,  and  the  extremities  uathinij 
downward,  and  knotteil  on  the  poles.  On  the  right  side  of  the  shiihl  is  an 
oak  Iiough,  and  on  the  left,  one  of  laurel.  On  a  white  waving  rilihon  is  tlio 
legend  in  golden  letters,  Ouatimahe  Jies[iuhlica  suh  1>.  ().  M.  proteetione. 

-■"■'i'lie  man-of-w.ir  llag  has  the  eoat  of  arms  on  the  yellow  stiMpe.  'i'ln: 
mereantile  llag  doc  s  not  show  the  eoat  of  arms.  Tlie  llag  eonsists  of  mv  il 
stripes;  the  ujipii'most  and  lowermost,  or  l)e  it  the  1st  ami  7th,  hlue;  \hr  '.M 
and  (ith  white;  the  ltd  ami  oth  red;  and  the  4th,  wliieli  is  the  eentre  our, 
yellow.  (iiKif,,  Jt'icoji.  f.ci/.,  i.  "m-S;  ]>n'iliin  and  Lozmn),  Ln/.  Mc.r.,  vi.  II'.' 
•JO;  Mr.,:,  Col.  L,;/.  (In/. i  1850-1;  i.  .'WS-O;  .U,r.,  L,,/.,  I,S51,  IW-'.l  N' « 
national  ilag  deereed  Aut;.  17,  1S71.    Gii'i/.,  /I'lmp.  /.';/(•(,  d'oh.  Ihiiin<\,  i.  V. 

■•"'With  Franei',  March  )S,  1S48,  and  one  for  the  settlement  of  I'n  iicli 
claims,  Aug.  IS,  ls54:  Cosla  11.,  Marcl  I  I,  1848;  O.  Britain,  Fel>.  -JO,  IMH; 
U.  S.,  March  L'O,  1810;  Belgium,  Apr.  I>.4!t;  M'.x.,  Nov.  1850;  the  pope,  Oct.  7, 
185'_';  I'eru,  1857;  and  others  in  later  limes. 

'■^•' < 'roshi/'.i  EiriiU  in  ('"l.,  MS.,  l'».'l.  It  tried  to  uvoitl  ciitilllglements  in 
the  i|m'stions  tlien  pending  hetwecn  Spain  and  Peru.  The  time  came,  Imw- 
ever,  ir  1875,  when  the  govt  was  not  afraid  to  make  n^eognition  of  ChIki. 
then  in  the  throes  of  revolution  for  independence  from  Spain  as  a  nation. 


at  a  ] 

ingto 
yeai-. 
a   illi] 

Nttlci 
C'll||p( 

On 
I'uiilic 
AJanir 

c(»nstit 

tlicy  pi 

tile  g()i 

Il(ii)|('S 

it  appc; 

dt  partii 

^tiiHk,  i 

iiionopo 

■■ilarinin 

J'orarij^ 

t"  aljcvj 

fn    A 

Sacnte 

•JIK'Ilt 


V 


()( 


I' 


='FidI 
^■'.'/■,  i.  .'to;{ 

.hiwiU  /ill/, 
•Uily  •_><),   ],*;■ 

'■/l"/„/rri,,     ]/ 

'"■:/■  Mr.,:, 

Mriii.  I'll^   , 

'-'.Molina 

committee  w 

«"eh,  nor  wc 

■Molina 

I'lauscs  ojip,,.,, 

"""Id  Ixi  hetl 
''■*^<inie  of 
ininlplc.     To 

"""'■■' of  (Juat 
'"'"I '•■my,  in 

MI|iJ.os,.,l  to  si 

,  "Jim  Iiidi 
■■""1  l',rced  th( 


UKVOLUTION  AND   ROBBERY. 


Hi 


!it  a  proposed  American  conj^ress  to  bo  hold  in  Wash- 
ington, hut  \viiicli  did  not  take  place.  In  tluit  same 
year,  owinj^  to  the  maltreatment  of  a  French  citi/m, 
;i  dithculty  arose  with  France,  but  it  was  amicaidy 
^(■ttli'<l,  tlic  French  Haix  beiu'j;  saluted,  and  a  pecuniary 
<()inpensation  allowed  by  (ruatemala.'" 

On  the  8th  of  Ajiril  the  official  journal  gave  to  the 
]iiil)lic  a  decree  a])pointin<i^  Fedro  ^[olina,  Alejandro 
Marure,  and  J,  M.  Urnula  a  committee!  to  frame  a 
constitution  for  the  new  rcpuldic,'"  a  ])rojcct  of  which 
tlicy  presi'uted  in  due  tinu';  but,  though  conseryatiye, 
tlu;  ijoycrnmcnt  would  nttt  adoi)t  it.'"^  TIh;  si-lf-styled 
nobles  Were  delighted  with  tlieir  republic,  and  made 
it  ajipear  in  the  rtficial  paper  that  the  peo[)le  in  the 
tl(  [tai'tments  were  ('(pially  so.  Jhit  a  scjircity  of  brea<l- 
stutfs,  attril)uted  by  many  to  the  conti'iyances  of 
monopolists,  created  disturbances  in  some  <listricts, 
iil.iniiijig  the  gityei-nment.  Certain  taxes  were  tem- 
porarily remoyed,  and  other  measures  were  adoi)ted 
to  allcyiate  the  distress.""' 

Ill  ^fav  there  was  a  revolutionary  movement  in 
Sacatepeipu^z.  '      llobbery  and  nmrder  became  ot  frc- 


The  goy- 


(|uent  occurrence  in  several  departiuents. 

^'Full  jxirtioul.irs  on  tlu!  fdri'igii  nliititnis  iiiav  In- t'omnl  in  <!iuit.,  /,'irop. 
L;i.,  i.  :{l»:»  SI,  4'.':{-:tO:  /./.,  i;,il,.  /V,«.,  i.  'Jt)'.>~l".»;  Si/iiirr'.-f  Tnir.,  ii.  4:>l  •_'; 
AiiifiU  liril.  1.1, li".,  IStiO,  ;i;W;  lliiiif.,  <liu\,  Fcl).  "Jl,  Miiivli  7,  .M:iy  :t,  IS.Vt; 
.Inly  ■_".»,  l>>^.-.:{;  .I:iii.  -JT,  Aim-.  7,  IS.M;  Cmw.  /.'<  1.  Fbuj./s  /,'<],/.,  i.  t'.)!';  J>nr- 
•■ln,l„l,n\.  J/o'.,LM].t,  .•i'.'.VS;  Mix.,  Mem.  lid.,  IS">1,  l(U|  I;  Dulilmi iuiA  hrj,,m, 
/.'•;/.  Mcr.,  V.  7.").")-7;  A';-'.  i'i>i-i:  /.<,  May  I,  .Imu;  I,  Am,'.  1,  liSIlt;  A/.,  (!<u: 
III!,-..  I'Vli.  '.V),  IS.'l;  Aug  4,  ISliC;  f  V..s/a  7.'.,  <!,ir..  Fell.  i:i'  Matcli  i:{,  .lunt"  10, 
ls:i4;  Snlr.,  <!,u:,  Jan.  i:{,  |S."i4;  <  •rrtshi/'.i  KWnl.t  in  r,il.,  MS.,  itO  ."),  l(>-_>  4; 
/,'■"/«/,  (Vu/.  X!<:,  i.  141-.">;  .Siili:,  Dinriit  <>iii\,  Apr.  '20,  Si  pt.  •.»,  1S7.');  (>niit., 
Mriii.  /,',!.,  ISS'.',  *JiJ-7,  and  anm-.x  8;  A-f  Kx/nlit  ,1,  Orrhl.,  D.o.  '_',  1S()4. 

^-Molina  accoptt'il  tliiis  trnst  holicviiig  .Miiii.stLT  A/niitia,  witli  wlioni  tlni 
cciuiinitti'o  wiiiilil  liavo  to  treat  directly,  was  a  lilicral;  Init  A/.niitia  was  not 
.siiL'h,  nor  Would  tlie  uri.stocrata  liavo  piTuiitiid  liiin  to  control  tiic  .situation. 

■'•■Molina  accented,  under  the  pressure  of  circunistaaccs,  a  uuMil)cr  of 
1  l.iuses  opjio.sed  to  his  own  opinioUH,  thinking'  that  a  conservative  constitution 
«ciidd  1k!  hctter  than  an  imliriilled  dictatorsliij). 

■■'Some  of  the  inea«ures  being  imprudently  executed  only  increaMtd  the 
tiindile.  To  make  matters  worse,  the  monopoly  ol  aguartliente  in  tlie  depart- 
merits  of  (iuat.,  Sacatepe(|uez,  Ksciiintla,  and  Amatitlan,  was  given  to  a  .single 
edMipany,  in  consideration  of  money  ailvaiices  to  the  treasury.  Carrera  w;us 
!-iili]iosed  to  shnru  in  the  profits. 

'The  ]n<tian.s  rose  against  tlie  ladinos,  who  deprived  thorn  of  their  lands, 
and  lorceil  them  to  >vork  at  rai.iiug  grain, 


f 


•J7_'  UKrUBUC  OF  (JUATEMALA. 

rrnmeiit  saw  ii  serious  revolution  at  liand,  and  uuuK" 
efforts  to  meet  it.  It  tried,  liowi'Ver,  to  show  that 
the  puhlic  jieace  was  not  disturhi-d.^  All  nu;isui<  s 
to  check  the  revolution  were  unavailini>f,  and  tiu-  |>m1- 
icy  of  tlie  ruhrs  of  Sal\a<lor  made  the  eonditioii  t.| 
affairs  more  alarming  to  Carreraand  his  su|)[tortti>. 
Their  political  opjjonents  n(»w  thought  the  overtlii<.\\ 
of  i\\<'  tyrant  was  not  far  distant.  His  ((mnsellt.is 
advised  him  to  call  a  constituent  coiiijjress,  and  ])!(•- 
visionally  plaee  the  executive  office  in  the  hands  lA 
Vice  J  (resident  Cruz,  to  which  he  acceded.  The  d<  - 
cree  for  sunnnoninjjf  the  congri'ss  was  issued,  and  ("111/ 
assumed  the  presidency  on  the  'Joth  of  January." 
Xiijera  and  Azmitia  retired,  which  indicated  a  change 
(»f  policy.  This  ij^reatly  exer<'ised  the  reactionists, 
and  the  ayuntamiento  of  (Guatemala,  on  the  4t]i  ct 
Fehruary,  urgently  hegged  Carrera  to  resume  liis 
office,  whereupon  Cruz  threw  it  up,  and  the  forni<  r 
took  the  chair  at  once.  He  or<»anized  a  new  calt- 
inet,"  the  persoimel  of  which  was  a  challenge!  to  the 
whole  liberal  pai'ty.  which  therehy  was  rousi'd  to 
action.  The  first  act  of  the  government  was  to  revokf 
the  decree  calling  the  constituent  assemhl v.  All  hopi 
of  reform  was  now  given  U}). 

T\\v  revolution  went  on,  and  notwithstanding  occa- 
sional reverses  made  nmch  headway,  Serapio  Cru/,  a 
brother  of  the  vice-president,  and  an  estimable  man  and 
experienced  soldier, taking  sides  with  the  mountainecis. 
The  government  was  sinking  under  the  weight  of  its 
depravity;  and  yet  in  those  moments  of  despair,  it 
struck  a  blow  at  its  opponents,  ^[olina  was  arrested 
on   the    lOtli  of  May.     A  similar  order  was  issu<  d 

■"' 'La  triiii(|uili<la(l  cnntinila  inalterabli'.'  iliiitl.,  lt<tr.  Ojir.,  Aug.  11,  ISIT. 
'I'lic  arolibisliKit  was  a.skod  to  instruct  his  priests  to  jireatli  obciliciici'  tn  the 
authorities  anu  laws;  and  with  thu  view  ot  winning  tlie  good-will  of  the  I'o- 
niinicans  tlio  govt  restored  tiieni  the  large  iiaeienda  ot  I'aleiicia,  wiiicli  \h\A 
l»fon  theirs  prior  to  1^>•J'.».  Tiie  property  had  fallen  into  Carrera 's  hamls  liy 
donation  from  the  government,  and  now,  in  order  to  restore  it  to  the  friars,  it 
was  honght  from  him  at  his  own  price. 

^' Carrera's  decrees  of  .Ian.  1*2  and  22,  1X48. 

*"  Foreign  relations,  .lose  Mariano  Rodriguez;  government,  Luis  IJatres; 
trea.siiry  and  war,  .lose  Niijera. 


^i'ini,  (irs  •   ',"  ''^  -"'r-.I  tlu.  ..)„t,.,,.„  „(.  I.  . 

'"-;' tl.<  r  with  MuUnn  J  ''''^^^'''''  «'«I>piv.ss,.J  ••'' 

;"•<'•■••  <'^  the  court  <,r  hVst  '^"'"""  -'^^'"•■»-     A„ 

-  '•'■  -I?a-^1  aa.r  so  L  t  .r:;^''";;-  •  '^^'"'  i'^-'— ^ 

-;""s  of  tho  fort.    T  :  (Z         '^''''i ^''  ^''^'  •J^'"- 

'"?;;;  ^^'tl*  the  oover.nnCnt  -      ^    ^^  ^''•^^•-" tinned  ..Ih- 
'  ''*'  position  (if  f  I, 

"""■'■   "i't<'nal,l,,  «     .;fir'"''""',"",'  T'"''  '"'"l.v  ''"■.."liM.' 

''•■'>-^  l"/"rc  tl„.  install„ti„     ,"':::  ^"t  l''«'"  "  f-w 
;  I'^ty  M.  l.i,,,,,,,,   ,,.,  ■\'     -^J  ^Ij'-Ntly  .m.st.,.l   tl.e 

"'■"  '""'V.  T),o liix.  ',.*^:  7,:;;' '"« -i.».i.s.sion";; 

'■""l'''"">'t,u'    t^K        ■"■  ''^^"''-'''.  tl"  ass,    J,i'  ."''■'■'■•^"'  tiio  .ui.l.ii;,  ,,„„," 


274 


IIU'UBLIC  OF  (irATKMAKA 


wiinlidutc;  of  tlioir  own,  mid  tli<;  nactionists,  tlioin^li 
liJivinjj^  a  workiiiLj  iMiijority  in  tlie  asscinljly,  iium 
iiiotivrs  (»f  ]M)liry  al>.staiin(l  iVoin  pn'Si^ntinuj  oiio  nj 
tlicir  paity;  Imt  tliry  i'mally  fixed  Ujton  a  politit.il 
nonentity,  wlio  waH  known  to  In;  in  accord  witli  Xuti.. 
and  tlio  ri.'Volutioni.sts  of  ('lii(|uinndji,  nanioil  fJu.ii! 
Antonio  ^Faitincz,*'  Ix'lievinLj  tliat  tlioij;j^li  a  liltnal 
hi)  Would  not  l)e  anta^jonistic  to  their  interests.  Tin 
assembly  was  installed  r»n  tlie  Ijtli  of  August  wifli 
]*edro  Molina  presidinuc,  wlien  Carrera  sent  in  tliici 
doeinneiits,  one  (if  wliicli  was  liis  roiinf nation,"  wliicli 
was  aeee)>te<l,  no  attempt  luinii^  made  to  ch'tain  liiiii, 
as  it  was  tlio  •general   desin;  tliat  lio  sliould   leave  the 


countrv 


Mart 


niez   was   apjiom 


.t.'d    1 


lis    sueeossor 


4>l 


Tlie  new  president  kept  ( 'arrera's  officers  in  tluir 
<'<»mman(is.''  His  appointment  did  not  satisfy  tli.' 
chiefs  «tf  tlie  revolution,'*"*  and  tlirougli  eommissioui i> 
thoy  made  known  tluMr  demands,  dated  August  'J7tli. 
in  f  8  articles/"  The  governnu'iit  rejecte<l  them,  itiir 
I  decree  rcnuirinL';  their  submission  offered  cert.iiii 


m 


ti^iins,  which  in  their  turn  were  not  accei)ted,  and  tli' 
war  wont  on. 

Colonel  Nufio  had  made  an  arrangiineut  with  c'lin 
inissioners  ])u(;nas  and  An<>;ulo  of  Salvador  for  tin 
organization  of  Los  Altos  as  a    separate  state.     TIii> 

**  A  inercliaiit  or  agent;  lio  w.is  sickly,  and  totally  unfit  for  the  jiositimi. 

*'Tlio  (itlicr  two  wuru  iiis  nics.sagi!  on  ai-n.  all'airs,  ami  his  gruetin;;  Id  tlir 
chaiiiher  on  its  installation.  Xir.,  (inf.  (loh.  Siii>rnn.,  Sept.  10,  IMN;  .Sulr., 
(,'w.  Ofir.,  Si'pt.  it,  ISTti;  M'lii/ii/di;  /i'isi-iki  Hist.,  v.  470,  4!t4-r)08. 

*■'  llis  proscription  was  ducrui'il  on  tliu  l.'lth  of  Oct.,  1848.  //<;/.  <'iiil.  .1"  .. 
Jan.  '_".>,  IS.IO.  Ho  went  to  Chiapa,  and  the  Mrxiean  govt  was  re(jui^st<il  in '. 
to  li't  him  cross  tiie  frontier.   El  Sh/lo,  Jan.  10,  18.J1. 

*"This  was  an  unmerited  slight  to  Vico-prosiilent  Cruz,  which  hn  rcsiiit'  . 
afterward. 

*''  His  ministers  were  ManiU'l  J.  Dardon  of  the  L;i>vt;  Jose  .M.  Vidaiin''  ■  ' 
treasury  and  war,  and  Luis  Molina  of  foreign  relations. 

'"Francisco  C'arrillo,  Serapio  Cru/,  Roberto  Reyes,  J.  I).  Nutio,  anl  A. 
I'ercz. 

'"The  chief  heiug  tlu!  convocation  of  a  new  constituent  assenilily:  tli' 
recognition  of  I..oa  Altos  as  independent,  cfiVirts  to  restore  tlie  Ccntrd  .\iii 
republic,  and  meantime  (luat.,  iSalv.,  and  Los  Altos,  to  be  under  one  L'ovt; 
the  revolutionary  army  to  hold  the  capital  an<l  other  important  points;  l!,it:ii  I 
and  Sotero  Carrera  and  their  agents  to  make  good  with  their  jimpii'ty  all 
damages  caused  by  them  to  private  persons;  objectionable  jier.sons  to  h''  l'''"i- 
ished,  and  the  Brit,  govt  to  be  asked  to  recall  Consul  Chatlield. 


^-^v 


J?^ 


Tliey  wc 

•^■'dwidor 
uiiich  Jia 
•''•>*pair  o 
'''"■rals  ai 

"  'lieij.  ,,„ 

^'•\|TOVis 
K't,„.l    ,1^.  ,,^  rj 

»■•■''■   /'/.,  5«S- 
,,  ,;  "'eilold 


roLlTlCAL   I'AKTIFX 


•» 


,1„.  . 


n ■ 

,.l  A. 

•;    th.' 

I  Sm. 

,j„vt: 

ll.it."' 

rtv  all 

,  l,;m- 

I'otisrd  tlic  aristoomts,  aiul  tluir  spokcHnian,  Aiuliou, 
iiijidc  such  lu'oiMl  statt'iniMits  in  tlio  cliamluT  that  tlu; 
|iri^i<l<'iit  accused  hiui  of  talschcHMl,  and  closed  the 
dis.ussiou.  Tho  aftiiir  W'lhiied  the  hreacli  aiuoiij^ 
till'  liheials.  Luis  Moliiiain.  'ori^anizeda  third  party, 
tli.it  took  tht'  iiaiut!  of  nio(h>ra«l<>  iM(»st  of  wlioso  nu'Ui- 
iit  rs  wore  Ironi  the  liheral  jt.irty  and  tho  latter  was 
lift  Jiu  almost  insiLjnificaut  miiiorify.  'i'he  aristocratic 
|»;tity,  alheit  divided  in  a|tj)earaiiee.  was  really  united.'"' 


I, us  Altus. 


Tlioy  wore  uiscjuieted,  howm'er,  hy  the  attitute  of 
Salvador  in  ui)holdin<^  the  independtin-e  <»f  Los  Altos, 
wliich  had  been  organized  as  a  state;"'  l»ut  did  not 
(Ifspair  (jf  breaking  up  the  friendship  between  the 
lilxrals  and  the  i;overnnient  of  Salvador.""     The  aris- 

"Tliuir  only  division  was  in  ojien  ami  covert  scrvilcs. 

'  A  provisional  govt  was  estalilislieil  at  yuc'/Jiltunani,'o  on  tin-  .V.li  fif  Sept., 
IS4S,  consisting  of  a  trinnivirate;  namely,  I'resliyter  Fernamlo  Antonio  jtavili, 
lvii;it'l  lie  la  Torre,  ami  .lose  Velazeo,  with  Manuel . I.  Fuentes  as  Heereta;\- 
t.(!i.   A/.,  58S-S):  Gwtf.,  (In,:,  Sept.  t2l',  1848. 

-The  nolilcs,  aided  l)y  the  elergy,  snrronndcd  tho  hrothers  C'niz,  and  Luis 
.Mvliua  uudurtook  to  dissuade  Nulio,  who  was  a  very  ignorant  man. 


^11 


I'  ! 


:^l 


It 

I 
i 

1*'' 

1    . 

1 

' 

'JTH 


UKl'niJI.ir  <1F  (iUATKMALA. 


tocrats  s  c  tluiiisdvus  t<>  work  to  luivi;  a  motion  iii.kIc 
by  a  iilx  ral  in  tlio  as.st'iiil>ly  for  the  coiifirniatioii  df 
('arr(>ra's  decree  of  ]\lareh  "J I,  184",  to  create  tlio  rc- 
]»ul>lic  of  (iiKitcMiiala.  Siicli  an  act  on  tlie  j)art  of  the 
liWerals  would  alienate  from  tliem  the  support  of  the 
Sahadoraiis,  Jiiid  reduce  them  to  a  nullitv.  And  \vi 
ilarrundia  inadi>  the  motion,""  and  it  was  rect'ived  witli 
a  shout  of  ap])l;uise,  and  passed  on  the   14tli  of  Sr])- 


tend)er,  with  only  iwo  nei^ative  vote 


T] 


lis  ratiti- 


cation  was  hailed  with   rini^injj^  of  hells  iuid  sahosdl" 
artilh  TV. 

The  revolutionists  of  J^os  .Vltos  heiui^  defeated  at 
San  Andres,''  were  ohliu'ed  to  submit,  hut  the  situa- 
tion  of  the  government  was  made  precarious  hy  thr 
defeat  of  XuHo  by  the  brothers  Cruz,  who  approadird 
the  capital.'"  Liiable  to  neo'otiate  jteace,  MartiiK  /  ii  - 
si'j,ned  the  executive  otlice,  and  Jose  ]:Jernardo  Mscohar 


SU( 


'ceeded  him  «)n  the  'isth  of  Novend)er, 


T\ 


le  III  W 


president  found  all  his  j)l;in>^  antau^onized  by  the  aris- 
tocrats and  moderados,  and  the  cleruy  ospi-cially  niis- 


tiu 


4ri\     h 


dm   and    his   ministers. 


lie  miuht    cie 


ilv 


have  dissolved  the  assembly,  but  the  act  would  li;ivc 
been  ri'pu^nant  to  his  principles.  He  concluded  tn 
retirt^,  but  liis  resignation  w;is  not  accepted.'''  Vicente 
Cruz  demanded  the  surrendtM'  «>f  the  ca[)ital,  oil'eiiiiL;' 
security  for  life  and  pro[)erty,  a  few  jn-rsons  only  e\- 

■'■'Tln'  iici'i'ssity  iif  {irnruriiii;  iridiuy  fur  thi'  wac,  wliioli  ooulil  not  1"'  hu'l 
cxi'i'pt  troiii  piirtisuns  of  tlio  nliLrari'lis,  jiroiniitt'd  it,  as  tluy  iiiatU;  that  act  nf 


ratitu'atuin  a  .siiu'  ((ua  iioii 

W/»r(|'.,     <;,l.     I.,  II.. 


licl. 


1 

it;   .1/' 


iiiouiiiiig  tlii'ir  |mrsf-striuf;s. 


i/iilin 


l,\ 


1 1  ill.,  V.  r)!S4--r).     (iau' 


and  I'iiu'ila  da  Mniit,  tlio  (itliiT  lilitials  tiyiiiL;  ti>  jioi'siiadc  tiioiusulvcs  tluit  lli^ 


sojiaiatioii  would  lie  only  tciiiiioraiy. 


■liv  Col  M.  I'ai-dos.    (. 


11(1/. 


11 


Xi 


i;,ir 


V.  cm;  s.  c,:'A  it. 


Sii]>, 


Sopt.  '."J.   KS4S;   A/.,  (■,-/.  /,.//. 


Nov.  l!S,  'Jo,  I>oo.  it,  1S4X;   Moii/iif'ni;   I,',.fiiit 


fill  ;i; 


The  attempt  to  gain  over  Xiilio  to  tho  side  of  the  fjovt  ]iroviiij; 


fid,  lie  had   lieeii 


'I'P 


iiitud 


president  X'ieeiite    (  ri 


coniandanto  giiier 


111.     On  the  other  liainl,  \  iii 


selection  of  Mart 


smarting    under    the  slight    jmt    upon  liiiu  hy  tl 


St  tl 


Inez  tor  pros.,  joined  hi 


liroth 


le  gov 


t.  A/., 


u.V),  TiTO  1,  ,")NS,  .V.)l. 


cv  Serapio  lu  Ins  anneil  c<iiite>t 


Hseohar  Mas  an  orator,  a   true  repiiMieaii,  and  well  disposed  to  dei! 


fairly  liy  all  men,  regardless  of  jiolitieal  atliliatioiis. 


11 


is  ministers  were  l{evd  Nareiso  Monterev,  of  covt;  Basilio  l'iiri"i 


relations;  Mariano  (Jalvcz  Irungaray,  of  treasury;  and  Manuel  Joiia 
old  retired  otli 


lii;i,  all 


.f  .M. 


:.f 


'Thu  two  opposing  parties  had  not  yet  li.vcd  upon  his  successor, 


liiMiilc 


•  •/■af.  (( 
wcic  n 
.ulirr   ^ 

'.!      'It,     ( 

1'  Was 
I'l.i'-is  ]■( 
-'lid  rwai 
<Viiz  W( 

^M.Mvh. 
I'V  a   bul 

<  .■JlJ'ei 

/I.lMrs 
"f  i]iv    II 

.IS.    ||f,.,j_ 

'lifirailt 

1  ',v;;!  h'b.. 
li;i\iii--  ;i 

*v'l|r;cahei 
'■■Tlie  M, 

''"'■A    Mho   w,. 

,.    "'A  large, 
tl"ll  are  give, 

'Jii   foriiiii 
»""l~!ers  Were 

'"'■i  M.niiel  T 

'""lt;;.v/ol,ee 

'"  '■!'■  I>riiie 

"•''■  'Ih'  arniv 

"'^•■inny;   ,.1,:,, 

'''■t-<  i.-illseil   i.ri 
I.J  ■ri  .' 

,    ""•  •■irist. 

,'''!'    lillOWll      fli; 

'"'"'■•'    they  h.i, 
''*'^  '"^ana'fur  ( 


I:KATI1    OF    VICKNTK   CltUZ. 


m 


!lis- 

\' 

Vf 

In 

\\W 

(■\- 


;it  ill'' 

,".0  :;: 
II.  I . 

O.'t'sS- 

Vuv- 

I'.v  ^''^ 

loiiti-l 


III.  an 


((|i;i(l.""  Till'  ncu^otlatlons  for  ]>oa<v  liaviii^'-  failed, 
K-(  mIimi"  a  soroiid  tiiiio  sent  in  liis  rcsii^iijitioii,  and  it 
W.I- a<fo|)tod,  vitli  marked  disr('s|»Mt  on  the  ])art  of 
tl;.  scrviles  and  niodcrados."'  Nlaiiutl  Tcjada  was 
(iM'^-iri  jtrL'sident  on  the  oOtli  of  1 )( cenilM-r,  and  de- 
clliM  il  llio  honor.  ^lariano  I'arcdes  was  then  a^v. 
jioiiitci!,  on  tilt!  1st  of  Jaiuiaiy,  IS4I),  and  took  tlio 
(latii  which  liad  l)e<>n  ]>i'e])ared  l»y  Paredes.  hut  he  soon 
prijuitd  liimself,  I'ollowinnf  e\|ilicith'  the  advice  of 
hui>  Uati-es,  and  tlins  heconniiL;'  a  tool  of  the  aristo- 
crats tolii'inL;-  hack  ( 'ari'ei-a  to}»owei'.'''  Arran;4enients 
\\t  ic  made  M'ith  the  mountaineers,  under  which  Ihi^- 
iidii  r  Vicente  Cruz,  liaving  recoirni/ed  tlie  ^oMi-n- 
III  it,  entere<l  (luatemala  on  the  Dth  of  Fehruary.*^' 
J!  was  )i(ttieed,  howevci",  that  Serapio  C'ruz  and  other 
I'M'  is  remained  outside.  The  men  of  A,;4'usLin  i*ere/ 
alt'iward  committed  several  murders,  and  Vicente 
(ill/,  went  against  and  del'eatod  them  on  the  "JOth  of 
M  iich.  hut  while  cno-aged  in  the  pnisuit  was  struck 
liy  a  liullet  in  the  <-hest  and  fell  deail."' 

(  auera  was  known  to  he  on  the  fr(»ntiei',  and 
l)a!r<s  und(.'rtook  to  ohtain  tlie  assent  of  the  chiefs 
I't'  the  mountain  for  his  return.  Not  all  of  tliein 
a-sinted,  howevei'.  Seraj'io  ( 'ruz  issuini^'  a  very  sIl;-- 
liilic.iiit  manifesto.  (Jeneral  Anustin  (uiznian,  the 
I'V;;!  lihei'al  leader,  Well  understood  JJatres'  aims,  and 
!ki\1iil;'  a  force  at  J  luehuetenan^o  made  a  movt;  on 
<^'ni  /.altenango,  defeatinj^'  a  larL;'e  party  of  Indians,  on 

'''I'iii'  -Mdlin.is  and  AiTivillMi,';is,  Vicl:iuiii',  l):irilnii,  I!  irr\iiiili:i,  ami  Mar- 
•iiiir,'.  Mill)  wiTo  lulil  iv.<piiiisiliK,'  tor  till'  1;1i)im|  aliiMily  spillcil. 

' '  .V  lar;^!'  iiimilicr  of  oliifial  docs.  I'onaei'tcd  \\  iili  tlir  1  i>t  two  ailiiiiiii-itfa- 
•..111  arc  given  in  Mvihij\n;  Hisiim  J/isf.,  v.  .V.i;i  (itll,  lill,  (;-.'-J-4t,  li'.l.')  Tl.'i. 
Ill  loriiiin^  liis  caliiiict  lie  f^liglilcd  Luis  Moliiii  and  his  uarl.s .  Ili> 
iiiiiii-tcrs  wiro  .Tosc  .Mariano  llodriciicz,  llaynniiido  .Xrrovo,  .lo.-a.'  .\|.  L  iiini  i, 
.11  1  \1  iiiui'l  Tcjada.  Arroyo  was  sncccodod  in  AiitJ.  liy  I'l'dru  N.  .\rriana, 
iiiil  C  ic/o  lieuainc  iiiiii.  ot  war. 

'•"The  iirinoipul  clauses  wcio:  the  revolutionary  furotj.s  to  lie  iiicor|iorated 
"itll  the  army  of  the  reimhlii';  Vicente  ( 'crna  to  liecoiiie  geucralin  iliiit  of 
tiU' army;  tleetions  of  deputies  to  hti  inailo  in  iiiireiiresciitcd  districts;  daiii- 
i-i's  c uised  [irivate  jLirtics  liy  the  army  to  he  jiiid  liy  the  govi'rniiitMit. 

''''I'lic  aristocr.its  made  a  ^;reat  display  of  re^'ivt  at  his  ileatli,  Imt  it  was 
«'!]  known   that  they  did  not  love  him.      In  cliiiiinatiii:.'  him  from  the  nvo 
utioM   they  liMil  in  view  to  wc.ilicu  tliu  latter,  1ml  .still  wanted  it  to  continue 
■'!  a  i.iLdua  fur  Carrura'a  ruluni. 


'J7S 


liKl'UBLIC  OF  OUATKMALA. 


(•••lll- 


tlic  wav,  at  San  IWtolonic.  This  move  furtlior 
j)lii-att'tl  atiairs,  and  J^atres  resolved  to  i^et  rid  of  lum 
hy  sultterfujjfe."'  Then;  were  constant  skirmi.slus  du 
the  frontier,  (  c^rrera  liavinuf  under  liiin  a  eonsidt  laMc 
nuinlu'r  of   Indians.""      lie;   finally   reached  Quc/altr- 


(1  til 


il>l 


1  th 


nanufo,  and  tlie  a.sseniolv  (sniitowerecl  tJie  <jovcrmiitiii 
to  institute  nieasui'eH  for  an  active  cani})ai;4ii."  On 
the  l.'Jth  of  April,  just  ten  years  after  the  oecupatinimf 
dnateniala  l>v  Carrera,  his  second  entrv  had  heci 


I  aii- 


iiounei'd.  JNindes  swoi'e  to  defi'iid  the  city  ai^aiiist 
Carrei'a,"^  which  oath  he  never  intended  to  ke(|i. 
Major  X'ictor  Zavala,  coireinidor  and  coinaiidante  nt' 
8uchite|»e(|Uez,   niad(^  common   cause  with    (  ai  ii  i;i.' ' 


Pared 


es. 


tl 


le  adNlce  or 


J 


UIS 


liati 


!'es  and  auaiiist  ihf 


wishes  of  tin,'  lihei'al  and  niodeiado  leadi'rs,  oim  ind 
neti'otiations  with  ( 'iii'it'ra,  which  resulted  in  the  miIi- 
mission  of  the  latter"  and  his  forces  at  (^)ue/altenaiiue, 
whei-eupon  it  was  decreed  that  all  hostilities  au.iiii^t 
him  were  to  cease:  the  order  forhiddiiiL;'  his  retmn 
was  re\'oked,  his  laiik  of  lieutenant-iji'eneial  was  iv. 
store<l,  and  finally  he  was  j^iven  the  command-in-(  hii  t' 


aiHi 


«tf  the  army.      '^I'he  comi)aet  Itetweeii  the  olii;ai'chy 

*■' I'iin'ilcs  iiiikIi^  liiiii  liflifve  tlii' j;(ivt  really  iiiloiidiMl  tu  (i]i|iii.si' (  .irnii 
]Iu  also  ])1ci1l;i'(1  tlii!<;ovl  to  inotict  Jios  Altos,  :iiiil  jinividi:  fur  the  ,i.l\.iiiir 
iiKMit  cit   ciliuMiKiii  .iinl  (•(iiniiK  r<('  in  tliat  riMiiuii.      I'lidir  Midi   iilidi^i  ^  (  hiz 


IIIMII 


ilaccil   iiiiiisflf  .'iiiil    liis  (.»in/altocs  at  the  .scpv 


li't'  () 


f  tl 


ic  t'ovt  ail' 


ri'Cili'il  to  tlic  i'a|)ital,    Mmtl nfur,  /,'is(iiii  J/i-/.,  v.  Tli'.l  71. 


J;i 


-Mtl 


iiu  wriito  the 


I't  from  Avnto  tlial  lie  was  on   liis  in.iii  h  t. 


tlio  capital,  not  to  iiV( 
ailniniisliation,  or  lal 


ln'  Kaiil,  tlic  insults  litajnil  upon  liiin  li_\   Mait 


111(7. 


up  l)y-;;on('! 


I)iit  t 


ils.siinlilv, 


.'fori!  wliii'h  liis  li'ttir  was  la 


n  restore    peai'e  iilid    jllstli 


o  rai.si!  a  i<ii'eigii 


in  ot   one   inillion  d 


■  pt 


tilopteii  IK)  peso 


lull 


other  friendly  .stati 


d  if 


iieeessarv  to  roiiKAe 


th 


to  proeiire 


'I' 


•apital.      After  ;;iaiiti 


sneh  ]po\\er  the  a.s.seiiilily  adjourned,  leavinu   in   tiie  eity  a  'eoiiiision   |ieiin.i- 


iKinte 


'■^  Mi 


!^"' 


,t  ^aiil  that  aid  ail'orded   to  ( 'arrera  was  treason  under  thi   d, 


.f  Oet.   i:i,   I.S4S.      Ministert 


Uroyo  ani 


^ 


I  Teja 


a   III  a  inanilcsto  as-uri'd  tliu 


lie    of   the   >:o\  eiliinelit.s   liest   etlorts   to  defeat   his   projeets.     j\i<:,    <! 


laieh  17,  IS4'.t.  It  is  astoiiishiiijf  that  an  i;,Mioraiit  man  like  I'areili 
so  easily  hooclwink  Luis  Molina  and  tluM'est.  They  soon  opened  their  eyi-' 
to  see  till!  falsi  iiess  of  tiic  man  they  had  elevated  troiii  the  eoimnauil  ol  a  h;it- 
talion  to  the  eliief  mauistraey,  ai.<l  who  was  on  the  point  of  eonsuminatiiii.'  lii^ 
trcai'hery.     ( iuzmaii  saw  throiij.di  his  plan,  and  t'scajied  out  of  the  eity  wilh  :i 


liiilier  of  his  (,)iie/,altee  ollieers  I'lnil  men,  a 


.1 


,1.1 


in  reaehiii: 


S.ilv:i- 


lleli 


on  HiH'in^'  the  outram's  of  Loon  l{aymil 


iist  joined  the  mountaineers,  and  aided   tiiem  to  take  .lutia|pa.  Imt 


do,  lie  left  them  in  di 


Ust. 


'Zavala  vas  eonneeted  hy  lilootl  and  marriage  with  siipiiorter.s  of  Cir- 
rem  in  tliu  aristocratic  cliiiuc, 


"  Tlie 
111'-  eliief 
M!':  .\l„ 

■'  llv 
I'll.ii.  ,,„ 
d(.r  iir, 


TllK    WAl;    OF    IS.-)!). 


■JT'J 


li.irliJiri.sni  was  consiiuimatctl.'"  lie  assumocl  tlio  coin- 
iiiaiid  <»ii  tlif  Htli  of  AuiL^ust,  and  t)n  that  date  and  the 
\>{\[  1k"  issued  i>ro('laniati(tiis  convcyiiii^  his  purpose  of 
K-toiiiii;'  peace  niid  order,  and  assuiiiiu^  tlie  people 
that  he  was  IVee  ironi  liatred."'  Hut  the  work  of 
\(  ii^eaiice  soon  l»e<4aii.  I'^tl'orts  were  made  toeoiiveiie 
til.  asseiiihlv  with  thi-  ohject  ill  view  of  arrestiiii;  the 
llKcral  deputies  who  Noted  for  ( 'ai'1'err.'s  pi'oseriptioii 
ill  I  sis,''  hut  many  of  tliem  had  Wvd,  aii<l  only  those 
rniiainiii^  weic  contiiied  in  the  fort  hv  Carrera's  order 
witliout  remonstrance  on  the  part  of  tin-  j)resid<'nt. 
It,  is  also  said  that  some  persons  were  shot.  Such  of 
the  prisoners  as  did  not  cravis  Carrera's  ]»ardon  were 
loired  to  leave  the  country.'' 

Tiie difference  in  the  jtriiiciples  underlying-  the  p<ilicy 
111' t  lie  rulei-s  of  ( iluatemala  and  Salxador,  and  tlie  hit- 
ter animosity  existing'  hetween  tliein,  hiouu'lit  ahoiit  a 
w.ii'  in  iSoO,  in  which  Salvador,  Honduras,  a,iid  the 
(|i  iiiociuts  (»f  Xicaran'iia  were  allied  against  (iuate- 
iiiala.''      President  \'asco!icelos   in\aded   ( Juatemala,' ' 

""  Tlif  liist  tWd  iKiiios  wen:  <it'  .hiiK-  4tli  and  .-itli.  II  is  .iiiiiiiintiiifiit  to 
iIh  chill  coiii!iiaii(l  was  on  tln'  'M  ol  AiiU-  -Xi''-,  <  nrr.  /</.,  .Iiilv  I,  S('|>t.  I, 
Isl'.l;  Mmi/n/.n;  /;..■«  j„i  ///W.,  v.  77".t  Ml,  T-M  .'). 

■'  111!  Iiail  ciiirn'  (lisiKPsiMi  to  ilo  liis  <iiity,  lit'  .said.  'I'hu  ayiiiitaniiciito  of 
•  •iiiit.  oil  tin:  Hull  lit  AuL'.  ;;avo  a  ))aiiiiiirt  in  lionor  of  <'aii'iTa.  'I'ln'  loiio^^i- 
iliii'  iiiisi(li:cl,  liaviiii;  on    liis   riL'lit   I'arcili's,  ami   on  tlir  li'tt   (arnia.    (linU., 

(;.'.■..  All-.  •-•:!.  isj'.i. 

Tlir  I'liiiiision  [KTinamnti'  liail  rr['if.si'iiti'>l  tiio  ilanf.;i:r  to  tlii',i,'o\t  iii'lori' 
C.iiiiTa  iiiliTiil  tiif  rity,  ami  it.s  rt'|irisiiilatioii.s  ninainiiiL,' uiiliriilcil;  it  again 
nil  till'  'JTtli  of  ,luly  I'aili'il  till'  ultriition  of  tin'  iiiiiii.strr  of  goNirniMcnt,  ilu- 
luiiiiling  r(;i|iii.situ  jiroti'ttion  for  tlio  i'f|ii'i!Sfiitativrs.  Sii>  Amlrcs  J  >aiilon'.s 
|.  ttir  ill  Miiiihii'ir,  I'lsifin  Hist.,  \.  SII-I'J. 

■  15arrunilia  liail  jiono  to  Salv.  Jiiiis  .Molina  wa.s  now  ilifialnl,  and  hail 
to  t;o  away,  llu  vi.-ilicil  to  visit  San  S.ilvailor,  Imt  riniM  not  faio  Va.ii'oiK'u- 
!<■-,  ami  went  to  Aliiiacliaiiaii.  Ivv-[iri'.siili:nt  Ivsioliar,  who,  a.s  jiri'siilrnt  of 
till  i'-i.Hi'inhly,  .''ij.tinil  tin;  ]irosuri|ition  aut  of  Oct.  Ill,  rMfS,  iliiil  in  I'.vilc,  ]iiPor 
.iinl  iiii.suralili';  tiu'  two  Nuli.scriliiiiL!  Mcd'rtai'irs  wiii'  Maiinrl  Jinimaray,  whom 
t'.uirr.i  caiist'il  to  he  ."hot  some  time  aftii\\aril,  ami  J.oren/.u  .Montiifar,  tlio 
author  ami  utali'sinan. 

'  \'asi'oiii'ilo.-i,  jiri'siili'lil  of  Salv.,  lire,  I,  l.S."iO,  aiinouiiri'd  to  lin  |i'o|ili' 
thit  fiirers  of  (iauti'iiiala  wilo  ahoiit  to  invadi'  thr  iir|i.irtmiiit  of  SoiiMHiate, 
«iih  tiir  view  of  imiting  tlie  inhahitant.s  to  rehel  aLiain.it  their  ;;oviriiineiit. 
.\i;  liii,  .Ian.  10,  IS.M,  he  Nets  forth  the  motives  actiiatinj;  tlie  oliiiiinhs,  who 
liiil  Caiiera  tor  their  tool,  ami  I'.ritish  ( 'misiil  ChatliiM  Inr  their  alls,  whnh 
«ere  to  ile.stroy  (  eiitral  Ameriean  lihiilus,  ami  to  ilominier  over  the  other 
.-•iitiims.   <'(ul.  Am.  /'iiiii]i/i.,  vi.  niw.  'J  ami  ;i. 

'I'lio  iiliji  etive  JMiint  was  the  eity  of  Onal.,  whieh  the  allies  felt  .-llie  of 
'  i|'turiiig,  to  jmlj^e  from  the  eoiitext  of  a  letter  Iroin  I'llefias  to  \  a«ooiieelos 
el  .Ian.  'M,  1S.-)I.  ('(III.  Am.  /''Unjifi.,  iv.  no.  IT 


im 


1 

"I     B- 


J 


I 


KLI'UBLK'  Oi'  CIJATK.MALA. 


at  the  hoiul  of  an  allicil  lorco  of  Salva<l()rans,  Hondu- 
raiis,  and  Xifura<j^uans,  Itiit  srcnis  to  liavo  mot  with  a 
signal  <l(*feat  at  the  liaiids  of  an  iiifci'ior  force  und(>r 
Carrcni,  lu'ar  Arada,  in  ( 'lii(juiniula,  on  the  2d  (if 
Fchruaiy,  wliieh  coinjx'lh'd  a  |)reei[>)tate  retreat  uito 


S; 


uvadoran  territorv 


( 


tl 


irrera  men  mare 


lH>d 


across 


tlie   lint'  and   established   Iiis   lieadtiiiarters    in   Sant 


na. 


'   and    estahlislied    Jus    liea(l<iiu 

'I'his    move   demanded    vin'orovis   measun^s 


)iii- 


tlie  [uu't  tif  Sahador  for  self-defence 

(arrera  wrote;  the  <>oveinment  of  Salva<lor  Fel 
ary  i2lN1,  that,  undi'rstandinn"  it  wishi'd  to  make  pea<'k'. 
))nt  hesitated  to  ])ro]tose  it  because  of  the  presence  vi 
(jruatemalan  troops  in  Sahador,  he  would   reci'oss  ll 


me,  startniu;  on  thi'  next  daA 


\'et  the  war  colli  ill 


ueil,  until  a  (letinitive  treaty  <irj)eaee  hetwc^en  <aiat.'- 
niala  ami  Sahador  was  concluded  at  (iuatemala  nn 
tlie  I  "til  of  .August,  ISj;!,  and  ratitied  by  Guatemala 
on  the  14th  of  Septejuher.  " 

The  ci\il  stiife  i-ai^iiii;'  in  Guatemala  led  to  dilli  r 
eiices  with  1 1  oiidui'as.  whose  ^'overii men t  was  accused  mI 
ta\();in;j,'  the  lehels  of  the  mountain.      {{ccriminatieiis 


and 


lorder  raids  ensued,  which  culniina 


ted 


m  a 


thr 


0(3 


'ears  \\ar 


lit 


■tw 


ecu 


the  t 


Wi 


countries,  ( (Uateniala  aiu- 


ing  (jiuardiola  and  otliei'  eiuMuies  of  ( 'abahas,  the  | 


ire>I- 


'( 'arroru's  I'l'pmt  from  the  licl.l  cciiit^iiiicil  tin' followi 


aiMc 


I  lii.ss  oil  till'  part  of  the  couft'ilcratcs  ot    ")'JS 


1,  '-'0(1  iMisdiicis,  1,(1(10  III) 


kfts 

kill.Ml 

llooil.s 

Hut  t ' 


Illll 


I   11,000  roiiiuls  <il   uiniiiiiiuti 


wliilti   Ills  casualtit'.s  wore   oiih 


,1  1'. 


WOlUli 


\r,[.       Tl 


Til 


at  was  iirolialily  <iii( 


it 


liaraitcri.stic 


tals 


Salvailoraii  iiiiiiisti'r  called  it 


'iTcra  was  ]iroiiiotiM 


to  I) 


rat'ia  sciisihlc  aiiiii|iio  [n'<|iR'ua 


)0  ('a|itaiii-^'i'iii'ral,  anil  a  nieiiiorial  iiicual  wm 


struck   ill   lioiior  of  liis  victory.    Fri^r/i,   J)if  Sfiin/in,   '.IS;   Aft'tlninuvin,   Cmt. 


•  t; 


SO   I:  S'<b\,  M, 


IS'JI    -). 


I'clt.  t'ltli,  iii.irtial  law  was  ]M-oclaiiii(Ml;   l.'itli,  all  iikmi  cajialilc  of  1) 


icro  called  into  scrvi 


were  declared  traitr 


tl 


tlio>'e  lailiiig  to  (iliey,  or  aidlllL;  tlie  lllvaMir 


10  a.s.sciiii) 


Iv  deerecil  a  forced  loan  of  tf_M,(MKl 


iMoiitlily  diiriiif;  the  continuance  of  the  Mar.  Xh-.,  i'or.  />•/.,  .March  \'i,  iS.'il; 
Sab:  Jiirrifii,  in  (inf.  Am.  /'ninjili.,  iv.  no.   ll! 


'lie  would  retnn 
fitidf.,  Iliili/iii  (ll-  Xoli' 


owevcr,  if  jicaccfnl  overtures  were  not  made  .it  our 
March  1,  IS,')!. 


Tl 


e  connni.ssioners  wi 


re  .Manuel  I'".  J'avon  for  <Juatcniala,  and  Francisco 


ZaMi 


f. 


ir  Salvador. 


Jt 


wan  a  trca 


ty  of 


amity  and  comnicieo,  calling  alsi) 


for  extradition  of  army  cleserters  and  eoinmon  criniiiials  ujioii  formal  diMiia 


for  them.      I'olitical  refii 


ge( 


re  tl)  lie  made  to  live  at  a  consiileraiile  dis 


taiice  from  the  frontier.     Neither  contracting  ]>arty  had  to  ](ay  any  pcciiiiiary 
indemnity.      (Iiiiit.,  /'rrnji.  I.iy.,   i.   4;{|    H;  i'lt.itu   It.,  (Iiwilii,   .Sept.    10,    \^yM 


Jan.  ;(0,  1S,")4;  Hunt..,  ancc/ti 


IS.-.:!. 


(Ii'll 

latt( 

ell     I 
nieli 


nity 
Ili'ife 
iin  (s 
fieii. 
wliicj 

<le|,i 

i;ir. 

I'lulu'  nil 
•l-Tei  d  IIJ 
'llt^,  .\il 
filled  I.ei 
"lilell  Iiei 
'■'II.    .Nov. 

l.s.-.;!;  /',,. 
l'''-'~iiii:  .1 
•-'\  ivvi- 
/•'/,•,,/,  ().. 

ill. II,  I, I,.;,, I 
ll    '('/,„     ,/,, 

■'Tliecl 
'■"■It.,  ami 
i'«l'tl<'.s  to.s 
I'l.iiined. 

|"Cll||i;||.y 

"■'".  I'l  I..  J 
'■'  I  iidcr 
'■Ml  assemi 
jll^tiee.s  of 
'lii-lit  l)u  re 
I"'  ".is  to  I 
I'l''  lioti.se  o 
Inle  power.s 
'•'"•c.iuiicil 


"■'!■.  Make  J, 
■iNal.iiity,  tl; 
"I'der  (if  ,.j,,„ 
""f'l  the  lion 
'"■''>'■■  .1  choie 
'I'lil,  tliegov 
■'■'■"'•  was  for 
^•'•'>-,  an. 


ir 

.sii 


KKOUiiANIZATION   OF  (;«)VKUNMKNT. 


■-•SI 


(lent  of  Honduras,  in  tlieir  attempts  to  overthrow  tlio 
latter. '^'  At  last  a  treaty  was  concluded  at  ( Juateniala 
oil  the  l.'Uh  of  '"'ehruary,  iSjG,  which  the  s^overn- 
iiunt  of  (Juateniala  ratitietl  on  the  oth  of  April/' 

The  victorious  ai'istocrats  now  saw  their  opportu- 
nity to  reorj^anizc;  the  n'overnnient  under  a  systi'in 
iii'irc  in  accordance  with  their  iiieas;  that  is  to  say, 
iii\t  stinjjf  the  executive  with  power  to  crush  revolu- 
timi.  l*aredes  sunnnoned  th(;  constituent  asseinhly 
wliich  had  hceii  called  hy  ( 'arrei'a's  decree  of  May  I't, 
l^l^!,  and  it  was  installed  on  the  Kith  of  August, 
|S,)|.  This  l)o<ly  on  the  19th  (»f  {)ctolter  adopted  a 
iiru  constitution  under  the  title  of  Acta  ( 'onstituti\a 
(Ic  It  Hi'puhlica  de  ( Guatemala,  containinn-  IS  articlcs/- 

KllnrtH  wcri'  iiKulo  l)j-  tho  sister  stittus  to  nvcit  ;i  war,  .vinl  ivcii  alter  it 
l.niUe  (Hit  Salvailor  ediitiiuied  her  ellnrts.  I'lelmiifiaries  ot  jHaee  liail  lieeii 
iiiiii  ei|  uiKiii,  anil  iieudtialiniis  elite  rcl  into  at  ( '(>jiile]iei|iie  liy  the  twii  lielliirei- 
ciit-.  Salva(hir  acting  as  ineiliattir  at  thi;  cniileieiiees;  hut  tliis  ellort  also 
I  nil  I  because  the  c<iiiiiiiissii)ner  at  the  last  iiioiueiit  ]ireseuteil  an  ultiinatnm 
mIiiiIi  neither  Salvailur  nor  Moiiiluras  deemeil  just,  iloiiil.,  <liicitii  Ojl''.,  Oet. 
:!U.  Nov.  IT),  'M\  Dee.  ]."),  I.S.".1.>;  /./.,  liolrlin  Oji,-..  Oft.  i:(,  Nov.  li^  I  >ee.  .'), 
I.v.;!:  /V/r:,  Mmi.  JH<I.  Hn:  XU:,  IS;  (liait.  (/ar,/ii,  July  S  to  Nov.  II,  js.'i.'i, 
|.s,iiir,  Jan.  '21,  Fuh.  •J4,  Se^it.  'J-J,  IS.-.h  A/V.,  <!,„rf,i,  Aug.  'JO,  JS.Vi;  Feh. 
■J^.  IV.4;  <'i-.sAf  A'.,  (;,ir</,i,  Iho.  I'-',  KS.'):{;  Jan.  7,  IS,  Feh.  •_'»,  Mareli  4,  18.".4; 
A/  /.'../.  Oet.  i:{,  KS.")4;  Feh.  -Jl,  .Mareli  7,  lN.V>;  /'ni;,,,!,!.  ,lr  I',,-,  in  V.nl.  Am. 
I'luiji/i.,  i.  no.  UO;  iv.  no.  41.  Jt  seems  troin  (iiiateniaian  sourees  that  tho 
Ihniiliiians  iiivaileil  (iii.it.,  ami  were  ileleaticl  at  Atnlajja  .Inly  I'J,  I.S,">.'{.  <!iiitt., 
llitilni  til'  ytitr'iiix,  All}.'.   ."),    |.S.")I!. 

"'Till!  eoiriinissionei'H  lieiiii;  I'eilro  re  Ayeiiieiia,  iiiin.  of  foreign  aii'airs  of 
<lii:it.,  aiiil  Floreneio  ( 'astiUo  fnrlloinl.  This  treaty  hoiiiiil  the  eontrael  iiig 
|inilirs  to  .surrcmler  deserteis  from  eillier  army,  ami  eonimon  erimin  iN,  when 
eliiiiieil.  I'olitioal  refugees  were  to  he  kept  awav  from  the  froiilier.  No 
ji' luiiiary  iiuleninity  wa.s  slipulateil.   Cital.,  lUftiy.  /.<;/.,  i.  4:!.'{-ti;  (,'iiiit.,  liu- 

"'■I.  Fell.  10,  is")t;. 

■-  I'liiler  this  law  tho  [iresiileiit  was  to  he  eho'-en  for  four  ,\eaiM  hy  a  geii- 
I  111  asseinhly  coiii|iostcl  of  the  hoii-e  of  n  ^  i-esentatives,  the  an  hhisho|i, 
ju^luesof  thu  sujii  "■  eiu.it,  ami  the  iiuiiiln  is  of  tlie  eoiiiuil  of  state.  llo 
iiiijlit  ho  roelet'teil.  ..ire  heing  Jilaeeil  in  [(ossessioii  of  the  e.xeeutive  olliee, 

111'  «as  to  lie  sworn  h^  the  archhisliop  who  luesiiliil,  for  the  oeca.iio.i,  over 
llii' liouse  of  rejire-ientatives.  The  e.\eeiiu\  e  w,is  clnlheil  w  itli  uliiiosl  aliso- 
lui.'  [lower.s,  being  authorized,  among  otlii  r  tilings,  to  issue,  iu  aeeord  w  itli 
till'  eniineil  of  state,  decrees  having  the  force  of  law,  to  raise  loans,  declare 
\>  11.  make  peaeo,  ratify  treaties,  etc.  in  the  event  of  his  death  or  ji.  rmalieat 
lii-iiliility,  the  executive  duties  devolved  temjioraril^  on  the  niini.sters  in  their 
mill  r  (if  seniority;  and  in  default  of  them,  on  the  iiiemhers  of  tin  council; 
iiiifjl  the  house  of  lepri^seiitatives,  to  he  forthwith  siiinmoiied,  could  meet  and 
111  il%i;  a  choice  in  general  assembly.  l»uriiig  teiii|iorary  absences  of  the  iiie>i- 
il'iil,  tlie  governineiit  devolved  on  the  couneil  of  ministers.  'J'lie  eoiineil  of 
M.it.  Was  formed  of  llu!  cabinet  ministers,  eight  menilurs  cliost  ii  by  the  con- 
^11  -  ,  ami  such  others  as  the  executive  miL;lit  appoint.     Tliuy  held  olliee  for 


''1 

1 


m 


:  4 


i,'-l 


1         * 

ii'ii^lii    l 


;il'l' 


282 


REPUBLIC  OF  GUATEMALA. 


Another  docroe  rogulated  the  election  of  representa- 
tives of  the  chureli  and  other  corporations  in  the 
national  congress.'*^ 

The  constituent  assembly  having  by  the  18th  ar- 
ticle of  the  acta  rescrvcil  to  itself  the  right  of  choosing 
the  president  foi'  the  constitutional  term  from  Jaimary 
1,  1852,  to  January  1,  185(5,  chose  the  only  possible 
candidate,  Rafael  Carrera,^*  who  on  the  appointed  day 
assiM'jed  the  executive  office.  His  reputation  ft)r 
courage,  respect  for  the  church,  and  other  circum- 
stances secured  a  firm  sui)[)(>rt  to  his  administration. 
On  the  21st  of  Oetober,  1854,  (Airreia  was  proclaimed 
by  a  general  junta  of  su])erior  authorities  president 
for  life,^''  and  the  house  of  representatives  on  the  2'Jtli 
of  January,  1855,  passed  an  act  exempting  the  presi- 
dent from  all  responsibility  for  the  acts  of  his  gc»\- 
ernmeut,  and  devolving  it  on  his  ministers.^"     This 


four  years  ami  might  l>c  rci'lccti'd.  Tlio  fullowiuj,'  tiuictioiiarics  iiiit(lit  al>n  lio 
ealU'il  liy  till!  exi;i'iui\e  to  tako  jiart  iu  tlii;  (K'lihuratioii.s  and  vote,  iiainuly: 
till'  ari'litii.sliops,  liisliop.s  sojouriiiim  in  tliu  ca[)ital,  rt'^cnte  of  tlio  .siqircnio 
court,  j)ri'siil«nt  of  tlio  ccolc.-iiafitii'al  iliaptiT,  rector  of  tiic  university,  jiiinr  of 
tiio  coiisulailo,  jiresiilcnt  of  the  sociedad  econdinica,  and  conianthintu  general. 
Tiic  house  of  representatives  consistecl  of  5,")  deputies  elected  for  four  years. 
The  cahiiiet  ministers  had  si'ats  in  the  house,  which  was  to  njien  its  session 
Nov,  l.'.")tli,  and  close  it  .Ian.  .'Ust.  The  administration  of  justice  was  in- 
trusted to  a  sii[)ri'nie  ami  lower  courts.  'J'lie  former  consisted  of  a  re^ciuc, 
six  justices,  and  one  fiscal  or  attorncy-ucneral,  all  clm.sen  l>y  the  couj^ress  for 
four  years,  one  half  lieinir  renewrd  cviy  two  years,  hut  all  miyht  lie  reelcitril. 
'.'//'/.,  Ii'irnj),  /,ri/.,  i.  71l-t>7;  AifnliKniiiyd,  Cent.  Am.,  J.Sl-'_';  El  Sijlo,  .Illiir  l>. 
IfSiVJ;  Sf/iiirr'.'i  Ci-iif.  Am.,  4S.'{. 

'■•'I'liose  of  tiie  judiciary,  consiilado,  uuiversity,  and  sociedad  ecouoiiiica. 
(Illilt.,   /I'rcoj).    /.'//.,  i.    140   ,"iO. 

^*S,i/i:,  <;ii,;'tii,  Oct.  'M,  1S.">1. 

■■'This  «as  tlie  result  of  jmlilic  meeting's  lioM  in  the  (Icpartmcnts  liy  tin; 
garrisons,  otlicials,  and  parish  priests,  at  which  it  was  made  to  appear  that  it 
was  tlie  will  of  the  people  that  t'arrcra  .should  lie  president  for  life,  witli  tiic 
pri\  ili^nc  of  selecting  his  successor,  and  that  other  amendments  shoiil.l  Iu 
made  to  the  acta  constitiltiva,  as  pei'initted  liy  its  l.'ith  art.  It  is  undi'i'stcHul 
that  at  the  meeting  of  otlicials  in  the  capital  there  was  hut  one  dissiiitieiit 
vote  to  the  proposition,  lie  had  in  !i  manifesto  of  .lune  l.''Jd  e.\pressed  a  weak 
ohjeclion  to  the  projioscd  change,  hut  it  was  evidently  a  preconcerted  jiiaii  of 
the  aristocrats  and  the  military  clement,  (lunt.,  Onirfii,  May  12  to  Se[it.  K"), 
lt>."i4,  passim;  O'lnit.,  /I'lroji.  /.<//.,  i.  S7-1I0;  < '.w/.i /.'.,  i.'un/it,  July  1-2'.),  I'^'i^; 
/'/.,  llolvlin  i>jii\,  July  27,  Ks.'i4;  .March  17,  IS.")."!;  ('unrni,  Mmiijicilo,  in  i'ml. 
Am.  I'ttmyh.,  V.  no.  21;  S'lnifr'.*  ('nit.  Am.,  ril4.  L'arrera  lieloro  this  re- 
ceived honors  from  foreign  gdvernmeiits;  he  was  a  knight  grand  cross  oi  the 
papal  order  of  St  tJregory  the  ( Ireat ;  the  sa;iie  of  tlie  Mexican  order  of  (  '•\vm\- 
aliijie;  and  knight  coi'imander  of  tlie  lkc,'ian  order  of  Leopold.  (Iwtt.,  Jr''"}'. 
Ley.,  i.  IM). 

'■''This  amendment  conferred  still  -.rger  powers  on  the  president,  mil 


C'AKREUA  REX. 


clianije  was  a  near  approach  to  tlic  monareliical  system, 
for  wliicli  Carrora  was  supposed  to  have  a  decided 
lii'iicliaiit.'''  Notwithstaii.liiij^  the  strong  [)()wer  thus 
j>la('cd  in  his  hands,  a  rovolt  at  Quezalteiiango  tlio 
next  year  almost  overthrew  Iiini,  recpiiring  tlie  use  of 
all  his  forces  to  defeat  it,  at  the  expense  of  much  dis- 
aster and  a  large  numher  of  executions.  It  was  only 
liv  ijfreat  efforts  that  he  sncccjeded,  after  so  manv  years 
of  warfare,  in  <|uirting  the  revolted  mountaineers. 
This  was  accomplished  only  after  peace  had  been 
signed  with  Honduras,  His  strong  sup})()rters,  ]\Ian- 
ue!  Francisco  Pavon  and  Luis  J^atres,  died,  the 
foiiner  in  1855,  and  the  latter  in  18G2.**^ 

From  this  time,  peace  being  finally  restt)red,  with 
only  occasional  and  })artial  disturbances,  the  regime 
established  with  Carrera  at  its  head  was  generally 
accjuiesced  in.  The  repuVdic  took  an  active  pa .t  in 
till'  campaign  against  William  Walker  and  his  fili- 
busters in  Nicaragua.  The  services  rendered  by  its 
foiees  will  ap[)ear  in  the  description  of  the  operations 
of  that  campaign  in  a  separate  chapter. 

The  year  18()3  was  inaugurated  with  another  bloody 
war  with  Salvador,  the  details  and  conse(|uences  of 
which  will  be  treated  elsewhere.  It  is  sufficient  to 
s;iy  hen.^  that  (jiuatemalan  arms  were  successful,  and 
Carrera's  power  became  still  more  consolidated,  and 
its  supi-emacy  was  felt  over  the  rest  of  Central  Amer- 
ica,     ife  ruled   the  country   uninterruptedly  till    his 

i:i.iilo  the  tcnii  of  tlio  representatives,  uml  of  the  coiuicillors  chosen  l)y  tlieiii. 
M\iii  years  iiisteail  of  four. 

•■  As  lif  liail  no  knowledjie  of  the  seieiico  of  ;,'ovi'i'iinicnt,  the  direct  iiiaii- 
au'eiiieiit  of  jiiihlie  afiairs  was  U'ft  to  tliosc  sinniosc.l  to  possess  it.  Cam  ra  did 
iM't  govciii;  he  merely  rei>resented  the  unity  of  govrrnuu  nt.  'Sin  enihai-go 
(juc  >u  \(iluutad  jirevalecia  eii  todo. '  As/iiliiiniiiiiii,  Cent.  Aiii.,ii'2.  The  reform 
ill  r  ,;aril  to  the  i)rusi(Unitial  tenure  was  personal,  and  exehisively  in  favor  of 
Carrera.  'J'luis  at  his  dratli  tliu  constitutional  pi-ovi<ion  was  restored,  the 
minister  of  relations,  IVdro  do  Ayeiinna,  assuuiini,'  tlie  reins,  and  at  once 
.'^uiiimonin;,'  the  IcLtislativo  liody,  whiih  was  do  faeto  and  de  jure  a  return  to 
cdiistitiitioiial  order,    /'iiinln  ilr  Mmil,  Xdt.t,  in  (liinf.,  /{iroji.  f.ifi.,  i-  ^>7. 

"■'J'he  ;.'ovt  ilei;reed  tliat  tln'ir  portraits  should  he  ]ilaced  in  the  hall  of  the 
(ouneil  of  state.  I'avon's  widow,  Virtoria  ZehaiUia,  got  a  pension  of  ."^'.HIO  a 
Near.   (Uhil.,  J'(coj>.  L'j/.,  ii.  (JliS-'J;  iii.  ',i'>\. 


n 


If 


f 


'!■) 


u 


11 


l\ 


\'«.   ■  ;■ 


SM  UKl'lBLIC   OF  (iUATKMALA. 

death  early  in  A]>i'il  li^OiJ.  The  hiij^lit'st  lioiioi's,  t-ivic, 
militaiy,  and  icfU'siustlc,  were  paid  to  liis  rt'inaiiis.**^ 
Carrcra  died  in  tlie  full  (•()nvictit)n  tliat  lie  had  bcoii 
the  instrument  of  providence  in  saving  society  and 
good  order  in  Cuatcniala.  He  had  l)ecn  so  assund 
hy  his  supporters,  and  had  come  to  helieve  it,  in  tin; 
face  of  the  fact  that  he  had  been  guilty  (»f  heinous 
crimes  and  was  notoriously  innnoral."'^  So  die  those 
who  pass  hence  from  the  nmrderer's  galh)\vs  under  the 
hamier  of  the  cross,  and  with  priestly  consolation. 

•■^Tho  jiovrrmiK'iit,  wiio.st;  tiiniif>r;iiy  cliit.'f  was  IV'dro  i]o  Ayciiu'ii:!,  ,is 
seiiicir  caMiu't  iiiiiiistcr,  iluiTi'i'il  April  4tli  that  tliu  fimunil  hIiouM  take  jilaio 
on  till'  ITtli.-itlt  A.  M.,  tliu  remains  to  lie  interreil  in  tlio  eatlielral  eluiiili. 
</'«//.,  /,'rn,)i.  Liii.,  iii.  XA-'l;  A'/V.,  dxMn,  Ayr.  '1\\  May  (■>-•_'(»,  iNi.'). 

"''  It  liaf5  Ix'eu  asserted  that  even  his  ministers  treinhled  for  tlieir  li\rs 
wheiiCarreni  was  inliiseuiis.  'I'lioiiuli  tht'V  knew  lie  wouhl  eoniinit  outi'a:;is, 
they  oiteii  iii(hired  hiui  to  visit  tliu  de[iai'tnients,  in  iirder  to  have  a  litth' 
[leaee  tlieniselves. 


t>io.1.    .\.-ii-i 


-.,-^^^ 


,>  ^?^^T-4j:j<^'^~i--.5^K/_jS^^  |«       I  Y.'»l<»  J„^„ro\/     I     V 


Salvador. 


OHArTER  XIV. 

RKl'UBI.K '  OF  SALVAIH-)R 

1839- 1. SCm 

M  \i.i:spin's  Af'Ts — T.i\ii()"s  Coti'  i>'ErAi'  .\m>  l)Kr(is.\i. — ,Tkfk  OezMAv  — Hk- 
VDLT  AT  Santa  Ana— 1'uisii>knt  A(;rii,Aii— Tim;  ISisiioi-  K.\i'i:i.i.i-.i) — 
ViTEKi's  Ai.i.iANcK  WITH  Mai.ksimn  ami  Homhuan  ()Lii:Ai!(iiM~ri;i:si- 

DKNT  VASt'ONCEI.OS — ISlllTISlI  IIosTII.ITir.S— SaLVADOK's  KkI.ATUINS  Willi 
I'liKKKiN     I'OWKKS — Sa.V     MaKTIN's     AhMINIS  TUATION — DhsITUTIIoS     (IF 

San    Sai.vahiii! — I'hksiukni'   Camto — C'AMi'AKiN    acainsp   ^VAI,Kl■.K    in 

XlCAKAiMA  — K.STAni.ISlIMKNT   (IK  THK   Kf.IMHI.IC — SaNIIn's  OvKKrilltllW 

— I'kksidf.ni'Y  of(  Jkuauho  IJaijkios — AVak  ofSai.vaduu  anh  JIonihiias 

-iCAINSr  (ilATKMALA    ANH   Nll'AliA(irA — TuK   LaTIKII  \'l(TilUUir.s--  IjAK- 
KIOS   Fl.niUT — Ri:SI()liAII(iN  oFrKACE — DUENAS  ASpUKStllKNT — l?Ai;  llliis' 

SnisFtjiKNT  Rkitkn— His  ('ai'itkk  anh  8ii;reni>kh  iiy  Xicauaiua — 
JIis  KxiXTTioN  IN  .San  iSalvahuk. 

TiiK  constituent  assoniblv  of  Salvador,  instalU^d  at 
Ziicateccluca  on  the  1st  of  Aui:^ust,  18;?'.),  after  a  reci'ss 
icopcned  its  session  on  the  2cl  of  January,  1H41,  and 
mi  the  4th  there  was  laid  before  it  an  address,  sio-ned 
Itv  Colonel  Francisco  ^lalespin,  asconuindante  i^-oneral, 
and  his  officers  who  took  part  in  the  revolt  of  Sep- 
tcinlKT  20th,  s)K)ken  (jf  elsewliere.  In  tlie  document 
tlicy  disclaimed  hostilitvto  Jefe  C'ahas  or  his  ministei', 
ov  any  intent  to  override  tlie  laws,  assorting  tliat  thiy 
were,  on  the  contrary,  actuated  by  a  stronjj  desire  to 
L;i\  e  security  to  the  state,  and  save  themselves  from 
iiiijiending  destruction/  This  address  was  regarded 
hy  tlie  liberals  as  a  threat,  inasmuch  as  ]\[ales})in  with 
the  '-arrison  had  wronijfullv  assumed  a  ri^fht  to  delib- 
(late  upon  public  affairs. 

'  Tlioy  conclude  offeriiif;  to  the  assemlily  the  '  swords  which  iiidcd  to  tri- 
uiiiiili  iu  Guat.  and  Los  Altus  over  the  tyrant  Morazaa.' 


m 


1 


V  1  i 


! 


2S.; 


UKl'UHLR'  OF  SALVADOR. 


f 


ii 


Xoilx'ito  l^umirez,  now  jcfu  (»f  Salvador  by  tlu' 
<^i;u(;  of  Malcspii),  could  no  lonmr  hrook  tliat  officer's 
intcilbivMce,  and  rosiijned,"  Juan  Lindo  lH!in;Li^  called 
to  succeed  him  on  the  7tli  of  January.  The  asseniMy 
and  cliief  mai^'istrate  of  the  stat<!  were  both  now  under 
tlie  sword  of  Malespin,  which  in  its  turn  was  <'oii 
dolled  bv  (Wrera  of  (Guatemala,  That  l)odv,  on  the 
oOth  of  January,  1841,  passed  an  act  to  call  the  stale 
in  futun;  |{e|tubllca  del  Salvador."'  The  second  con 
stitution  of  Salvador  was  adopted  on  tiie  i8th  of  Feh- 
ruary.^  Under  it  the-  k\i;'islature  had  two  chandters. 
iiindo,  tie  jefe,  luul  a  most  un[)leasant  [)ositioii,  he- 
llevint^  hi  nself  surrounded  by  cons])iratoi's.  Counting,' 
on  .Malospin's  supjtort,  on  the  Gtli  of  Xovendier,  ISU, 
N\it]i  a  cou[)  d'etat  he  <lissolved  the  chandjers,  l)ecause 
anionL>'  its  nn  nibers  were  some  friends  of  !Moray.aii.' 
His  act  caused  much  indi,i;iiation  in  several  towns, 
and  on  the  |:}th  of  January,  1842,  three  senatois, 
namely,  .1.  \".  Xuila,  JjU[»ario  \'ides,  and  Antonio 
.lose  ('anas,  at  San  V^iccnte,  n-solved  to  I'estore  con- 
stitutional order.  The  legislative  i)ody  in  eonse(j[nence 
assend)led  there,  and  made  a  stirrint^*  address  to  tin; 
])eople,  embodyinjj;'  the  })olicy  they  intended  to  j^ursne." 
Ijindo  tried  to  justifv  his  act  of  Xovendier  (Jth,  luit 
failed,  and  Senator  Escolastico  Marin  was  called  to 
tem[)orarily  occu[ty  the  executive  chair,'  with  autlior- 

-Canas,  coiisidoriiii,'  himself  tlio  only  l.nvf\il  exct'iitivo,  though  set  asiilc  hy 
till!  military  on  Sojit.  '_'((tii,  also  iiiado  liis  ii'sij;nation. 

^Tht'  ilotTi'f  gi'iatly  disiilcasuil  the  jicoplu,  and  had  no  effect.  Hut  it  n'- 
vcaled  the  plot  of  the  aristocrats  of  (luat.  They  apjiointed  commissioiurs  U> 
the  tliet  of  (.'cut.  Am.,  who  were  to  pretend  that  tiiey  favored  a  ri  liirnnil 
union;  lint  their  real  aim  was  an  al)sciliite  se[)aration.   Mnntri',  il/'em.,  M. 

*Its  supiiort  was  sworn  to  on  the  1 1th  of  April. 

■'  In  a  proelamatiiiu  he  stated  tiiat  the  I'Xfpelled  senators  €aud  deputies  wcrft 
working  to  restore  the  oi-iler  of  affairs  exi-<ting  at  tliu  time  of  Morazaii's  de- 
)iarture.  His  suspicions  were  jiartially  contirnied  on  Morazan  ai>[iearin^  at 
La  Union  about  the  middle  of  Fei).  ISt'J.  Mmili'ifiir,  J'l'siiin  J/isl.,  iv.  Ii;{  4; 
Mitruri\  Kj'ini.,  54  .">;  Axf'liiiruiii/ii,  ('rut.  A,ii.,  74   "). 

""Tiiey  promised  to  conline  tlieir  action  to  only  such  objects  as  were  of 
absolute  necessity,  namely,  t(»  rid  tlie  government  of  surrouniling  oI)stailis, 
make  amendments  or  additions  to  tiie  constitution,  and  pass  s\icii  laws  as 
would  conduce  to  its  develoimient.  After  doing  this  they  purposed  to  <  Idsu 
tlieir  ordinary  session,  and  await  tlie  election  of  the  constitutional  chief  of  the 
state.  ]t  would  then  be  the  proper  time  to  deliberate  upon  calling  a  constit- 
uent asseudily  to  review  the  constitution. 

'Cauas  liatl  beta  chosen  on  the  1st  of  Feb.,  but  afterward  resigned  it. 


Its  oi.iigat 
''ft  the  oti 
eiiiigo  eoni 
''Kven 
"liner  to 
<^i>.sta  Kioii 

'Vt.   |,S,   18 
"Kvcn 


ARCK,  MAiaX,  (iUZMAX. 


'J87 


it  v  to  c'staMlsh  the  state  cajiital  wliero  mowt  ON|)((liont/ 
Tlif  oovii'miu'iit  coiitinut'd  for  tin*  time  IttiiiiX  '•>  »^ii" 
\'i((nte,  and  tlic  pco])!^  wore  oallotl  upon  to  i-lioose  a 
|iivsi(l('iit  of  tlio  state. 

Marin  luld  tlio  executive  autlioritv  a  few  <lavs  onlv. 

t/  (ft 

llr  liacl  lu'eii  i^veetled  by  Pedro  Arce,  and  was  suc- 
rccdi'd  liyJuau  Jose  CJu/uian.  Tlio  dittleulties  of  the 
stute  lia<l  not  eoiiu^  to  an  end.  (Juznian  iiivoicd  the 
conservative  elenjent,  as  sliown  in  liis  dt'cree  of  Jnne 
:!.  IS42,  issuid  after  hearin<if  tliat  !Morazan  was  in 
( "osta  liiea,  to  cut  oti'  all  rehitions  with  tliat  state.'' 
Ill'  left  the  executive  ottiee  in  .Julv,  and  resumed  its 
duties  ajjjain  in  Sejitendxr,  deelariiiL;'  in  a  ])i'oelaniation 
that  lu^  wouhl  (.leal  nieivilesslv  with  disturbers  of  the 

t/ 

liublio  peace. 

The  two  li'ii^islati\'e  chambers  were  installed  at  San 
\'icenti;  on  the  17th  of  September,  and  on  the  'JOth 
counted  the  votes  for  }»resi(Ient  of  the  state.  Xo  can- 
didate liavinin'  the  retjuisite  majority,  (luzman  was 
asked  to  continu(>  i)rov';.  ionallv  in  <'hari>t!  of  the 
"fivernment.  His  inauiiuial  addri'ss  was  a  repetition 
of  his  manifesto  of  the  7th,  ureatlv  i»leasinn'  the  con- 
scrxatives.'"  })ut  liarmony  was  not  lon<^  to  jtrevail 
httween  Salvador  and  (jiuatemala.  The  trouble  arose 
fiom  the  independent  action  of  Salvador  in  grantinsf 
an  asylum  to  the  i-enmants  of  ^NFoi'azan's  forces  against 
the  protests  of  (Guatemala  and  Honduras,  even  thouij^h 
tilt!  final  decree  of  admission  contained  some  very 
.scvei'c    clauses."     Another    cause    of    dissatisfaction 


l^'' 
?•;*! 


Kis  licalth  was  poor,  and  lie  died  at  the  liacionda  di  1  .low  on  tlio  '24111  of  Fel)., 
l>iJ4.  The  a.ssemlily  lionond  liis  Jiieiiiory  in  a  special  decree.  Sulr.,  Dinrlit 
'iji'\.  Kel).  14,  1S7.");  Montiifiir,  Jlcurfm  llUt.,  iv.  ."rtl'.t. 

'  It  was  this  govt  that  rejected  Morazan's  iiroposals  when  ho  apiicarcil  at 
L:i  Union.  While  appreciating  his  patriotic  pnrposi's,  it  could  not  disi-egard 
Its  oliligations  toward  the  other  states,  llcnce,  together  witii  Malespin,  it 
set  the  other  govts  in  motion  against  Mora/.an,  whom  Malespin  called  'cl  eii- 
eiiiigo  coinini. 

"  Kveu  private  correspondence  was  forbidden.  Postmasters  had  onlers  to 
Ml  h\er  to  governors  of  departments  all  letters  received  at  their  ollices  from 
'  iisti  Kica. 

'"Mis  ideas  were  commended  as  'just.as,  sanas,  salvadoras.'  (hi(U.  Oar., 
Ort.  IS,  IM2 

"  Kvcn  Malespin  had  favored  the  act  of  the  govt;  for  though  uncidtured, 


'     \'. 


288 


UHI'UBLIC  OF  SALVAKOU. 


tiLifuin.st  Salvador  was  that  Ciuzman  would  nnt  11111//I1 
the  ]»rt'SH.  Tlio  iiid('|u'iideii(('  ot'  (»u/maii,  and  tin- 
disposition  hIiowii  by  ^Malospiii  not  to  be  at  all  tinns  ,1 
facile  instrunu'iit  of  tlio  aristocrats,  ])ronij»trd  tlio  lat- 
ter to  pronxtte  an  insui'rection  of  the  volcanehos  ot" 
Santa  Ana  lor  their  overthrow.'-  Salvador,  thoUL,^!) 
under  the  pressure  of  aristociatie  control,  still  had  a 
leaven  of  pi'ojii^ression  that  made  itself  felt.  TIk^  puli- 
lication  of  AY  A^ii'kjo  dd  l*iu:hU>  was  an  eviilence  of  this 
fact.  'I'he  Aycinenas,  J*avon,  ]iuis  Hatres,  and  ("hat- 
field,  unable  to  ccunpete  with  it  in  the  field  of  discus- 
sion, demanded  its  supjiression.'" 

(luzman  in  his  cori'es[K)ndence  with  l*avon  upln  IJ 
that  joui'nal,  and  ^[alespin  would  lead  it  with  satis- 
faction." (iuatemala  resolved  at  least  to  use  coercioii. 
('airt'ra  established  his  head(juarters  at  Jutiapa  t  > 
favor  the  volcanehos  in  their  icbellion,'' 

The  cordial  reception  ui'iven  in  October  to  Colour! 
^r,  (.^uijans,  connnissioner  accredited  by  Xicaraujua  to 
Salvador  to  negotiate  a  treaty  of  friendship  and  alli 


lie  was  a  Sulvjuloraii;  ami  luiw  that  Morazaii  was  duail,  lie  began  to  \\>U\\  to 
the  ailvi<'(^  (if  liis  iiion?  <'iili;,'litfiifil  fiUow-t'iti/i'iis,  ami  to  iimli't'staii'l  tin' 
Machiavclisiii  of  AyciiU'iia,  I'avoii,  ami  thfir  ally  Cliatlii M. 

'-.I.  .1.  Ayciiieiia  ri'iteatt'tlly  sai<l  that  the  revolt  could  not  he  (jiielhd.  ami 
it  were  Id'tter  to  aci'C'ilo  to  the  MiNhi'H  of  tln' voleaiu  uos.  TImh  will  e.\]ilaiii  the 
ohject  of  a  (hie.  dated  Oet.  IH,  KS4;?,  ami  pidilished  at  ( 'oiiiayagua  at  tlie  gii\  t 
jtiiiitiug-otrue  under  the  .signature  of  ManiU'l  .lose  Aire.  The  ex-[iresident  iiuil 
taken  ailvaiitagi!  of  an  amnesty  deeree  to  return  to  ( 'entral  Ameriea.  He  wa.s 
liow  Very  old,  hilt  still  ambitious  of  jiower.  Jii  tiiat  iiianife.sto,  addre.ssed  ti> 
th(!  states  of  Cent.  Am.,  he  endeavors  to  demonstrate  the  necessity  of  tlicir 
auain  uniting  under  one  govt,  llespokeof  (iu/.maii  a'ld  Male.sjiiu  trying  to 
liold  })ower  for  life;  of  intrig  es  to  make  the  latter  president,  even  if  some  el 
his  ojiiioneiits  had  to  be  sin  ;  of  abuses  ho  had  been  subjected  to;  the  war 
tliose  men  were  jilaniiiiig,  v  'i  the  aid  of  Nic.,  against  (iiiat.  and  Homl.,  <iii 
the  false  charge  that  Carre  intended  to  anne.\' Salv.  to(iiiat.  He  aeciiscil 
M.des]iiii  of  atrocities,  ami  y  uraises  Carrera,  who  jilaeed  Mah'spiii  in  Salv. 
'i'he  fnll  tiixt  of  the  iiiauif.  is       Minifiijnr,  Ji'iKcrni  Hid.,  iv.  'i'J'-'rt. 

'•'The  iiiiii.  of  state,  Agusi  Morales,  reminded  him  that  freedom  oi  llie 
press  was  a  iialladium  of  lilien  in  England,  adding  his  surprise  that  her  emi- 
sul  should  want  such  a  precioi  boon  to  dLsaiipear  from  Salvador.  Chadiehl 
threatened  to  refer  the  .sul)jo'  to  his  govt,  and  was  told  to  do  so,  not  failiriL,' 
to  ace(uni)anj'  the  answers  he  nad  received. 

'*  The  circulation  of  El  A  inhjo del  I'lnhlo  in  Gnat,  was  forbidden;  but  many 
numbers  got  out,  ami  were  read  by  artisans,  students,  otlicial.s.  CJiitliuM 
often  found  it  on  his  desk  without  knowing  how  it  came  there. 

'■'  Several  Salvadorans  were  murdered,  and  it  was  proved  that  the  nun- 
derors  had  come  from  Jutiapa.  The  govt  of  (luat.  pretended  to  have  hal  im 
agency  in  these  acts. 


ill"    oT(. 


'"Ill  lat,. 
''1:1  A, 


--H' 


KKVOIATIOX. 


l.'»9 


jiiicf.  was  (lispU'UsiiiiLj  to  liislioj)  Viti'ri,  uho  took  a«l- 
s.iiitat^c  of  (luzinan's  al)s«'iic('  at  8aii  Vi<'i'iiti',  in  tlio 
lattt  r  |)art  of  tliat  nioiitli,  to  IhIiiil;;  al)out  a  <|uari('l 
1m  twci'ii  liiiii  and  ^ral«'s|iiii.  Tlw.  lattrr  at  this  t'luw 
was  said  to  l>e  in  i)uor  lu-altli,  and  tin,;  liisliop  ot'tiMi 
visited  liini,  and  in  otlur  ways  manifcsti'd  interest  lor 
liiiii.  A'iteri  had  directed  liis  clernjv  to  al)stain  from 
iiitcitereneo  in  political  afl'airs,  and  yet  ho  j)reached 
auainst  Afora/an  and  those  who  had  hanishetl  Ar<-h- 
hi-li(»|)  ( 'asans.  This  J)oniinican  \  azijuez'"  was  viru- 
lent, declaring"  tliat  the  ccc-lesiastieal  authority  Mould 
iiiver  he  under  tlu;  civil,  and  thnwiteninj;"  the;  }»eo|ile 
that  the  ])riests  Would  ahandon  tlieni  to  sulKer  iVoni 
jij.i'^ues,  epidemics,  war,  and  famine,  it"  tliey  continued 
their  iiii(iuitous  hostility  to  the  church.'' 

The  revolution  was  now  a  fact.  \  iteri  and  ^lale- 
s[>In  sup[)orted  Fray  A'a/.(piez,  or  Fray  \  (.-neno,  as  he 
was  nicknamed.  ( )nce  \'a/(iue/.  fuhninate<|  from  the 
]>iil[»it  a  numher  of  diatriltes  against  J'resident  (lU/- 
iiian,  at  the  same  time  bestowin^•  uiucli  praise  on 
(  arrera.  The  result  was  an  ordiT  from  (Juzman,  then 
at  Sail  Mij^uel,  to  l)rinL''  the  friar  there  as  a  |)risoncr. 
The  hishop  remonstrated  to  ]\[ales[>in  against  the 
lin*;"  an  escort,  as  he  wished  to  end  the 


nidi'i',  (lemanc 


iii>ults  to  the  church  hy  himself   leaving-   the   state. 
Male-^])in  tried  to  dissuade  him  from  his  purpose,  and 

A   <jfreat  tunudt   ensued 


'•rew  more  eneruetic 


IS 


one  night  in  the  city,  when  Vitcri,  ^Malespin,  and 
Vaz(jue'-^  received  an  ovation  from  the  rahlJe  of 
l.a   V 


ejjra  and   San  Jacinto,   amid   repeated  cries    of 


ueran  los  lu 


k 


iin[)ios 


t' 


J' 


idiosl 


niuoran 


los  li 


lerejes!  mueran  Jos 


if 

r 


1 


'W 


'''  III  later  years  he  was  hishop  of  Panama,  hut  mucli  toned  down. 

^'  El  Amiijo  del  PuvJilo  invited  him  ti>  discuss  jiulilie  questions,  but  not 
fiiiiii  tlic  pulpit,  where  he  could  not  be  answered.  V'azfpiez  did  not  heed  it,' 
and  Went  on  with  his  wrathful  sermons. 

'"  In  his  letter  of  Dec.  5tli,  lie  uses  these  words:  'Jorge  dc  Viteri  no  ser.-i 
oliis]io  de  farsa,  ni  permanecera  jamas  en  unsuelo,  en  (pie  lapotestad  hiiniana 
iMiuto  las  ampltas  lacultades  que  le  conceden,  y  de  que  le  liacen  resi)onsalile 
liiH  siigrados  canones.'  Tlie  correspondence,  aud  hia  secretary's  address  to 
tlio  people,  are  given  in  Id.,  351-4,  373. 
Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  Vol.  III.    19 


h 


Ui\\:i 


290 


REPUBLIC  OF  SALVADUil. 


Malespin  went  oif  to  Ssln  Miguel,  and  liad  some 
violent  correspondence  with  the  president;  the  latt(  r 
threatened  to  expose  his  intrigues  if  he  did  not  foitli- 
with  depart  from  San  ^Vliguel,  and  then  retired  to  ]m 
hacienda,  leaving  the  state  in  tlie  hands  of  Malespin." 
Guzman's  downfall  was  hailed  with  joy  in  Guatemala 
and  Honduras.  In  Coinayagua  it  was  celebrated  witli 
salvos  of  artillery.  After  Malespin's  return  to  San 
Salvador,  to  please  the  bishop  several  persons  were 
banished,  and  the  Amlgo  del  Pueblo  was  suppressLd. 
Tlie  executive  office,  by  Guzman's  abandonment  of  it, 
went  into  the  hands  of  Pedro  Arce,  the  vice-president. 
The  two  chambers  of  the  assembly  opened  their  ses- 
sion on  the  30th  of  January,  1844.  Xo  presidential 
candidate  having  a  constitutional  majority,  the  assem- 
bly chose  Malespin  president,  and  he  assumed  his  new- 
duties  on  the  otli  of  February,  after  reading  before 
the  two  bodies  in  assembly  convened  a  uloeourso  on 
his  great  love  fi)r  law,  justice,  and  peace.  It  would 
have  sounded  well  from  the  lips  of  a  liberal,  and  it  i^' 
barely  possible  that  ^Malespin  expressed  his  sentiments 
at  that  moment.  But  his  education,  his  habits,  jhhI 
the  fatal  influence  of  the  men  that  swayed  him,  con- 
stantly took  him  out  of  the  right  path.  As  he  was 
UTider  the  control  of  Bishop  Viteri,  the  country  niu>t 
go  back  to  the  days  of  obscurantism.  The  etfects  of 
it  were  soon  niade  patent."" 

The  bishop  succeeded  in  driving  out  of  the  state  tlie 
opponents  of  his  theocratic  ideas,  and  in  bringing  alioiit 
a  change  in  the  government;  in  fact,  everything  liad 
been  conceded  him,  and  his  influence  was  paramounl. 
And  yet  he  was  not  satisfied  He  would  have  tlir 
Salvatlorans  believe  liim  a  deity,  but  they  arriveil  at 

'"TIk!  prosiiU'iit  l)l:iiiu'il  liiiii  for  leaving  tliu  cuiital  at  a  time  of  distiirli- 
■ince.  llu,  oil  his  jiart.  ilcmainkMl  tlio  govorumciit "a  return  to  S.  S;ilv.  t" 
attoiul  to  tliu  lii.slioj)'.s  coiiiiilaiiits.  Ho  accusoil  the  prusitluut,  in  a  luanilistn, 
of  attomiiting  to  disti.rli  tlio  piililie  puaco. 

'•"'Tliu  ecclesiastical  fueros  were  restored;  the  govt  was  authnrizcd  to  allow 
monasteries  established,  and  the  bishop  to  deinand  tlic  aid  of  tlie  secular  .inii 
to  enforce  his  orders  in  ecclesiastical  affairs.  This  last  act  was,  howivir, 
issued,  as  it  appears,  with  much  reluctance,  judging  from  the  nuiiil"  r  of 
restrictive  clauses  iii  it. 


f.\\. 


A  VILLANOUS  PRELATE. 


291 


the  conclusion  that  by  a  great  fatality  their  first 
bishop  had  turned  out  to  be  a  pernicious  revolutionist. 
In  connection  with  the  general  history  of  Central 
Anierica,  I  have  given  the  principal  events  of  Sf.lva- 
(ior  down  to  1845,  when,  under  the  treaty  of  Sensenti, 
iifter  a  long  and  exhaustive  war  with  Honduras,  tlie 
state  was  rid  of  the  ominous  rule  of  the  brutal  ^Ma- 
Itspin.  With  the  discontinuance  of  the  war  there  was 
no  need  of  raising  further  loans;  the  military  estab- 
lisluncnt  was  reduced  to  a  minimum,  and  the  authori- 
ties and  people  hastened  to  restore  the  constitutional 
regime;  to  which  end  elections  of  senators  and  de})U- 
tics  were  at  once  liad,  in  order  that  the  assembly 
.should  meet  on  the  loth  of  January,  184G,  for  tlie 
term  of  Vice-president  Joaquin  Eustacio  (Juzman,  who 
li;id  charge  of  the  executive  authority,  would  expire 
oil  the  1st  of  February.-^  On  this  date  he  surrendered 
tlie  office  to  Senator  Fermin  Palacios.  The  assembly 
did  not  meet  till  four  days  after.  The  iiresidential 
election  did  not  yield  a  sufficient  majority  in  favor  of 
any  one,  and  the  assembly  then  ap})ointed  Eugenio 
Aguilar."  The  president  was  a  good  Christian,  and 
attended  with  regularity  to  his  religious  duties  as  a 
catholic;  and  yet  Yiteri  called  him  a  heretic;  the 
reason  of  it  being  that  Aguilar  was  a  stickler  for  a 
constitutional  government  of  the  people,  and  the 
hishop  was  an  oligarch.  The  latter  now  invented  the 
fietioii  that  the  president  had  the  intention  of  exiling 
liiiii;  he  had  the  })e()ple  in  the  Wiirds  of  C^andelaiia. 
San  J'^stevan,  and  Calvario  told  that  their  bisliop  was 
to  he  sent  out  of  the  country  in  tlic  niu'ht  of  the  11th 
of  'luly.  He  was  l)eli(!Ved  by  the  sim[»le-iiiinded  jieojile 
when  he  assured  tlieni  that  Aguilar  and  others'""'  were 

-Mluzinan  hail  waged  war  against  Malosiiin,  not  for  his  own  aggraiiili/c- 
mi'iit,  hut  to  do  away  with  arliitrary  ndc,  and  to  iistoro  tin'  authority  of  tlic 
iiiMstitutiou.     This  l)L'iiig  accouiplished,  ho  rosolvi'd  to  ri'tiirn  to  privatu  lil'u. 

■•'-A  |ihy.sioian  by  2)rofe;i.sion,  and  a  modest,  lionorahlo  citizen,  actuated 
hy  till;  piirest  niotiven;  an  excellent  family  ma"  and  friend;  hut  iiidortunately, 
as  cvints  .sliowe<l,  he  waa  weak  wiien  tirnniesa  ami  resolution  were  deinandi'il 
to  upiiold  Ida  position.  Aguilar.  in  hia  later  yeai-a,  after  losing  his  wife,  was 
•irdiiiied  as  a  priest. 

-'  lMista(|uio  Cnellar,  J.  M.  Ran  Martin,  J.  M.  Zelnya,  the  dergynian, 
I.iiliu  .Nijueudez,  and  Indalceio  C'orde.o. 


■'& 


.  I 


'J'.)'J 


UEPUIilJC  OF  SALVADOR. 


at  tlic  bottom  of  it.     His  report  made  a  commotion 
though  not  quite  so  great  a  one  as  ha  liad  expected. 
Nevertheless,  he  made  tlio  most  of  it,  writing  to  the 
president,  on  tlic  11th  of  July,  that  he  knew  t)f  tlit- 
plot  to  repeat  with  him   what  had  been  done   wiiii 
Ar(']d)ishop  ( 'asans,  in    1829."^     Aguilar  was  greatly 
surprised,  and    believing   that  with  a  few  words    lie 
could  convince  the  bishop  of  his  error,  that  same  aftri-- 
noou  paid   the   prelate  a  visit.     He    found   a    large 
concourse    of   people,  before  whom    the    charge  was 
i'(i iterated,  and  no  assurance  to  the  contrary  was  ac- 
ceptrd.   A  tunmlt  following,  the  president  had  the  chief 
guard-house  reenfor«'ed.      Fortunately,  a    heavy  rain 
scattered  to  their  homes  the  crowds  in  the  streets;  but 
a  considerable  number  of  men  ran   into  the  e])isco[ial 
residence.      That  night,  several  persons  representing 
Vitcri  went  to  the  barracks  and  demanded  Aguilars 
resignation.      The  president  meekly  assured  them  (•!' 
his  willingness  to  retire  to  private  life  ratlu;r  than  lie 
the  author  of  any  disturbance.     Viteri  now  thouglit 
Aguilar  was  vanquished,  but  he  had  not  counted  on 
the  determination  of  other  Salvadorans  t(>  uphold  tlie 
laws  and   the  government.     Quiet  was  restored  I'or 
the  time,  and  Aguilar  went  to  his  home  at  midniglit 
unmolested.     The  next  day  there  was  nuich  ri<itiiig, 
and    an    attem[)t    failed    to    relea.se    the   prisoners  in 
the  jail."'     The  rioters  were  finally  defeated,  and  the 
bishoj)  had  nothing  to  show  for  his  conduct  but  tlie 
blood  shed  at  his  instigation.'"     ..Vguilar  again,  after 
the  people  had  upheld  his  authority,  showed  the  weak- 
ness of  his  character  in  placing  the  executive  office  in 

*'  He  liintcd  that  lie  liad  power  to  annex  the  state  to  the  archdioccsr  of 
(inat.     The  text  f)f  his  letter  in  in  MonliiJ'ar,  lifx  na  JJixf..,  v.  M-ii. 

'^■' The  oflicer  Anjelino,  sent  to  reenforce  the  guanl  of  the  jail,  was  \v;iy- 
laid,  and  nearly  iinirdcnMl,  and  in  that  eondition  taken  to  the  I(i.shoi)'.s  lidu-^r, 
where  the  liishop  almsed  him  l)y  word  of  month,  and  tunieil  him  over  to  tlif 
ralihlr,  hy  whom  he  was  .staljlied,  heaten,  and  kieked.  He  was,  ho\Mvrr, 
resened  hy  the  priest  iM.  Serrano,  and  taken  haek  into  the  bishop's  iicn:se. 
These  facts  were  testiticil  to  hy  Anjelino,  iii  the  criminal  prosceutiim  of 
Viteri. 

^"A^ic,  liegistro  Ojic,  330;  Dunlop'a  Cent.  Am.,  249-CO;  Iria  Esp.,  Oct,  3, 
1840. 


tir 
A^i 

tre 
pri 

])as 

NaJ 

prc.'^ 

and 

code 

ister. 

l»isJi( 

Jnala, 

deero 

not  t( 

Vv, 

n/id    t 

Ilsiial 

l''s])in 
tlie  trj 
•^•'dwid 
vador, 
after  ]| 
-^/al,^s| 
'k'  nasi 
'''■iigioji 
fiad   Ik  J 

,i^"\erni| 
like  tJie. 
Was  o'oiji 
Hi(h"jii 


"'"id.  A7,. 
'^'■'1  tliat  \'i1 


••'"'  l"'oiiii,s(.| 
^'■•<".  ThevJ 
■""'  "iiarit,;! 

'"/■/..  v., s7,r 

Hi.s.lc,,., 


A  WKAK   KXKCUXnE. 


l."J3 


the  hands  of  Senator  Palacios;  which  cnilioklenea 
Vitcri  to  continue  his  intrigues  and  cause  f'urtlier 
trouble.  He  issued  a  pastoral  on  the  lOth  of  July, 
printed  in  his  own  house,  which  reiterated  the  accusa- 
tion against  tlie  pri'sidcnt,  and  otiier  n)atters;  that 
p.istoral"'  was  i'atal  to  his  views,  for  the  }>L'f)ple  of 
Salvador  made  Aguilar  resume  the  jiresidency.  The 
president,  in  a  long  manifi'sto,  explained  his  conchict, 
and  issued  a  decree  to  enforce  the  articles  of  the  penal 
code  against  ecclesiastics  who  made  use  of  their  min- 
isterial  office  to  promcjte  political  disturbances."**  The 
liisliop,  condenmed  by  public  <»pinion,  fled  to  Cuate- 
niala,  and  the  president  then  on  the  29th  revoked  a 
tlccree  of  Pulacios  of  July  12t]i,  and  ordered  A'iteri 
not  to  return  to  Salvadoran  territorv. 

Peace  and  order  ])re vailed  after  Viteri's  departure, 
and  the  people  again  devoted  themselves  to  tlieir 
usual  vocations.  J^ut  the  bis]io[)  managed  with  ^Ma- 
losjiin  and  tlie  lEonduran  oligarchs,  notwithstanding 
the  treaty  of  Sensenti,  to  luring  about  a  revolutio)i  in 
Salvador."''  !Malespin  attacked  Chalatenango,  in  Sid- 
vador,  wliereupon  onlers  were  given  to  send  tr<)o[)s 
after  hini.^"  N^iteri  who  iiad  once  exconnnunicated 
Malespin,  and  aided  in  liis  overtlirow,  n(»w  said  tliat 
he  was  destined  by  di\ine  pro\idenc(3  to  defend  lh(> 
nligion  and  riglits  of  the  peoph;  of  Salvatlor,  wlilch 
li;i(l  Iteen  infamously  abused  and  usurped  liy  tlhir 
government,  ^falespin  jireached  reUgion,  and  acted 
like  the  i'ainous  king  of  the  JIuns.  lint  his  prestige 
\v;is  gone,  and  at  ])ulce  Xond)i'e  de  la  I 'alma  lie  met 
with  his  first  re\ei'se,  wlieii    he  retreated   to  J)ulce 

•'' Tt  is  j^lvL'ii  ill  full  ill  M(iiitii/i'i\  Ii'i.iii'iii  H'kI.,  v.  70-4. 

"■J'lu!  dciTco  w;is  .l;itr<l  .hily  T,,  I.SUi,  iiii.l  ivlVriv.l  to  articles  'JlO-l.'?, 
liiil  I). 

'  riio  Salvaildriiu  j^iivt  i)iil)lislic(l  a  tlccn'u  nL'aiii.  t  siilitious  juTsdiis  from 
lliHiil.  \i,\^  Jtcjlxiro  ()jii\,  'Sl'l-'^  Tlui  autlioi'itics  <if  Jloiiil.  suliiiiiily  jnciii- 
i-ril  that  \'it(  ri  .sIkhiM  imt  Im  all(i\vi'<l  ti>  ii'sjiU'  near  tlu'  Salv.  fidiitii  r;  Imt 
tin'  prdiiiisi!  wi'iit  for  nothing;  N'itcri  and  .Malcs|iiii  licini;  aidrd  ti-oin  that 
•■td''.  'i'huy  found  inatiTial  assistamu  iu  Nacioiiu',  'ICgui'igalpa,  Sin-niti, 
Mild  liiiai'ita.  (Juardifila's  iioto  of  Aug.  'M,  l>S4(i,  to  tiuMuiu.-gen,  of  S.ilv., 
Ill  A/.,  V.  .ST,  '_>.")4-7. 

ili.s  ilccroo  of  Fcl>.  'Jl{,  and  ]iast()ral  of  .liiiu'  10,  1,S4.'». 


'A\% 


m 

'l*;  "' 

fi'ti 

o    -J 

!^;1' 

'  y 

gj 

1 

1 

294 


REPUBLIC   OF   SALVADOR. 


Xombro  do  Maria,  a  town  twelve  inilcs  from  the  Hoii- 
duraii  frontier,  and  invited  Vitcri  to  join  him;  hut 
tliat  wortliy  sent  him  Jiis  l)lcssing,  and  would  not  e\- 
])ose  his  person  to  the  hazards  of  war.  ^NTalesphi  wu.s 
defeated  again  by  eight  liundred  men  under  General 
Nicolas  Aniiulo,  and  fled  into  Honduras,  leavin};  arms 
and  ammunition.  Etibrts  were  matlc  to  induce  the 
l)eople  of  Santa  Ana  to  join  Ignacio  AEalespin;  hut 
the  bishop's  letters  to  rouse  them  availcvl  l)ut  littlr. 
Jle  found  no  favor  among  the  volcanenos,  and  on  his 
way  along  the  coast  to  n-acli  Santiago  Xonualco  was 
captured,  prosecuted,  and  executed,  with  some  of  his 
accomplices."'  Francisco  ^[alespin  was  killed  at  San 
Fernando,  near  Honduras,  the  iiduibitants  cutting  off 
his  head,  and  carrviny;  it  asatrophv  to  San  Salvaibn-.^- 
l^isliop  Viteri  in  1847  went  to  reside  in  Nicaragua, 
becoming  a  citizen  of  the  state,  to  which  diocese  he 
was  subsoijucntly  translated  by  the  ])ope.  Nothing 
wortliy  of  mention  occurred  within  the  state  in  1H47. 
The  Salvador  government  now  rcju'esented  the  liberal 
party  in  Central  America,  and  devoted  its  attention 
tt)  education,  arts,  and  industries. 

Tlio  pr(!sidential  term  under  tlic  constitution  ])eitig 
only  of  two  years,  elections  w<'re  orderly  elfectcd.  and 
the  assend)ly  opened  its  session  on  the  "ioth  of  January, 
1S4S.  ])orotco  Vasconcelos  was  the  popular  choice 
for  the  presidential  term  of  1H48,  and  enti'red  uj)i>u 
his  duties  on  the  7tli  of  February,  1848.'"  In  a  con- 
ciliatory address  he  es(;hewed  all  spirit  <jf  partisansliii), 
tiMulering  t(j  all  his  I'ellow-citizens  peace,  justice,  and 


h-*!- 


m\.v 


^'  His  i.'xiiciitiou  left  a  l)!i(l  iiiiiii'ussion  in  tiic  imMic  iniml.  Ijjiiwii'in  \hAr- 
spill  had  liL'L'ii  a  tri(!ii<l  of  Mura/aii,  stTvoil  witli  liiiii  in  1S4(),  and  wa.s  niic  of 
til.'  liL'i'cK'H  of  tlic  I'aiitiii'u  of  (Juatc'Uia'.a  as  well  as  of  tlii!  Hi\l)S('(nnnt  csciih.'. 
Jlc  was  gcntli',  kinil,  ami  soi'ialilc,  ami  liiit  for  VittM'i.s  inlluonco  ncviT  wmild 
liavc  joini'd  tlu'  nvolution.  Hi;  otiglit  to  liavi;  been  sjiarcd.  Tliu  wonicn  of 
San  Salvador,  liotli  oiii  and  young,  idoadid  for  a  comniutatifin  of  his  siiitriia', 
))ut  tiic  j^ovt  was  rt'U'iitloss. 

'-'riic  iicad  was  for  some  time  exposed  in  an  iron  eage,  to  the  dis^'ust  of 
tlie  eoninninity.      It  was  finally  delivered  to  the  family  for  interment. 

■"lie  olitainod  l.'t,l.*2'_' votes  out  of  a  t<ptal  of  1!»,L'1.">.  Iking  noveruor  ef 
San  Vieente,  whe're  he  was  exeeedinf:ly  iiopular,  he  could  not,  under  the  con- 
Htitution,  he  a  candidate  in  tiiat  <leiiartnieiit. 


'■■veil 
""'ii  Ji  ,.„.jj, 

"if'"t  and  i, 
"^  I'l-'arded 
''"'•  to  Miin 
,        "e  fav( 
."''•|"'«e,.  ,,,• 

'""    lile  .,.,i. 
"I'i"'^e,l  him. 


% 


PUESI 1  )ENT  V ASCONl  ELOS. 


295 


uiiKin.^^  For  all  that,  the  olij^archs  abhorred  hiiu. 
Indeed,  his  govcrmiieiit  and  Carrera's  could  not  exist 
so  near  each  other.  The  aristocrats  well  knew  lie  was 
not  to  be  won  over  to  their  side,  as  well  as  the  ditii- 
tulties  they  must  workaijfainst  to  undermine  his  popu- 
liii'ity  But  they  looked  for  early  success  from 
internal  dissension  and  other  sources.'*'  Aixuilar's  ad- 
ministration  had  riifused  to  recognize  the  republic  of 
(Juateniala,  and  Aasconcolos'  could  do  no  less.""*^ 

The  territory  was  twice  invatled  by  troo])s  of  Guate- 
mala in  pursuit  of  insurgents,  against  which  Vascon- 
ct'los  remonstrated,  and  satisfaction  was  given  and 
accepted  with  good  grace.  He  was  observing  a  policy 
of  expectancy,  albeit  on  his  guard,  (jiuatenmla  was 
then  in  the  throes  of  revolution  from  which  he  ex- 
pected to  sec  the  Central  American  nation  s})ring  into 
a  second  life;  but  he  was  mistaken  in  the  means  he 
employed.  A  few  proclamations,  written  in  Guate- 
mala by  well-known  persons,  and  a])pearing  in  the 
iianu!  of  Francisco  Carrillo,  spoke  of  the  independence 
of  ]jos  Altos  as  the  aim  of  a  rev(jlution  such  as  Vas- 
CDHcclos  wanted.'*'  Not  that  he  expected  to  see  an 
ahsohite  e(]uality  of  the  state,  l)ut  tluit  there  should 
iiotl)e  .such  differences  as  existed  under  the  constitu- 
tion of  IH24.  He  believed  himself  supported,  an<l 
steadily  marched  on  ui)on  a  path  that  led  to  his  ruin, 

'■' \'a.sc»iiicelos  liciil  liuoii  a  friiunl  of  .Mor.iziiii,  aiiil  itroiriiui'iit  in  (luat.  at 
tlu'  tiiiii'  till'  lil)L'i'al  party  was  iliviikul  into  ministerialists  ami  (rj)jMisiti()iiist.s. 

^'('liatlicld  s  [iri'ssuri!  against  noml.  ami  Xic.  insjiircd  tiirni  witii  lidpus. 
\"asi(in('i'lcis  wasa  {lartisan  ul  <  'I'ntral  American  nniticalinn  for  various  n^asons, 
nut  tin;  luast  of  wiiicli  was  tiiat  of  cluMkim;  tln^  ]in']iost('rons  claims  of  the 
Hi-it.  iiL;ciit.  'I'liis  explains  the  oriniu  <if  futur(M]ue-^tions  lielween  (  liatlieM 
anil  I'avon  f>n  one  side,  ami  \'a>>concel(is  on  the  othir.  In  I.SJ'.I,  tiie  lattir 
WIS  made  to  appear  liefore  the  oilier  states  as  an  innate  foe  of  (Inat.,  whose, 
ilihiisenient  and  ih'strnction  he  strove  for.  'liie  govt  of  Salv.  gave  e\]daiia- 
tiniis  on  its  couiso  denying  tiu!  charges.    Miiii/iij'nr,  UnMi'm  lli^t.,  v.  S(M   M. 

"'liven  l.indo  of  llond.,  a  militant  in  the  reactionaiy  raidvs  of  (inat., 
tliiiiiL;li  aeUnowledginii  the  rcpnidie,  did  so  with  the  proviso  that  lloml,  left 
iiitartaml  in  forci;  ( iuatemala's  engagements  and  duties  toward  other  states 
as  1 1  garde, 1  the  reestalilishment  of  agon.  govt,  (iuardiola's  note  of  Aug.  10, 
IM7,  to  min.  of  relations  of  (inat.,  in  A/.,  -'iO. 

He'  favored  the  restoration  of  thi^  state  of  Los  Altos,  in  order  to  divide 
til  ■  puwer  of  (inat.,  and  counted  on  the  coo|ieratiou  or  <  luatenialaii  lilierals; 
liiit  I  lie  .,pirit  of  provincialism  was  strong  with  them,  and  a  hirge  portion 
(ipiM.icd  him. 


i-t'l 

:|i 

1  ■• 

•la 


iVi 


KKPUBLIC  OF  .S.\LVADOP 


carry in<^  clown  with  liiin  the  wl  ole   hbcral  party  of 
Central  America. 

Vaseoncclos  kihorcd  for  a  federation  of  three  states 
--Guatemala,  Salvador,  and  Los  Altos — which  once 
consolidated,  Nicaraf^ua  and   lionduras  would  douht- 
lessly  join,  and  later  on  attract  ('osta  llica  to  do  the 
same.     This  idea  had  no  opj)osition  before  the  revo- 
lution of  August   1848,  in   (iuateniala.     Vasconcelos 
received  many  oflers  of  support  to  pi'osecute  his  plan. 
He  accordinijfly  instructed  Duehasand  General  Anu^ulo 
to  enter   into  .arrangements  with   General  Xufio  of 
Chiquiniula,  and  matle  every  possible  effort  to  foico 
Carrera's  resignation  on  the   loth  of  August,  184.s; 
but  some  of  the  liberals  of  Guatemala,  after  ridding;- 
themselves  of  Carrera,  neglected  Vasconcelos.     ])u- 
ehas  was  sent  there  with  ample  [)owers  for  the  oi,^ani- 
zation  of  a  republic  of  Central  America,  but  he  was 
slitihted,  and  accomi)lished  nothin<»-.     Durinti^  his  stav 
in  Guatemala,  a  di.'cree  was  enacted  on   the    14th  of 
September,  1848,  according  to  which  that  statt;  w;is 
declared  a  sovereign   nation  and  independent   re[)ul)- 
lic.''^      Vasconcelos,  with  mU  his  liberalism,  and  placed 
as  he  was  at  the  head  of  a  libertv-lovinijf  ''emocratic 
people,  was  still  under  the  influence  of  the  old  colonial 
traditions.      He   as   well    as    his   peo[)le   looked   with 
admii'ation  at  the  greatness  of  the   United  States  of 
America,   but    lacked   the   courage   to   emulate  tlirir 
example.     Tln^  Tnited  States  had  no  official  clinnli, 
l)ut    Salvador    recognized    one.       ]^icenciado    Jgiiaiin 
(U)\ncz  was  des|)atched  to  Home  to  negotiate  tln'  ii - 
call  of  Bishop  Viteri,  the  appointment  of  another  ]»iv- 
late,  and  the  conclusion  of  a  concordat.""      Mis  mission 
was  so  far  successful  that  on  the  ."^d  of  July,  1S4S, 
Tomas  ^Miguel  I'ineda  y  Zaldaha  was  preconizated  as 
bisho])  of  Antigona  in  partibus  infidt>lium,  and  gi\cii 
the  administration  of  the  diocese  of  Salvador,  A\itli 

•"■It  w.w.  hittt.'i'ly  ciiisurccl  liy  till' U'.iiliiiL;  lilicralM  (if  Salv.,  Nic,  iiml  ilmnl., 
ami  nut  a  tow  ot  tlmsc  (it  (riiat.,  sudi  as  I'liicila  Mdiit  ami  Jiivora  C'ali(  ras. 

■'"(ioine/.  was  a  Salvaihiraii.  cilin.'atuil  abitiad,  ami  \V(.'ll  vorsi;il  in  pnliticil 
ucononiy  and  lituratun;. 


I    I 


BRITLSII   INTKRM KUl )LIN(  i. 


'-W 


tilt'  right  of  succession.  Tlic  news  of  this  nppoiiit- 
iiuiit  was  received  witli  joy,  and  Vascoucelos  erroiie- 
(.u>ly  expected  to  have  a  sui)port  in  the  new  ])relate,'*'^ 
when  there  was  more  hkehliood  of  liis  coiiicichiii;  with 
ravdii  and  ] lis  confreres.  Indeed,  Zaldana,  from  liis 
unater  wariness,  was  a  more  datigerous  man  tlian 
A'iteri. 

Tlie  le»(ishitive  cliamhers  met  on  tlie  5tli  of  Fehru- 
aiy,  1841).  Tlie  president's  term  would  end  with  the 
hc^iiinin_i«'  of  1850,  and  there  could  he  no  reelecti(^n 
under  the  constitution.'"  l^ut  Vasconcelos'  friends  in- 
sistt'd  on  his  heini^  reelected,  iHM'essitatiiiLC  an  amciid- 
iiiiiit  of  the  fundamental  law,  and  in  s[)ite  (jf  opposition 
(ilttained  an  act  of  the  assemhly  permitting,'  the  reelec- 
tion/' This  was  an  unfortunate  move,  as  it  divided 
the  liheral  ])arty,  and  encouraged  ])uenas,  who  wanted 
the  ))residency,  and  was  not  scrujiulous  as  to  the  means 
efattainini^  it,  to  redouhle  his  maiiucevres,  even  though 
lie  must  call  to  his  aid  Carrera  and  l^uis  Batres. 


In  184i),  Salvador  became  involved  in  a  quarrel 
with  the  ]h-itish  charge  d'affaires,  Chatfield,  resr.ltiiiij^ 
tVoiii  allei»'ed  claims  j)referred  hv  him  Nvith  his  usual 
li;ui!4htiness,  on  hehalf  of  fellow-suhjects  ot"  his,  \'as- 
(■i)iic(.los'  u'ovcrnmeiit  looked  on  these  claims  as  uii- 
jii>t,  and  I'cfusi'd  them  recoiL(nition.  ( 'hatfield  then 
caused  the  l»lockadin<2f  hy  a  naval  force  of  La  Union, 
the  port  from  which   Salvador  derived  thi^   :L(r(!ater 

"  ll(.' onniinittc'il  ;iii  error  in  suiniosiiiLj  that  Zaldana  wouM  ciriMiiort;  fur 
liiiri  and  Ills  party  than  fur  Arthhislmii  ( larcia  I'llao/,  wIid  was  iiithiuiiciMl  l)y 
e,ninri  J^arraziihal,  tlit;  iiniuthiiii'cc  of  ( iuati'iiialaii  aristocracy. 

'' 'I'lii;  foUowiii!.:  is  a  lirici  syiiojisis  ot  tht;  coiistitiitioii:  No  ccch'siastic  or 
Miihtary  man  in  active  service  couhl  lioM  any  civil  oiiict'.  ( 'oii^i'ess  consisted 
nl  tlie  house  of  rejiresentatives,  eliosen  annually,  and  tin;  senate,  elected  one 
liih  every  second  year;  it  met  on  the  1st  of  .Ian.  of  each  yi'ar,  and  its  sessions 
"ire  limited  to  40  days.  The  president  nnist  not  lie  innler  ."i'J  years  of  a^'e 
li'ir  over  (ill;  must  have  heeu  a  resilient  of  the  stale  for  tlie  tive  years  |iieceil- 
iiu  the  election,  and  own  pro[ierty  within  tin"  state  wortli  at  least  .sS, ();»(). 
He  had  to  receive  an  absolute  majority  of  votes;  otiierw  ise  congress  should 
clidiKe  om;  of  the  two  camlidates  lia\iui,'  tiie  largest  inmdier  of  votes,  'I'irm 
ei  nllice  two  years,  without  the  jirivilege  of  two  terms  in  siiceessiou. 

'Felix  (,>uir(i/.  was  chosi^n  his  .substitute.  Sir.,  Cur.  />V.,  Feb.  id,  March 
7,  Is.')!);  <'o-if'i  /'..  iliiriiii  (li,h.,  March  "J,  l.S.*)(».  Art.  41  of  tlu'  constitution, 
li'nliibiting  reelection.s,  was  revived  by  an  act  of  Feli.  LT),  1S.")1.  L'ciit.  Am. 
I'  '<ii]'li.,  iv.  no.  "JO. 


298 


KKPUHLIC  OF  SALVAIXJU 


'' 


*r 


11^ 


J! 

1  IS  :  '■' 

.5  :;. 


|! 


-,;i 


portion  of  licr  revenue."  Unable  to  resist,  her  ij^ov- 
ernnient  {i<^reetl  on  the  12th  of  November,  1849,  to 
acknowledge  the  indebtedness,  and  make  provision  fur 
its  payment.  The  blockade  was  tlien  raised/^  ]^ut 
this  di<l  not  end  the  disagreements  between  Chatfitld 
and  tlic  Salvador  government.  On  the  Gth  of  August 
he  made  peremptory  demands,"*'  cou^Jed  with  a  menace 
that  if  not  complied  with  at  once  tlic  coasts  of  the  state 
would  be  blockaded  by  British  war  sliips  then  coming 
to  act  vmder  his  instructions.  The  goverimicnt  of  Sid- 
vador  did  n  )t  comply  with  the  demands,'"^  and  on  tin- 
Kith  of  O(_*^.ober  ])ort  La  Union  was  blockaded  liy 
the  British  ship  Champion,  whoso  commander  notified 
the  authorities  that  if  within  ten  days  full  satisfaction 
were  not  given  for  the  insults  to  tlie  British  flag,  tlic 
blockade  would  b(!  extended  to  the  whole  coast,  anotlicr 
vessel  being  di'spatched  to  Acajutla  to  enforce  it.  No 
satisfaction  haviiiLif  been  s^iven  as  demandi'd,  tliat 
menace  was  carried  out.  The  difficulties  remained 
unsettled  in  the  latter  part  of  February  1851,  though 
tlie  Ih-itish  war  vessels  had  retired.*^  But  they  wvw 
subse(juently  arrangc<l  in  an  amicable  manner.  A\itli 
the  excej.tion  of  these  troubles,  and  the  repeated  differ- 
ences with  tlie  other  states  of  Central  America,  Salva- 

"Tlic  iiiiiiister  nf  f<ircii,'ii  afliiirs,  in  his  annual  report  to  tlio  S.ilva'lur 
auMuniMy,  .Ian.  *J(>,  IS.'iO,  spuakinj^  of  Chattiolir.s  courso,  .says:  ' Dcsatoncioiics, 
violcnoias,  hbxjueo.s;  lie  aijui  la.s  rclacioiius  y  coinluota  (jm;  lia  olworvailo  el 
Sr.  odusul  iii;,'k's.'  Sulr.,  Mem.  /i'<r.,  ]8.")0,  f). 

^'  'I  lit^  liritisli  liail  also  seizuil,  \\  itli  Tigor  Island  Itclonginf,'  to  llonil.,  sfveial 
islus  of  Salvailor  in  the  gulf  of  Fonseca.  iinlr.,  ilarila..  May  17,  liS,"i(»;  Xii-., 
Cor.  I4.,  Dec.  I,  1>S41»;  (Imil.,  (InnUi,  Nov.  »),  KS41);  ir.  S.  (lort  J)or.,  :!lst 
Cong.  'Jd  .sess.,  Sen.  Doc.,  'JO  it'.). 

^■'Innnediate  fullihnent  of  tile  convention  of  Nov.  I'J,  lS4!t;  and  a  foiiii.il 
contradiction  in  a  note  to  him  of  all  aecu.sations  in  ollicial  oi^jans  of  the  Sal- 
vailor gdvernnicnt  against  (Ireat  Ih'itain  and  her  otlieials. 

■"'It  oH'cred  to  suhniit  tlie  (juestions  at  issue  to  the  arhitration  of  the  U.  S. 
or  any  of  tlieir  agents,  ortoacce]it  some  otiier  device  that  iniglit  promise  an  iiii- 
paitial  decision.  'J'he  note  niaUiiig  the  oiler,  dated  Aug.  ITtli,  was  sent  to 
('liatlicld  liy  special  courier,  hut  he  refused  to  receive  it  hccause  it  had  net 
heeii  trausmittcii  tlirongh  the  hands  of  liligoras,  the  lirit.  consular  agent  at 
San  Salvador.  Mr.,  Cor.  /■•</.,  Sept.  .">,  L'(!,  Nov.  7,  tl\,  IS.'iO;  ,S<ilr.,  (hn-iin,  Aug. 
'_*:(,  Sept.  (»,  1S,")();  (f'lia/.,  iutatu,  Nov.  IG,  IS.'iO;  Ci'iit.  Am.  I'aiiivh.,  vi.  no.  7; 
El  I'ritijisn,  Sept.  T),  USoO. 

*''  Sulr.,  Mill).  Jffliirioiii:%  18")!.  The  hlockadowas  removed  at  the  friendly 
mediation  of  the  American  and  I'rnssiau  consuls  ami  others.  A'/V.,  <'ii'  /■'■> 
March  20,  1851. 


MULi'll'LlEU   HOISTILITIES. 


•21)9 


(lor  has  maintained  friendly  relations  with  foreign 
powers,  most  of  which  have  treaties  with  her  on  terms 
satisfactory  to  all  concerned/^ 

Yasconcelos  was  not  more  successful  in  prescrvino; 
|)(iu'e  within  the  state  than  in  forcing'  (iuatemala  to 
iihaiidon  the  policy  she  had  adopted  of  maintainino'  an 
al)S()hitc  autonomy.  In  his  invasion  of  that  neinii- 
hor's  territory  early  in  1851,  as  we  have  seen  in  tin; 
jfrevious  cliapter,  he  was  w^orstcd,  which  roused  pop- 
ular indignation  a;j,ainst  him,  followed  hy  a  revolt, 
and  his  deposal  hy  congress/"  On  the  1st  of  March, 
llic  suhstitute,  J.  F.  Quiro/,  was  called  to  occupy  the 
executive  chair,  and  did  so.""  The  president  for  the 
coiistitutiiMUxl  term  18al2-;)  was  Francisc(>  Duenas, 
who  succeeded  in  settlino;  the  ditferences  existinir 
l)('twecn  Salvador  and  Guatemala, 

A  serious  disaixreemont  havini>'  occurred  hetween 
Salvador  and  Honduras,  leading  to  hostilities,  the 
government  of  fluati'mala,  then  at  war  with  Hon- 
duras, despatched  a  force  to  Ahuacha[)an  in  aid  of 
j)uenas,  who  ap[)rehended  an  invasion."'  Toward 
the  end  of  this  term  Jose  AFaria  do  San  AFartin  was 
cliosen  for  the  next.     The  state  now  returned  in  peac(! 

^'^  Besides  arrangcincnts  witli  si.stcr  states,  the  repuhlie  iiiaintaiiieil  tr-eatiis 
nf  fiieiKlsliip,  coniiMi.'ree,  ami  iiavii;att()U  with  Helgiuiri,  tlie  U.  S.,  Fraiicf, 
liiiat  Britain,  Spain,  ( ieriiiaiiy,  ami  nearly  all  the  nations  of  Anierica.  A 
(iiiiiMirilat  on  eoelesia.stieal  atiairs  was  eomlmlcil  with  the  p()|pe  in  LSti'J. 
Siiiii<r'.i  Cciif.  Am.,  \\\\\;  (.'en/.  Am.,  Miinl.  /><ir.,  48;  <'(m/(i  A'.,  Jinlilhi  On'''., 
March  7,  18.3.");  L'l  h'ol,  Oct.  L'7,  Ks.")4;  Feh.  !>,  IS.m;  Mr.,  Cor.  1st.,  Mareh"-JI, 
IViil;  /,/.,  Oiicrtu,  Kel).  17,  Ks.'/d;  ,S<ilr.,  tlnritu,  March  S,  Apr.  V2,  1N">(»;  Auj,'. 
■",  1-J,  Nov.  2"),  IS."),'?;  III.,  J)iiirii>  Ojir.,  Fel).  'J4,  187.");  /'/.,  Cniiror'/n/o,  1-l(»; 
l.ihrrirrrilr  PariiaCUiiil.,  ;fl!»-;{7;  'Aihk'/-^  lint.  l.,yi.^.,  iSlid,  ;i:U;  .Mi.r.,  Mi„i. 
I'''l.,  1878,  7,  11,  4.")-J4,  1  lit;  r.  ,S.  flort  J>.,r.,  4;!.l  coi,.^.  1st  sess.,  11.  Kx.  Doc. 
1,  lit  I.  li'J,  ptl.',  7'.M),  8:il;  A/.,  48th  eon,!,'.  1st  sess.,  II.' Kx.  J>oc.  1,  pt  l,'-.':!(i  7. 

"CoMuress  was  installi'il  J''cl).  ]8tli,  ami  one  ot  tlu^  lirst  acts  ot  the  hon.-.e 
ol  .Icpiities  \\a.s  to  pas.s  an  act  of  impeaclini(,'nt  against  N'asconculos,  .-ind  th<,' 
;riial('  constitntcil  itself  as  a  conrt  to  try  him  upon  the  charL'e  ui  violation  of 
the  constitution.  On  the  '2'2A  of  J'eliruary,  ]ileailing  not  guilty,  hi'  (lenianihd 
ii  tiiid.  The  result  was  against  him.  Sulr..  ,S<  ti.  ;/  i'mn.  ilr  J)i]i....ii  sh.i 
iii'iiif.,  in  Criit.  .[ill.  Pdliqih.,  vi.  no.  ',(;     ]'iisriiiiri  In.i  nl  ,Si  n.,   in  Jil.,  no.    l;{. 

'"  During  Vaseoncelos'  ahsunee  the  otlieu  had  heen  iiL  charge  of  Senator 
KiMiiiisco  Ihienas. 

'  Tinus  we  see  that  Duenas,  whos<;  wont  it  was  while  ho  was  working  for 
|"i|iM]arity  to  use  energetic  language  on  hehalf  of  liheralisni,  now  that  he  lia.s 
nachcd  the  goal  of  his  anihitiou,  ciianges  his  tune  and  calls  for  the  assistance 
el  Carrera  against  Honduras.   Jlnm/.,  <!:iritit  < >jir.,  .Tunc  10,  18").'i. 


vm 


KErUBLIC  OF  S^VLVADOR. 


to  its  interior  aftliirs,  adoptin*^  important  improve- 
Hients."'"  Tliero  were  not  wanting,  however,  soiiu; 
attemj)ts  to  disturb  tlie  puMic  peace,  wliieli  were  for- 
tunately defeated.  But  the  country  became  at  tluit 
time  the  victim  of  other  cahimities,  such  as  clioleni, 
scarcity  of  food  resultini»;  from  a  visitation  of  locusts, 
and  an  earth(|uako  which  destroyed  San  Salvador  on 
the  Kith  of  April,  1854,"' in  consecjuence  of  which  the 
capital  was  removed  to  Cojutepeque,  where  it  remained 
for  some  time. 

llafael  Campo  and  Francisco  ])uenas  were  elected 
l)resident  and  vice-president,  respectively,  for  the  cii- 
suiug  term  of  185()-7;  and  tiie  latter  bein^'  in  cliari^c 
of  the  executive  ofiice  in  Jaimary  IHod,  in  Ciuiipos 
absence,  fitted  out  a  contingent  of  troops  to  aid  Nica- 
rjii^ua  in  her  stru<if_L>le  with  Walker's  filibusttis. 
Campo  despatched  reenforcemcnts  in  1857,  the  Sal- 
vador forces  beini^  under  command  of  General  (ierardo 
]iarrios.  who,  accordini^  to  Perez,  never  went  beyond 
liCon,"'  l)ut  undeitook  to  arrange  the  internal  afiairs  nt" 
Xicarao'ua,  convokint;'  a  junta  de  notables,  which  juo- 
claimed  Juan  Sacasa  president.  This  had  no  etlict, 
however. 

The  state  had,  in  1850,  constituted  itself  as  a  fv^r 

■'- l'iil)li(^  iMliicatidii  WiiM  iliily  iitteiickMl  to,  now  I'odu.s  iiinl  (inliii:iiKts  ini- 
jil.iiitrd  to  loiulor  inure  rugular  the  luitioiml  adiiiiiii.stratioii. 

•'•'This  was  the  seventh  time  tlie  capital  was  ih'stroyed;  the  pievious  urns 
lieinLf  ill  I."*".'),  \'t'Xi,  Ki'J."),  KiriCJ,  ]~'.)S,  and  KSol);  niiue  of  tliesi^,  liowevcr,  were 
to  he  eoiiniared  in  violence  with  tiio  one  of  1S.")4.  It  had  been  sii|i|iosed  at 
lirst  that  at  hast  one  fourth  of  the  population  had  Iteeii  liuried  iimli  r  the 
ruins,  hut  it  was  «iilise(iiiintly  ascertained  that  the  iiiindier  of  killed  diil  in't 
exceed  one  hundred,  and  of  wounded  fifty;  ainoiii,'  tiio  latter  were  the  hisii(i|i, 
I'uenas,  and  a  daui,'hter  of  I'res.  San  Martin.  The  wells  and  fountains  wire 
lilled  lip  or  made  dry.  The  cathedral  and  other  churches  wero  greatly  <iairi- 
aged;  the  college  of  the  Asuncion  and  the  university  hiiilding  were  riiiiieil. 
C)nly  a  few  dwellingdiouses  remained  standing,  and  all  Were  rendered  ini- 
inhidiitalile.  Money  was  raised  hy  siih.scription  for  tiio  licnefit  of  the  destitiiti', 
the  goveruniciit  of  ( hiat.  sending  a  donation  of  iViOiM).  Pimi/n  ilr  Monf.  X''i'', 
in  (iiiiit.  Jt'rr,,)).  L(i/.,  iii.  IWO-oO;  ,Si/iiii'r\'!  Cciif.  Am.,  .S04-7,  .'{.")();  Sulr.,  ivu-it', 
:.;ay  "Jti,  1>S.")4;  ]<l'.,  J)i'irio  Otic,  .Ian.  •_'(•,  ]87."i;  El  Itid,  J)ee.  I,  ]S.".4;  f/""A, 
<!:int.i,  Apr.  'JS,  May  lit,  1S,")4;  <  -ost,,.  A'.,  diirc/n,  .lime  10,  .Tilly  •_".»,  lS.-)4:  J'^irk't. 
],!l(Ui[iiiii-tr,  .liiiie  17,  ]iS,")4.  The  city  and  ahout  'JO  surrounding  towns  wire 
lestroyed  ^lareli  lit,  ]S7.'J;  Pan.  Slur  and  I/cnilil,  Apr.  S,  1S7.S;  Kl  Pm-fi  ii'n; 
Apr.  (),  May  Jl,  'J."),  187:5;  X!<\,  Oarcfa,  Apr.  "i,  l.S7;i. 

•'*  Campo  oil  the  10th  of  ^lay,  1S,")7,  Avarinly  congratulated  his  fellow-citi- 
zens on  the  end  of  the  cain]iaigii  in  Nic.  when  tlio  news  came  of  ^Valkcr's  siir- 
rc.ider.  A'(c.,  Boltihi  Ojir.,  May  'JS,  1S."7. 


CAMi'O  AND  HAUUIU.S. 


:m 


and  iiulcpcndcnt  nation,  under  tlio  name  of  TJcpi'iMica 
(111  Salvador."'  This  act  was  cttuHnncd  Maivh  !'.», 
18'»4,  hytlic  national  constituent  con^^rcss. 

(u'ncral  1-Jclloso,  Colonel  Clioto,  and  other  officers 
of  the  I'xpedition  deserted  in  Ju!ie  from  Leon.  ]]arrios 
sent  tn)oj)s  after  them,  and  they  were  arrested  in  Sal- 
va(l«»r  and  taken  as  prisoners  to  (\)jutepe(|UO,  where 
tluv  told  J*residoiit  ('am))o  tliut  l^arrios  had  invited 
tluiu  to  make  a  revolution  a^anist  his  govern nicjit. 
Tluy  were  set  at  liberty  on  the  Hth.  Hairios  landed 
;it  La  Lil)ertad  with  his  forces  on  the  Gth,  and 
inarclicd  to  San  Salvador,  whence  ho  wrote  Canipo 
lie  liad  occupied  that  }>lace  to  del'eat  the  revolutionaiy 
M  licnii'S  of  Belloso  and  Choto.  Orders  were  si-nt  him 
t<i  dissolve  the  forces  and  go  to  Cojutepecjue  witli  2(j0 
iiitn.  On  the  llth  Barrios,  together  with  his  otHcers, 
made  a  ])ronunciamiento  to  depose  Cam[»o  and  <'all 
Dianas  to  the  presidency/'**  T\\e  ])resident  on  tin; 
l-th  called  troops  to  the  su[)port  of  his  government, 
[tlaced  San  Salvador  and  ( 'ojuti'})e(jui'  under  maitial 
law,  and  declared  all  acts  emanating  fi'om  the  vice- 
jji'esident  void.  J^ut  it  seems  that  the  latter  refused 
t(j  lend  himself  to  Barrios'  plan,  but  on  the  contrary, 
supported  ( 'ampo.''"     Barrios  liimself  submittcd.'^^ 

C'ampo's  successor  was  ^Miguel  Santin  del  Castillo. 
This  ])resident's  tenure  of  office  was  of  short  duration. 
Ill   1858    a  coup  d'etat   of  Barrios,  then  a  senator, 


-'Am.  Ci/rlop.,  xiv.  Oil;  Lit  yarioii,  Apr.  14,  IS")?.  The  Salviulor  Haj;  is 
ri'i|uiiT(l  to  1)0  4  varas  in  liMigtli,  with  horizontal  stripes,  livo  lilue  and  four 
whiti',  tlio  uppermost  and  lowermost  being  liliie;  and  a  re'il  union  with  14 
wliite  stars,  covering  a  space  up  and  <lowu  e(piivalent  to  that  occupied  liy 
the  iViur  upper  stripes,  and  to  the  extent  of  ]'„  varas.  The  tlag-statt'  is  '20 
vuras  high,  cxliihiting  the  same  arrangement  of  colors  as  the  tlag. 

■"On  tlie  10th  Barrios  and  a  committee  of  ofHcers  had  demanded  of  Campo 
that  tlie  troops  should  be  ordered  to  Cojutepequc  to  receive  thanks  for  tlieir 
wrviccs,  adding  that  a  dissolution  of  ths  force  implied  distrust  of  the  general. 
C;iiiipo  di.sregarded  this,  iiud  also  r»  nundjcr  of  propositions  from  Barrios,  re- 
iteniting  his  order  for  the  disbaudment. 

•'  Astaburuaga,  Cent.  Am.,  75-(),  assures  us  it  was  so,  highly  comuiending 
DuiMus.  The  president  was  supported  by  public  opinion,  and  many  of  tlie 
oiticirs  that  had  taken  part  in  the  pronunciamiento  afterward  tendered  him 
tlu'ir  services.  Giint.,  Boletin  dc  Nottchiif,  June  18,  1857. 

"  '  No  hizo  otra  cosa  que  rendir  la  espada  ante  la  aiitoridad  de  Campo. ' 
Pn-K,  Mem.  Hkt.  Jiev.  Xlc,  2d  pt,  214. 


nT 


1 1  f- 


1^1 


aos 


Ki:rUHLlC  OF  .SALVADOR. 


ill  wliicli  lio  WHS  aided  by  the  vice-pivsidciit  Ou/iiiuii, 
his  Icitlu'r-in-hiw,  forced  Saiitin  t<>  re.sijjjn.  J^unins 
sul)sr(|Uc'iitly  obtained  iVoiii  the  lej^i.shitive  asHeiiildy. 
.sittiii*^  fioiii  January  17  to  Febniaiy  12,  IH;V.),  tlir 
.sanction  of"  liis  coup  d'etat,  as  >vt  11  as  the  constitu- 
tional aniendmiMits  that  he  had  not  btcn  able  tn 
carry  tliroui;li  legally  durinji^  Santin's  rule,  luanit  Iv, 
to  extend  the  presidential  term  from  two  to  six  yiiirs, 
and  that  of  the  deputies  from  two  to  four  years.  ' 
The  year  18;VJ  was  one  of  restlessness,  i-nn-t-ndt  ivd 
jiartly  by  the  un<;roundod  fear  of  invasion  bySaiitiir> 
friends,  wlio  liad  taken  rofujj^e  in  neiijibboi-inuj  stutt  s, 
and  partly  by  Jiarrios'  eflbrts  to  secure  his  own  eli  <•- 
tion  to  the  presidency,  in  wldch  lie  was  successful. 
In  Aujju.st  iSa!)  the  existin<>;  disaureements  betwrm 
Salvad«)r  and  Honduras,  resultin^jf  from  intriL^ucs  of 
refuo'ces  from  the  former,  were  l)rou_<;'ht  to  an  cm! 
through  the  mediation  of  (jiuatemala.*'" 

The  republic  seemed  to  have  attained  a  compara- 
tivi'ly  stable  condition  at  the  incominj;'  of  18(!0.  ilai- 
rios  had  been  elected  ])resident,  and  recoLCni/.ed  as  smh 
by  the  assembly,"^  He  concluded  in  1H()2  to  hold 
diplomatic  relations  with  tlie  vice-president,  who  un- 
der the  constitution  of  Honduras  was  entitled  ti> 
occupy  the  executive  chair  of  that  state  at  the  death 

'"•One  liiilf  of  the  (leputios  were  to  l>e  renewed  every  two  years.  'I'lif 
assembly  wuh  to  iiioet  l>ieimially.   Salr.,  Dhirio  Ojic,  Fell.  21,  1S7."). 

'''*' C'ouveution  eoiicliideil  Aug.  9,  18.")!t,  'n'tweuii  Oiiat.  ami  Hoiul.  to  n^cng- 
nize  the  constitutional  authority  estahliMliiHl  -w  Salvador,  and  to  niircss  any 
attempt  to  disturh  it.  Houd.  decl-ired  hev.'«ilf  disposed  to  ki'c[)  tli<^  juaei; 
with  .Salv.,  and  Ouat.  guaranteed  rociidociiy  i.a  the  part  of  the  latter.  'J'liis 
convention  was  ratiliod  liy  Carrera,  i^i';  ..  •.'.),  IM.V.t,  and  hy  Barrios  and  liis 
miiu.ster  ^I.  Irungaray,  .Sept.  .'iOth,  thu  .>aiM!  year,  (luitl.,  Ji'irop.  Lcii-.  i.  l."'' 

4:?. 

"' In  his  iiuiugural  address,  Feh.  1,  18(>0,  he  jiromised  ca  conservative  imlicy: 
'  Orden  progreso,  lihertad  hicn  entcudida. . .  .La  par  y  el  drdeuen  el  intninr, 
la  amistad  con  los  estados  vecinos.'  Burrion,  J H.tcii rsu,  t>-7.  But,  as  it  will  lie 
shown,  his  policy  both  in  the  interior  an<l  in  regard  to  the  other  states  of 
Cent.  Am.  met  with  disastrous  results  from  the  animosity  it  enLtendcnd. 
He  had  had  himself  made  a  captain-general,  and  was  accused  by  his  eiieiiiies 
of  inorilinate  vanity,  insincerity,  fondness  for  unrestricteil  power,  and  luke- 
warm patriotism;  and  finally  came  to  be  looked  upon  as  a  disturber  of  tlio 
peace  for  his  own  aggrandizement.  He  accepted,  without  leave  of  tiie 
assembly,  a  decoration  tendered  him  by  the  kiug  of  Sardinia.  Nic,  t'aj).  G<'ii. 
Bamos,  3-14;  Arriota,  Jti'ii,  del  S(tlr.,  2. 


uV 


INVASION   OF  SANTA  ANA. 


MB 


(.t*  ]'n>sidont  Guardiola,  aiul  was  favoivd  hy  pul>lii; 
(ipiiiioii,  altli(>UL>li  Canoraot'  (Juati'uiala  wass  ui)li<>l(l- 
hvj;  Mfdiiia,  a  usui[K'r  ut"  the  pivsuUiicy.  A  treaty 
of  alliaiuH',  Itoth  di-t'ensivt!  and  ott'nsivc,  was  ciiteiid 
iiiln  bctwL'c'ii  Salvador  ami  tliis  vioe-invsidtiit,"'  wliirli 
(lis|ilt'ascd  Carrora;  lie  dtuiandcd  explanatioiis,  and 
tilt  y  were  oiveii  him.'"  Tlio  latter  I'oiukI  an  excuse  t(» 
j)itk  a  (juarrel  with  Barrios  iu  the  <|uesti<)ii  with  the 
Salvador  clergy,  who  had  heen  re(|uired  to  take  an 
(latli  of  allegiance  to  the  ijovernnieiit,'"  which  they 
relused  to  do,  JVisho[)  Pineda  y  Zaldana  and  a  mmi- 
l»t  r  of  his  sultordinates  repairinjj,'  to  Guatemala,  where 
tliey  wore  honorahly  recei\ed.  Barrit»s  was  accused 
ill  the  ofhcial  journal  of  settiiii;  aside  the  conservative 
jtorky  ])i'oniised  at  his  inauguration."'  An  e\))editi(>n, 
under  Colonel  Saenz,  believed  to  have  he'cn  aided  hy 
Carrera,  invaded  Santa  Ana  at  the  cry  t)f  Viva  la  iv- 
li«;it>n!  Viva  el  obisjio!  .and  took  the  city,  hut  were 
soon  driven  away  V>y  the  citizens.  C^irri'ra  disclaimed 
any  comu'ction  with  this  afl'air.  Some  time  after  came 
.Miiximo  Jerez,  as  minister  of  Nicaragua,  j)roj)osing  a 
plan  of  national  uni(»n  for  Salvador,  ilonthuas,  and 
Xicaragua,  with  the  intention  of  inviting  (Juatemala 
and  Costa  llica  to  Join  them;  hut  the  project  failed 
l)('cause  of  the  refusal  of  Honduras  to  enter  into  the 
anaugtnnent.  (Airrera  had  meantime  chssuaded  Pres- 
ident Martinez  of  Xicaragua  from  the  scheme. 

The  (luatemalan  govermnent  was  preparing  for  war 
UL^ainst  Salvador,  and  succeeded  in  wiiming  the  coopcr- 


'■Miiy  \•^,  1802.  Mr.,  Bollin  Ojh:,  .July  10,  1S(V_'. 

'  ■  iSaii'id.s  WHS  sjiid  to  (Uitui'tuiil  the  pluu  of  ]):i;-titi(iiiiiif;  ]If)ii(l.,  wlii(;li  was 
nut  rtlci'tt'cl  lioiNuisu  of  Carrora's  ili-sajipnival;  Imt  tlie  iminKr  of  (luanliola 
lii'l  aUdi'doil  liiiu  an  opportunity  tf>  haniesM  lloiid.  to  his  car.  Ifo  was  liko 
\\i>f  aiTUsed  of  soheiiiiiii,'  witli  the  aid  of  Maximo  .Ferez  to  control  Nic 
ll'irriii.'i,  K\  por  que  do  la  caida,  ;?-4;  A'/i'.,  (i''iri/ii,  March  'J.'$,  May  '2',\,  .luiie 
li,  iMiH.  liarrios  claimed  that  lie  was  .striviiii,'  to  .'iccure  the  rit;lits  of  Saiva- 
ilnr,  supporting  at  the  s.i;!ie  time  the  patriotic  aims  of  the  Nicarag\ian  lii)erald 
to  istahlish  a  government  in  their  country. 

''  'The  (.'apuchiu  friars  had  also  l)ceu  expelled. 

'  "'I'lie  course  of  the  Salvadoran  govt  was  not  to  the  pope's  liking.  Arriolr, 
l!i]>.  ill  I  Sulv.,  2.  However,  tiie  bishop,  at  jiapal  suggestion,  oU'ercd  to  return 
til  Ills  diocese,  and  was  told  there  had  never  heen  any  olijeetiou  to  his  exercise 
of  ci)iscopal  functions.   Barriox,  Prod,  d  Ion  Pueblos,  1-8. 


ij'i; 

,11 

1:;  in 

i ''  -S; 

■ 

Hi 

if 

1 

■ 

m 

1 

1 

1 

304 


REPUBLIC  OF  SALVADOR. 


atioii  of  ^lartincz.®'  Honduras,  being  an  ally  of  Salva- 
dor, Florcncio  Xatruch  was  awsistt'd  by  Carrera  to 
make  a  revolt  in  several  departments  aij^ainst  the  gov- 
ernment of  Honduras,  Salvador  tried  to  avert  Ims- 
tilities.  Friends  of  peaee,  amon<»'  them  the  Amei-icaii 
and  l^ritish  representatives,  mediated,  but  all  Mas  of 
no  avail."' 

Tiic  Mar  eontemi)lated  by  Carrera  was  unpopular 
in  (Guatemala,  where  the  people  of  late  years  had  \)vvh 
enjoviun"  ])ea('eand  prosperity,  and  feared  a  reeurience 
of  the  former  desolations.  But  tlieir  ruler  Ava.s 
]>romi)ted  bv  a  deadlv  animositv  to  Harrios,  and  hv 
the  fear  tliat  the  allianee  of  the  latter  Avitli  Jarez 
would  eiidaiiuvr  eonservatism,  and  consequently  liis 
own  p(»\V('r.  Whereui)on  he  resolved  to  ciush  at  one 
blow  tilt'  disturber  of  tlie  ])ubn(;  peace,  as  J-Jarrios  was 
calKd  bv  the  oli<>archs."^  He  invaded  Salvador  willi 
a  larj^'e  force,  a  proclamation  preceding  him  to  iiifonn 
tlu'  people  that  the  "svar  would  be  against  l^aiiios 
and  not  themselves.  He  felt  certain  of  a  speedy  \  ic- 
toiy,  and  blindly  assaih.'d  ('oatej)e(|ue,  wliere  l^anies 
was  entrenclieil.  He  was  ri'))ulsed  with  such  Ik  avy 
losses'''  that  lu'  had  to  retreat  to  his  own  capital. 
which  he  entered  ]\[arch  Gth  at  the  head  of  only  M.OOU 
men,  l^ut  this  reverse  did  not  di.scourage  him.  lb 
fitted  out  anotlui-  ?^rmy,  and  started  u}>on  a  second 
campaign  that  sliould  be  (.lecisive'"  against  Sabader 
and  Honduras,  the  latter  having  espoused  J>iiii<>s" 
cause,  jMeantime  jSTartinoz  of  Nicaraijua  had  <>aiii(d 
a  battle  at  the  town  of  San  Felipe  on  the  2I»tli  of 
A})ril,  against  a  united  force  of  Jerez'  partisans  jiiid 

"'"A  treaty  (if  iiUiiiiico  was  coiieliidod  with  liim  by  Sainayoa  and  iMiiiia.s 
Dotli  Salvador  ri't'iigees,  actiii;,'  fur  (uiat. 

'■•  Notis  of  E.  O.  C'ro!sI)y,  U.  S.  miiiister,  Foh.  2,  18(i,1,  and  O.co.  15.  Mallirw, 
Rrit.  minister,  Eel).  8,  ISdii,  to  Peilro  do  Ayciiiena,  minister  of  forei.:M  :itlaii's 
of'.iiiat.  Barrios'  Miiiiijics/n,  4'i-i^'2. 

'•"'11  ne  vit  dans  cctto  derniero  lutte  qii'un  duel  d'hommo  ft  Imiimn'. 
Belli/,  L'  Airiiniiiiiif,  i.  118-11). 

"••Thia  wa8ontlie24thof  Eel>.,  180.1.  Solr.,  DnrioOfic,  Apr.  8.  187(1;  lidbi, 
A  Trav.  VAm.  Cent.,  ll!)-2(».  Barrios,  in  his  MaintivMo,  2>'l,  asserts  tliat  his 
own  force  was  4,01)0  men,  and  Carrera 's  (i,5()0. 

'"The  army  was  in  three  divisions,  two  of  which  wero  under  generals 
Zavala  and  Cruz. 


FFICE-.SKKKKllS    W AK. 


:{05 


Salvadorans.'^  Aloreover,  Honduras  was  iuvadod  by 
800  GiTuteinalans  under  General  Cerna.  Tlie  Salva- 
di^ran  and  Honduran  troops  were  defeated'"  l)y  tlie 
allied  Guatemalans  and  Xiearaguans,  on  the  ])lains  of 
Sunta  Rosa,  wliieli  prompted  revolts  in  the.njjreater 
part  of  the  departments  of  Salvador,  proelainiing 
Duenas  ])rovisional  president,  who  organized  a  gov- 
eniment  at  Sonsonate."  Intrigues  were  successfully 
lirnught  into  play  upon  several  Salvadoran  eomniand- 
crs  to  induce  them  to  revolt  against  ]3arrios,  and  to 
aid  his  enemies."*  One  of  those  officers  was  General 
Santiago  Gonzalez,  commanding  the  troops  at  Santa 
xVna  during  Barrios'  temporary  absence  at  San  Salva- 
dor. He  made  a  pronunciamiento  on  the  30th  of 
June,  telling  the  soldiers  that  a  shnilar  movement 
had  taken  place  the  previous  day  at  the  capital,  and 
Barrios  was  a  prisoner,  and  his  government  dissolvid. 
On  discovering  the  deception  some  battalions  esca})ed 
and  joined  the  president  at  San  Salvador,  GonzaK'Z 
l)ring  left  with  a  small  number  of  troops.  Carrera 
\vas  now  near  Santa  Ana,  and  demanded  Gonzak'z' 
surri'iider  and  recognition  of  Dueiias  as  provisional 
lui'sident,  which,  being  declined,  Carrera  attacked 
and  easily  defeated  him  on  the  3d  of  July,"  the  Sal- 
vadoran artillery  and  a  large  quantity  of  ammunition 
I'aUiiig  into  the  victor's  hands.  Carrera  was  novv' 
ujaster  of  the  situation,'''  and  his  i>[)[K)nent  virtually 

"'  Xlc,  J)i,scur(io. .  .prim,  nii'n:,  K.  Tlie  iSalvadf  i  ii  coiitiiigeut  in  tlie  acticii 
was  1,117  iiii'ii  under  <lenoral  Kusehio  llrauamoii'A';  Imt  .Jerez  had  tin;  cliu'f 
(■iiiiiiii;iiiil  of  thcillifd  force.  .\ir.,  U'turfn,  Aiir.  IS,  May  1>,  1(5,  '20,  '«'.'{,  Juivo  (i, 
.Vjit.  1-J,  ISC.S;  M,:,  liobtin  tld  Piii'h.,  Jnlv  II,  l.Sti;{. 

J-.iuiRi  It),  KSli.S.  M,:,  Bolffinilrll'iir/,.,  .Inly  4,  ISG3. 

'■'Sdiisoiiatu  dcilai'cd  aj^'ainst  IJarrios  .hiiio  '2'.hh,  (Jojiitepcijup  .frJy 'JTtli, 
7.;nai.'.,,iu(a  Au^'.  1-ltli.;  Xir.,  Oiurtu,  Auj,'.  'J'J,  S.pi.  lit,  ISli.'S;  >i/.,'jintr(i,i 
il'l  I'liili..  .luly  '2'A,  l(S(i;{.     ]''or  map  of  Jloiid.  and  Salv.,  si,'»^  .Sijiiii'/s  Cciif.  A  in. 

■'It  lias  lioeu  .said  that  Tallicii  du  Caharrus,  the  Frcui'li  cl  ar),'e,  cinhiav- 
firod,  alter  I'arreras  defeat  at  t'oatejietiue,  to  jiiirsuade  a  iminher  of  French 
ollici'is  who  were  with  B;>'''-ios  to  leave  him,  which  tliey  refused  to  do. 

"< 'arrcra'8  ollicial  t  of  Jnlv  4,  KSOS.  in  \ir,,  Jinlidu  <lil  Pinli.,  .Inly 

17,  2:!.  I,S(W;  /,/.,  (Inmu,  Auk.  •-"-',  IStiX 

''  lie  estalilisheil  his  headipiartcrs  in  C'oatcptHjuc.  Zavala  marched  on  and 
iiooii|ii(d  Santa  Tecla,  ahont  12  miles  from  San  Salvador;  Col  Iiaeta  was 
''tatiiiiiecl  at  Chalatenango;  and  Col  I'arker  in  llohasco.  Sulr,,  I'l-ni.'itnr., 
I;  A'/i-.,  (liicftd,  Oct.  8,  \S\V.\.  ])uinas  in  a  proclamation  at  Santa  Ana,  .'nl\' 
IStii,  promised  that  ('.'irrera  ami  his  army,  after  fnlliUing  their  I'li.ssion,  wouhi 
llisT.  Ckni   Am..  Voi.  lU     'JO 


am) 


i;i;i'ri5i.i('  of  saiaadok. 


Mi: 


without  moans  of  ilefeiire,  superjuklfd  to  Avliich  tlin 
iiiHiK'iK'o  of  till!  clcruy  luul  turned  the  Indians  to 
Carrera's  side.  Barrios  continu('<l  liis  etiorts,  how- 
ev(!r,  and  held  out  four-  inontlis  at  San  Salvador, 
thoui^h  clos(;ly  besieged  and  suil'erino"  from  want  of 
food  and  annuunition."  He  had  rei'used  to  listen  to 
])roi)osals  ottering  him  the  honors  of  war,  believiiu^f 
thatonec  in  Carrera's  hands  his  i;ite  would  he  sealed.  ' 
At  last  further  defence  was  impossible,  and  ]>;iriio,s 
escaped  out  of  the  city  early  on  tho  2()th  of  Octolx  r, 
and  Kul)se(|uentlv  out  of  the  country."''  The  surrendrr 
of  the  city  took  place  the  same  day,  niid  on  the  liOtli 
J)uenas,  now  [)laced  at  the  head  of  attairs,  decrcrd 
thanks  and  honors  to  Carreraand  Martinez,  and  their 
respective  armies.*"' 

I^arrios,  having  with  him  arms  and  annuunition, 
emhiirked  at  l^mannl  in  1  HOT),  on  thi!  schooner  JAa///'f/'/ 
Phdias  for  La  Inion,  to  jilace  himself  at  the  head  of  ii 
movement  initiatcxl  hy  Cabanas  in  that  port  and  San 
^ligu<'l  in  his  favor.     It  was  only  on  aii'ival  that  lu' 

return  tn  (liiiit.  Iciviii;,'  tlic  S;ilv.'i<l(ir;iii.s  to  rcorjiaiiizi^  ;i  friomlly  f^ovcrMiiiriit, 
ill  hell  (it  tlii^  tiii'liulfiil  (iik;  (it  IJarriiiM,  willi  tlii^  Mssislaiicc  (it  l>isli(i[i  /.iM.iii.i. 
Hai'iids  a('('Usc(l  hiicnaH,  at  I'aiiaiiia  1)('l'.  S,  ISii;!,  dl'  liaviii^  (itr(  red  ( 'anvia 
.^l(K),(MH(  1(11'  liis  assistaiKc  t(i  ^'iit  him  iiitd  tlu;  ^ircsiilciitial  chair;  to  ]i;iy 
whicli  a  idri't'd  loan  was  (U'orccd.  He  adilcil  that  at  iiiid  tiiiio  Cai'ri  la  li  il 
liiado  war  against  tiic  j^dvt  dl'  Ildiid.  hir  SoO.OOO  tliat  ( inardidla  dticnil  liiin. 
Jiiirrhi-i,  Kl  i'lr.iii/.  lnjit.,  W -A. 

''Si-|it.  l.S,  1S().'{,  Zivala,  ciiininandcr  (if  th(^  licsicifini.'  army,  and  I)iiirias 
demanded  a  surrender,  and  suliini.ssidii  vn  the  iirdvincial  uovt.  1  )uenas  claiiind 
t(i  lie  re(;(iuni/(!d  as  iiresideid  hy  ( >u,it.,  Mie.,  ;in(l  lldiid.  ^N'/r-.,  Ilnli I'm  i/il  /'ii'li., 
Oct.  :i,  l,S(i:;;   a/.,  (,',ir,/„,  (»et.   17,   IHC.:?. 

'''Carrera  not  IdUL;  alter  hail  M.  liniiLiaray,  miiii.-terdf  slate,  Varzun.  trci.-- 
urer,  ( Jen.  i'erez  and  his  hnilher,  and  cdldiiels  .Mielar  and  Luna  slml,  lev  the 
Hdle  dU'eiuH^  dl  havinu' serNcd  in  llarrids' adminislratidn. 

''••( 'arrera,  Oct.  .'iOlii,  ealieil  it  a  '  \crgdn/.(isa  I'nua.'  Curnrn,  I'lmi..  I.  llar- 
rids was  sulise(|iieiitly  in  |S(i,")  alhiwed  liy  Custa  It.  to  I'eside  in  her  terrilmy 
against  the  reindiistranees  el'  tin^  (ither  Cent.  Am.  states.  'I'liese  siis|ii mli  .1 
relatidus  with  her.  I'revidus  td  this  tinu^  he  hid  lesjcled  in  X.  V(irk,  wlnrc 
li(!  made  many  friends.  JSie.  red[i(!ned,  tiu'dugii  the  meiji  ition  of  the  V.  S. 
of  ("dhimliia,  (in  tiie  .'{1st  (if  May,  ISti.'i,  relatidUS  widi  Cust.i  1!..  Uarrins  hav- 
ing deiiarled.  (,'iiitf.,  Itcniy.  f,ii/.,  i.  4r>S-l);  A'/i'.,  d'tinfi,  .lune  17,  JSIi.");  //.,  Ci'l. 
/><■,:,  ISIi.'),  .S-!l,   ;VJ  .'!. 

'"■'  \it:,  (i'iir//,i,  Ndv.  (i,  I  I,  ISlill.  'I'Ik!  (lutrages  cdniniitleilliy  I 'areii  1  ami 
his  men  are  said  to  haV(?  lieen  aliudst  heydud  desiri|itidn.  O.ie  (if  hi-;  ails 
was  td  eausi!  Mdrazan's  grave  td  h(^  liroke  d[ien,  and  his  ashes  to  Ik;  scitlrK'ii 
td  the  winds.  Ih?  insulted,  plundered,  and  )iersecuteil  eiti/ens,  aiiil  caiiicil 
(ill  th(!  Salvaddi-an  artillery  and  trdiihies.  lie  tdok  with  liiin  to  (liiil.  tin' 
iirisdiiers  of  I'aiik,  and  eontined  them  many  niontlus  in  tho  castlo  of  San  I'l'- 
lipe  situated  on  the  deadly  northern  eeast 


l.'isi 

iniiiMii, 

issued 
union  ;,, 
c;l(|,.,|    ,, 

to   l(.(,|.o 

tulioii. 

'i"n;ii'\- 
I"'''>i.!i'ii 


'Cal,,- 


Ilia 


;■'"■   '■'   lirlliu, 

hi..l,,iv  ,^  ,, 


cnt, 
ii;v. 

rl'll 
IIIV 

lllll. 
\\:\V- 


Jtnril 
It.  tlio 

llM   I'"'" 


DEATH   OF  BARRIO.S. 


307 


heard  of  the  failure  of  that  luovcniont,^^  and  on  his  re- 
turn the  schooner  was  struck  by  h,i;htnini^  in  waters 
of  Xiearasfua  at  tlie  Aserradores.  He  sent  to  Corinto 
for  water  and  provisions,  and  the  consequence  was 
tliiit  a  Nicarau^uan  force  came  on  board  and  ca[)tured 
liiin.  He  was  taken  to  Leon  on  tlie  30tli  of  June.'"'^ 
Tlie  lUfovernnient  of  Salvador  demanded  his  extradition 
tliiit  he  niii'i'ht  bo  tried,  the  national  con_<;re.ss  havini^ 
iinjieached  jiini.  The  result  of  thi.s  was  a  convention 
iiili'red  into  at  Leon  July  14,  I8G0,  between  Gregorio 
Arlilzu,  minister  of  Salvador,  and  Pedro  Zeludon, 
111'  li^Dtentiary  for  Nicarai^ua,  by  which  the  lattijr 
Uo\'.  .'  •nent  assented  to  tluj  surrender  of  l^arrios, 
n  o'r  ■  iwie  express  stipulation  that  his  hfe  .should  bo 
s|»  .i«  (1  whatever  might  be  the  result  of  his  trial. "^ 
Hut  the  ii-ovornmont  of  Salvador,  i!i  disrouard  of  this 
ohhiij'ation,  luul  Harrios  sentenced  to  death  by  a  court- 
lu.iitial,  and  lie  was  executed  at  4:;>0  in  the  morning- 
nf  ;\un'nst  21)th,  aufainst  the  T'omonstranoes  of  tlu;  I'eji- 
nsciitative  of  NiearaL;'ua.  The  latter  could  do  nolh- 
wj;  but  protest,  and  th.row  tlie  infaniv  of  the  deed 
U|i(iii  Duonas  and  his  aihninistration. 

l)ishop  Zald.MlM.  returiKMl  to  his  diocese  at  th(^  ter- 
iiiiii;!tioi;  of  th<'  v. -n-  in  the  latter  ])art  of  J8G.'3,  and 
issued  a  pasi.Miul  letter  recommendinij^  concord  and 
uiiluii  aiooo'^'  Ills  (l<>ck.  The  ])rovisional  ^•ov<>rnin(Mit 
cnllrd  oil  tii{>  j>c  jplc  to  choose  a  constituent  a.ssenibly 
to  r(dru;"anize  *h(  'j;o'  rnment  and  frame  a  new  consti- 
tution. This  {issonritly  met  on  the  1  Rth  of  February, 
IHCi  I,  and  on  the  sanii;  date  sanctioned  the.  last  re\ohi- 
tioiiaiy  movinnent,  which  disposed  J3arrios  from  the 
juv.Idoiicy,  and  called  J )uenas  to  fill  it.     IJis  acts  to 

'^' e.ilmfi.iM  li;ul  j;()iit'  (ifl'  t(i  I'liii.  ill  till'  sf  (Miner  (•iitifniniln.  J\irtii'iil;il'-i  nl' 
till'  irUrlliiiii,  ami  iiiL'iisiii'i'.s  iiniiiiist  its  aiitliur^,  in  A'/>.,  'auoIh,  M;iy  0,  tliiiu! 
Itl,  .Inly  I,  I, Si;,-. 

Till!  vcs.si:!  0  •'  t-jiiliu),'  witlioiit  i\w  |i,4ii;in  rc;((iiiri.:il  liy  l;i\v,  aa  \v;i.-i  cc  r- 
tilii-'l  liy  tlif  i',  ..  •.Mi.siil  ill  C'oriuto.  A'(C.,  Vol.  .Icuird.  y  JJcc,  til--;  /./., 
lUi:^,,l,l  />,„./,.,  .'.:.,.  4,  \HC.\. 

"'I'lii'  S;ilv.  iiui':  •  :r  .s.il  iimly  ncecptoil  tills  conilition.  and  tlio  Nio.irai;u;iu 
Hiivt  tlii'ii  ilclivcn-il  iJarrio.s  on  Imanl  tlii!  ln-ij^  K.ijicriiiif'iitn.  .A'/>.,  Coni'inii)  J4 
<l'J,i;;.,,  1    IS;  ^V(V.,  Dors.  /.',.'.  (i  la  irrl.,  I-I'J;  Air.,  Uwrla,  July  ilH,  lbt)5. 


'A 


'\t, 


i 

\ 

iji 

t 

s\ 

1 

[  m 

1 

1 '     a  ibV 

|1 

'     '5^5 

1 

'.'HI  It 

ll 

•        f 

1 

308 


REPUBLIC  OF  SALVADOR. 


that  date  were  approved,  and  lie  was  recognized  as 
provisional  executive  till  a  constitutional  one  should 
he  elected.  That  body  at  a  later  date  j)roniulgate(l  a 
new  constitution  in  104  articles,  which  like  the  funda- 
mental charters  of  the  other  Central  American  states 
at  tliat  time  was  exceedingly  conservative.  The  oidy 
relioion  recognized  was  the  Roman  catliolic. 

At  the  elections  which  took  place  ten  months  aftrr 
the  pronmlgation  of  the  new  charter,  ])uehas  was  aj)- 
parcntly  elected  president  for  the  nrst  constitutional 
term,  and  the  ct  ;"^'^"tional  congress  recognized  liiiu 
as  such.     He  took  lal  possession  of  the  office  Fcl)- 

ruary  1,  1805.  Co^.^ress  closed  its  session  on  tlio 
21st  of  the  same  month. 


I  li 


t 


?  i 


t :: 


CHAPTER  XV 

REPUBLIC  OF  HONDURAS, 

18^0-1805. 

PUESIDENT  FeRRF.RA — RF-V0H:TI0NAKY  \i.OVEMENTS — POLITICAL   EXECCTTOVS 

-PiiEsiiiKNcv  OK  Juan  Lixdo— Nkw  Con'stitu'I'ion — Lini>o  Ovkr- 
TiiiiowN — Bklize — I  loNnuFis'TuoruLEs  WITH  (iuKAT  Britain —IJiirnsii 
Occupation  ok  Thiku  Island — BoMiiAKn.MKNT  ok  Omoa — Bay  Islam >s 
- -PuEsiDENT  Caisanas- War  wii'ii  (JrAi'KMALA— (icAitnioLA's  Assas- 
sination—Provisional  Rules  ok  Castkllanos  am>  Pontes — Alllanck 
wiT'i  Barrios — Ussuccesskul  War  with  Guatemala  and  Nicaracua 
— ^Iontes  Deposed — KsTAisrisiiMKNT  ok  the  ItKi-uiiLic— Jose  M.  ^Ie- 
DiNA  Chosen  President — Amendment  ok  the  Constitution, 

The  house  of  representatives  of  the  Estado  Lil)re  y 
Soborano  do  Honduras,  on  the  30th  of  ])ecenil)i'r, 
1840,  cliose  Francisco  Ferrera  prcsich^it/  and  he  took 
li()ss(^ssion  of  the  office  on  the  1st  of  January,  1841. 
The  cliamber  ch)sed  its  session  on  tlie  Gth  of  Marcli, 

It  is  unnecessary  to  repeat  liere  tlie  liistory  of  Hon- 
duras down  to  1844,  as  it  lias  Ix'on  jL;iven  in  connection 
with  otlier  sections  of  Central  America,      Tlie  state 


'Ho  had  l)eoii  tlic  aolo  caii(li<lato,  ohtaiuiiif,'  ,'?,4(H)  votes,  which  did  not 
t'diistitiitu  a  niajoritj'.  Fciti'IU  was  of  ohsiuii!  jiaii'iita,m;,  and  of  iiifcrinr 
aliility.  Ho  was  i!duoatt;<l  liy  a  roai'tioiiary  priest  iiaiiiccl  ( !arii\,  whi>,  wi  ~liing 
iiiiii  to  hccoiiio  a  niusiciau  of  tho  pai'isli  chin  rh  at  ( 'aiitai-raiias,  sent  him  to 
T( j_'iu'ijjraliia  to  take  Uissoiis  on  tho  violin;  hut  tho  hoy  iiiiido  no  jiro;ji'css  in 
that  iliicction,  anil  linally  was  inado  sacristan  of  Cantiirranas,  wliicli  position 
lie  iiild  a  long  tinio,  till  tlio  rovoliitionarv  movcnicnts  chew  liini  into  military 
lili',  and  lio  began  upholding  lihcral  princijilcs.  ]lo  llgiirod  afterward  as  \ico- 
jtlc,  hating  his  cliief,  Joaiinin  Rivera,  l)eeausi>  lu!  was  a  domocrat.  No«-  wo 
«('  tiio  sacristan  of  Caidarranas  made  pri''ident  of  the  state.  Francisco 
'iucll,  Francisco  Zelaya,  and  Santiago  Bueso  were  recognized  as  his  suhstittites 
ill  the  order  named.  Jt  was  also  (lecreed  hy  tiio  cliainhor  that  in  tiic  event 
"f  a  vacancy,  ah.solute  or  tem]iorary,  if  tho  substitutes  should  bo  unablo  to 
assiniio  tho  cxecutivo  duties,  tho  latter  should  devolve  on  tho  ministers  of 
state.  MonUifar,  lieaala  Hid.,  iv.  l'Jl-'JO;j-  Wclh'  Iluitd.,  494;  Smiicr'n  Tnn:^ 
ii.  4  J',1 

(300) 


.SIO 


Rpn'unuc  OF  Honduras. 


assembly  was  installed  on  the  lltli  of  January,  witli 
ceremonies  more  religious  than  political,  as  befitted  ;i 
country  where  the  intluencc  of  the  church  was  so  over- 
wlu'hning,^  The  chamber  bepraised  Ferrera  with  as 
much  gusto  as  the  church  had  smoked  him  with 
incense  at  the  cathedral,  and  on  the  2Gth  he  was 
formally  declared  a  ben(>merito  de  la  patria,  i>'id  (dii 
finned  as  a  general  of  division,  which  raidc  lu.  1  Im.  n 
conferred  on  him  by  the  government  in  March  18;!'J.' 

Much  Avas  said  at  the  opening  of  the  legislativt' 
session  about  peace,  but  the  fact  was,  that  a  nuniltrr 
of  towns  were  greatly  agitated,  owing  to  the  lieavy 
burdens  weighing  on  tliem,  and  to  the  displeasure 
caused  by  many  citizens  having  been  driven  into  exile 
Amonnr  these  towns  were  Texiu'uat,  La  Plazuela,  and 
Comayagiiela.  Sa"(;os  Guardiola  was  sent  against 
them,  and  was  not  successful,  though  he  asserted  in  a 
proehunation  tliat  he  had  defeated  the  rebels.  Thv 
war  spread,*  and  Ferrera  deemed  it  expedient  to  leave 
t!ie  executive  office  in  charu'e  of  the  ministers  for  a 
time,  and  to  personally  take  comniand  of  the  forces  jo 
operate  against  the  insurgents.  Guardiola  defeated 
tlieni  at  Corpus  on  lJic  1st  of  July,  and  captured  tlieir 
correspondence,  M'ith  Rivera,  Orellana,  and  the  other 
leaders.^ 

An  insurrection  of  tlie  troops  at  Olancho  took 
place  in  ]3ecend)er,  which  was  soon  quelled,  and 
stringent  measures  were  adopted  by  Ferrera  against 
its  promoters."  Amid  this  state  of  affairs  Ferrera's 
term  was  approaching  its  end,  and  he  could  not  be  re- 
elected a  second  time  under  the  constitution  of  ISHf). 
Flections  were  held,  and  arrangements  made  so  tliat 

'^  Wc  are  assured  tlicrc  were  4-t  to  douin  masses  on  tliat  day 
'le  was  cri'dlteil  with  having,  hy  his  euer^ry,  wisdom,  and  disinterested 
pat     Lism,  saved  the  state  from  civil  war  and  anareiiy. 

'  t"ho  govt  justly  attributed  the  ni(>venient  to  Ivc-jefe  Rivera,  Orellana, 
Alvarez,  Castro,  and  others,  helieving  the  centre  of  it  to  bo  in  Leon.  It  do- 
niauL'd  satisfaction  from  Nie.,  but  ol)tained  none. 

''The  whole  was  puhlLshed  in  El  DeHcnhridor,  official  journal  of  IIoiul. 
Every  one  of  Rivera's  letters  counselled  discipline,  modcratiou,  and  houoraljlc 
dealnq,  so  as  to  save  the  c:uise  from  ohlorpiy 

"Decree  of  Dec.  13,  1S44. 


ho 

iJie 

als( 

ivi  i.s 

Yo 

l.gi, 

!•: 

Fen 

ll.Ml 

i/ig  _i 

hiin, 

4th  c 

diih'a 

"iHcii 

and  j; 

l»efor{ 

(Ux 

spoke; 

honor; 

Jle    w 

award 

Was 

'•o/isc 

The; 

"(■   tl 

tial  t 

site 

\x\7 


le 


ni 


Ju; 


an 


'  I  men 

fiMiv   Iiy  tl 
MM.S  given 

"iiiii..tor.s 
tliu  in.seri 
ivioinu. '    ' 

;^\ll-i|,stus, 

Jiiiii  .suporif 

'■'Jiiardi 

,,    '»'•«  su 

Jm'u;'  !io  Vi 

j'Tviveni 
"  Decree 


KEVOLUTIOX   AND   ELECTION. 


311 


lio  could  continue  in  power  as  minister  of  war  witli 
the  cliicf  command  of  the  forces.'  Guardiola  liud  been 
also  dubbed  a  beiiemerito,  and  Lis  friends  wished  to 
Viiise  liiin  to  the  presidential  chair,  but  did  not  succeed.** 
N'o  candidate  obtained  the  reipiisite  majority,  and  the 
li^'isluture  chose  C'oroiiado  Cliavez  president." 

l']x-jefe  liivera,  taking  advantn;j;e  of  the  absence  of 
i'V'rrera  with  most  of  his  forces  in  Xicaraipia,  invadetl 
lldiiduras  for  the  purpose  of  overthrowing  the  exist- 
ing govirnment.  The  people  failed  to  cooperate  with 
liiiu,  and  he  was  defeated  and  made  ])risoner.  On  the 
Uh  of  January,  1.845,  he,  with  ]\Iartinez,  Landa,  and 
Julian  iJiaz  arrived  at  Couiayagua  in  irons.  The 
iiliicial  journal  announced  that  liivera  was  to  be  tried 
aii<l  {)unished.  He  was  in  fact  doomed  to  the  scafl'old 
1)(  tore  he  was  tried.'" 

(jiuardiola's  atrocities  in  La  Union  and  San  ^Migutl, 
spoken  of  in  a  former  chapter,  won  him  additional 
]ioiiors  from  the  subservient  assL-mbly  of  Hoiidunis. 
He  was  a  second  time  declared  a  benemerito,  and 
awarded  a  u'old  medal.  Chavez,  the  tool  of  Feircra, 
was  not  neglected,  lie  was  given  the  title  of  Padre 
(•(iiiscri[)to  de  la  patria,  with  an  accompanying  medal." 
The  assemblv  closed  t)n  the  2;3dof  ^[arch,  well  satislied 
of  the  wisdom  of  its  measures.  Another  })resi(]en- 
tial  election  came  up,  and  no  one  jiaving  the  recjui- 
>ite  number  of  votes,  the  assembly,  January  14, 
l>>ir,  chose  Ferrera,  who  declined  the  position,  and 
.luan  Lindo  was  then  appointed,  Ferrera  continuing 

'  I  mcntioncil  dsowhcrc  the  defeat  tliia  year  at  Naeaonic  of  a  Nicaraguau 
fiiicc  liy  tlio  garrison  unilcr  (.'oniinandant  Morales.  Tliu  credit  of  tlii.s  victory 
was  given  to  I'errcra,  wlio  liap[)eiie(l  to  he  in  tlie  ]]laee  at  the  time,  hy  tlie 
iniuister.s  ill  eliarge  of  tlie  cxceiitive  oflice  awardiii,'  him  a  gold  mcilal  with 
the  inscription,  'Ala  lieroioidad  del  <}eueral  Ferrera  eu  la  hatalla  de  Na- 
I'Mimc'  The  supreme  court  hail  compan'd  him  with  Alexander,  Octavius, 
Au-u.stus,  and  Napoleon.  Tlio  soldior.s  of  Jloiid.  made  liiin  a  MiUiadu.s, 
'I'lriistoclcs,  and  Demosthenes.  Ami  finally,  the  olficial  journal  pronounced 
liiiii  superior  to  Julius  C'lesar.   Monti'ifnt;  ll<s,ii'ia  JIUt.,  iv.  o70-i). 

~  <  hiardiola  was  a  rough  and  cruel  soldier. 

'ilis  substitutes  were  Francisco  Giiell,  Letmardo  Romero,  and  Manuel 
Kiiii,'  !io  Vazquez. 

''Ivivera,  Landa,  and  Martinez  were  shot  together. 

"Decrees  of  Feb.  4  and  March  10,  1840. 


mgn^ 

^B 

'  '^iHi 

1'  ■"';' 

mi 


REPUBLIC  OF  HONDURAS. 


; ! 


'    J 


as  war  minister,  with  the  command  of  the  troops  an- 
nexed, which  was  what  ho  desired.  Guardiola  was 
retained  in  tlie  office  of  minister  of  foreign  relations, 
thoui^h  mifit  for  it. 

Wlien  the  army  of  the  United  States  was  in  jNIexicf), 
Lindo  seemed  greatly  exas])erated  therehy;  the  presi- 
dent, without  first  ohtaining  the  sanction  of  the  repre- 
sentatives, issued  manifestos,  on  the  1st  and  2d  of  June, 
1847,  which  were  an  open  declaration  of  war  against 
the  United  States, ^■- 

Lindo  desired  to  control  affairs  for  an  unlimited 
time,  and  the  constitution  allowing  him  only  a  two- 
years  tenure,  and  ct)ntaining,  besides,  several  clauses 
repugnant  to  him,  it  was  doomed.^''  A  constituent 
assembly  was  accordingly  called  to  frame  a  new  char- 
ter, which  was  adopted  at  Comayagua  February  4, 
1848.'* 

Lindo  continued  as  president  under  the  new  le- 
ginie.^''  The  legislature  had  assend)led  at  Cedrt)s  on 
the   10th  of  June,  1849,  when  the  president  reported 

'■'This  proceeding  was  coiniminicated  to  the  governor  of  C'hiaita  for  tin; 
infoniialioiiof  his  goycruiiient.  TlicjiroclaiiiiiliDiis  were  published  iu  Mcxicn, 
and  pr(>lial)ly  elsewlierc;  hut  1  am  not  aware  tliat  the  Auieriean  j^'ovcriiiin  ut 
took  any  action  upon  th(uii.  A/.,  'J3()-7;  Sim  of  Aniilinar,  Sept.  \\,  1M7: 
El  Ai-ro  Ins,  Sept.  '-"J,  Oct.  4,  17,  1847;  El  Jlnzwiiiiloi;  Out.  3(),  1S47;  iU 
SoiiDrciisc,  Nov.  I'J,  1S47. 

'■'It  proviilcd  for  only  one  dwunhcr,  and  he  wanted  another  for  the  aris- 
tocracy. It  recognized  freedom  of  conHciene(!  and  religion,  wiiieh  to  his  luiii'l 
was  heresy. 

"It  contained  114  articles;  recognized  tlie  people  as  tlie  source  of  poucr 
and  sovereignty.  All  persons  horn  in  the  states  of  Cent.  Am.  and  resiihiiL; 
in  lioud.  were  given  the  privileges  of  full  citizensliip.  Foreigners  niiuilit 
hoconie  naturalized.  Tlie  right  of  sulFragi!  was  given  to  citizens  over  'Jl  }i  us 
of  ag(?  wlio  could  read  ami  write.  The  state  recognized  no  other  religion  than 
tile  Uoinan  ealliolie,  t^xcludiiig  tlio  puhlie  exiM'eise  of  all  otiiers.  The  govern- 
ment, declared  to  he  poptdar  and  npresentative,  was  vesteil  in  time  powi  is, 
namely,  legislative,  executive,  and  judii'ial.  The  executive  was  jihui  d  in 
charge  of  a  presi<lent  for  four  years,  and  not  eligihle  for  two  conseentivi^ 
terms.  He  ap])oint(Ml]iis  ministers,  who  had  a  seat  in  the  legislature.  Tlirif 
was  a  council  of  state  jirovided,  its  inenil)ers  being  one  senator  chosen  by  tlu! 
gen.  assembly,  one  justice  of  tlio  supremo  ecnirt,  the  minister  of  tlie  interior, 
tlie  treasurer,  and  two  citizens  elected  by  the  gen.  assembly.  The  asseiriMy 
was  formecl  f)f  one  cliamlicr  with  14  <leputies,  being  two  for  eacji  di'paitriii  m!, 
and  the  senate  with  7  memliers.  The  judiciary  consisted  of  the  su[ircine  aii'l 
lower  courts.  The  supreme  court  was  divided  into  two  sections,  of  three  jns- 
tiees  each,  fine  to  sit  in  Comayagua,  and  the  other  in  Tegucigalpa.  I'l.icli 
department  had  a  jefe  politico  at  its  head,  J  fond. ,  ConxUt.  tie  ISJfS,  1-21 ;  iSiiui  r* 
Cciif.  Aw.,  2o8-(i.-). 

'■'The  next  term  would  begin  on  the  Ist  of  Feb.,  1852. 


AVAR   AND   TItEATIKS. 


31 S 


ht 
17: 
/.7 


tlio  state  at  peace,  and  its  relations  with  the  otlier 
states  on  a  satisfactory  footing.  ]3iit  ho.  acknowledged 
that  his  govornnient  was  hurasseil  hy  party  conten- 
tious. Order  had  been  maintained  thns  far  by  a  strict 
impartiality  toward  the  factions,  with  the  cooperation 
(if  some  good  and  influential  citizens.**  This  was  not 
to  last  long;  for  on  the  12th  of  February,  1850, 
Guai'diola,  deceivt;d  by  representations  of  Felipe  .T;lu- 
rtgui  and  the  aristocrats  of  Guatemala,  in  which  the 
Ihitish  charge,  Chatfield,  had  no  little  part,  made  a 
pronunciamiento  au  Tegucigalpa,  where  the  govern- 
inoiit  then  was,  and  Lindo  had  to  flee.  The  latter 
filially  entrenched  himself  at  Nacaimie,  near  the  bay 
of  Konseca,  and  asked  for  assistance  from  the  govern- 
inciits  of  Salvador  and  Nicaragua,  wliich  under  the 
terms  of  their  confederacy  they  were  bound  to  aflV)r(l 
liim.  Salvador  at  once  sent  a  considerable  force  under 
General  Cabanas,  and  Nicaragua  prepai-ed  to  do  the 
same  if  necessity  re<piired  it.  (Juardiola's  movement 
was  not  seconded  elsewhere.  Ihit  he  n.  relu^d  against 
Xaeaome,  and  at  Pespire  connnissioners  of  Salvador 
aiitj  Lindo  made  him  understand  his  false  position, 
and  an  understanding*  was  then  had,  on  the  '25th  of 
March,  by  which  he  submitted  to  Lindo's  authority.'' 


li:Jit 

■iU'S 

lliiiu 
I'vn- 

ll  in 

IliVi' 

rllt, 

l;n>'l 
l.i"- 


The  treaties  of  !78:>  and  i78()  between  Great  Britain 
and  Spain  reserved  to  the  latti'r  the  sovereignty  over 
Belize,  otherwise  called  British  Honduras,  granting  to 
the  settlers  merely  the  i)rivilege  of  cutting  dye  and 
other  woods,''^  using  the  spontaneous  products  of  the 

"'A>.,  <:,v:  Itt.,  Aui;.  1,  184!);  J.a  Union  (S.  S.ilv.),  Juno  IT),  ],S4'.». 

''Tlio  foUowiiij,'  woi'i;  thu  tonii.s  agreoil  upon:  a  uriioral  aiiiiK;sty;  tlic  coii- 
fidcrato  iliot  was  to  lueot  at  iNacanint',  ju'dtoctuil  liy  -00  Salvailoiaiis  aiiil  ax 
iiMiiy  NicaramiaiiM  at  tlio  c\pL'ii.so  of  Jloiid. ;  ainl  tin;  wtati!  a.ssciiilily  also  to 
iiilii'.ss  certain  alhg(Ml  giievaMccs;  and  .Jaiii-oj;ui'n  coiulmt  in  t'osta  ]{.  to  Ik: 
iiivi -iliiratiil.  AU  of  which  wan  done,  ('rn/:  Am.,  M!-r,l.  Ihir.,  iios.  'J',(  ;!;{, 
.■ii;-4:i,  r)l»-.'>;  Sulr.,  l^wHit,  March  15,  Ai)r.  4,  IS,  May  10,  1S:.0;  rV«Ar  It., 
a "■,/■,,  March  '2,  IS.IO;  Xir.,  Cm:  /■■</.,  Apr.  4,  May  'J,  10,  1S:.();  (;,nu-</!nl,i, 
iji lit.  Otic,  Marcli  .SO,  KS.'iO;  S'l'iiir'.i  I'mnli,  ii.  IS'J.  Tiio  chambers  on  tlio 
'J'.ltii  of  .lune  '.Icclarcil  Lindo  a  hoiienierito  de  la  patria,  eonfi'ri'ing  on  him  the 
liuilvipf  general  of  division  for  life,  from  the  expiration  of  liis  proaidential 
tiiiH.     J  fond.,  (inrrta'tjir.,  Aug.  31,  1S.")0. 

""Tho  Spaniards  knew  but  little  of  this  region,  believing  it  unhealthy, 


(Ml 


311 


REPUHLIC  OF   HONDURAS. 


tv 


I'.' 


soil,  fishing  along  the  coast,  re})iiiring  their  vess,  Is, 
and  building  houses  and  stores.  The  colonists  a\(  io 
not  to  set  iij*  any  government,  either  civil  or  millt;!! y, 
construct  forts  or  defences,  nuiintain  troops  of  any 
hind,  or  i)ossess  anv  artillerv.'" 

(h)vcnior  O'Neill  of  Yucatan  made  an  expoditiini 
in  17'.)8  against  the  English  settlers  during  Av;;r  Kr- 
tween  tlie  two  nations,  and  destroyed  a  nunilu  r  nf 
setth-nieiit-;  on  the  llio  Xuevo,  hut  was  afterward 
repulsed  hy  tlie  colonists  and  slaves  of  JhTize.  Tliis 
circumstance  was  claimed  to  have  given  tlie  victors 
the  right  of  concjuest  over  the  territory  occu})ied  liy 
them.  IJut  neitJier  Spain,  nor  Mexico  after  Ik  r 
independence,  recognized  that  pretension,  nor  was  it 
admitted  hy  the  ]iritish  parliament.*'  Fuitliennorc, 
the  treaty  signed  in  London,  Deccnd)er  2(5,  18"J(;,  hc- 
tween  Creat  Uritain  and  !^^exico  was  negotiated  tui 
the  expro^s  condition  tliut  the  treaty  of  July  14,  l7Mi, 
Ix'twecn  tlie  Spanish  and  13ritish  crowns  sliould  1»(3 
]u  Id  valid  and  ol)servcd  in  all  its  })rovisions."^  I'lu  iv- 
fore  the  conclusion  we  nmst  arrive  at  is,  that  the 
soverei  vnty  over  Belize  helonus  to  Mexico  and  not  to 
Great  Lrituin.  j\[exicu's  claim  has  been  recogni/.i  <l 
])y  the  settlers,  wlien  it  suited  their  interests,  liut 
they  were  never  ecpially  dis})osed  to  abide  by  the  ol  li- 
gations of  the  treaty  of  18'2G.""     Their  encroachments 

anil  hail  lian'.ly  in;iilo  aiiy  attempts  themsulvos  to  cut  wood  there.  Cuiiccl:iil  i, 
Til.  Mcj-'trcHo,  ]v,l-ll,  coiiiiiuted  at  nearly  l\venl,y-l\v(Hiulliiiii  dollars  tl:i'  1  i-s 
siistiiin-'d  by  iSp;;i!i  to  Iwll',  including  in  that  sinu  the  original  cost,  and  tlio 
resuLi:i;,'  proiiis  which  had  accrued,  mostly  to  the  Eugliili. 

''Tli.y  ^\•cre  likewise  forl)i;ldeu  to  cultivate  sugar,  codec,  t)r  cacao,  or  \>i 
ciigige  ill  ni;;uuf;;ctures;  ami  they  were  not  to  supply  arms  or  ammunitioa  tn 
tlio  I.idi;nis  dwclli:!!,'  ou  the  frontiers  of  the  Spanish  iiossessioiis.  E.-tjiiiim  i  Jnit. 
Coi't'iii.i,  Jidy  11,  I'iOC),  in  Cent.  A»'.  Patnjtii.,  no.  4,  1-7. 

^''Certain  acts  of  that  holy  in  1817  a:i  I  lull),  in  consequence  of  mc.t'^inrs 
adopted  to  punish  crimes  committed  in  BJlize,  declared  that  the  crimes  iirull 
not  he  ])u:'.i..hcd  iuiiLt  British  laws,  becauoO  that  territory  was  not  a  ]u>nion 
of  llic  United  Ki.igdom.  Pcnic/ie,  llixt.  lid.  E'p.  y  MiU:  con  IinjL,  in  ,!»'•(>«", 
JIM.   Yhc,  iv.  '2lI). 

^'Thc  treaty  of  ISL'O,  with  the  annexed  treaties  and  conventions  of  S]i,iiii 
with  England  and  other  nations  having  any  hearing  on  tho  subject  may  liu 
found  i.i  Mc.i:.,  Dirvrho  Intern.,  i.  437-51:4. 

-'-ViUicrs,  Brit.  niin.  in  Madrid,  asked  the  Sp.  govt  in  1835,  and  again 
in  183{),  to  code  to  Iv.igland  any  right  of  sovereignty  she  might  hav<'  over 
Brit.  Honduras.  The  request  was  not  granted,  bv:t  it  implieil  that  Iji'-ImhI 
in  183G  did  not  consider  herself  to  {)osscss  the  full  sovereignty  over  Belizi;. 


HKLIZE. 


(HI  Yuciituu  have  oontinued  to  the  extent  tluit  tliey  lu  i\\ 
liold  nuK'li  more  tluiii  was  coutlitioiuillv  Jillowetl  them 
\\:v  AVoi)(l-euttin<>'  hv  tlie  treaty  of  17h:].-'' 

Aileetiiiii^  to  i'oiget  that  the}'  wore  entitled  merely 
ti)  the  usufruct  of  the  country,  the  settlers  set  u[)  as 
curly  us  171)8  a  government,"'  raised  troops,  built  iorts, 
tilled  the  soil,  and  exijrcised  every  ri''ht  imitlvinn'  full 
si>V('rei''ntv.  Alexander  M'J^onald,  while  holdiuLi'  the 
ollit-e  (»f  superintendent,-^^'  on  the  '2d  of  Xovend»er,  1640, 
si  t  aside  the  laws  and  usages  of  the  country,  declaring 
tliat  from  said  date  the  law  of  England  should  he  the 
law  of  the  settlement  or  colony  of  British  Honduras, 
and  that  all  local  customs  and  laws  repugnant  to  the 
spirit  of  the  law  of  England,  and  ojjposiul  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  ecjuity  and  justice,  shcndd  he  imll.'""  In  later 
vt'ars  the  ii'overnmeut  has  been  in  the  hands  of  a  lieu- 
t(  iiant-governor,  with  an  executi\'e  and  legislati\e 
council,  and  the  colony  has  the  usual  judicial  estah- 
lislinient."' 

\  illarta,  Mexican  luiii.  fif  foreign  iiflFairs,  ivfcrs  to  Vtlliurfi' cfl'orts  in  ii  note 
(ii  MuitIi  '2'.i,  IMS,  to  thu  ]}rit.  govt.  Tlic  lattur,  liowivi  r,  in  lS;i(),  I'l.iiuK'd 
a  l:ir;,'i  r  extent  of  ti'iritory,  iuehuling  the  whole  coast  as  fai'  si  lUh  a.i  the 
J;ivir  S.irstoon,  ami  as  far  inland  as  the  meridian  of  (larhutt's  Falls  on  the 
ISili;^  •  liiver. 

-'iV'tails  in  JiiiifniiMiitc,  Hist.  I/itrliii/c,  Kil;  Sf/iiiir'.-)  Truvclf,  ii.  412-14; 
/'/.,  ('(III.  Am,,  i'SJ  4,  (>li7-JS;  Armii'joh.,  MtJ-,  ii.  •>*).);  M(.i:  .Soc  (Iidj.,  Ji.ilc- 
/hi,  ■_'!  vl^.,  iv.  (ii>S-710;  Aiuinls  Brit.  Lci/is.,  ii.  SI;  .Siinnz,  /iijorn.c,  ',V2-Ci; 
r.  S.  <lnrt  Doc,  For.  All'.  (.Mess,  and  Doe.j  ])t  1,  (M-ti,  i)t  iii.  .SoO-"l),  Cong.  Sll, 
Srss.  1.;  I<L,  Fnirl'/n  lUL,  i.  OrtO-lJl,  Cong.  4.'),  Siss.  1.;  iSalr.,  /hurioOjir.,  Nov. 

'ji,  isTS;  L:i  Vdzifc Mcj.,,iiui.  :n,  is,;.")r Sept.  is),  Xov.  i,  is82. 

-'I'he  settlement,  as  it  was  called,  for  it  had  not  I'ven  the  name  of  a  colony, 
was  ruled  by  a  code  of  laws  established  in  1770  by  Sir  W.  Hnruaoy.  .Instieo 
was  administered  by  a  boaril  of  seven  magistrates  chosen  jiiiMnally.  Tiie 
chi.'f  authority  was  the  suiierintendent,  a  jjosition  always  hel  I  by  a  military 
ol'iicer,  comljining  the  duties  both  of  lirst  civil  magistrate  anil  commander  of 
the  forces.   JJcui/crsoii'.i  lint,  llnud.,  7i">-t). 

-'  lie  entitled  himself  then  her  Majesty's  superintendent  ami  conimander- 
iu-iliiv'f  in  and  over  her  possessions  in  Hond. 

-'■  .M'l)i)nald  then  app(.inted  an  executive  council.  He  also  assumed  control 
of  tlie  tinanecs.  Not  satisfied  with  tiie  right  of  veto,  he  Lgislated  in  his  own 
[itirson  by  proelaniat'on,  assuming  the  right  of  punishing  any  one  acting 
against  his  authority  or  obstructing  his  mandates.  Tiie  inhabitants  protested 
(iL;ainst  his  usurpation  of  powers,  and  appealed  to  the  British  government 
and  parliament,  obtaining  some  trifling  relaxation.  They  also  petitioned  that 
tlio  government  should  openly  assume  the  sovereignty,  so  that  they  ndght 
possess  their  lands  without  reservation  in  respect  to  Spain  or  Mexico.  Tiieir 
liititions  did  not  receive  any  direct  reply.  However,  the  govt  in  184"),  sent 
out  a  chief  justice,  a  queen's  advocate,  and  other  judicial  appendages.  Crowe  h 
Gwpi-l,  205-ti. 

'"  The  coat  of  arms  of  Belize  is  read  as  follows:  Chief  dexter-argent — the 


i;  f, 


!    tl.l 


i^S 


aio 


lti:!TI!M('   OF    HONDURAS. 


ii  i 


i- 


\\- 


I'! '-f  >■- 


Tlio  assumption  of  sovoroij^nty  is  not  Mexico's  oiilv 
cause  of  complaint.  Since  the  war  ot*  races  broke  out 
ill  Yucatan  in  1847,  tlie  people  of  Belize  have  sold 
arms  and  anununition  to  the  revolted  Indiana.  Early 
in  1848  the  authorities  promised  that  the  Indians 
should  not  l)e  aided,  directly  or  indirectly;  but  the 
promise  was  not  fulfilled.^**  The  population  is  mainly 
negro,  originally  introduced  as  slaves;  the  rest,  exccj)- 
ting  a  few  white  men,  is  a  hybrid  race  resulting  from 
intercourse  with  Europeans  and  Indians.  The  total 
population  in  1871  was  nearly  25,000,  of  which  there 
Were  probably  1,000  nu're  males  than  females.""    Slav- 


ery was  abolished  by  an  act  of  the  inhabitants  on  tlir 
1st  of  August,  1840.-'"' 

The  chief  })roduct  of  the  country  is  mahogany,  of 
which  some  20,000  tons  were  exported  ammally,  but 
the  demand  for  it  lately  has  decreased.  Its  logwood 
is  much  valued,  and  about  15,000  tons  are  yearly  ex- 
})orted.  Besides  these  staples,  the  countiy  produces 
other  woods  of  value,  and  the  cahoon  or  coyal  palm 
in  abundance,  from  the  nuts  of  which  is  extracted  a 
valuable  oil.  Sarsaparilla  and  vanilla  are  found  in 
the  interior.     Of  domestic  animals  there  are  enough 

union  jiick,  proper.  Chief  sinister,  on  the  proper — the  chief  divided  from  tlir 
body  of  the  sliield  by  a  chevron-shaped  partition  from  the  fe.ss  of  the  Wixti  r 
and  sinister  base.  Points — tlie  intermediate  space  azure—  a  ship  with  set 
sails  on  the  sea,  passant  proper.  Crest,  mahogany  tree.  Motto,  '»Sub  iinrhi a 
floreo.'  Supporters,  negroes;  tliat  to  tiie  U'ft,  with  a  paddle;  the  other  to  tin' 
right,  witli  an  iixo  over  liis  shoulder.  iStoiit.'t*  Sir.,  'J.')S. 

^'"  One  of  tlie  superintendents — supposed  to  be  Col  Kaneourt-^  had  rcUiitioiis 
■with  the  ferocious  Cecilio  Clii,  which  was  ofiicially  coninnmicated  by  .\ievii(i 
to  the  Brit,  charge,  Doyle,  March  ]'_',  1849.  Anrowi,  Hist.  Yw:,  iv.  'I'M: 
YltC,  E.rpo.'i.  dolt.  Ci-ci/i/ns,  <»8-102. 

-'••The  population  about  1804  was  set  down  at  not  nioro  than  iiOO  white 
persons,  SOO  free  colored,  and  3,000  negro  slaves.  Tlie  white  pop.  ^'nul- 
ually  decreased.  In  18'J7-S,  the  jiop.  was  between  5,000  and  (3,000;  in  ISUS, 
8,000;  in  IS.'iO,  I'rOOO;  in  180.%  'J.^OOO.  S'/iiicrHCriit.  Am.,  587-  S-Jinnn'sdic!., 
i:{-14;  0>ihonw.'<(;uiili\  'J.'U;  Valoi.^  Mcii'/ik;  \M;  Piins  Gntr  of  t/ic.  Par., '20. 
The  town  of  Belize,  at  tlie  mouth  of  the  river  of  tlio  same  name,  generally  lias 
(5,000  inhabitants.  The  dwellings  of  the  wealthy  class  are  large  and  com- 
fortable. Besides  the  govt  houses,  court-house,  barracks,  and  jail,  there  are 
several  churches,  episcopal,  methodist,  baptist,  and  presbyterian,  and  some 
large  and  costly  lire-proof  warehouses.  The  town  lias  experienced  two  destruc- 
tive conilagrations,  one  in  1854  cand  another  in  1803.  Packet  Iiit('lli<i<'iirr>\  .liiiie 
17,  1854;  G'tiaL,  Gaceta,  Sepv.  7,  22,  1854;  La  Vozdc  M(j.,  May  it,  18():i. 

'"  It  was  eft'ected  without  disturbance,  and  attended  with  the  happiest  ro- 
«ults.  Crovxs  Qospel,  205. 


KNCLlSll   COKUCIDN. 


:ti7 


i"  r  tlio    nrods  of  tlio  ]>uo[)lc'.      Thv  cnlouy  during'  tlio 
last  tit'teeji  or  twonty  years  lias  Iti-cii  on  the  dowiiwanl 


foiirsc. 


Ill  loriiicr  tiiiU'M  the  iK)rt  of  l^ehze  was  an  entrepot 
I'wi'  the  nt'i;4hhoriiin'  stati-s  of  Vucataii,  (  uiateinahi,  and 
Honduras,"  hut  afler  the  oj>enin_tjf  of  direct  tra(h'  he- 
twi  rn  tliose  states  and  tlie  United  ^^tat(■sand  I'.urope, 
iind  the  diversion  of  trade  on  the  ]?a('itie  to  Pananni, 
that  source  of  jtros[)i'rity  ceaseiL  Total  toinia^e 
(111  red  and  cleared  in  187",  exclusive  of  coastini^ 
trade,  7^5, 1)74,  of  wlucli  4(5, KJS  were  British.  Value 
ot'  inq)orts,  in  ten  years  endinj,'  in  1877,  .£1,781,17;"); 
for  that  year,  £HK},7i)i'>,  of  wliii-h  .£,'84,540  were  from 
(inat  Jiritain.  A'alue  of  exports  for  1877,  X\'24J)():), 
ot"  which  c£'!)4,j48  went  to  Great  Britain.'^''  The 
average  rate  of  duties  on  injpt)rts  is  ten  per  cint  ad 
valorem;  machinery,  coal,  and  hooks  enterino'  free. 
The  gross  amount  of  revenue  for  18(5;i,  .£27,.'5*J8;  for 
1 877,  .£4 1,488.      Puhlic  expenditure  for  the  latter  year. 

The  relations  of  Honduras  with  Great  Britain  were 
(huing  many  years  in  an  unsatisfactory  state,  due  in  a 
^rcat  UK'asure  to  tin;  schemes  of  certain  officials  of  the 
latter  government,  who  pushed  ungrounded  claims 
against  the  toi'mer  in  the  furtherance  of  their  plans  to 
gain  control  of  a  large  extent  of  the  Central  American 
coast.  On  the  ;5d  of  Octoher,  1849,  a  British  war 
sirn>at  TrujiUo  demanded  the  sum  of  $1 1 1,0(51 ,  alleged 
to  l)e  due  to  suhj(>cts  of  her  nation.  The  demand  not 
hcing  compru'd  with,  an  armed  force  was  landed  from 
liiT  tlic  next  day,  which  occu})ied  the  fort  and  town. 
'I'lie  British  conunander  finally  accepted  on  account 
8l/_'()0 — all  that  the  llonduran  comandante  could  ])ro- 
(ure — and  on  reemharkino'  i\rvd  a  vollev.'^' 

'  -Much  smuggling  waa  carried  on  to  ami  from  it. 

'  AiiniilfHril.  I.njit.,  \\\.  ;^i;S;  Y.  L'li.S;  vii.  'J'JS;  x.  ;H8ii-7;  ."^Ol-'J;  xii.  l.S'MO; 
xiv.  ;{()4;  U.  S.  C'oinm.  HcL,  l.SliH-TT,  passim.  Tliv  Kiicifcliqh  liritaii.,  xii. 
Kill  7. 

''■'  He  concluilud  ti>  lu'ocood  to  .rainaica  for  further  instructions.  El lierisor, 
iM\.  5,  Fob.  1(),  1S.")0;  Homl.,  (hicta  Ojir.,  Oct.  I'J,  1841). 


if" 


I 


iii'si: 


?} 


^1  , 


",?," 


1 


{18 


KEPUBI.K'  OF  HONDURAS. 


Hi' 


On  the  southern  crast  the  British  steamship  Gorf/ou, 
ou  the  KJth  of  November,  seized  tlie  island  of  Tiger, 
hoisting  the  British  flag  at  Amapala.^*  The  authori- 
ties of  Honduras,  after  protesting  against  the  act, 
called  the  attention  of  the  United  States  representa- 
tive to  the  British  proceeding,  for  this  island  had  been 
ceded  to  his  government  in  September  previous.^'^  It 
is  presumed  that  Chatficld's  purpose,  among  otlier 
things,  was  to  prevent  the  construction  of  a  canal 
jicross  Nicaragua  by  Americans.  But  Admiral 
lEornbv,  commanding  the  British  naval  forces  in  tlic 
]?aciHc,  disapproved  of  the  proceeding,  removing  lii.s 
men  and  restoring  ^hc  Honduran  flag  under  a  salute 
of  twenty-one  guns.'^^ 

A  preliminary  conveiiticjii  was  entered  into  at  San 
.lose,  Costa  Klca,  ]^ecember  29,  1849,  between  Felipe 
Jauregui,  calling  himself  commissioner  <jf  Honduras, 
and  C'hatlield,  th.e  British  charge  d'affaires,  in  nine 
articles,  some  c^f  which  involved  undue  responsibility 
on  the  part  of  Hontluras.''^'  This  treaty  was  disavowed 
by  her  government,  starch  22,  1850,  in  a  noti'  to 
Admiral  Hornby,  declaring  that  Jauregui  had  im 
authority  to  m;  ke  it,  and  its  stipulations  being  oflrii- 
sive  to  the  dignity  of  the  state,  the  legislature  wiuilil 

3*  Chattiild,  till!  Bi"t.  ;hargi',  ■■ras  ])rcseiit  at  tlic;  iu;t.  A/.,  Nov.  ;iO,  \^V.'; 
tStout'n  Xic.  278;  S'lli:,  (,'inr/ir.  Foli.  1."),  18.')().  Tliu  ohjuct of  tliu  st'iziin' w.is 
to  securo  Honduras'  i)roportioii  of  the  iiulobtodncss  of  (.'out.  Am.  t()  l!i  it. 
(.'I'oditors. 

^■' Undor  a  convuntioii  in  tlircu  articles  coiu'ludod  at  Leon  Sojit.  'J'^,  I  Sill. 
Tho  ct^ssiou  was  for  (8  months,  and  had  been  mado  known  th(^  .samu  d.it'  to 
all  dijilomatie  agents  in  Cent.  Am.  J/iunl.,  d'atr/:!  O/ir.,  Oi't.  ISt,  1S4!);  .\/c., 
(nr.  I.-</.,  Nov.  Hi,  l.S4t».  'iho  coni'sp.  of  the  govt  of  Hond  v.itli  tin-  lirit. 
cl'.iirgy  ajunai's  in  ('int.  Am.  Cnrn'^pniiiL,  fMdilc  Tiifir,  1-^;  Ct'iif.  ^Ini.,  .1//  ■'/. 
//.,'.,  nos.  L'l,  'Jr>,  '_'S;  ir.  S.  Oorl  I).:r.,  Cong.  ;il,  .^-^v-s.  i»,  Sun.  l)..c.  A  1  ■JO; 
/</.,  Cong.  ;!1,  Soss.  1,  H.  .ronr..  IT.Sit,  ISOl. 

""A'A'.,  Cor.  Id..  J;.u.  itl  and  sui.pl.,  Fub.  Ki,  1850. 

•''  1st.  (irca.t  lint,  rceognizud  the  indi'punil.  of  I.ond.  as  a  sovereign  niiuli- 
lie,  iiloilgiiig  hei-  good  otlicea  to  avert  any  attempts  against  that  iiid',']iriiil. 
lion  I.  at  this  time  was  a  inend)er  of  a  eonfederaey  with  Salvador  and  Num- 
r;i^'ua,  and  was  made  to  liind  herself  not  to  dispose  of  any  portion  of  hei'  ter- 
rl.ory  before  sluUiail  detinitely  settled  Brit,  claims.  '2i\.  Hond.  was  toaeeiiilit 
w  itliin  six  months  a  commissioner  in  (iuat.  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  friendsliip, 
co-.nmeree,  ami  navigation  with  (i.  Brit.  'Ad.  }lond.  recognized  tlu^  indeliti'il- 
ness  of  !*!  11,01)1.  4lh.  Slie  bound  herself  to  pay  that  sum  in  yearly  iii-^t;il- 
ments  of !?]."),()()!)  at  ]{eltze.  The  otlier  articles,  «.Teof  less  importance.  >'■'/'., 
(idccOf,  Apr.  5,  1850;  J/uiiil.,  Jjhji'nus  <>li.si.v.,  1-10, 


FUTILK   I'ROTKSTS. 


•MO 


iinvor  sanction  them.**  Meanwliile  Honduras  had 
nunot'd  with  Chatficld  to  accredit  a  commissioner  to 
arrange  with  him  for  the  settlement  of  British  claims. 
Til  is  was  done;  and  the  long  and  tedious  (juestion  was 
Hiially  arranged  on  the  27th  ot  March,  185.,,  Hon- 
duras assuming  an  indebtedness  of  $80,000.'*'' 

The  del)t  question  was  not  the  only  source  of  dis- 
(|uietude  for  Honduras  in  her  relations  with  (Jreat 
iJritain.  Bi'itish  officials,  on  trumped-up  ])retexts, 
usurped  and  held,  during  several  years,  portions  of  her 
trnitory.  ^['Donald,  superintendent  of  Belize,  occu- 
iijcd  Tioatau  and  other  islands  belonixinu'  to  Hon<luras 
situated  in  the  bay  of  this  name.  The  Honduran 
government  protested  against  such  usurpation,  but  no 
attention  was  })aid  to  its  remonstrances.  It  dot's  not 
appear,  however,  that  (ireat  Britain  was  claiining 
territorial  riijfhts  over  the  Bay  Islands,  as  they  were 
called.*"  Soon  afterward,  a  ]mnd)er  of  Cayman 
islanders  settled  in  Koataiu  and  in  the  course  of  a 
few  years  there  were  about  1,000,  when  the  su[)ei-in- 
teiident  of  Belize  found  a  pn^text  to  assume  thi>  con- 
tidl.  In  1849,  tlie  islanders  {;pj)lied  to  Colonel  Fan- 
court,  then  superintendent  of  Belize,  for  a  regular 
u<>\ernme)it.  He  promised  to  c(  nipiy  with  their 
wishes,  but  was  unable,  and  tliov  continued  choosing 
their  authorities.  At  last,  m  August  1850,  the  war 
scJKsoner  ]>crhiH(la,  Lieutenant  J<'lly  commaniiiiig, 
took  formal  possession  of  Boatan,  (iuanaja  or  j^onaca, 
Ctila,  iiarbarreta,  ^Torat,  Elena,  etc.,  in  l)ehalf  of  the 
Ihitish  crown,  declaring  tliem  a  IJritish  ap[H  lidage 
under  the  name  of  (,'olony  of  tlie  Bay  .Isjands;  against 
which  the  acting  chief  magistrate,  William   Fitzgib- 

'"•liiuivicui.  Murcli  'J4,  IX.JO,  in  a  |Kuinplili't  is^uoil  at  Lrmi,  ik'li'inlid  liis 
iiiiHliiif,  iillu;4iiig  that  111!  hail  ainiili:  [xiwurs.  Jnifiji,-.,  in  Oiit.  Am.  /'itiii})/i., 
i.  Mil.  7. 

'' Iii(k'peii(luiit  of  f  1,4'J.")  paiil  for  lur  j)i(i|iiirtioii  of  Ct'iit.  Am.  iii'k'litiil- 
Iiiss  to  Fililay.  IIod^^Moll.  &  Co.  of  J.,oluloli.    Ilninl.,  (liti-ili  Olic,  .lall.  lid,   Isri.'i. 

"Till'  Uiitisli  si'izoil  Ixoataii  .liiiio  .'!,  l!S;fO,  ilrlviiii;  away  tlir  .siiiall  Cciitial 
.\iii('riiati  Liarrisoii.  Similar  attuiiiiits  liiivc  lnoii  made  siiiio  IT-tlJ  li>'  lliiti.ili 
.'siilijci  ts.  tlioti'4li  uiisuci'i'sifiilly.  The  .•si'i/.uro  of  I.S.'tO  lastcil  only  a  short 
tiiiir,  having;  lu'cii  ilisallowtil  liy  the  .Mritish  govuriimuut.  Cruiri'\i  Gwpil,  'J12; 
Mtinlu/ur,  Jieneiiu  Ilkl.,  hi.  424-7;  iv.  71-5. 


320 


REPUBLIC  OF  HONDURAS. 


I  1 


'in 

M   ! 


1 II 

t; 

i 

1 

i 

III 

1 

bon,  protested  on  the  loth  of  September,  1850,  in  the 
name  of  the  sovereignty  of  Honduras/^  The  islands 
were,  in  August  1852,  under  the  rule  of  a  lieutenant- 
governor."*'-  A  treaty  was  finally  concluded  betweoii 
the  queen  of  Great  Britain  and  Honduras,  on  the  28tli 
of  November,  1859,  respecting  the  Bay  Islands,  tlic 
Mosquito  Indians,  and  the  claims  of  British  subjects, 
which  settled  tlie  question  in  favor  of  the  latter 
power/'^  Still  one  more  trouble  has  occurred  betwrtii 
the  two  nations,  in  which  the  weaker  one  had  to  sub- 
mit to  tlie  demand  of  the  other  at  the  mouth  of  licr 
cannon.  On  the  19th  of  August,  1873,  the  war  ship 
Niohe,  Sir  Lambton  Loraine  conunanding,  bonibardid 
Fort  San  Fernando  of  Omoa.'**  The  bombardment 
ceased  on  the  Honduran  authorities  agi-eeing  to  redress 
the  alleged  grievances,  antl  paying  daaiages.^^  Witli 
other  nations  of  Europe  and  America — excepting 
the  sister  states,  with  which  repeated  bickerings 
have  occurred,  leading  sometimes  to  war — Honduras 
has    succeeded    in    maintaining    friendly    relation? 


46 


*'' Whoso  turritorial  right  is  iudisputalde, '  ho  alleged.  Ho  based  his 
action  on  the  treaty  of  April  lit,  ISoO,  T)otween  tho  U.  8.  and  Oreat  Uritaiu, 
under  which  neither  power  was  to  have  colfiniea  or  settlements  in  CVntral 
America.  Tlie  U.  S.  took  part  in  defence  of  Honduras'  riglits  ami  overthrow 
the  British  pretensions.  Squiers  Cent.  Am.,  C21-(i,  740-8;  Dcinocmtic  J'n:, 
XXX.  544-52. 

■•■^  Under  a  decree  of  the  superintendent  of  Belize.  The  eonuindaute  oi 
Trujillo,  by  order  of  his  government,  i)rotested  against  the  occupation  >i  pt. 
13,  1802.  j.roml.,  GarHa  Ofc,  Dec.  If),"  ISJ'2;  FA  Shjlo,  Jan.  1,  1S.")3. 

*^Art.  1.  (ireat  Britain  rocogni/ed  tlie  ishimls  to  belong  to  Houd.  Tin' 
latter  pledged  herself  not  to  cede  tliem  to  any  other  nation.  Art.  2.  Tliu 
former  poM-er  recognized  as  part  of  Hoiid.  the  country  till  then  oceupicil  or 
possessed  by  the  Mosquito  Indians  within  the  frontier  of  the  repnldic,  w  hat- 
ever  that  frontier  might  be.  La  Union  da  Ntc..,  !Niarch  i),  ISGl;  J'iiii'n  d'lili'of 
o/f/it;  I'lir.,  412-15.  Further  details  in  connection  with  the  Bay  Islamls  iiiies- 
tiou  nir.y  bo  seen  in  Jicif  J.-ilirml-i,  (Jiif<'ii\'i  Wcrrinit,  etc.;  Ln  Au'v'o/i,  Nov.  !l, 
Dee.  2(i,  lS5(i;  Jliit.  <>io!if.  L'cr.,  xcix.  270-80;  Cnir,,/,,,  L<tt.  Am.,  7t)-8l>. 

■•^Tlio  grounds  alleged  for  tin's  violent  action  were:  1st,  That  the  lirit. 
vicc-eo'isurs  rcsideiico  had  been  broken  into  by  Hond.  troops,  and  ruhliil; 
2d,  That  Omoa  was  sacked  by  these  troops,  and  goods  to  the  value  of  sKH),- 
000  liad  been  stolen  from  Britiih  subjects;  31,  That  some  British  sulijt'cts  h.iid 
boon  drafte<l  into  tlio  army,  and  an  Knglislnvonuin  unjustly  imprisoncil.  /r,, 
Oacct.ii,  Oct. '2'i,  1873;  7vV  i'o/'jvv///' (/c  AA'.,  Sept.  21,  1S73;  yir.,  Seintiii'd  Si':, 
July  27,  KS74. 

^•'Streber,  who  counuanded  the  troojis  accused  of  these  abuses,  delriicls 
tho  riv'lits  of  Honduras  in  tlie  controversy,  i;i  J.'.rpn/ili\  Dor.  Hue,  Oninn,  IKI- 
44,  0;)--103. 

^"Slie  had  to  setth;,   in   1850,  claims  of  French  citizens,  ami   in    1^51   <it 


PRESIDENT  C'ABASAS.  mt 

The  boundary  between  Honduras  and  Nicaragua  was 
finally  agreed  upon  in  a  convention  dated  September  1, 
1870/'  In  18GG  the  Honduran  government  entered 
into  a  concordat  with  the  ]>opc  for  an  understanding  on 
affairs  ecclesiastical. 

President  Lindo,  having  been  a  third  time  elected 
to  the  i)residency  for  the  term  to  begin  February  1, 
ls,r2,  published  on  the  'Jjth  of  November,  1S51,  a 
iiiiiiiifesto  to  the  people,  suggesting  the  expediency  of 
calling  some  other  citizen  to  the  executive  chair, 
pleading  at  the  same  time  need  of  re.st/^  The  ])eoj)le 
took  him  at  his  word,  and  chose  Trinidad  Cabanas 
jiresident,  who  was  inducted  into  office  at  Comayagua 
(111  the  1st  of  ^larch,  1852,^^  and  on  the  next  day  in 
his  address  to  the  assembly  pledged  his  word  to  pur- 
i^Uf  a  liberal  policy  in  observance  of  the  principles  that 
bad  guided  him  throughout  his  career.  His  election 
was  hailed  as  an  auspicious  event,  and  a  safeguard 
against  Guatemala's  encroachments.""     The  state  was 


I  Si'l>t. 

Thf 
The 

I'll  i>r 
Iwlal- 

Kiltr  i[l' 

|>v.  It, 

r.rit. 

11,1.0.1; 

■iUH),- 

U  hu\ 

bv-v., 

:Mt- 

)i  lit 


Trussiau  sulijeots.  Hond.,OacetaOJii:.,  Aug.  31,  1850;  Jan.  1.5,  1852;  Cwta  Ii., 
(l,ir,t:i,  Niiv.  1(),  1850. 

'■Nic.  liail  claimed  on  the  N.  E.  the  river  Patuoa  to  its  iiiouth,  Hotid. 
daiiiHil  the  Coco  to  its  mouth.  The  commissioners  agreeil  uiioii  a  coiniiro- 
inisi'  line  '  :t\veen  those  rivers,  namely,  the  .summit  of  the  iJiljiito  cordillera, 
fi'diii  the  jioint  •where  it  becomes  detached  from  the  main  body,  which  divides 
the  waters  running  to  both  oceans;  and  from  the  jitiint  wjure  it  ami  tlie  lino 
iiiiitiiuus  castwardly  to  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  lo"  10'  N.,  and 
Itmg.  .s;r  1.")'  W.  of  (Ireenwich.  Xic,  Mt'tn.  Itei,  1871,  5-7. 

'"  .Minut  this  time  he  was  on  the  Nic.  frontier  mediating'  for  jieace  between 
thi'  liilliuerents  of  that  state.  His  etl'orts  jiroving  successful,  he  was  warndy 
iiiiigiatuhited  by  his  frieni'o  i...  Ids  return.  Iloml.,  ducitu  <>jic.,  Nov.  'JO,  18")I ; 
Kl  s:./!.,,  iK'c.  18,  18.')1;  (  enf.  A,ii.  I'awpli.,  vii.  no.  2. 

^'' ('ii',in'iti.i,  El  I'n'.tid .  .  .d  sus  Coiiriml.,  l-().  The  oHice  had  been  provis- 
iiiiiallv  in  charge  of  .Senator  Francisco  (Joniez.  L'l  SIi/Id,  Feb.  21,  March  !!•, 
1852. ' 

•"'('aliarias  was  of  diuiinutivo  stature,  but  of  erect  mien.  He  was  aged 
aliciiil  ."ii»  at  this  time.  His  face  was  ))alc  and  nuld:  his  gestures  Mere  in  keep- 
iiij;  with  the  intelligent  play  of  his  features;  his  manners  gentle,  almost 
'iiniiianly,  l>ut  lieneath  this  placid  exterior  was  a  stern,  indomitable  spirit. 
.\ltrr  many  years  of  prominer  'eus  a  Icaih'r,  during  an  anarchical  period,  even 
liisencmiis  never  accused  hi'  of  seltishness  or  rancor.  S'/iiiir's  Tnir.,  ii.  177; 
'I'//-'  Jlniiil.,  184.  Cabanas  was  a  brave  solilier,  but  could  not  be  called  a 
MiiTossful  general.  Perez,  a  jwlitical  opponent,  speaking  of  him  as  the  chief 
l'l  tiie  co([uinibo  party,  says:  'Mai  general,  excelento  soMado,  nunca  vence- 
iltii',  sienipre  con  prestigio,  y  uno  de  lo<  mas  fogoaos  prouiotorcs  de  la  nacion- 
iilMlad  ccntro  Americana.'  Mem.  Ili.-it.  l}ii\  Xic,  10.  The  assembly,  Mav  21, 
ISol,  hail  conferred  on  him  the  title  of  '  soldado  ilustre  de  la  patria, '  His  death 
Hist.  Cent,  Am.,  Vol.  III.    i\ 


.  m 


!'i 


m 


n 


i  I 


322 


KErUBLIC  OF  IIONDUR^iJ. 


at  peace  in  the  interior,  and  with  the  other  states  of 
Central  America,  except  Guatemala,  with  which  the 
relations  were  not  harmonious,  owing  to  the  usurpa- 
tion by  the  latter  of  a  portion  of  Honduran  territory 
on  tlie  Copan  side.  This,  with  divergence  in  political 
])rinciples  I'ctwecn  the  two  rulei'S,  soon  brought  on  a 
bloody  war,^^  which  has  been  detailed  in  a  previous 
cha])tcr."-  Tlio  fruitlessness  of  this  contest  prompted 
Salvador  and  Xicaragua  to  use  their  endeavors  for 
]>eace ;  but  tliey  ])rovi'd  unavailing.  What  Guatemala's 
superior  resources  failed  to  accomplish  on  the  field  of 
battle  was,  however,  brought  about  by  means  of  in- 
trigue, with  the  cooperation  of  the  party  opposed  to 
Cabanas  in  Honduras,  headed  by  General  Santos 
Guardiola,  which  rucei%ed  efficacious  aid  from  Carreia. 
General  Juan  Lopez  h>up))orted  the  revolutionary 
movement  witli  700  men,''  and  Cabanas  was  over- 
thrown on  the  Gth  of  July,  185 5.''* 

At  last,  l)eing  unal)le  to  cope  with  the  daily  increas- 
ing forces  of  the  enemy,  he  abandoned  the  field,  and 
rotreated  to  Salvador.  The  servilcs  again  took  })os- 
session  of  the  government  under  Lopoz.""'  The  presi- 
dential clectit)n  took  place  amid  this  turmoil.  TIk; 
state  was  divided  into  two  lactions,  one  supporting 
] jijido  and  the  otlier  Guardiola.  The  friends  of  Lindo, 
not  feeling  certain  of  success,  proposed  Lopez  as  a 
compromise    candidate,   he    being    credited  with  the 

occiuTcd  Jan.  S,  1871.  El  Si'/ln,  Jiuu!  12,  1S51;  Nir.,  Odcuta,  Aug.  It),  1S:)1; 
Jiin.  21»,  1871. 

''  Astabiiriiiiga  attributes  this  war  to  Cabaftas'  attoinpts  to  promote  ;ui 
iusurrcctiou  in  (luat.  ai,'ain.st  iiis  oM  enemy  C'arrcra.   Cent.  Am.,  70-1. 

'''Tbe  ( inatenialaus  took  tbe  fort  ami  eity  of  Omoa,  anil  carried  awaj' 
the  useful  artilliM-y,  against  tlie  stijuilations  agreed  ujion  at  the  (<uriiiii 
Wells'  lloniL,  r)()7-8;  diiat.,  Oneeln,  Sept.  1(>,  2:1,   IS.")!!. 

'^This  Lopez  commanded  at  Omoawlien  tlie  place  was  given  up  in  IS.Vl 
the(iuat.  Col  Zavala,  since  which  he  had  been  suspected  of  treachery.  II  i 
IfoiiiL,  515;  (\,sl„  11.,  Oaref'i,  .Fan.  1.'.,  1S,".1;  I,/.,  JM/in  O/ir.,  Dec.  ;)0,  IN 
JIoikL,  (liifvtaOjh:,  May  10,  1851,  to  Feb.  10,  1855,  passim;  Gmt.,  O'f' 
Nov.  :i,  Deo.  22,  18.54. 

^*Hc  had  received  no  aid  from  Salv.,  owing  to  Carrera  having  falsc>ly 
ported  his  intention  to  .sell  territory  to  a  foreign  power. 

•'■'^The  executive  ollice  went,  Oct'  U,  1855,  into  tlie  hands  of  Vice-prcsiili 
S.   Bueso,  who  pleading  ill  health  left   it   in  charge   of   Senator   Fram 
Aguilar.  Guat.,  OaccUt,  Nov.  l',  1855,  Feb.  10,  1850. 


;.ll 

(  T. 

:  to 
//.' 
■'1: 


I'lit 
sen 


POLITICAL  DESPOTISM. 


expulsion  of  Cabanas,  but  finally  abandoned  the  plan 
and  cast  their  votes  for  Guardiola,  who  assumed  the 
executive  office,  February  17,  1856,  on  his  return 
from  Nicaragua,  where  ho  had  been  defeated  by 
William  Walker  Lindo  had  meantime  been  in  charge 
of  the  government. '^^  A  system  of  despotism  was  now 
established,  Guardiola  being  but  a  satellite  of  Carrera.'^^ 
The  country  at  this  time  was  in  a  distressed  condi- 
tion. Agriculture  was  neglected,  most  of  the  field 
liuiifls  having  emigrated.  Business  of  all  kinds  was 
at  a  stand-still.  There  was  no  availal)le  revenue,  for 
o^ery  one  of  its  branches  was  burdened  with  debt. 
The  state  had  a  contingent  of  troops  serving  in  Nica- 
ragua against  Walker,  supported  from  a  special  forced 
loan.  To  the  credit  of  Guardiola's  administration  must 
lie  recorded,  however,  that  it  secured  peace  with  Gua- 
temala, and  a  settlement  of  questions  pending  with 
(rreat  Britain.     At  the  end  of  his  term  he  was  re- 


''^  Pcirz,  Mem.  IflH.  CnmpaTin  Xni\,  13. 

•''' (iuanliola  was  a  dark-colored,  stout-lmilt,  and  rather  corpulent  zambo,  a 
mail  of  liondish  instincts,  bnt  popular  with  his  soldiers,  whom  lie  indnlge<l  in 
I  vii'v  way.  Hu  ])(>ssossed  all  the  vices  and  was  ^'uilty  <if  about  all  the  criinea 
known  to  man.  A\'hen  in  liis  cups  ho  would  order  men  to  be  shot  by  way  of 
pastime.  At  the  mention  of  his  approach  to  a  town,  the  inhabitants  would 
llci' '^o  the  woods.  Ho  was  the  tiger  of  Cent.  Am.  J)iinlc>j>'<!  ('int.  Am..  237; 
Wills'  llmnl.,  317;  Wniypiius,  J/^t.c.  innl.  ('( nt.  Am.,  30t>-7.  William  \'.  \Vells, 
K.iyliinitidiix  aiiil  Adiviiturcf  in  HoitiliniK,  New  York,  8vo,  r)8S  pp.,  with  maps 
anil  illusti'ations,  went  to  Honduras  with  the  object  of  obtaining  from  her 
t'liviiiimeiit  leave  to  work  gold  placers,  and  of  opening  commercial  rcl.itions. 
He  visited  several  places,  both  in  Nicaragua  and  Honduras,  which  he  do- 
s-ciiiics  (piitc  accurately,  together  with  the  manners  and  customs  f>f  their 
iiihaliitants.  His  information  on  mines  and  mining  is  valuable.  There  aro 
ill  tlie  work  throo  ^iiapters  devoted  to  history  from  ISL'l  to  lS."i7,  the  j^round- 
Wdik  of  which  is  m-^  ,i!y  from  other  authors,  and  one  chapter  is  tille<l  with 
(lata  on  eoimnerce,  revenue,  debt,  etc.,  and  still  another  treats  of  coins  and 
currency,  weiglits  ;ind  measures,  and  productions,  with  illustrations.  Tlio 
style  is  good,  the  work  readable  and  instructive.  I'ortions  are  evidently 
taken  from  S(juier,  and  the  illustrations  are  mostly  identical  with  those 
el  S(^uior"s  Stall's  of  Vinfral  Amirkii.  The  saiiii'  author  gave  to  the  press 
ill  New  York,  a  I'Jnio,  with  3 Hi  pp.,  niap  and  portrait,  under  the  title  of 
W  nlkirti  liqii'ilitioii  (o  Xiriintijitii,  This  work,  as  tile  title  implies,  is  almost 
entirely  devoted  to  Walker's  career  in  this  country,  which  is  jiistilied  as  well  asj 
liraiscd.  Here  and  there  he  mentions  soiru^  historical  facts  on  Ihitish  preten- 
.sidiis  ill  Mosquito,  a  short  resume  on  Nicaragua,  the  >;icaragua  transit  route, 
and  a  .short  review  on  colonization,  eoninieree,  and  mining,  compiled  frfiiu 
several  sources.  There  is  no  system  or  arrangement,  having  been,  as  the 
antlior  alleges,  'written,  published,  and  put  in  circulation  in  twenty  days,'  a 
feat  few  authors  would  go  out  of  their  way  to  boast  of.  But  taken'all  in  all, 
tlio  book  is  well  worth  perusing. 


im 


324 


REPUBLIC  OF   HONDURAS. 


elected.  Early  in  18G1  the  government  had  a  dift'cr- 
encc  with  the  vicario  capitular.  The  sec  being  tin  n 
vacant,  this  ecclesiastic  assumed  the  right  of  excom- 
municating the  president,  whom  he  accused  of  perse- 
cuting the  church ;  but  the  government  forbade  tlio 
publication  of  his  decree,  and  expelled  its  author  fioiii 
the  state.''**  This  difficulty  was  subsequently  arranged 
through  the  metropolitan  of  Guatemala.  Disturbances 
occurred,  at  various  places,"^  which  were  l^rought  to  iiii 
end  in  a  short  time.  On  the  11th  of  January,  18('>2, 
the  pi-esident  was  assassinated.**  At  first  it  was  feared 
that  discord  would  reign  again,  and  the  other  Central 
American  governments  pre])ared  to  mediate  in  tlic 
interests  of  peace."^  Fortunately,  good  counsels  pre- 
vailed, and  anarchical  tendencies  were  for  a  time 
checked. 

Guardiola's  constitutional  successor,  Victoriano  Cas- 
tellanos,  was  in  Salvador,  and  nmch  against  his  Mill 
was  pushed  by  Barrios  to  accept  the  position.  ]  [e 
rc})aired  to  the  frontier,  and  had  the  oath  of  oftico 
administered  to  Jiim  by  the  alcalde  of  the  little  town 
of  Guarita;  which  was  considered  a  strange  proceed- 
ing on  his  part  by  Senator  Jose  Maria  Medina,  wlio 
had  received  the  executive  office  from  J.  F.  Montes,''' 
and  invited  him  to  the  capital  to  enter  upon  liis 
duties.^'  Castellanos  concluded  soon  after  an  alliaiiec 
offensive  and  defensive  with  Barrios,  and  at  a  time 
when  their  states  were  at  peace  with  the  other  gov- 
ernments of  Central  America.  This  step,  and  the 
diatribes   of  the    press    in    Salvador   and    Honduriis 

•*  Decree  of  Jan.  5,  18(31.  La  Union  de  Mc,  Feb.  2,  March  9,  MayLT.,  ISdl. 

'"Cliielly  in  Nacaonie  and  Clioluteca. 

««  ^'^,(■.,  Bok/in  Ojii:,  Jan.  2.">,  March  22,  1862.  This  deed  was  said  by  tlio 
cne)nie.s  of  Pros.  IJarrioa  of  Salv.  to  liave  been  instigated  by  him.  lit.,  Jioliliu 
Puili.,  July  11,  18(i;{.  There  was  no  gro\ind  for  the  charge.  The  govirii- 
mcnt  of  (iuat.  proposed  to  other  states  to  recognize  no  administration  of  linn- 
duras  until  tbo  criminals,  who  liad  been  arrested,  should  suffer  punishiui'iit. 
Voxta  II.,  Injhrwc.  lliL,  KS()2,  24. 

"'Nic.  despatched  P.  Zi'k'dou  as  mediator,  but  the  motives  of  his  gov.  Mere 
bitterly  denounced  by  the  press  of  C'onuiyagua. 

"^''el).  4,  18(i2.  Nil-.,  lioUUnOJic,  March  22,  1802. 

"^  Cast'dlanos  declined  going  to  the  capital,  and  Medina  went  to  liin  rfs\- 
dence  and  formally  surrendered  the  executive  authority  to  him. 


BRIEF  REIGNS. 


323 


a*;ainst  the  goveriiiucnts  of  Guatemala  and  Nicarag^ua, 
]iavcd  the  way  for  fresh  troubles  in  Central  America. 
Castellanos  held  the  government  about  ten  months, 
nearly  all  the  time  in  a  turmoil;  and  at  his  death  was 
temporarily  succeeded  by  Jose  Francisco  Montes, 
■\\li()  followed  in  the  footsteps  of  his  predecessor,  con- 
tinuing the  alliance  with  Barrios,  and  hostilities  against 
(iiiatcmala  and  Nicaragua.  The  serviles,  assisted  by 
the  troops  of  these  two  states,  being  victorious,  over- 
tlirew  liim,  and  on  the  21st  of  June,  180,3,  placed  at 
tliu  head  of  affairs,  as  provisional  president  of  the 
rei>ublic  of  Honduras,  the  senior  senator,  Josu  Maria 
^b'dina,^^  who  issued  a  decree  of  outlawry  against 
!^^Jntes.'''  In  December  the  capital  was  for  a  time 
tiansf(^rred  to  Gracias,  and  on  the  last  day  of  the 
same  month  Medina  surrendered  the  executive  office 
to  Francisco  Inestroza."^  On  the  lotli  of  February 
of  the  following  year,  the  presidential  election  took 
}ilace,  and  Medina  and  Florencio  Xatruch  appeared 
to  have  obtained  the  popular  suftrages,  the  former 
for  president  and  the  latter  for  vice-president.*''^ 

IJisturbances  at  Olancho  were  with  little  difficulty 
brought  to  an  end,  the  rebels  being  defeated  at  Tapes- 
cos.  A  constituent  assembly  was  convoked  and  met 
tdioform  the  constitution,  which  was  done  on  the  19th 
of  September.*"*  On  the  2Dth  of  October,  the  constit- 
uent assembly  just  prior   to  adjournment  appointed 

'' This  was  the  result  of  the  defeat  of  the  troops  of  Salv.  and  Iloiid.  hy 
till'  fiirces  of  Guat.  and  Nic.  on  the  plain  of  Santa  Kosa. 

'■'This  decree  is  signed  by  Medina  as  'presidentu  do  la  reptlblica  de  Hon- 
dunis,' July  20,  and  rescinded  Sept.  8,  ISO.'}.  Xic,  BoUlin  Pudi.,  Aug.  t),  Oct. 
9,  IS():{. 

''"  1  lis  senatorial  term  having  expired,  y'ic,  Oaciin,  Fel).  l.'J,  18(14. 

''"  Tlie  election  of  Xatruch  was  afterward  declared  unconstitutional,  Fob. 
2(i,  18()').  Nii:,  Onceta,  April  ],  IStio. 

'"Its  sittings  lasted  from  Sept.  7th  to  Oct.  29th.  Tiie  Hovereignty  of  the 
lit'dple  was  recognized.  Tho  catholic,  any  other  kitid  of  public  worship 
Iniiig  fi)rl)idden,  was  declared  the  state  religion.  Tiio  executive  authority 
\*...'  vested  in  a  president  for  four  years,  with  a  council  of  ; '■ato  consisting  of 
ilia  twi,  ministers,  one  senator  chosen  by  botli  houses  ..  ..lO  assembly,  and 
the  cliiei  justice.  Tho  legislative  power  rested  in  a  senate  and  house  of 
deputies.  The  existing  political  division  of  the  republic  was  left  unchanged. 
/'/.,  Nov.  11,  18(55;  Camps  Ycar-Bool;  18G9,  527;  The  Am.  CycUyp.,  viii.  790. 


(■■; 


320 


REPUBLIC  OF  HONDURAS. 


Medina  provisional  president,^  the  date  for  the  elec- 
tion of  the  constitutional  one  being  fixed  on  the  1st 
of  December.  Another  decree  of  the  same  date 
granted  a  full  amnesty  for  all  political  offences  com- 
mitted since  February  4,  1848. 

••  He  had  temporarily,  pleading  ill  health,  left  the  execufive  in  the  hands 
of  Crescencio  Gomez.  The  assembly  appointed,  as  substitutes  of  Medina, 
Satumino  Bogran,  C.  Gomez,  and  Francisco  Medina. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

WALKER'S  CAMPAIGN  IN  NICARAGUA. 

185o-18oG. 

Ki.n.ney's  ExrEDiTioN — WiLLiAJi  Walker  Joins  the  Democrats — Failure 
OF  HIS  Expedition  to  Rivas — Cholera  Decimates  the  Leoitimists 
AT  Managua — Death  ok  Mu.voz — Walker  s  Victories  at  La  ^'ilUiEN 
AND  Granada — Execution  of  Minister  Mayorca — Walker's  Con- 
vention with  Corral — Provisional  (Jovernment  Organized — Presi- 
dent Patricio  Rivas — Commander  of  the  Forces,  Walker — Minister 
OF  War  Corral  Put  to  Death  for  Treason — Recognition  bv  Sal- 
vador and  Honduras — Seizure  of  the  Transit  Company's  Steam- 
ers— Costa  Ricans  on  the  War-path — Havoc  of  Cholera. 

Certain  men  of  the  United  States,  with  ideas  some- 
what warped  in  regard  to  the  relative  rights  of  human- 
ity, now  come  forward,  as  in  the  hne  of  their  destiny, 
to  interfere  in  the  affairs  of  their  neighbors.  Tlie 
legitimist  government  of  Xicaragua,  in  May  1855,  felt 
certain  of  ultimate  triumph  ove^  its  democratic  oppo- 
nents at  Leon.  Circumstances  seemed  to  point  that 
way,  when  the  infusion  of  this  foreign  element  at  this 
time  came  to  defeat  all  preconceived  plans. 

Xews  arrived  from  the  United  States  of  the  organi- 
zation in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Washington, 
liy  H.  L.  Kinney,  Fabens,  American,  conmiercial  agent 
at  San  Juan  del  Norte,  and  others,  of  an  expedition 
ostensibly  to  establish  a  colony  on  the  Mosquito  Coast 
for  the  purpose  of  developing  its  resources,  but  rv  \\y 
designed  to  overthrow  the  governments  of  Central 
America,  and  usurp  sovereignty  over  the  whole  coun- 
try.^    Remonstrances  against  the  scheme  were  duly 

'  Also  witli  tlie  view  of  exteudiug  tlio  area  of  African  slavery,  as  liad  been 
successfully  carried  out  in  Texas. 

'327) 


ri 


!   1 
i 
J    1 


\     .51 


'f 


B'i  /t 


I  i 


328 


WALKEU'S  CAMPAKJN   IN  NICARAGUA. 


made  to  the  American  governinent,  wliicli  partially 
Huccceded  in  their  purpose.  However,  tlie  project 
was  not  exactly  the  source  of  the  dire  cahiniities  that 
were  erelonjj  to  befall  Xicaray:ua.'  The  real  dan-'cr 
lay  in  another  direction,  to  ex[)lain  which  I  must  go 
back  in  my  narrative  to  previous  events.  An  Annr- 
ican  named  Byron  Cole,  who  had  conceived  plans  witli 
respect  to  Central  America,  and  was  well  informed  on 
her  aifairs,  arrived  at  Leon,  in  August  1854,  wlini 
th(>  democratic  leaders  became  convinced  that  tiny 
could  not  take  Granada.  They  entered  into  a  con- 
tract with  him  to  bring  an  expedition  of  foreigners, 
under  the  garb  of  colonists,  who  should  receive  grants 
of  land.*  Cole  transferred  his  contract  to  AViiliam 
Walker,  who  at  once  set  to  work  in  organizing  the  ex- 
pedition.* He  sailed  irom  San  Francisco,  California, 
May  4,  1855,  on  the  brig  Vesta,  with  58  men,^  touched 
at  Amapala  to  meet  Captain  Morton,  Castellon's 
agent,  and  on  the  13th  of  June  reached  Realejo,  wlieit; 
he  received  the  oreetinjjs  of  the  cfovernment  he  was 


'^The  expedition  was  antagonized  by  the  Transit  company,  and  arrestcil 
by  the  authorities  of  tlic  U.  S.  as  a  violation  of  tlieir  neutrality  laws.  Kin- 
ney reached  San  Juan  del  Norte,  after  .some  misliaps,  with  oidy  a  few  follii.v. 
ers,  and  was  unable  to  do  any  .serious  injury  to  Cent.  Am.  Cosla  J,'.,  In/,  ltd., 
1858,  4-(i;  /'/.,  liolHin  Ojir.,  March  10,  18.>t;  Xi<:,  Doc.  Dipl.  IIU.,  l.">-58. 
His  arrival  was  after  the  destruction  of  the  town  by  the  U.  S.  sloop  of  war 
('i/iiiii;  and  infused  new  energy  into  the  inhabitants.  At  a  public  niet'tiiig 
held  on  the  Gtii  of  Sept.,  IS.")"),  the  necessity  of  estai)lishing  a  provihional  gov- 
ernnient  for  the  maintenance  of  peace  and  order  was  recognized,  and  Kinney 
was  chosen  civil  and  military  governor  to  r'de  by  and  with  the  advice  of  a 
council  composed  of  live  persons.  Among  the  resolutions  wiia  one  adopting 
a-i  a  basis  to  regulate  the  action  of  the  govt,  the  former  constitution  of  San 
•Juan  del  Xorte,  or  Oreytown,  which  was  modelled  after  that  of  the  U.  S.  witli 
a  few  exceptions.  Kinney  did  not  hold  the  position  long.  Ho  was  disap- 
jiointed  in  his  expectations,  and  resigne<l;  ho  afterward  visited  Oranada,  and 
at  William  Walker's  instance  an  onler  of  expulsion  was  issued  against  liinj. 
.Sfnid's  A'(V.,  177-8'_>;  S.  F.  AUn,  Oct.  ^,  18.")");  S.  F.  Oolden  Era,  iMareli  '.».  IS.'Hl. 

^Jerez  had  made  a  similar  arrangement  at  Jalteva  with  one  Fisher,  to 
bring  500  men;  and  (Jov.  Espinosa  of  Rivas  stipulated  with  Hornsby  and  I'c 
Brissot  for  the  capture  of  Fort  San  Juan  from  the  legitimists.  Tb.ese  partit's 
tendered  their  contracts  to  William  Walker,  the  so-called  ex-president  of 
Soi  ora,  who  would  not  accept  them. 

*  iTnder  the  contract  tlie  so-called  colonists  were  to  arrive  at  Realejo  in 
Feb.  oi-  March  1855,  and  the  time  having  elapsed,  Ca.stellon  wrote  Walkor 
Apr.  Uth  authorizing  him  to  lan<l  at  that  port  '  la  gente  y  nnmiciones,  d  treu  de 
guerra  que  V.  traiga  a  disposicion  del  gobit^rno  provisorio.'  Pfrez,  Mem.  ///-/■ 
Jiei\  Nic,  13G-7;  Sue.  Union,  Feb.  15,  1855. 

' El  ykarwjilemi;  Aug.  '^,  I85G;  S.  F.  Alta,  May  5,  1855. 


[)(>  in 

|ilk«r 

l>u  lie 

Hid. 


DEFEAT  AT  IIIVAS. 


to  servo  from  Licutoiiaut-coloiiol  Felix  Ramirez."  .\t 
T.con  he  refused  to  serve  under  General  Munoz/  He 
w  as  made  a  colonel  of  the  Kicaraguan  army,  and  with 
aa  foreigners  and  100  natives  was  despatched  to  the 
department  of  liivas,  having  in  his  company  colonels 
Kiiniirezand  Mendez,  and  Aldximo  Espinosa,  the  last- 
named  going  there  as  prefect.  Munoz  at  once  infr)rnied 
("orral  of  the  movement,  and  the  town  of  Kivas  was 
icunforced  and  prepared  for  defence.  Walker  obtainctl 
some  advantages  at  first,  on  the  29th  of  June,  hut 
iK'ing  assailed  on  his  left  by  Colonel  ArgiU-llo,  his 
rditigncrs  were  dispersed,  and  Ramirez'  native  force 
lied,  and  entered  Costa  Rican  territorv.^     Walker  and 

''William  Walker  was  Itorn  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  iii  ]8«'4,  lieiiij^  of  Suotcii 
iltscciit.  After  receiving  a  classical  education,  he  stuilii'<l  law,  ami  later  t'ol- 
Inwcil  the  medical  profession  for  a  time  in  Philadelphia,  lie  tlu'U  travelled 
ill  Kuroiie  one  year,  and  ou  hia  return  was  connected  with  some  of  the  impor- 
tant newspapers  of  the  country,  north,  south,  and  west.  Tiring  of  tliat,  ho 
.<ia'(x'ssfully  practised  law  in  Marysville,  (.'al.  In  liS.VJ  he  visited  (iuaymas, 
ami  from  the  operations  of  Count  Kaousset,  conceived  tlie  plan  of  creating 
\\itli  adventurers  from  California  independent  repuhlics  in  some  of  the 
.-[larsely  populated  territories  of  Mexico.  Hence  his  expeditious  to  Sonora 
.iiiil  Lower  Cal.,  of  which  I  give  full  accounts  in  my  vol.  on  the  northwestern 
states  of  Mex.  Few  jier-^ons,  unacijuainted  with  Walker,  would  suspect  the 
presence  of  so  nnich  ability  and  energy  beneath  his  plain  exterior.  He  wa.s 
Imt  little  more  than  5  ft.  4  in.  in  height,  with  a  rather  dull  and  slow  ap- 
jiuarance;  a  man  of  few  words,  though  an  attentive  listener,  his  aspect  wa.i 
that  of  a  serious,  thoughtful  person.  A  remarkable  feature  of  his  face  was  a 
deep,  intensely  brilliant  blue-gray  eye,  large  and  intelligent.  JSineere  and 
(ItVdted  to  his  friends,  says  a  devoted  adherent,  his  enmity,  though  not 
violent,  was  not  easily  appeased.  He  was  indifl'ereut  to  i)ersonal  ease  and 
idiiifort,  and  to  the  acquisition  of  wealth.  Wtll-f'  ]yiilker\-<  A./jm/.,  '2\-'A,  I'J'J- 
■JOl.  He  was  not  incapable  of  lofty  conceptions,  and  jxissessed  courage  and 
aliiRgation;  but  there  was  little  of  what  might  be  called  genius  about  liim, 
tlioiigii  his  mind  was  sufficiently  unbalanced  in  certain  directions  to  give  hinx 
a  title  to  that  distinction.  He  wished  to  be  a  great  man  like  Ca'sar  or  Nupo- 
It'oii,  l)\it  the  elements  of  that  quality  of  greatness  were  absent.  He  might 
liave  carved  for  him.self  a  career  of  honor  and  usefulness,  but  for  the  restless 
aiiiliition  that  possessed  him  to  attain  a  place  among  the  notabilities  of  the 
worlil,  even  by  a  disregard  of  law  and  justice.  The  idea  of  manifest  destiny, 
so  prevalent  among  his  countrymen,  which  implied  tlie  conquest  i>f  the  Latin 
race  in  America  by  the  Anglo-Saxon,  afforded  him,  as  he  imagined,  tiie  op])or- 
tiinity  for  attaining  the  coveted  renown,  and  at  the  same  time  securing, 
through  his  instrumentality,  the  future  happiness  of  Spanish  America.  But 
uiifnitunately  for  him,  he  committed,  at  the  inception  of  his  career  in  Nic, 
acts  wliich  alienated  him  the  men  who  had  invited  him  to  cooperate  in  the 
iniisdlidation  of  democratic  principles;  and  some  of  his  later  measures,  what- 
ever may  be  thought  of  his  earlier  ones,  savored  of  recklessness,  and  of  <lisre. 
gard  for  the  good  opinion  of  mankind. 

"iMufloz  had  openly  ojiposed  all  interference  of  foreigners  in  the  affairs  of 
Nic. 

'They  afterward  returned  to  Leon,  via  Realejo,  to  continue  sers'ing.  The 
legitimists  had  many  killed  and  wounded,  among  the  tirst  being  Col  E.  Ar« 


\'i 


330 


W^VLKEK'S  CAMPAIGN  IN  NICARAGUA. 


i  '\ 


liis  phalanx  reached  San  Juan  del  Sur,  whence  thoy 
returned  to  Realcjo  on  the  brig  San  Jose;^  and  shortly 
after,  Estrada,  the  legitimist  president,  went  to  Mana- 
gua in  June,  staying  there  until  early  in  July,  when  the 
first  cases  of  cholera  occurred.^"  The  mortality  in 
Managua  from  the  epidemic  was  greater  than  in  any 
other  town,  owing  to  the  concentration  of  troops  there. 
The  army  which  had  been  organized  for  assailing  Leon 
was  destroyed  within  a  few  days ;  and  only  a  small 
body  of  officers  of  all  grades,  some  of  them  in  a  dying 
condition,  transferred  themselves  to  Granada,  entirely 
abandoning  Managua.  The  epidemic  was  still  doing 
its  work,  when  the  action  of  El  Sauce  took  place  on 
the  18th  of  August,  between  forces  respectively  com- 
manded by  Guardiola  and  Munoz,  in  which  the  former 
wore  defeated,  and  abandoned  the  place  to  their  assail- 
ants; but  just  as  success  was  crowning  democratic 
efforts,  Munoz  was  killed  by  a  bullet  entering  his  side." 
The  victors,  now  under  Colonel  Sarria,  did  not  pupsue 
the  enemy,  but  resolutely  countermarched  to  Leon, 
and  meeting  Jerez  on  the  road,  who  vished  to  lead 
them  against  the  legitimists,  they  refused  to  follow 
him. 

Another  expedition  under  Walker,  composed  of  50 
foreigners  and  120  natives,  whose  immediate  chief  was 

f Hello  and  F.  Elizondo.  Of  Walker's  foreign  force,  Col  Achilles  Kewcii, 
laj.  Crockett,  ami  eight  others  were  killed,  and  12  wounded.  WelW  Wiilkr'^i 
EjjH'd.,  52;  Perez,  Mem.  Hist.  Hev.  Aic,  138;  S.  F.  Alto,  July  10,  Auf,'.  U, 
18.5.');  AsUihunuujn,  Cent.  Am.,  88;  Belly,  Nic,  i.  271;  Ferrer  de  Coiito,  Cimt. 
fie  Mi'j.,  155. 

'  In  his  official  report  of  the  aifair  Walker  laid  the  blame  for  his  ill  success 
on  Muiioz,  who  had  apprised  Corral  of  the  intended  operations,  and  had  in- 
duced Ramirez  to  forsake  him  during  the  action.  He  demanded  an  investiga- 
tion into  Munoz'  contluct,  and  if  it  were  not  granted  he  would  quit  the  service. 
Castellon  informed  him  in  reply  that  in  the  present  critical  condition  of  the 
democratic  cause  it  was  unadvisahle  to  displease  Mufioz.  After  much  cor- 
respondence and  negotiation,  Walker  agreed  to  continue  liis  services. 

'"Cholera  spread  rapidly  throughout  the  country,  causing  great  havoc 
everywhere. 

"  Mufioz' death  never  was  attributed  to  the  enemy's  bullets.  It  was  a 
regular  case  of  assassination  resulting  from  intrigues  in  his  own  jjarty  to  rid 
themselves  of  him.  The  assassin  was  a  young  lionduran  named  Jose  Maria 
Herrera,  who  later  deserted  from  Walker's  ranks,  and  being  arre.steil  ami 
sentenced  to  death,  confessed  that  he  had  kdled  MuBoz.  A  Nicaraguan 
named  Santa  Maria,  who  was  shot  at  San  Jorge  in  1857,  seems  to  have  heea 
an  accomplice.  Perez,  Mem.  Hint.  Rev.  Nic,  141-3 


SAN  JUAN  DEL  SUR  EXPEDITION. 


J.  M.  Vallo.  alias  El  Chelon,  sailed  from  Realcjo  oh 
tlie  23d  of  August,  and  landed  at  San  Juan  del  Sur 
on  the  29th,  his  main  object  being  to  take  up  a  posi- 
tion on  the  transit  route  between  the  two  oceans. 
The  news  of  his  landing  reached  Granuda  on  Guar- 
(lidla's  return  from  his  ill-fated  fijjfht  at  El  Sauce. 
Guardiola  went  to  Rivas,  and  assuming  command  of 
500  men,  in  the  night  between  the  2d  and  3d  of  Sep- 
truiber,  marched  against  Walker.  Once  on  the  main 
road  he  heard  that  the  latter  had  gone  to  La  Virgen, 
on  Lake  Nicaragua,  and  rapidly  countermarched  to 
tl  '<  place,  expecting  to  surprise  the  enemy.  But  he 
made  the  mistake  of  ^^ttacking  an  opponent  whom  he 
couki  not  see,  and  in  a  little  while  his  men  became 
disjiersed,  and  hurried  back  to  Rivas.  This  may  be 
.said  to  have  been  the  end  of  Guard iola's  career  in 
Nicaragua,'-  Corral  was  now  placed  in  conmiand  of 
tlic  legitimist  forces  in  the  south. 

Castellon,  the  head  of  the  democratic!  government, 
(lieu  o  cholera  on  the  2d  of  September,  and  Senator 
}Sa;:<'ix.)  Escoto  was  called  to  succeed  him. 

Walker's  force,  after  his  victory  at  La  Virgen, 
bt'came  greatly  augmented  with  native  democrats.'' 
Ills  movement  on  La  Vlrfjen  was  intended  to  show 
tluit  he  had  a  sufficient  force  to  take  the  offensive. 
After  the  action  he  returned  to  San  Juan  del  Sur, 
Mliere  he  received  from  Corral  a  paper  hinting  at  a 
desire  to  enter  into  confidential  relations  with  him,  to 
wliieh  he  paid  no  attention.  His  plan  was  to  make  a 
dash  upon  and  occupy  the  legitimist  seat  of  govern- 
ment, the  battered  city  of  Granada."     In  furtlicranco 

'-  Ho  was  suspected  of  treachery.  He  had  displeased  the  officers  by  his 
coarseness,  and  had  spread  terror  among  the  troops  with  his  exaggerated 
reports  of  Yankee  valor  and  skill  with  lire-arnia.  Iil.,  145;  WrlW  Walker's 
Efied.,  55-8;  S.  F.  Herald,  Oct.  10,  1855;  Id.,  Alta,  Oct.  10,  ISo^;;  Sac. 
Union,  Oct.  19,  1855. 

"  He  w»s  joined  by  such  men  as  T.,  C,  and  Daniel  Canton,  Max.  Espinosa, 
and  Kamon  Uniafia.     The  last  named  brought  troops  and  supi)lies  from  Leon. 

"In  the  early  part  of  Sept.,  Gen.  Jos(5  M.  Ballestero,  Mufloz'  successor, 
had  sent  two  companies  in  the  direction  of  Managua,  mIio  wore  undone  by 
Ciil  Tonias  Martinez  with  200  men;  on  the  12th  Gen.  Pineda  marched  after- 
ward with  a  double  force  against  the  legitimists,  but  failed  to  meet  them. 


332 


\VALKER'.S  CAMPAIGN  IN  NICARAGUA. 


i.» .', 


of  which  Espinosa  was  despatched  to  Leon  to  ask  the 
governnieut  for  a  diversion  toward  Managua,  so  as  to 
draw  resources  away  fiom  Granada.     General  Pinedu 
was  accordingly  stationed  with  a  respectable  force  in 
Pueblo  Nuevo.     The  legitimists,  uuder  General  Hei'- 
nandez,  attacked  Pinedii  on  the  11th  of  October,  de- 
feated and  drove  hiin  out  of  the  place,  after  which  lio 
demanded  of  the  goverinuent  at  Leon  the  surrender 
of  the  town,  together  with  its  garrison  and  militaiy 
stores,  as  the  only  means  of  averting  the  bloodshed 
which  must  follow  any  attempt  at  resistance.     Tin; 
democrats  suffered  reverse,  but  Walker  gained    his 
point.     Granada  was  left  with  a  weak  garrison.      He 
had  a  force  of  250  natives  and  about  80  Americans, 
with  which  he  left  San  Juan  at  daybreak  on  the  llth 
of  October,   arriving  at  La  Virgen  early  the  same 
morning.     In  the  afternoon  Colonel  Hornsby  seized 
the    steamboat    Virgen,   and    the    next   morning   tlio 
troops  were  embarked  and  informed  that  their  destina- 
tion  was    Granada.     They  affected    a   landing   at   ■■> 
o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  13th,  and  took  Granada 
with  little  resistance  from  the  insijjfnificant  civic  ouard 
which    constituted    the    garrison. ^^     The    i)lace    was 
taken  before  a  majority  of  the  inhabitants  knew  wIkj 
their  visitors  were.     President  Estrada,  and  the  min- 
isters Nicasio  Castillo  and  Francisco  Barberena,  saved 
themselves   on    foot    in    different    directions,    wliich 
the  other  ministers,  Mayorga  and  Puiz,  failed  to  do. 
The  fact  is,  that  persons  who  did  not  get  away  at  tlie 
moment  of  the  invasion  found  themselves  unalde  to 
do  so,  and  at  the  mercy  of  the  enemy      WalkiT,  \\n\\- 
ever,  checked  the  abuses  of  his  soldiery,  and  lil)erated 
nearly  100  political  prisoners,  who  had  been  kept  in 
chains  and  at  hard  labor,  and  who  now  joined  his 
banner  to  a  man.     He   next  issued  a  proclamation 
guaranteeing  the  lives,  liberty,  and  property  of  legiti- 
mists promising  to  be  peaceable.  *^ 

'■'  CuiTiil  was  in  Ilivas  with  liis  iiunicrous  army.  Fulgoncio  Vcg.i,  thr 
coiiiiiii(lantu  (if  (iraiiada,  wlio  was  hated  by  the  <luiuocratH  i'»  the  author  (it 
persecutions,  hid  himself  and  Wiis  not  diseovered. 

'"The  legitimists  who  were  pent  up  in  the  city  tendered  their  allegiance, 


■-^* 


the 

s  tf) 
leda 
c  in 

Icr- 

[i  lie 
lid'  r 
itarv 
slu'.l 
Tin; 

L     Ills 

Ho 

cans, 
lUh 

sanu! 

icizrd 

r    tlio 

sthm- 
at  ;5 
ua<lii 
riiai'tl 
was 
%v!i«> 
niin- 
vivfd 

()  do. 

t  the 

lo  to 

liow- 

•atrd 

)t  in 

fl  his 

ition 

o-lti- 


tlu' 


ATTITUDE  OF  THE  BELLIGERENTS. 


333 


Walker  now  manifested  a  disposition  to  treat  with 
Corral,  who  had  prepared  five  hundred  men  for  an 
atti'mpt  to  recover  Granada,  Juan  J.  Ruiz,  Estrada's 
minister  of  war,  was  despatched  by  water  in  company 
with  John  H.  Wheeler,  the  American  minister,  to 
convey  a  message  to  Corral  at  Rivas;  but  on  finding 
that  the  legitimist  ger.eral  had  gone  oft' to  the  eastern 
department,  he  escaped  into  Costa  Rica.  Another 
connnission  went  by  land,  and  meeting  the  legitimist 
army  near  Xi.ndainie,  comnmi  x'ated  to  the  general 
Walker's  message  to  this  effect:  peace,  on  tlie  condi- 
tion that  the  two  leaders  should  govern  the  republic, 
Corral  as  president,  and  Walker  as  commander  of  the 
forces.^'  The  proposition  was  not  accepted.  Tlie  ex- 
pciUtion  which  had  been  prepared  for  an  effort  to  re- 
cu[»('rate  Granada  finally  went  to  ^tasaya,  where  the 
legitimist  government  became  organized,  with  Presi- 
dent Estrada,  and  his  ministers,  Castillo  and  Barbe- 
reiia. 

The  officers  wdio  had  won  the  victory  at  Pueblo 
Nuevo,  fearing  that  their  country  would  become  a 
prey  to  the  foreign  adventurers,  proposed  to  Escoto's 
-  'vernment  a  fusion  of  the  parties,  to  drive  Walker 
and  his  ui}  rni'dons  out  of  the  country.  This  effort 
failed.'^  Walker  and  Valle,  for  tlieir  successful  cam- 
paign in  the  south,  were  on  the  22d  of  October  pro- 
moted to  brigadier-general.  The  first  named,  angered 
by  Corral's  refusal  to  accept  his  proposals,  and  ignoring 
his  own  pledges  to  the  prisoners  taken  at  (xranada, 
reduced  to  close  confinement  some  of  the  most  promi- 


among  them  the  minister  Mayorga.  There  were  others  who  volunteeroil  tlieir 
ei)''|ieratinii;  among  them  the  uatiiralizeil  citi/ena  Charles  and  I'jiiile  Thomas, 
Kiiiniii  Ferrer,  a  wealthy  eitizen,  and  the  lieloved  and  respeeted  elergynian, 
A;:i  -tin  Vigil,  noted  for  his  virtues,  learning,  and  elo(iueiu'e,  who  from  tiio 
l)iil|iii  ealled  Walker  the  'angel  tutelar  de  Nieai-agiia,'  or  tlu^  nmlh  star 
tli.it  was  to  guide  Nie.  to  her  advancement.  WiJl--:'  W'olbr'.'i  K.fped.,  (i|-r); 
/Vci;.  \[i'm.  Jlist.  Her,  Xic,  150-1;  Belli/,  ^V/c,  i.  271-2;  Astuhitrwhiit,  t'lni. 
Am.,  S<> 

''Tilt  commissioners  were  Sebivstian  Escobar,  Jose  Argilello  Aree,  Hilario 
S.ilva,  am'  U.  Vives.    /'erez,  Mem.  JIU.  A'lr.  Air.,  1,V.>. 

''Tilt!  commissioners,  Kosalio  (Jortes  E,ud  Ramon  Mareneo,  were  impris- 
oned ia  irons  at  Leou. 


1 

1' 

1 

1 

Liiuicc, 


e       '  <  %m 


834 


WALKER'S  CAMPAIGN  IN  NICARAGUA. 


ncnt,  among  them  the  ex-minister  Mayorga,^^  where- 
upon a  commission,  composed  of  the  Frenchman  Pierre 
Rouhaud  of  Granada,  and  Fermin  Arana,  represented 
to  Corral  the  necessity  of  his  coming  to  amicable 
arrangement  with  Walker,  but  he  declined  a  second 
lime.  Meanwhile  an  incident  occurred  which  greatly 
aunravated  tlie  evils  of  the  situation.  Parker  H. 
Frenclr"  l)r()ught  fifty  men  to  Walker  from  California, 
who,  under  a  so-called  Colonel  Fry,  were  to  capture 
Fort  San  (Mrlos,  wlucli  tlicy  failed  to  do.  The  steamer 
then  returned  to  Granada  to  leave  the  recruits,  and  to 
La  Vi'rgcn  to  land  the  rest  of  the  passengers.  Tliis 
was  done  just  as  some  legitimist  troops,  under  Captain 
F.  Gutiei'rez,  arrived.  Gutierrez  asserted  that  he  had 
been  fired  upon  from  the  house  of  the  Transit  com- 
pany, and  returned  tlie  fire,  keeping  it  up  till  hostili- 
ti(;s  from  th-  other  side  ceased.  The  result  was,  that 
two  or  three  passengers  from  the  United  States  were 
killed.  The  San  Carlos  also  fired  shots  at  the  river 
steamer  on  her  return  from  the  north  with  passengers, 
a  gnu  killing  a  woman  and  child. "^  This  news  readied 
Granada  together  with  Corral's  second  refusal.  Walker 
then  resolved  upon  retaliation,  to  avenge  the  slain  of 
San  Ciirlos  and  La  A^irgen,  and  to  frighten  the  legiti- 
mists into  accepting  terms  of  compromise.  Mayorga, 
a  ^'(tun;>■  man  of  twenty-nino,  u'enernlly  esteometl  for 
his  fine  (pialities,  was  the  chosen  victim,  and  sh(~it  iii 
the  morning  of  the  2.')d."  K((uliaud  and  Arana  wont 
on  the  22d  to  Masaya,  reporting  Alayorga's  fate,  and 
urging  the  al)solute  necessity  of  disarming  Walkers 
wrath  to  avert  jjfreater  calamities.'^''     Added  to  tlieir 


'"'lliis  porsdu  took  asylum  in  tlio  lioiiso  of  U.  S.  Miiii8tcr  Wlionlar.  win 
.iscuriil  him  that  Iil'  vas  uikIlt  the  in-dtcctiou  of  tin,'  U.  S.  iiag.  Hut  :is 
WliccliT  was  iiiixi'il  [iij»  ill  (ilihiistcriuf,'  Hciitiiion.  lie  hroko  his  plcdgi-  ami 
BUri'C'iiikTid  Mayorga.    Perez,  Mem.  IHxl.  I'ei\  J\'ic.,  loT 

■^'' All  Amoiiciiii,  who  had  hv.vn  tho  recipient  in  (Jrauada  of  many  marks  of 
considiratiou, 

'■"  WaMvor's  organ  gave  a  list  of  killed  and  wounded.  I'Jl  Nicnrarii'iemc,  Nov. 
17,  18.V);  S   /•'.  J/er<ihl,'Sm-.  4,  ISrw;  ,S\  F.  liuUethi,  Nov.  o,  KSo"). 

-"■' It  is  claimed  t!'..it  he  had  hcc  i  tried  for  treason  liy  a  court-iiiarti.il  "f 
native  otiicers.    WelW  Wnlhr  •>  lufinl.,  77. 

'-''J'liey  rejiorted,  as  eomiiig  from  Walker,  that  he  was  resolved  to  .sjidut 
all  the  [irisoners  if  he  did  not  receive  at ',)  I'.  M.  a  satisfactory  answer  resin't- 
iug  aiTaugcmeuts.  Perez,  Mem.  Hist.  Her.  Nic,  lu'J;  Belly,  Le  Skaritijun,  'I'l'i. 


ASCENDENCY  OF  THE  FILIBUSTER. 


335 


statement  was  a  petition  from  the  prisoners  in  favor 
of  '»eace>  and  tlic  alarming  news  that  four  hundred 
iiidio  riflemen  had  arrived  to  hwcU  Walker's  army. 
The  legitimist  authorities  concluded  then  to  negotiate 
i\)V  jcace,  and  scut  Corral  to  Granada  on  the  23d  for 
that,  purpose,  which  was  tantamount  to  a  capitulation. 
TJie  cliief  clauses  agreed  u])()n  between  him  and  AValkcr 
Avcre :  susr-^nsion  of  hostilities ;  recognition  of  Patrici(  > 
lilvas  as  provisiorial  president;  and  reorganization  of 
the  two  coiitcndiiiij  forces  into  one  armv,  with  Walker 
as  its  commander-in-chief"^  Corral  returned  to  !Ma- 
saya,  and  Estrada,  submitting  to  the  force  of  circuiii- 
staiices,  approved  it,  though  his  army  was  disposed  to 
disregard    the    capitulation."'      However,    he    filed    a 


I  tor 
ot  in 
Iwont 
and 
Ikt'r's 
ItlH'ir 

ir.  \vl" 
ll'.ut  as 
ire   ;uiil 

lu'ks  of 

[ti;il  "f 
l>  shout 

I'Slll'I't- 

I,  -rn- 


'  Walker  claimed  to  have 


nifutL 


Tlio    foUdwi 


powo 


rs,  anil  Corral  was  '  facultado  oinnfmoda- 


IS  a  synopsis   < 


if   tl 


le    convuntio 


Lst.    ] 


e^lee    aiu 


I 


fi'iindsliip  Iietwccn  tin;  contending  parties;  l?d.  Tatricio  iiivas  to  bejiri'sidcnt 
f(ir  14  iiiontlis,  unless  ho  should  resolve,  with  the  advice  of  liis  ministers,  to 
oi'iirr  elections  hefore  the  expiration  of  that  term;  'Ad.  Tlie  president  is  to 
liavt^  four  ministers,  namely,  for  war,  relations,  treasury,  and  pul).  credit; 
4ili.  (iovt  to  respect  and  cause  to  he  respected  chapters  I'd,  lid,  and  4lh 


ises  'Jd  and  |{d  of  the 


"all.  ( 


cnera 


1  f(i 


■tfulii 


gene 


;il 


ilati 


if  tlie  constitution  of  I.S.'kS; 


ness  of  and  amnesty  lor  past  p< 


ilitical  oll'en 


(ith 


Kilts  incurred  liy  lioth  liellijrei-L'uts  to  lie  reco,i;ni/ed  hy  tlie  yovt;  Ttii.    .Mili- 


t:ii'\-  ura 


les  of  liotil  helligerelits  to  lie  recognized;  Xtli.    All  peisons  d 


<  irons 


(if  Icavint;  tlio  repulijio  may  freely  do  so,  witli  full  guaranty  of  ptrsons  anrl 
t'st;ites;  lltii.  The  l'"rench  legion  may  continue  in  service  hy  hcconiiny  Nica- 
r.inuaii;  lOth.   AN'alker  to  order  the  force  in  front  tif  .Manai'ua  to  retire  at  once 


to  Leon,  rediiciiiif  it  to  ]."i() 


ifter  whicii  Corral  sliould  reduce  the  force 


in  Managua  to  JUO,  under  (J 
('ill  Lino  Cesar,  or  some  other  li 


Marti 


that   ill   Masa\a  to  ."•((,  under 


•alile  oliiccr;   lltli.   The  Itivas  for 


cc  \\i 


n 


riMiiain  under  (Jen.    Floreiicio  Xatruch;   I'Jl 


T 


le  govts  existing  in  Aic.  to 


cease  acting  u[iou  hiMiig  no 


tilled  of  this  a 


rran^inu 


nt  liv  tl 


y  the  res]iictive  geu- 


jicafi. 


any  one  refusing  to  comply  was  to  he  treated  as  a  distniher 


if  tlr 


Additional  articles:   1st.  Twenty-four  hours   after  Jvivas'  arrival  in 
•  iranada.  Corral's  army  from  Masaya  was  tocntcr  ( Jrunaila,  and  together  witii 
\\alker's,  escort   the  president   and    the  two  generals  to   church  to  return 
Ls  to  ( iod  for  tiie  restoration  of  peace.     Walker  to  lie  the  geiieral-iii-thief 


III   tl 


le  a 


rmy,  appm 


nted  hy  a  s 


il  dc 


Corral  should  surrender  the 


ciiiniiiand,   arms,   etc.,  unless  otherwise  ordered  liy  tlie  Uiw  govt;    "Jd.   'i'lie 


pivl  must  reside  in  (iranada;  .'Id.  Tl 


iriny  was  to  use  no  other  h, 


.d^;.'  th. 


line  rill 


hon,  with  the  inscription  Nicaragua  Jndcpendiinte.   /</.,  1(11   4:  /:'[ 


'•ii-'iniiji'ii  iiM',  Oct.  'J7,  is," 


1(1,  Ks.'i 


siiiiiia  Xi 


hS'J 


'/., 


liohtiii    U/ii 


W" 


!>,   IS.td;   Citiil.,  Utii-ihi 


17,  l.s.").l 


11'.//./  ir.///v 


7i-S();  (liiiif.,  (liicttii,  Nov.  1(1,  liS.'ia. 


tl 


leir  general,   and  to 


d  t(i 


marc  1 1 


.\  plan   had   liecn  formed  to  procliiin  Martii 

li  against  ( Jraiiada,  Imt  the  principal  chiefs  dis' .luntenauced  it.  Corral 
assured  the  troops  that  their  former  enemies  were  now  triends  and  hrothers, 
ni'iiiiiiMending  strict  discipline  'so  pena  de  ser  p.asado  jior  las  annas  el  ipio 
lie  ciiikpiierii  numera  violase  la  anustad  y  ali  an/.a  promctitlus."  J'lnz,  Mini. 
Jli<^t.  Itco.  xVic,  lGG-7. 


330 


WALKER'S  CAMPAIGN  IX  NICAKA<;UA. 


I  ft 


protest  doclaring  that  the  arran<:^enicnt  liad  been  forced 
111)011  him,  and  therefore  void.""  He  called  on  the 
otl  cr  governments  to  come,  without  further  invita- 
tion, and  'save  the  independence,  sovereignty,  and  lili- 
crties  of  Nicaragua ;  and  to  that  effect  ai)[)oIiit(d 
commissioners  with  unlimited  powers"^  to  conclude 
adequate  treaties.  The  fall  o^  Cahanas  in  Honduras 
opened  an  opportunity  in  that  direction.  Estrada  dis- 
solved his  gt)vernment  October  28th,  and  departed  for 
Cliontales,  but  soon  after  had  to  take  refuge  hi  Hon- 
duras. 

Fermin  Ferrer  and  Valle,  alias  El  Chelon,  were  de- 
spatched as  commissioners  to  obtain  the  assent  of  tlie 
government  at  Leon  to  the  convention  of  October  2;!(1, 
which,  in  view  of  Walker's  rebellion,  was  given  only 
after  some  hesitation."^  A.  commission  was  despatclicd 
to  Walker  to  thank  hiin  for  his  services,  which  had 
made  possible  a  peace,  and  to  authorize  him  to  ratily 
the  arrangement.  AfL-r  which  the  government,  Octo- 
ber 28th,  dissolved  itself.  The  commissioners ''"  arrived 
at  Granada  on  the  31st,  and  found  there  the  provis- 
ional president,  Patricio  Rivas,*'  who  had  arrived 
from  San  Juan  del  Norte  on  the  30th,  and  occupied 
the  presidential  chair.  He  had  at  first  appointed 
Cf)rral  minister  of  war,  Walker  general  of  diN'ision 
and  ill  chief  of  the  forces,  and  Norberto  Kamiicz 
minister  of  relations.  Corral  was  pleased  witli  tins 
arrangement,  as  Eivas  was  disposed  to  rely  on  him;  hut 
Walker  became  suspicious,  and  the  result  was  tiiat, 
Corral's  opposition  notwithstxiiding,  Rivas  was  made 
a  blind  tool  of  Walker,  and  in  obedience  to  orders  ap- 

'■'*  'C'ciU  liuicamentc  ill  imperio  du  liis  circuiiMtancias,  Sin  toiitr  lihir  vn'mi- 
tail  para  tUo.'  Ah:,  Jiolrthi  Ojif.,  May  'Jit,  ISoli. 

''■''  iSaoaza,  Duffias,  Pedro  J.  ChaiiKirro,  and  two  others. 

'•"'Nm-lierto  Kaiuirc?,  who  favoreil  its  ratilieatioii  as  tlie  least  of  two  evils, 
Sfiul  ill  tlie  oouneil:  'I  know  that  we  liavc  lu^fore  lis  two  aliy.sma;  one  ('l'»e 
by,  and  the  other  a  little  farther  off:  that  the  di.sapjtroval  of  the  treaty  i  mp- 
ries  us  to  the  nearest  one,  a>id  its  approval  to  the  other  somewhat  niniij 
distant.'     His  ad viee  was  followed.   I'crrz,  Miin.  Hint.  ]{ii\  Sic,  ItifS. 

^"Maximo  Jerez,  B.  Selva,  A.  Orozeo,  llafael  Jerez,  Justo  Lugo,  P.  Y"n- 
seca,  and  JosO  Salinas. 

'"Uivas  was  rejiuted  an  lionorahle,  firm,  and  enliglitened  man.  He  li'nl 
repeatetlly  been  a  eaiulidate  of  tlie  couservativca  for  the  executive  olliee. 


hat, 


IcluSO 

I-  I'ur- 
liiiorc 


ll'.m- 


Ml  ItHKHOrs   rUOCEKDINCS 


;s;w 


^Kilntcd  a  new  (•;il)ln('t  Avitli  ji  luajonty  of  drnuH-ruts; 
naiiu'ly,  ]\[;i\iiii(>  Jvvva,  of  relations;  Ferniin  Ferrer, 
(if  |)ul)lic  erotlit;  l\irker  II.  Frencli,  of  the  treasury; 
(  niral  retaininu;-  the  war  portfolio.  The  latter  now 
;>a\\'  the  abyss  his  weakness  had  thrown  him  into. 
The  man  who,  i'liiorini'"  the  dutv  he  owi'd  his  cause, 
tlireatoned  with  death  anyone  proposinsj,'  to  him  j)lans 
against  Walker,  now  writes  ]\[artinez,  ocjinandante  at 
.\hi;Kii»'ua,  that  all  is  lost,  and  lie,  ]S[artinez,  must  take 
some  steps  to  savi>  the  eountry.  With  this  letter'  were 
tiirlosed  others  to  the  same  effect  addressed  to  general.s 
(iuardiola  and  IVdro  Xatruch,  who  had  returned  to 
Honduras."'  These  letters  went  into  the  hands  of 
^\  alker,"  who  at  once  called  to  his  ])rcsence  the  len'iti- 
iiiists  then  in  the  city  to  forl)id  the  departure  of  any  of 
them,  and  laid  the  letters  Irjfore  l\ivas  and  hiscahinet. 
Corral  acknovledued  the  authorship,  declarimj;  that 
ho  was  solely  respi>nsihle  for  them.  It  was  then  de- 
cided to  conf.ne  in  prison  Corral  and  his  chief  suji- 
]ioiters.  This  was  on  the  5th  of  Xovemher.  the  day 
after  Corrahs  troo])s  had  l)een,  without  any  previous 
notice,  disarmed.'"'  On  the  Gth,  it  was  decreed  that 
Corral  should  be  dealt  with  as  a  traitor  and  tried  by 
court-martial,  which  was  done  in  the  i)rescnce  and 
Avith  the  approval  of  the  o^overnment,  notwithstanding^ 
its  il](>oality.''*  ^ITie  trial  took  [ilace,  and  the  prisoner 
\va>  sentenced  to  death.'"  The  })rison(U''s  family  used 
the  utmost  exertions  to  liave  the  sentence  revoked, 

•'Tn  XatriK'li  lu!  siiiil,  'Ndsotrns  cstaiiios  limy  iiial,  iiiuy  mal,  imiy  iii:il. 
Ai-m'nlt'.so  do  KUH  ii)iii;,'(i.s.  Kilns  iiu;  him  <lfj:iil(i  cst;i  ]u,'Siiila  curga  y  oMjieni 
Kii  sdidi'iM.'  To  (itiai'ilioLi,  Xiiv,  1st:  'It  is  iiucossary  that  you  write  oiii' 
Iritii'ls  (if  the  ]i('ril  wt;  uiv  in,  and  tiiat  they  iiiiist  go  a'tlvt'ly  to  work.  It 
tliii'.'  is  a  (k'lay  of  two  moiitlis,  it  will  then  lie  too  lati'.  'I'liiiik  ol'  us  and  oi 
Vdur  dti'iTs.  .  .  Nicaragiia,  Honduras,  San  Salvador,  anil  ( luatcuiala  will  he  lost 
II  till  y  allow  thi.s  to  assume  jii-oportioiis;  kt  tlu-ni  come  (juickly  it  they  ex- 
l"  't  1i>  tind  auxilaries. 

Iienito  Lagos,  the  mai\  tovhom  they  wi've  inti'Usted  for  delivery,  took 
thrill  to  ( Iraiiada  and  gave  them  to  N'alle,  who  suriiiidered   tliem  to  \\  alkt ; . 

'Walker  had,  after  adopting  preeautions  against  resistanee,  madi^  tiiein 
stack  their  arum  in  the  pla/a,  and  disperse. 

'"U  was  a  violation  of  the  eonstitution  oi  181^8,  and  of  t'i  laws.  Corral. 
:i>  Miiinister,  could  not  he  tried  without  a  prior  inipeaehmcut,  and  only  !•;. 
till'  Miiate;  and  as  a  jirivati;  citizen,  liy  the  common  courts. 

'Hornshy  was  president  of  the  court;  Fry,  auditor  or  jndgc-advocatu; 
1  leiii  h,  c'.mnsel  for  the  iirisoner;  and  Charles  Thonuis,  interpreter. 

m^T.  Cent.  Am..  Vol.  HI.    jj 


J  ft 


f !  m 


338 


WALKKKS   CAMl'AKiN    IN    MlAUA(iUA. 


i'  t 


but  Walker  was  iiiilcxiMi",  and  tlic  jx-nalty  \vas  inflicted 
on  tlic  8th  of  NovendxT,"'"  causini^  tlio  utmost  con- 
sternation in  the  native  community.  TIjo  portfolio 
of  war  was  s^iven  to  Selva  by  a  decree  of  Novcnnbtr 
otli.  A'allc  wtiit  to  ^ranaL;'ua  to  ]>la('e  .Pascnal  J'\m- 
scca  in  connnaiid,  \  ice  Martinez,  and  to  report  if  the 
latter  made  any  I'esistanee,  in  which  event  Walker 
would  have  shot  his  legitimist  prisoners,  l^ut  as  none; 
was  oll'ered,  ]\rartinez  having  had  timely  warniiiL;, 
AValker  had  them  releast'd.''" 

Walker  was  now  master  of  Nicaragua.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  secondary  leaders  were  scattered 
and  powerless,  and  but  for  tlie  execution  of  Corral, 
and  the  wanton  imprisonment  of  subordinate'  officials 
and  private  citizens,  the  conservative  l>arty  would 
have  submitted  with  a  good  gi'ace  to  the  new  order  of 
things,  if  pledged  security  of  life  and  property.  It  is 
undeniable  that  the  legitimists  feared  the  Yankees'*'* 
li'ss  than  they  ditl  the  native  democrats.  Walker  jut  - 
ti'udcd  a  great  respect  for  religion,  without  whoso 
su])p()rt,  he  said,  no  government  could  have  stability.'"* 
He  succeeded  in  l)orrowing  from  the  vicar  DG.']  ounces 
of  fine  silver  belonging  to  the  church;  and  it  is  evi- 
dent that  he  })laced  great  reliance  on  a  numerous 
foreign  immigration  to  keep  his  ranks  well  filletl.^"  A 
dccn-e  was  issued  at  this  time  by  the  governnunt, 
and  ])ublished  in  its  oflicial  journal,  which  might  ho 
called  one  for  the  confiscation  of  the  property  of  aii- 

'"Ho  died  bravely,  Fatlicr  Vifiil  attoiidiug  him  to  tlie  scafluld.  ]ii'\.as 
sill  fc  by  a  s([iiad  of  Anieiicau  rilit'iiit'ii,  coiiiiiiaiidtMl  by  Liciit-inl  t'.  Ji.  C.il- 
man.  A''fttf>iirihv/ii,  Coif.  Am.,  [)1;  Pcnz,  Mini,  Jl'mt.  Ji'ri:.  JS'k.,  ITl-Ii;  'Stunt's 
LV-V,,  l<JV-8;    irr//w'  WoUrr'.-*  Kqird.,  <)-2-l. 

■'•  \s  oiiiiortiuiity  otHiirroil,  i lu'V  all  laii  away,  some  to  the  mountains,  :i;hI 
ot !'.•-;  to  tlio  ncij^lilioi-ing  states  to  Mork  in  saving  their  couut"v  fruni  t!io 
yui!.!  ■  s  foreign  sway. 

■■'  '•  mkec^,  so  callc'il,  Mcrc  all  foreignei'.s,  of  whatover  nationality,  scrvini,' 
Willi  Walker. 

""Jose  llilario  Herdoeia,  vicario  eapitular,  having  addressed  him  a  cnii- 
piatulatory  letter,  he  answered  that 'il  tenior  do  lUososul  tundamenti"  dc 
toda  orf;anizacion  jKilitiea  y  soeial.' 

"'His  contract  with  Ca.stelloii  anthorized  him  ordy  to  bring  SlW  imiMi- 
grants;  but  ho  soon  obtained  lca\-e  to  auyini'nt  hi.^  forces,  and  to  enlist  nuii 
as  best  he  conld.  A  decree  published  Nov.  'JI!,  IS.")"),  oH'ercd  27)0  acres  ol  laiil 
to  each  imnii;jrant,  and  jmi'.  i.ii're  to  each  family.  The  title  deed  was  te  I'e 
i^ssucd  six  mouths  after  arrival.     Fabens  was  named  director  of  ccdoniKitiin- 


ii' 


■"•:^-"„«.s,  „o,M.;.sr„-  .sy  ,.,„„„,,, 


•"'.v  I'.cv.ou..  l,.j,„|  ,,„4  "„""""''''  '•ullcot.Wo  without 
111-' exiles  «■)„)  ivacli,.,l'  ir      i 

•'"'■'."'   <Ih.  state,  (Mi,,,,       ■   ■'  '""^■''■"■'liola,  l,,„v 

^•"'i--.  c.!.,-,  „.  J,  ,""''^  "f  "»t  Wall..,,    '•;' 

""-"■»  "(•  "<-^..ti.ti„r.  t      ':,■?■'"'/,'';•  "«'<'"-mJ 

.  >  c>nm,.„t,  I'utrealjy  t„;   ll".'r'!''»'"l'  "id,  t;,o 
I-"n,an,Us„.,.t„i„i    .        \",7''';'"'  ''"'  ""  ''eaeLi,,, 

•"'■""-•t  "f  S,i,.  .Salvador  a  1'    ■  ,'"'''"'»Pli«lie,f    Tl,„ 
■■•"«>•'■'•    "  a  .i,.,u|„,  /"„,   ']^., ''■''"""<  a  sutisfacto,-,. 

;'IT'"'d  to  Carrcra  for  ,'1    "'"''"■>■•  ""til  Kst.aila 
^;;  -ul'l  l,e  rocog„i.  d  .tXiT''."'"'  ^'■•''■^  told  tl, 

„„„.v],or,..'-     Estracla  l^i,,'  *;     f.'  'f  .^'"vcn„„..„t 
-\  iran.jru,,  „,,^  difloro„tlv\  ,  :   ^""\tlio  situation  of 


lilll'.s  I 


I'llll  (l 

"I 

^'S  In 
,11,,,, 


11  ' .    lit  tj 


:i„is«§ 


, 


Ill 


't  '\ 


i^ 


If'; 


M) 


WALKER  S   CAMPAKiN   IN    NI(AUA(;UA. 


for  concerted  action  against  Walkt-r/''  ^[ora  in  an 
eneri;"etic  proclamation  asked  tlio  })e()ple  to  prepare  for 
tlie  ilefeiice  of  tlieir  lives  and  property  at  a  moment's 
call/"  VV^alker  watched  the  conduct  of  Costa  Ivict. 
believing  it  prompted  by  British  influence  mainly 
against  the  United  States,  llivas'  ri'lations  with  tlir 
cahinct  of  Washington  were  nf)t  encouraging.  It  is  tnic 
that  Wheeler,  the  American  minister,  had  jtrematurdy 
recognized  him,  hut  he  ha<l  not  been  upheld  in  it  by  his 
government.  Parker  It.  Fn'uch,  being  accreilited  in 
Xovend)er  1855  as  minister  at  Washington  with  pow- 
ers to  negotiate  a  treaty,  was  not  received  in  any  dip- 
lomatic capacity. ■'^  He  was  thereupon  recalled,  and 
diplomatic  lelations  were  discontinued  with  Wheeler/' 
President  Pierce  issued  a  proclamation  against  tlio 
departure  from  the  United  States  of  filibustering  exjtc- 
ditions,  which  were  declared  disgraceful  and  crimiiial. 
(^^abanas,  in  whose  beludf  Jerez  had  used  his  best  en- 
deavors, having  been  refused  l)y  the  government  any 
aid,™  retired  to  Salvador,'''  and  Jerez  resigned  his  })()rt- 
folio  on  the  8th  of  January,  185().  Soon  after,  the 
cabinet  was  reduced  to  one,  Fermin  Ferrer,  wlio 
served  as  nnnistro  general. 

Walker  now  endeavored  to  gain  the  good-will  and 

♦'■Though  tlie  Costa  Rioaiis  had  ,  ...don  sauitaire  to  prevent  iiitcixoui^f 
vitli  chdh-Ta-stricken  Niu.,  <  ion.  C'auas  rouoivod  orders  to  furnish  resdurifs  to 
(ien.  Florencio  Xatrucli,  anil  other  otiieials  of  the  dept  of  Riva.s,  who  lleil  to 
Costa  Kica  on  liearing  of  Corral's  exeeution. 

*''  IJishop  Uorente  also  warned  theiu  that  their  religion  was  in  peril. 

♦'"Sec.  of  state  Marcy  wrote  Dec.  '21st,  in  answer  to  his  connniuiication  nf 
the  I'Jth,  that  the  pre:id(!nt  saw  as  yet  no  reason  to  hold  dijiloniatic  inter- 
course with  the  persons  '  who  now  elaini  to  exercise  the  political  power  in  the 
state  of  Nicaragua.'  lie  said  that  the  persons  chielly  instrumental  in  ovui- 
throwiiig  the  former  govt  were  not  citizens  of  Xie.,  'nor  have  those  eitizc  lis, 
or  any  cousideralile  jiart  of  tliem,  so  far  as  is  now  known  lii're,  freely  cxpr '--i  n 
tlieir  approval  of,  or  ac(piiescence  in,  the  present  condition  of  political  athurs 
in  Nicaragua.' 

''•'  Wheeler  was  told,  however,  l>y  the  foreign  nnnister  of  Nic.  that  tlioii;:li 
ollicial  relations  were  sus])ciided,  the  utmost  good  feeling  existed  toward  lnm. 
AV  Xicoraijiii'n.-ic,  Feb.  2,  1S.")0. 

•'^The  assistance  would  have  l]eeii  given  him  hut  for  AValkcr,  'no  in.uiil.i- 
lian  los  denioeratieos,  sino  Walker.'  Jt  was  not  for  Walker's  interest  just 
then  to  engage  in  hostilities  against  any  neighboring  power.  l\ii-.,  Mi'"'- 
I'iniiji.  JV(ir.,'2d  i)t,  21. 

■"l[o  exerted  himself  there  in  promoting  action  for  the  expulsion  o! 
AValker  from  Cent.  Am. 


^•;"<^  With  tlie  demcorats  t) d  ''^   '   <lisao-ree- 

"'-"t  tlie  fu,sioM  of  all  Xic...    .       "^'^'"'•^""'tj'  to  hri... 

'•'ii'l^a  tJiat  tlu.v  must  wn  I   +       ii  *''^'^^^''"«»^-rats  cn,,. 
A^  alk,..  now  conn      t' 1 V     *'i^\^I"^•^^^  t"  I^eon.- 

r^  ^'^'iitnrv  .supplies  "h    n        i'.^  ^'''  ^'"^'^'^'^i   "'^u 

'>  ^uako  a  ^rant  to  <,tlK.r  m^  '  '^  ^/i^^-^l-mtiou,  and 
•one  Antliout  .•ouiumnlcat"  •       P'''  '^'^^^  «^>^'i-^'tl>^ 

'';:'l''7-  to  Walker's  .o,n   nu  f  ^  "^"'"  ^'^^'  ^"''  ^'^ 
^  m  iavor  of  I^andojp],  -     r  ! '    \["'''^  '^  "^'^^-  ^•^'^^^•- 

^    '•^^^^^^'^^^^'^^^-"^^Ppointedeon.nut 


i       i 


I  L 


-4  i?S. Ji^rr'T" -s."  »>E"  r^' '5"™ -'"  -;;:■ 


I  ill 


?.  j1 


lilt! 


Mi 


\VAMvi;i;S   CAMI'AICX   I.N    NIC.MIACUA. 


sioiiers  tt>  ascertain  tlu;  amount  f-l"  the  coiiipaiiN's  in- 
(l('l)t(M.liu',ss,  ;iiul  to  attacli  tin  ir  |)ro|)<'rtv,  all  of  Avliit  li 
was  iloiif  with  tin;  utmost  rapidity."  Tlio  traiis[)ort;i- 
ti'.)!!  mcr  raised  a  loud  cry,  of  course,  calliM;,;'  upon  tlu; 
I'uited  States  novenuneiitto  recover  tlieii'  lake;  steam- 
ers iiiid  other  ^■alual)les;  hut  the  attempt  \vas  luisuc- 
cessful.  The  com])aiiy,  liowevcr,  had  means  -vvlm  li 
they  hi()UL;'ht  into  the  service  of  the  Central  Anuii- 
cans  to  compass  the  destruction  of  W^alker. 

Costa  Ikica  liad  failed  to  iioti'-o  the  connaunieatii  n 
iiotifyinn'  lier  of  the  new  order  of  thin.^s  estahlishdl 
in  XicaiaiLi^ua  on  tlio  2;!d  of  October,  1855.  AValkcr 
now  thoULjht  the  time  liad  come  to  demand  from  tlmt 
cal)inc;t  a  fraidc  explanation  of  its  course.'"  ]>ut  it 
])ersisted  in  leaving  unanswered  the  Xicaraguan  notes, 
and  refused  to  receive  Jjouis  Scldessingcr,  the  envoy 
sent,  who  retired  threatening  war  and  AValkor'a  resent- 
ment."' Costa  ]{ica  acce])ted  tlic  challenge  of  Mar. 
]\esident  AEora,  with  the  authorization  of  the  legis- 
lative body,  resolving  to  carry  the  arms  of  the  repuhlic 
into  Nicaragua,  and  to  aid  in  dri\ing  out  the  foreigners. 
War-  was  accortlingly  declared,  the  strength  of  the 
army  raised  to  i),000  men,  and  a  loan  levied  foi'  ex- 
penses.'"' After  surrendering  the  exi'cutive  othce  ti> 
A^ice-presldent  Oreanmno,  Mora  placed  himself,  en 
the  8th  of  jNEarch,  at  the  head  of  an  army  aheiit 
.*5,000  strong,"'  and  in  a  few  days  was  in  J^agaces,  at 


"'  Thc!  ilucroi'.s,  oriU'i'.s,  and  oilitoriiil  foiiiiiR'iits  tlicrL'tui,  in  tlic  govirniiutit's 
organ.  JJl  jXirdrdi/iiciisr,  Vvh.  '2'.i,  Ksrili;  Asliiliiinitnin,  Cciil,.  Am.,  'M-H;  I'ldii. 
U  Mr.ini^iwi,  'JT'.'t-SO;  WilW  W,ill:,'r.'<K.ijKil.,  LMIS^l.".;  ,V.  /'.  liiilldhi,  -M:in!i 
'J2,  April  ](),  JS:)(>;  ,b'.  /''.  Alhi,  .Mairli 'J.'!,  JSrxi;  Sur.  i'l,),,,,,  M.iivh  L't.  .\iiiil 
2r),  IS.-)!). 

!)K  i  l';i,.,i  ,|ii(,  ix'calie  do  a(|nul  galiim^to  una  franca  u.Nplicacioii  sdliru  l;i  ]iiili- 
tica  ([110  ha  t'stado  olisorvaiKlo  con  rospucto  al  actual  (Joiiiorno  do  J^Jicaragiiu. 
Kl  y/riir(ii/iirii.ii',  l'\'li.  1(1,  ]iS.")(>. 

■'^Joaijiiin  iJ.  Calvo,  mill,  of  n^lation.s  of  Costa  It.,  in  liis  roport  to  congress, 
Auj;.  11,  18."i(i,  sjiuaks  of  that  mis.sion  with  coiitcnipt,  '))on|iio  dc'.sconociil:!. 
acjiii  la  nii.>ic)ii  del  iilibustoro,  so  lo  hizo  rogrosar  do  la  frontora.'  CoMa  J'., 
Menu  />/.,  1, ..(•),  4. 

«^La\v.s  of  Foh.  T,  and  '2S,  lS.")(i;  Caitt  /?.,  Col.  Lrij.,  xiv.  7-11,  I"':  >'•  •'>'■ 
Govt  l)t,i\,  Cong.  ;i4,  Si'.'^s.  1,  Sen.  Doc,  (iS,  I'Jl,  i:^:$-4!t,  vol.  xiii. 

'''Koniiiialiy;  tho  real  coniniandcr  was  a  ( ■crniaii  ollicor  nannil  llanui 
liulow.  /'rr<z,M)iii.  Cinii]!.  .\'-f.'.,  '-'d  pt,  :>-!;  Cos/a  J{.,  /'ity.  Siii'lto<,  nc  '': 
Wd/s'  Walker  s  KxpaL,  Kii). 


COSTA    ItICA  TO   TlIK   JlKSCUi;. 


343 


nrvs. 

Cl'    t" 

I',  on 

JxiUt 
■s,  i>t 


I'.cWi. 

.M:in!i 

.   AvMl 

■u-iigii'-' 
liiiiii'iiU 


no.  ^i 


tlio  extroinc  (^iid  of  tlic  ,l^ulf  of  Xicoyu,  i-cadyto  cross 
the  froiitici'  into  Nicarai^iia.  W'alkir,  wlio  si'cincd 
to  iiiisjiidi.:-!'  ( *osta  Jiicaii  jtrowcss,  sent  only  oOO  iiicii 
under  Sclil('ssiiiL;\'i',  wlio  on  tlit;  liOtli'"'  eiiconntcrcd 
tlic  riiciiiy's  avanl  jji'iiard,  and  after  a  few  minutes' 
ii-liting  weie  put  to  tliL;lit,  ]o>inn'  a  <[uantit\'  of  anus 
and  several  ]<ill(>d  and  wounded.'''  A  number  of  piis- 
(iiirrs  ('a[>tured  l»ytlio  Costa  ]\ieans  were  at  onec  tried 
by  fourt-Hiartial  and  shot.'''     SeldessiuLjer  with  a  few 


W AI.KKIi's     IvMM'DI  I  ION 


'-' I'lTcz,  (iiidtid  uliKVo,  4'2,  j^ivcs  the  'Jlst.   . 

' '  At-fonliiig  to  (.'(ist.i  Kii-.ui  rcjKii-ts,  diily  4.S0  (if  tlicir  incu  tcuk  jMit  in 
till!  iutioii,  tliu  cMiciiiy's  (Ict'iut  l)t'iii,<,'  tliu  otlrot  of  a  .sin'iirisi!  anil  a  lia\  oiict 
I'liar-f.  Tlic'ir  casiiallioi  wi  ro  Kct  tlowii  at  4  dllliiTS  ami  Jo  soldiurs  killed. 
Till-  lililm.stcrs  IkuI  u|i\var(l.s  of  "JO  .slain.  /(/.,  ■l'2-'>;  Sair.,  ddcitii,  A^v.  U  24, 
l!S"iii;  A';,-.,  lialilin  On'c.,  A|)r.  '.),  Hi,  1N.">(1.  lu  I'alifoniia  tlio  report  reccivi'il 
was  of  !)()  kilkd  in  the  li-lit  ami  ]'.)  exeeiited.  S.  /■'.  J//",  May  U,  lS.")(i;  JMt;i, 
Lc  yirdraiiii",  tlfy'.);    ))'(//•>■'  U'ldbrs  I'J.ijik/.,  l,"..'!  (iS. 

'■' A.-i  armed  iuvader^s  not  servinu'  under  tlie  llag  of  any  leeoynized  nation. 
Cihl'i  A'.,  M,',ii.  lltL,  1S."(),  4;  A^lnliiiniii'jd,  I'm/.  Am.,  [H.  However  eorreet 
the  l<i.:it',  it  was  an  iiniirudent  act,  a^  \\'allver  mit;lit  retaliate  on  Costa  liieari 
and  (iilur  Cent.  Am.  ]irisoners.  Wlneler,  without  instrnetions  irom  the 
I-'.  S.  ;.r,,vt^  t,„ii^  uiHin  himself  to  ollieiaUy  s:iy  to  .Mera  tliat  the  fxeeutioii  of 


,  I 


'X  h 


■JH.ifeJr 


:ut 


WALKllU'S  CAMl'AKiX    I\    NICAH-UITA. 


men  reached  RivasJ,  where  Walker  had  eoncontrult  d 

his  furees,  and  unsuccessfully  tried  to  exculpate  liim 

H'  (i.'i 

'IMie  Costa  l^icans  marched  to  Rivas,  and  as  tin  y 
iipin'oachcd  Walker  retired  on  the  Transit  coinpaiiN  > 
lake  steamers  to  (iranada.  Two  columns  of  oOO  each 
dislodged  (»n  the  7th  of  A])ril  the  Nicaraguan  ,L;ani- 
sons  left  hy  AValker  in  La  Virg'en  and  San  .Tuan  d.l 
Sur,  and  on  the  followiiiL^  day  the  rest  of  the  aiiiiy 
occupied  llivas.  Hut  Walker  soon  came  upon  tliciii. 
Under  cover  of  the  thick  ])lantain  and  cacao  }»l;iii- 
tations,  he  entered  unperceived  in  the  morning;'  "t 
the  11th.  His  attack  heu^an  ahout  8:130  and  last.il 
till  night.  He  captured  the  main  plaza,  and  I'lnm 
the  church  and  houses  kept  up  a  deailly  fire  on 
the  enemy,  stationed  only  two  blocks  a^vay.  Tlir 
latter  fought  desperately,  till  Walker,  finding  hinist  It' 
closely  pressed  hy  Costa  llican  reenforcements  iVeiii 
La  Virgen  ami  San  Juan  <U'l  Sur,""  and  surrounded 
by  Imrning  buildings,  gave  voders  for  retreat,  wliidi 
was  silently  effecti'd  under  cover  of  the  darkn('>s, 
never  tarrying  till  he  reached  the  (iil  (Jonzalez  lii\(i'. 
He  left  behind  a  considerable  nund)er  of  rifles,  reveU- 
ers,  and  other  arms,  and  about  50  saddled  horses, 
besides  his  seriously  wounded  in  the  church.  Tln' 
Costa  Rican  victory  was  com})lete,  though  at  tlic 
expense  of  lieavy  casualties.'*'     The  victt)rs  were  re- 

tlieso  moil  was  a  colil-Mooilud  nmrdur,  assuming  at  tlio  Kamo  tinif  that  tlio 
moil  si'i'viiig  inulor  Walkor  were  citizoiis  of  his  own  coiuitry.  Wells'  II  .///((•'■< 
Kiiml.,  ]7l)-<5.     Tlio  fact  is  that  only  two  or  three  wi  ro  natives  of  the  U.  S. 

''■'  lie  was  aoousod  of  cowardice  and  even  of  treaihery,  and  arrested  lur 
trial,  lint  eseaping  afterward  from  jirison,  w  is  sentenced  to  death  as  a  desi  rter. 
Jle  turned  up  in  Tcustepe,  where  he  \vas  allow<;d  to  servo  in  the  legitiiiii-^t 
force.    WdW  Walker's  E.'prif.,  '2:u-S. 

""t'ommanilod  respectively  hy  majors  Alfaro  Uuiz  and  Kcalante,  anil  Cel 
Salvador  Mora. 

"''Tri\info  complctamente  sohre  ellos,  escarmentiindolos,  y  pouiendel.is 
de  nuevo  en  ver  gonzoza  fuga.'  Co-itii  It.,  Mem.  Jiti.,  IS.lti,  ,").  Accordini;  ti' 
Astahuruaj^a,  ('(»/.  Am.,  Uli,  the  Costa  Rieans  had  lliO  kille  I,  and  \\'allier 
upwards  of  "JOO.  Perez,  Mem.  Vdinp.  Xm;,  2d  ]it,  4S,  gives  the  Costa  ilK;iii 
casualties  to  have  heen  l.')0  killed  and  .'{(H)  wounded;  and  Walker's  (il)  killed 
and  70  wounded.  Wells,  claiming  a  glorious  victory  for  his  hern  Walker, 
says  that  the  Costa  Kican  loss  coidd  not  have  been  li:ss  than  (iOO  killed;  and 
that  of  the  wounded  and  deserters  no  jirei'iso  estimate  coidd  hi'  formed. 
Walker's  loss  he  sets  ilowu  at  JV)  killeil  and  as  many  wounded.     There  is  no 


UX.SIAI5IJ':    roWKK   OK   TIIK    I'JliAli:. 


345 


loiitless  towaril  tlif  first  juisoiicrs  tliat  fill  into  tlifir 
liaiids.  Accoi'ilin^"  to  Mora's  iv[)oit,  tlu'  ^v xiiitlctl  in 
the  churcli  Wfi'c  l>ayoiU'ti'cl,  and  scvcntft'ii  otla'is 
>liot.  Walker  tried  to  in  ikc  out  that  lie  had  won  a 
niiat  vietorv,  and  the  event  was  celehratcMl  in  ( Jranada 
with  salntes  and  rinnini;'  ot'hflls;  and  his  Hover-nincnt 
imhlished  that  the  ( 'osta  Jiicans  had  been  dispci'srd 
Mild  were  in  lull  iiiulit."' 

Moia  ex})eeted  hea\y  reiint'oreeinents  from  Punta 
Arenas,  and  had  fornu'd  the  plan,  after  seeui'inLf 
(•astern  Niear;ij;ua  hetween  the  I'aeifie  and  tlu'  <j;reat 
lake,  and  eiittin^"  oil'  the  transit  eoninnniieatioii, 
alrejidv  susiKMided  hv  a  L-eneral  oi'dei',  to  assail 
Walker  in  his  stronghold  of  (iranada.  ]li'\vas  fnr- 
tlitr  eii('oni'ai;'ed  in  this  hy  news  that  i'orees  of  Salva- 
dor and  Honduras  were  alr(>iidy  on  the  west(>rn  fron- 
tier, iimler  J^elloso  and  Xatrueh,  ivady  to  eoojierate 
vitli  him.  But  the  bri'akinj;'  out  of  eholi'ra  in  his 
army,  with  terrible  havoe  in  its  raidis,  neeessitated  tlu; 
altiuuh^nmeiit  of  the  project  for  the  time.  And  a  re- 
port havino'  i-ome  of  plottin^s  in  C*osta  Rica  against 
Ills  authority,  with  his  l)rotlier  Jose  Jtiaipiin  and  his 
jiersonal  stall',  he  returned  home,  leaving'  (general 
Canas  in  eommand  of  the  remnants  of  the  army,  with 
orders  to  Si-nd  it  back  to  Costa  Una  in  the  most  con- 
venient manner,  which  was  done,  manv  of  the  luou 
liciii^  left  dead  oi'  dyini^  on  the  march.  Canas  found 
it  unavoidable  to  leave  his  wounded  and  sick  in  llivas, 
and  fearing  retaliation  because  of  the  executions  of 
prisf)nurs  at  Santa  Kosa  and  liivas,  he  wrote  Walker 
on  tlie  '1(\\\\  of  April,  recommendiiio'  these  men  to  his 
lirotcction,  and  proposint;'  an  exchan_»»'e  of  prisoners,  of 

liniuir  (ir  profit  in  such  mcn<lacitj'.  ll''»W(/''.v  K.iptL,  ]7.")-SS,  24.')-";  S.  /■'. 
HiiWlUi,  .lunc'J,  :{,  ]S,")(;;  S.  F.  Altii,  .Tiiiio  •_',  1S,")();  Sn,-.  Cnion,  .Iuir' 4,  KS.'iti. 
15tlly,  Li'  yinirai/iKi,  'JS.'i  4,  states  that  though  thi'  hutth'  cost  the  Costa 
ltii..iiis  Too  iiii'ii,  'inais(jiii  lit  t'proiivcr  <li' tvlh's  |icit('s  a  I'cmahisseur,  i|ii'a 
•liitcr  (If  11!  iiioineiit,  il  jionlit  ooutiaiice  dans  sa  lUstiiiet'.'  Ills  lutti  r  ot  Ajii-il 
I'Uli  to  Senator  WcIUt  of  t'al.  provoil  this. 

'" Minister  Suliuas'  ciixulur  Apr.  15,   185U.  Xk:,  Buklin,  Ojir.,  Apr.  10, 
ISJU 


w 

3B 

"■fl 

1 

11 

I'-W 

:ii 

'  '■!>[ 

m 

r^iHjf. 


P:n 


V't) 


m 


I 


!'  i  If.  ip 


■Mma 


34C 


W^^LKER'S   CAMPAIGN   IN  NICAllAGUA. 


"wlioiii  Jic  liatl  twenty,  according  to  the  usages  of  war. 
This  hotter  liad  the  desired  ettect."^ 


"''■Tore/. , says :  'Trato  I'uii  huiiiauidail  a  lo.s  Kolilailos  (jiic  lo  fueroii  ciicom- 
ciidaild.s.'  Mfiii.  Caul)).  Xar.,  'lA  pt,  4!)-rvJ.  Jtriiiniiio  Pcnz,  Mtiiiorin'f  punt  In 
J/i.-/iiria  di;  it  ll<i'nliicinn  df  Xifurih/mi,  ij  dc  In  i/ii'-rrtt  iinfiniiid  cutilrn  ln.ijill- 
bu.<trn)K,lS'.'i-]S'i7.  -Managua,  IHdri,  8vo,  j)p.  17.'!,  21.  Tlii.s  lirst  part  of  this 
autiiiir's  work  i.s  a  liistorii  ;.l  aououiit  of  tlio  civil  war  in  Nicara^'iia,  in  tlio  years 
IS.")!-."),  during  wliich  latter  year  tlic  lililmster  chief,  William  Walker,  ap- 
jicareil  on  tlie  scene,  taking  part  with  one  of  tlie  two  parties  to  tlie  strife,  ami 
tc'ui]i()rurily  (lusti'oying  tlie  power  of  the  other.  The  political  anil  military 
events  of  this  ])erioil  arc  concisely  though  vividly  dei)icted,  so  that  the  reaij.  i- 
may  heconn^  fully  ini'onnecl  on  the  motle  of  cari'ying  on  the  war,  and  on  thr 
miseralile  condition  of  tiu!  country,  as  well  as  bitter  animosity  exhiltiteil  liy 
the  ojipo-iiiig  jiarties.  .]!•  iiiitrin.i  parn  Iti  J/i.^^foriii.  i/c  li  Ciuiqi'ifi'i  Nnciotmi 
coiilni  (i  iilih>i4t  ri.oiiii,  IS'iii-  IS'iT.  Ma.saya,  ISTIi,  Svo,  i.-iv..  and  'Jlti  ]>.,  is  a 
sei|uel  or  si'cond  part  to  the  ]ireceding  liy  the  same  author,  in  whi  'h  he  fur 
nisiies  a  detailed  history  of  AN'alker's  lililiustering  schemes  and  carer  in  ^^i,■• 
ar'agua  durim;  ]S.")(i -7,  till  his  linal  surrendiT  and  removal  from  the  counfrv; 
eridinL;  with  a  short  acciiiiit  of  AN'alUer's  two  other  at  tempts  to  invadi  Cen- 
tral America.  W'vv/.  t<iok  a  pai't  in  the  operations  ayaiust  Walker,  and  laier 
lia«  occupied  high  positions  in  his  country. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 


END  OF  FILIHU.STEKINC  IX  CKXTRAL  ANIERICA 

is:,c.-isi;7 

RuCOfiNITION  01'  I'UI'.SIDKN  T  ftnAS  l;V   IIIK  UNriKli    S  lAI  IS— '\VaI.K  Hu's    llos- 

Tii.r.  Ati'itidk— Ki.iciii'  in'  lli\  as — \\.\[,ki;i;    >rAKr.s   Ilnisi:i.i'   rE;i;si- 
rir,NT--Aii.i.\Ni'K  .  iiArssi'  ili.M--l)i;Aiii  of  Estuaka— Tiik  Li:i:iriMisr.s 

Al'CK.I'T     IllVAS    -(.'(  -lA    RiCANS    AN1>    XUAIJ  A( ;  f  A  SS    .    '    R  I  V  AS-     I  >i:SII!U(> 
•IION  (IK  (I  KAN  AD  A"    I  T  IS  OlCf  I'l  111  i  I'.V  Al.1,11  Ii  Fdl.'i  I'S  -  A\' A  IK  |;K  RkOCCU- 

I'lEs  RtVAs — \Viii:i;i;  11k  is  I>i:sik(;i;i) — Srci  kssks  or  riii;  CnsiA  Rk'ans 
•  --FAn.iiiK  di'    Lockiu'lIck's    Ivm-kuihon — SriMtKSDKii    ok  Walkku — 

WaI!     or     NlCAIiACIA     AMI     ( 'oS  I'A     liU'A — ( 'o.M  MO  Hoi;  i;      T  AIT.HP.';  Nil 

Wai.kuii's  Sr.i'oMi  AriKMi'i' — ^^"AI.Kl.l;'s  Invasion  ok   IIon.huas,  CaI'- 

•irUK,    AND    KxK.mioN — (ioVlCU.N.MKNT  KiXIKOA:^  I/KD^l'UKSlDE.NT  MaK- 
TINKZ'  A  DMIMSIKATIONS. 

After  tlic  (.le})artiiro  of  the  C'osta  Rifan  forcos 
from  Rlviis,  toward  tlic  eiul  of  April  or  Ik  «4iiiniii;j,'  of 
^Jay  185G,  Walker  visited  t\\o  town,  treatiiiii^  luirslily 
tlif  ])rin('i[)al  citizens — men  \.]ui  loved  tln'ir  country 
Ix'tter  tlian  they  loved  desinnui^  interlopeis—  and  caus- 
\n\X  one  to  lie  liani>'etl.'  Tins  was  done  to  terrify  liis 
ciu'niies.  Leaxini''  llornsUv  as  niilitarv  o-ovenior,  \.-itJi 
ii  garrison,  Walk(-r  went  hai'k  to  (jlranathi.  J  lis  army 
111  re  was  also  lieiiit;-  decimated  by  the  epidemic, 
i»iit  its  ranks  wer»j  repU'iiisluMl  I'mm  tlie  jias.sv'un'ers 
lii'ounfht  by  the  steanisliips.  wliich  still  were  his  rlHca- 
"•Iniis  auxiliaries.  Meanwhile  the  presfuce  of  tluM^mi- 
1  lined   forces  of  the  other  etntes  in   th(>  west  was   ielt 


n  the  towns 


o 


f  til 


V  Wv'sleiii   d(M>artii.jnts,  chic 


Hv 


m 


(' 


inn 


tales  and  ^Fatagalpa,'^  the   natives  yearning'   for 


•'riiiuhfo  Uaart 
Ir 


(\  a 


lo.uit 


lllllSt  WllO  CIUIU 


Midi  the  Costa  Rk'ans,  ami 


iii;iiiiri|  111  I'diu'fiilnu'iit 


i; 


t'liiii'in  was  scut  to  ]iut  ildwii  a  roliclliou  in  Cliniitalos,  and  liriil  ,i  iiiini- 


llur  nt'  llltU  I'XOCUtc'll.     /'( 


Mr 


( 'iiiiiji. 


Milt, 


("IT) 


Iff! 


>rA 


dk 


i'-'i^'JiM 


m 


mi 


:iis 


K\l»   OF    ••'ILIia;sTi:i;lN(i    in    CKNTItAI-    AMi:i;i('A. 


i 


I 


icr;'!'  iVoiii  torciinii  (loiiiiiiiitioii.      A  incciiiiL;' of  militaiv 
iillifcrs    licld   oil    tlic    "JOtli    ot"    .\|iril    at    Mata_in'nl)ia. 


and    presided    o\-el' 


l.v   ( 


u'lieral 


eniaiido 


(1 


lainono. 


a(loj)ie(l  resolutions  in  fjivor  ol'  resforini;'  lOsti'ada  as 
the  lei^itiniait^  jiresideiit.''  This  iiioveiiiciit  cainc  to 
nanu'lit;  C'iiaiiiorro,  bciii*''  deleaved,  iiasjsed  into  llon- 


<liiras. 


'Pli(>  vleinocratic  party,  «lesin)iis  as  uuicli  as  possili 


ot  liein^'  a\\a\'  Ironi 


Walk 


er  s  ol)l)ressi\  (•  innilelice,  li.K 


'I'l 


the  n'oxcnmieiit  seat  reiiioxcd  to  Leon.'  The  i^ciieial 
stai't('(l  troni  (iranada  May  ;!lst  with  his  Itest  ollicers 
and  ;•<)()  infantry,  lor  Leon,  where  he  was  greeted  ;is 
a  eoiKiuerini;'  hero.'  While  there  lie  apjiroNcd  of,  or 
nia\'  he  |>roni|tle(l 


tl 


U'  decree  o 


f.I 


une 


Otl 


1,  roin-oKni'. 


congress,  and  for  the  election  ^A'  a  cliiel'  niau'istrute 
H(>  had  in  \  iew  to  Itrini;'  about  his  own  el(>ctioii  a^ 
president,  intending"  after  that  to  throw  oil'  his  deiiio 


•ratic  friends,  uhosi'  lovalt\'  he  distrust 


e«i 


\' 


■r\'  sat 


lsfact(»rv  news,  hotli  to  him  and  the  n'ovei'iinieiit.  caiue 
at  this  time.  The  u'overnmeiit  of  the  Inited  States 
had  recoL>'ii!/,ed  i^'ather  An'iistiii  \  inii  as  minister 
pleiii[»otentiary  accredited  at  WashiiiL^ton  hy  l'i\as. 
This  reeon'nition  was  of  ^reat  ad\anta.^'i'  to  Walker." 

On    the    lltli.   al'ter    AN'alker   had   de])arted   on  li 
return  to   ( JraiKu 


111  command 


la,  leaving'  ( 'oloiiel  Hriiiio  Xa/.tni(  r 
thi>  ollicer  ordei'ed  iorein'ii  soldiers  t^ 
take  the  jilace  of  the  nati\'es  in  the  stei>]»les  of  th- 
<'athedral.  Ministei-of  war  Jerez  eounterniandi'd  it, 
and    heiliL!,'    disobeyed    by    Xa/tllier,'    the    l;()\  erniiK  iil 

\st.   'I'll  r.  i'(i};iii/i'  lU)  dtluM'  j^o\  I  than  i;>tra(la's,  (Iccl.iiii.ii  the  ('(mvi 


if  ()«  I.  •-'■!.   Is."i.">,  voi.l,   an. I  Kiv; 


i\  t   nil 


II:  'J.l.   'I'. 


iplMir-t  that 


ivt; 


A'l'st  till' t'M'oiitivf  (illicn  ill    l'<  Tiiaiiiiii  ( lii/iiiali  till   Mstiaila'.s  return  to  Xi 


'tth.    I''i'riiaiul(i  t 'iiaiiiii 


iTo  ri'('(iL;iii/.ci 


lasi 


iruvisiiiiial  I'diiit 


Walker  iliscovi  rt'd  in  iJiva.s  a  letter  ti 


nil  the  |ire; 


tiiaiiiK'r  111'  liie  t'ciiri 
ileiit  1(1  .Miira  treat  i 


il  jieiee  ne^dtiations.  of  wliieli  niitiiinu  had  lieeii  hiiiteil  In  him. 

'  lie  issuoil  .lime  4(li  a  ]ir(ielaiii;itiiin  full  nf  all'i cled  luxe  l;ir  the  Niearau' 


ins.  ami  esiieeiallv 


illv  for  tlie  l-eniiese,  wlicnii  lie  I'allril  illiistriniis  mhis  of  lihnly 


ill 


I,  IS.-.(1, 


iivel'snl  J'i'ogre: 


^'ir.,  /lol'/hiO 


in 


1  S5il;   AY  Xiciirii'/iii  //■■"',  .1  nil' 


ll  was  fi)il(i\\ed    h\   a  chalii^e   nf   piiMir  imininii    in  the    V.  S.   favnrahh    I' 


mil,  and  .■^l(i|ijii'' 


llieoliieial 


i(i|iii.siliiiii  til  the  I'lisii  III  emniran 


ts  til  Ni 


lieiietit  wa.s,  inn\e\i'r,  retarded  li\-  the  eninliined  ell'cirts  nf  the  nlii  Transit  eeii 


jiany 


,'ents   in  Sin  .tnan    del   Nmle,  and   nf   the   nppnsitiiiii 


Irnm  varie'ii^ 


w  toXV.ilUer' 


I  hi 


.1' 


iriii',:  \\  alUi  r  s  sta\'  m  tlie  eil  \-  lie  made  se\  erd  demands,  In  \\  Imli 


nil  1 

.  ti' 

I     H  . 

Ill'Ml 

'Mil"  I 

[N"  •• 

nil  -. 

lluriy 
I  ,luii'- 

■olU- 

liiuuis 

1,  til'' 


DlSSKXsrONS. 


349 


liccamc  iiiucli  filanii'd,  JJivas  and  Jorcz  startling' 
lui'lliwitli  for  (Jliinaiidcufa,'^  Nvliciicc  AValkcr  was  di- 
ivctc'd  to  C(jnroiitrat(!  tlic  foii'ii^ii  forces  in  Ciranada. 
l'|i"ii  lifariiiu'  at  ]\Iasiiya  of  tin;  occui'i'cnccs  of 
tilt;  litli  and  li'tli,  ]ii'  countcrniarclicd  as  far  as 
Xa^arotc,  ordering'  Xa/.tmcr  to  l)rinu,'  tln'rc  Ins  coni- 
iiiand;  after  wliicli  ]ic  (|nai-t('i'('d  Ins  troops  in  (;<ra- 
n;ida.  ])laci!i<4',  iio\Vf\-cr.  strmiL;'  yarr'isons  in  Mana;j,H;i 
;i,nd  Masaya.  I»i\as  tiioreiipon  dcclai'cd  \\'ali<.(r  a 
ii.-urpcr,  traito)',  and  cnoniy  of  tlio  rcpnlilic,  d(j)ri\inL;' 
lilm  of  Jus  rank  and  connnand."  ^\'alk(•r,  on  liis  })art, 
l|(•])o^;(•d  l\i\as,  calliiiL;'  I'^erniin  I'^cn'or.  ni'nistfr  of 
liacicnda  and  Li'ovcrnnicnt  at  (Jranada.  wlio  had  idm- 
tifird  liinisclf  witli  liis  cause,  to  as<unie  the  execntixc 
otlice,  for  the  main  ]tur]>os(\,  it  sccnicd,  of  decree 'iny  an 
election  for  suprenii!  autlioritics,  ])ursuant  to  the  con- 
\(i(,!(M.n  of  June  10th,  though  Ki\as  liad  revoked  it 
nil  i;:..    i4t]i."' 

Under  tlic  national  constitution,  tlie  cliief  magistrate 
was  not  cliosi'u  hy  the  direct  suffrages  of  the  jieople; 
neither  did  it  permit  a  military  otiicer  in  actual  oom- 

in'i'.siilciit  rufiiscil  h\A  asscut,  wliirli  greatly  aiijicrcil  him.  It  was  soon  dis- 
covri'i'il  tlwit  ho  liail  it  iilaiiiii.'il  to  ilispnssi'ss  Itivas  of  the  cxft'iitive  ollico. 
Nii/tiiici's  act  was  in  ohcclicuco  to  liis  onlors.  'I'lir  native  solilicrs  \vt:vv  sent 
away,  anil  thc^  capital  was  left  with  a  garrison  ot'  •_'(»)  torcigncrs.  ^V(V.,  Jlalii- 
III!  i'>j!t\,  Aug.  S,  Oct.  •_'4,  ls.")(). 

'  llail  it  not  hccn  for  an  American  resident,  l)awson,  they  wonM  have 
111  en  liroiiglit  hack  hy  Dolan,  eommauilant  at  (hinanclega,  ^\  ho  had  heeii 
(irdered  witii  his  men  to  I^eon.  /''/v.,  ^^l.'lll.  Cciiqt.  Xnc,  'lA  \t\,  71.  <un. 
Mariano  Sala/ar  ami  othci's  spread  the  report  that  the  lililmsters  intended  to 
iiuirder  the  authorities.  Sala/ar  fell  into  Walker's  hands  liter,  taken  hy  I>o 
Kri-iMit  in  tlie  gulf  of  l'"onseea  .Inly  "JSth,  ;ind  was  shot  at,  (iranad.a  Aug.  lid. 
F.l  Xiriir'iiii'ii'iisr,  Aug.  '.t,  IS,")('i;  A7''.,  linliliii  (>n'i\,  .\ng.  -7,  IS.'Mi;  ,S'ir.  f'ldoii, 
Srpt,  (i,   I'S.")!). 

'■'I'ecree  of  .lune  'J.'ith.  Otlieers  and  men  of  the  foi-eign  phalanx  were  ro- 
i(iiired  to  forsa!;e  Walkei-  and  suliniit  to  the  government,  when  their  rank 
wiiidd  he  recognized,  their  arreaiN  of  pay  made  good,  .and  Micaraguan  eiti/en- 
sliiji  conferred  on  them.  Such  as  should  disoluiy,  -whether  n.ative  or  foreign, 
Were  to  he  dealt  with  as  traitors.  .Mendurs  of  the  foreign  jihalanx  wishing 
111  lave  till!  country  weri;  to  ho,  under  another  decree  of  the  "J.Sth,  ]iermittoil 
to  do  so.  'riiose  who  jiresented  themseha's  with  arms  and  ammunition,  aiul 
Jirevailed  on  others  to  do  the  same,  would  he  rewarded.  Previously,  on  tho 
-iltli,  the  colonization  decree  of  Nov.  L'l!,  KS'i."),  was  suspended.  A'/V.,  Jinhtiil 
iijh:,  Aug.  8,  l(i,  lS,-|(i. 

'"  \Valkcr  assunied  to  act  under  the  idauses  of  the  enivventiou  of  Ocr.  'JH, 
IS.'i.'i.  His  decree  liears  date  of  .Fuue 'JlUh,  and  iiirther  deelarrs  itivas' acts 
frciiu  the  i'Jth  nidi.  Et  yii'iirit'/i(<:ii.«,  ,Iune  -Jl,  Is.-ill;  AVc,  Bnlifi.t  0/i,\,  .\ug. 
>,  ISJt). 


1  i 

\\  m 

'M 


I  a*  y 


t^  \ 


iiii 


:[r>o 


KM»   OK    KII.llUJSTKRINt!    IN    CKNTKAL    AMKIMCA 


in.-iiKl 


lllUCll 


less    a    torci'')!    one 


to     1. 


Vo 


led     l'( 


N«>\rrili('l(>ss,  In  disrcui'.'U'd  of  iJiat  law,  ilic  ])co[)lt:  of 


liolKd     l»v    WalUci'!^    bavoiict 


s    were 


i\\v  r('i;ioii  con 
made  to  oiv<'  linii  tlicir  ;-;ul^^a,^■(^s  lor  the  ollico  ot  ^rcs- 
idcat,  and  I  ;'),.S.">r)  votes  a|»|>i'ai"r(|  as  cast  in  liis  fa  vdr." 
lie  was  dccl.ircd  rlccti-d,  and  on  ilio  I'Jtli  of  Jii.y  w.is 
indnclcd  inio  ollicc  wiili  niudi  ])oin|>.'''  W'luflc)',  llu* 
American  minislcr,  i'cco<j;'nizc<l  Walker  as  ijie  legiti- 
mate jiresideid,  a,nd  l»i\as'  iLi'overnnient  jn-oteslcd 
against  i(,'''  and  declared  all  I'elalions  lictween  ilir 
Nicai'aL;;ua.n  government  and  W'lieelei-  suspended. 
Walker's   lirst  act  was  to  a)>|)oint  his  cahiiu^t.  iii 


']ri(.'t" 


ot  It,  l)i"n>Li"  1^  ernnn  b  v\rv\ 


One  of  his  earliest 


deci'ocs  sounds  the  keynote  to  all  this  silly  usurpalimi 
and  acconn»a,nyiiiH' ini'aniy ;  it  was  the  annullini;' of  llic 
federal  law  aholishinu^  sla,V(>ry.''  Another  inranioiis 
in(>asun>  was  the  conliscation  of  the  estates  ol"  Nicaia- 
j^uans  who  min'ht  take  up  aims  against  him. 

1)1  a  circular  of  July  oil  JJivas  aji[)ealed  to  the  other 
Cc>nti"al    American   ^'overnnuMits  i'or  aiil  to  drive  out 


tl 


le   mvaiU'is, 


Tl 


11'  ca,l 


was  answinvd 


d  h 


anil  JUS 


"•(.V 


I'lnnent  I'ccoonized  hy  (;luatemala,  Honduras,  and  IS.il 


vailor 


tl 


lese 


tl 


irci> 


I 


)owors  nn'reeinir   to   unite    tlnii 


forces  at^ainst  Walkei'.     Costa    Hica,  "was   invite<l   to 
cooperate,  and  pi'omptly  did  so/" 


"Tl\t>  olVicial  ornan  |)ulilislioil  tlu'  rt'tunis  sliowini,'  tliiH  result.   Kl  Xi 
iliicii.ir,  .Inly  1-.  IN.Ui.     i\iv;n'  iniiiistiT  in  a  cirt'iilar  i'X|)<)Sf(l  tli 


I'  wlidli'  as 


tl  ii<lo  lie 


ii|ici.stiira.s  y  f<iiiu'ii'lu'na 


Boldii,  Olii 


•21,  isrxi. 


'-.S.  /•'.  J/,nil</,  .Aui;.  1."),   iSM:  S.  /■'.  Al/n,  An.i;.  !.">,   l.S.'Hi. 
.Milli^^tt  T  Salinas'  luilc  ol'  -Xiifi.   I'Jtli  to  Uio  scfri'taiy  nt  state  at  Wasliiu;,'- 


ti>ii.   ^V/('.,  Hull  till  Oji'r..  Scjit.  4,  lS.")(i. 


AV  .V 


Till'  iitiuT  iiiiiiistcrs  were  j.;iMi< 
iriiniiiiicnar,  .Inly  lit,  IS.'iti, 


■rals  Mati'o  I'iiii'da  ami  Manuel  I 'ar 


T 


us  a( 


tiou  was  said  to  liavi' been  sujjyesteil    ti)«iii   the  .syin[iatliies  ef 


iho  slave-owners  in  the  simthern  statt's  of  the  If.  S.   /'(iiz,  Mon.  Cn 


I  pt.  Tit. 


Ill]  I 


y, 


Thi^  eonvention  w.is  siL;ne(l  at  IJuat.  .Inly  IS,  lS,"")t>.     'the  t'dUnwin;,' i:< : 


syudjisis  (if  the  ehiel  el.iuses:   1st.    I'reviiMis  treaties  <it  alliaiu 
their  inilependenee  and  suverei^nty  wei'cM'tinlii  ined;  2d.  Slip 


l(M' 


del'.'Mc 


tl 


leir    li.rees  to  ex|u 


1    tl 


le  adventurers 


xeeivifni/.ei 


iplila 
I    I'.   K 


teil  t 


le  Ullliill 


ead  (if  a,  ih>  faeti)  govt  in  Nie.,  proiuising  aid  and  ((idjK'iatiiin;  "Ih.   Invitril 


I'ost.l    1{.    t 


liu    the  dthers  in   the  enterprise.   Aif.,  Boktiil  i>jii'.,  Aug. 


Sc^jt.  10,  ISi'Ki;  (liiat.,  li'uo}!.  J.ti/.,  i.  430-11. 


DKKKAT   OF   TlIK    LI  K  ;  III. MISTS. 


351 


While  tlu!  ovonts  thus  f;ir  rccoT'dcd  \vo)-o  occurrin*:^, 
J'lstradii,  tli(!  loiritiiiiist  cliicf,  (Mitrnul  Niciii;i<4u;i,  and 
( .-.laMislii'd  liis  u^ovci'miiciit  in  Sonioiillo,  aj>[K)intiiiL^ 
I'cdi'o  .In.'Kjuiii  Clianioiro  liis  ininis^cr-oeiui'a!,  and 
(Irnci'al  Tuniiis  Maitiiic/.  conniiaiidci'  (if  tlic  army  to 
lie  raised.'''  On  licariiii;'  liiat  iJivasIiad  hem  jccol;'- 
iii/.c(|,  if>  was  coni'ludtMi  to  Icuvt;  Soniotillo,  via  Xucjva 
Si  L^t'via  to  Mata^alpa,  wlicro  ( irosarouscd  tlx;  Indians. 
I!iit  on  llif  way,  at  Ocotal,  on  tluj  lotli  of  v\n'j,nst, 
a  |)arty  ol'  domocrats  attacked  and  det'eiiied  them. 
I'lsti'adii  tried  to  llee,  l)ut  Was  overtaken  and  liackod 
to  death. '^  The  town  was  |)limdered,  and  pajx  I'S  scat- 
leicd,  alter  wliicli  th')  assailants  W(>nt  awa\'.  Alter- 
ward  an  insti'ument  was  ])ieked  uj)  in  which  Nicasio 
(lei  ( 'astillo  was  named  J']strada's  siiccess(;r,  who  at 
nnce.  assumed  the  res])onsil>ilities  ol"  tlu!  position. 
I  lowcvi'r,  (jreneral  ^Martinez  and  l"'ernando  (jiuzman, 
who,  thouLi^h  res[)ectini^  Jvsti'ada's  oood  motives,  liad 
(lisa])|)roved  of  his  jx-rsistence  in  ij;'<>ino-  contr-ary  to  ao- 
coiiiplished  tacts,  alter  his  death  ludd  a  consultation 
and  concluded  that  the  In^st  policy  was  to  coopcirato 
with  lli\as'  governnunit,  lu'arinL;*  in  ]iiind  the  princi|)le 
(if  lenitimacy,  thoUi;h  disrenardinii;  means  and  persons. 
Martinez  aiid  (Juzman  wi'iit  to  Jjeon,  and  succeeded 
with  the  assistance  of  the  allied  u^cnierals,  and  (h'en^orio 
Arhizu,  till'  coimnissioner  of  Salvador,  in  making  an 
arrani>'ement  l>v  which  theri!  slioukl  Ix;  but  one  ljov- 
eiinnent  in  the  repuhlic,  with  certain  len-itlmists  in  the 
r;ihinet;''  j)ursuant  to  whii-h  the  latter  was  or^^anized 

'' Shortly  .'ifterwanl  tlicy  were  joined  l>y  <;oii.  Fcrii.imlii  Cli.imorm,  soiiic 
liarcl'niitcil  (itticc  rs  and  siililiri's,  aiul  I'J  nr  14  Frynchnicn.  A  littl<!  later  caiiii! 
U\f  llmij;arian,  <  Jn)s,  witli  'MM  Indians.  Tlio  only  arms  n;i  liainl  wun;  ."fOO 
iimsji,  Is  with  10  ninli'-loads  nt  aniinuniti.iu. 

'  Siii'li  was  tJR'  end  of  this  luiridrahlr,  vulighti'ntd.  and  patriotic  citizen, 
wl.ii  had  risen  hy  his  virtncs,  talents,  aii'l  learninj:,  Iroin  a  lowly  jiosili.m  to 
till'  cliicf  magistracy  of  his  country.    I'm'.,  M<  in.  Ciiiiiji.  .\'i<\,  •_''!  j)!.,  1)S   KM), 

'■'  I'll"  ciinveidion  was  signed  Sept.  12,  ]SM,  It  contained  among  its 
cliiiises  that  the  lirst  lc!;.'i  slat  lire  installed  should  convoke  the  constitniiil  as- 
Mi'iiihly  of  IS,')4,  or  issno  th*'  Iwises  Uw  the  election  of  another;  a  gen.  aninc^sty 
tiif  past  political  ort'encrss;  dehts  coutruelicl  or  damages  cansecl  by  Imtli 
parties  to  he  iield  as  iinicbtcdutss  of  the  repviblie.  /</,,  llt-17;  .AVc,  Unktin 
Ojir.,  Sept.  'JO,  ISOG. 


?pw 


*ii 


11' 


iiH  , 


X,-2 


KND   Ol'    FlI.ir.L  STKlilX*;   IX   CENTU.U,   AMKllR'A. 


-.^iMT 


-f 


dm 


(ia 


as  stated  l)elow.'"     Castillo  acci^pted  the  arrangement 
and  assumed  tlu-  dutic;s  to  which  ho  was  called. 

The  alli(Ml  forces,  having  entered  Nicaragua,  occu- 
])ied  l^eou  in  -Jnly,  and  in  October  advanci'd  ii]'(>ii 
]\[anaguas  forcing  Walker,  after  several  encounters 
near  Xindiri  Mid  ]\lasaya,  to  n^concentrate  in  (jiana- 
]\Iasaya  was  occupied  l»y  the  allies  October  'J- 1. 
riicre  was  nuK  li  division  among  them,  owing  to  nM 
]'ivalri(  s,  and  the  need  of  an  influential  conunandiv 
was  evident."  (general  Martinez  was  earnestly  ic- 
({uested  to  hasten  liis  movements  and  join  the  army. 
\[v  had  organized  at  Matagalpa  a  body  of  tro(»ps  that 
subse(|uently  bore  the  ))ame  of  Ejercito  Setentrional, 
with,  which  he  came  on ;  but  cholera  having  ])lay(ii 
havoc  among  his  Segovians  at  'l'ipiti'-))a,  he  had  ti»  iv 
main  in  Xindiri  till  the  scoui'ge  abated,  when  he  joined 
the  allies.-'' 

Walker's  forces  consisted  of  about  1,"J00  efl'ecti\r 
men,  mostly  Amer'icans,the  rest  being  English,  Erencli. 
and  dernuuis."'  The  climate  was  his  worst  iMieniy. 
A  number  of  his  men  succumbed  daily,  victims  et 
cholera  and  fevi  r.''     The  ranks  were  further  depleted 

-"  Pi'did  ( '.inliual,  Scl);isi.;ifi  S.iliiia.s,  Niciisio  del  Castill",  and  Friiiiriscn 
]>aea\V('i'e  iiuulu  iiiiiiistors  of  forci^'i  rcliilioiis,  giivcrmiient,  war,  and  tri  asurv 
n'.s]>citi\uly.     .It'iT/  |i  It  llii;  caiiim  t,  jinl'irriiig  to  .sorvo  in  t!iu  licld. 

-'His  troops  rctivatcd  al'ttT  si'ttiiig  fir"  t<^  tho  casa  de  alto,  foriTur  i-csi- 
(Ipuco  of  tlio  cliiuf  lllagi^^tratl'^^  of  Nie.  1  lie  allit'(l  army  ci'lihratcd  in  Maiia 
^nii  tho  , victory  of  San  .lafiiito,  a  liaricmla,  north  of  tho  jilain  of  Oscotal, 
(li>tiiiit  Olio  day'.s  niairh  fioni  (Iranada.  Jt  wan  only  a  small  attair  i/i  ri  dity 
-  i'JO  rilliincn  iiiiilcr  J5yi'on  Colo  on  ono  .sido,  ami  ItiO  ji:' fives  uii'lcr  Col  f'. 
]Ostrai!a  on  tho  othor — Imt  it  was  important  in  its  oflVcts.  Colo  W<W/'a|»tiir(  il 
and  killed,  thi.s  hoing  tho  oml  of  tho  founder  of  hlilmsterisni  i^i  Nic,  Tw  nty- 
Sloven  rilloniou  voro  slannhtorod;  and  the  Nioaraguans  had  fin  ki'M/d  ■H"! 
Wounded.    A'/c,  JJolr/hi  'Ijir.,  Sept.  i-'Ci,  lS.-)(). 

'--Trouhles  hetwoiii  Salvadorans  and  Nicaraguans  voro  eoininon,  Td'' 
former  fratornizid  with  tho  (Unnoeratio  Leoneso.  The  le;4iti*»/ists  did  ttic 
sanio  with  tho  «  iiatemalans,  whoso  '2d  chief,  Zivala,  liy  his  iiii</ung<'  an^l 
actions,  kept  up  a  had  feelin;:,  not  only  with  tho  Salvadorans,  bu(,  With  llii' 
Nicara;;uans.    I'<ri~.,  Mmi.  ('(imp.  A'c. ,  2d  [it,  [iref.  ii.  and  lOS. 

-'■'Meantimo  .several  lights  had  taken  ]ilaeo  hetweeii  the  allied  forces  an  I 
Walker's. 

-'He  had  also  a  small  ;uid  inellieient  Cidian  (  omjiany,  ami  very  l'i«,  if 
any.  Cent.  Americans,  aside'  from  his  ministers  J'ineda  and  Car "aseos  i. 

"-■'It  has  lieen  ealcnhitcii  that  from  lirst  to  last  he  lost  from  .'>.<MII>  lo  ('■.ml" 
men  liy  sickness.  Se\eral  of  his  chief  odicers  h.ixinx  died  at  ahout  the  .-.iiiio 
timu,  it  was  iuil)ut<.'d  to  tiio  j/itjl/ycs  «ellinj{  |ioisoned  eilihles,     A  lottel,'  of  I'eh. 


my. 

S    nt 
rti'tl 


l-   irsl- 

MiilW 

sii>t:il, 

ir.ility 

„l  II. 

|,tU|(ll 

[\ ,  iity- 
iitil 


'ft..' 
iIk' 
iiii'i 


if,«,  if 

,,.111  III 
>;Ulli' 


THE  r.ELLIflERKXT.S    IX   ACTION.  liolJ 

1)V  tlosci'tions,""  Tliis  was  one  of  tlio  cliict'  reasons 
why  Walker  abaiiflonod  Managua  and  jMasaya  to  coii- 
fcntrato  in  Granada,  keepinic,  lunvever,  tlie  transit  lino 
t'i.iiii  San  ,Juan  del  Sur  to  l^a  Virnen.  Tlio  fililnister 
rilict'noAV  took  nd\-anta_L;'c  of  the  division  of  the  alhed 
iuiccs--]>i'l]oso  and  Jerez  in  ]\Ias;iva,  Zavala  and  Ks- 
tiaila  in  Dirionio— and  on  tlie  llth  of  October  made 
n  tlasli  witli  800  men  on  ]\Iasaya,  which  had  a  yarri- 
nui  of  1,000.  lie  entered  the  place  at  ei'j,ht  o'clock 
;uul  took  ])o.sitions  in  IMoniniho,  south  of  the  town. 
Iviily  on  the  12th  he  acKanced  as  far  as  the  Mocks 
( Miiti.unoiis  to  the  ])laza,  which  he  would  undoulitcdly 
]ia\i'  taken  hut  for  Zavala's  attack  on  Cranada."'  Un 
lirarinu;'  of  Walker's  movoment,  Zavala  started  to  the 
relief  of  Ivlasaya.  At  Dirlii,  he  was  informed  that 
^\alker  was  routed  and  in  full  retreat  to  (Granada, 
lie  then  charefed  his  course,  and  turned  up  at  the 
liui\in!>'-i>'roun(l  of  (jiranada,  with  the  view  of  iiettin''' 
the  start  of  tlie  enemy;  but  as  the  latter  did  not 
tniiic,  and  he  had  positive  information  of  the  ])lacc 
iieiiig  weak,  he  nsoKt'tl  to  occupy  it  at  once,  thoueh  a 
lu\'uy  rain  somewhat  retanU'd  the  movement.  He 
ii:iL;lit  have  taken  the  tmvn  by  sur[)rise  cither  from 

V'u  l^-'iT.  lias  it  that  Walker  rcccivod  4,(500  recruits  since  .Tunc  185.".  Tlic 
ar.tlior  sets  down  liis  di'scrtcrs  at  oOO,  ami  lii.s  dc-ad  at  no  I'.'ss  than  :>,0()0, 
tlhiv  Uiiiiw  'iMlii  I, .")()()  til  12,(MM)  Imrifd  in  Oraiiad.i.  I'mi.  ^Sfur  nm/  //rnilif, 
I'l'i.  17.  I^-^T;  y/( f //'.-(' .S'rVi;;w,  Aiiijilis,  ii.  •_'."),').  Howovcr,  an  cillioial  report  ut 
I'.  ]t.  T;i>>ini)son,  \\'alker's  adj. -gen.,  dated  I'eli.  'J-4-,  rs.")7,  lla^^  tho  tnllDwini; 
li.'uris,  wtdeh  do  iu)t  i-eeni  to  exim.ss  tlio  uliole  tnitli,  as  it  nni:lit  have  lieen 
liiiiiilainnsi  to  iiavc  thu  real  I.iet^  made  known.  Orit;iual  nuinlier  ••(  men 
(ulistid  'J.'^vS  of  Mhoni  til  \»rri3  ollieers.  'J'otals  of  di'ath,  (i.S.",  df  wli.iui  Kl'J 
w'rre  eliieers;  '.i~  resiicned;  2l*>'i  iliseliarijiMl;  it  dmiiped;  'J'.t.'!  'leserted,  inehidiiif^ 
!i  I'tt'u'fi^;  loaviiig  a  toi.il  (it  7.JI»  ollieers  and  nn-^u,  \\ith  111   nnaeuonnted  for. 

.sttiiit'^  yic,  'jd'.t, 

''  1'  'iir  yoiitii^  Nicar.iguans,  acciii.-,ed  in  Masaya  of  untiein;^  men  to  desert, 
wore  anesU'd  July  '.Huh,  and  shot  in  a  low  hours  as  traitors  to  the  I'epiihlie! 
Kl Mr^i'ii:/, HI, .■<<•,  Xwii.  ;{,  Uv"*).  Turley  ami  i^  iitlier.s  eseapcil  from  (ir.inada, 
:iliil  att<  in]itt'd  to  reach  IJhiWlkdiUi  hy  way  ot'  t  houtalos,  where  tin;  natives,  not 
Iwlieviiiif  them  des(^rters  from  Wijiker,  killed  all  hut  oi.e  or  two  who  eseapud. 
ttrfZ,  Mn,:.  Cawp.  X<tr.,  ti.l  jrf,  I'J'.t;  S.  F.  AlUi,  Oct.  'JO,  kS5G. 

■'■  .!>  rez  distinmiished  liimself  in  the  def.iice,  ami  the  gen. -in-chief  of  tho 
^1''"^,  llaiiion  Pirlloso,  el.Timed  a  vie^iry  in  iiis  (ilUeial  lejiort  of  Oet.  J"th, 
I'i' ■'',:  that  Walker  'huyd  despavoridamente  a  la  oscurida<l  de  la  n."  he,' 
li'.ivni.:  idiont  .">0  killed,  and  earryii'.j,'  oil'  'JtHt  wonndod.  A>.,  JiuO-tin  (>jii\, 
'*''t.    17,   Nov.    7,   iS.-ili.      On   the    other    side,    the  victory    w;is    elaimed    for 

w.iikii-  \,  /'.  j/M,  Oet.  :<i,  is.-x);  s.  F.  Jicnild,  o^t.  yi.'iboO. 

>1:-T.  t'KNT.  .Vm.,  \'.'I..  in.     'Si 


!■ 


Il 


'/ 


4p 


1  r* 


I'i.  1 


!;    : 


354        END  OF   FILir.USTKUI\(  I    IX  CEXTIIAI,  A.MKUICA. 

tlio  iiortli  to  soutli,  but  wont  round  l>y  .Talti>va."'^  The 
allied  force  liad  not  till  then  l)eon  dotectod  from  i]\v 
city.  But  on  the  ofHccr  of  the  day  descrying  gi'<iu]is, 
lie  went  to  ascertain  if  they  where  Walker's  men,  and 
inniiediately  giving  the  alarm,  pre[)arations  were  made 
to  meet  th»>  exi)ected  assault.  Nevertheless,  the  nllies 
at  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  occupied  the  l)uil<liiii;s 
on  the  ])laza,  excepting  the  church,  where  the  foreign 
sick  Were  intrenched.  Zavala  took  Walker's  house, 
and  finding  there  a  flag,  rushed  out  waving  it,  until  a 
hullet  struck  the  tlaijf,  and  another  his  surtout,  wluii 
he  realized  his  danger.  ]^oth  the  Guatemalans  and 
legitimists  gave  themselves  up  to  excesses.-^  TIk^ 
night  of  the  12th  came  on,  and  the  churcli  had  n<.t 
heen  taken.  Hearing  the  cannonading  or  rectdviiig  a 
report,  early  that  morning  Walker  huri-ied  hack,  it 
being  preferable  to  save  Granada  than  to  take  IMasaya. 
In  tlie  morning  of  the  loth,  Zavala  learned  that  tlu^ 
(Miemy  was  rapidly  approaching,  and  vainly  tried  to 
check  them  at  Jalteva.  Zavala  and  Jilstrada  lied  In 
the  direction  of  J)iriom(),  leaving  .1  considerable  num- 
ber of  drunken  men  in  the  streets,  who  were  butch- 
ered. Several  Guati'malnns  fell  prisoners. ^^  Zavala's 
assault  of  the  i)lacc  where  Walker  had  his  base  of 
su})plies  was  a  failure,  l)ut  it  saved  the  allied  army.  ' 
A  Costa  Eican  division  under  General  Jose  M. 
Cahas  started  for  NicaraLTua,  Xovi'nd)(>r  2(1,  and  not- 
withstanding  the  enemy's  efforts  to  hinder  it,  occn}Mc(l 
San  Juan  del  Sur  and  the  road  to  La  A'lrgen,  thus 
cutting  off  Walker's  conununication  with  either  point. 
It  concentrated  at  llivas  on  the  13th,  and  was  j.iincd 


11 M 


,;  I  ' " 


'" To  look  .after  the  arms  which  had  lieconio  wet.     So  saja  Perez, 
th.it  Zav.'ilii,  'a  iii.is  do  carecer  de  jxiicio,  no  conocia  el  a'rreno,'  and  J- 
Vent  entirely  by  liis  directions.   MOn.  Vitiiiy.  2^'tu'.,  "d  pi    lol. 

'■"•Tliey  heeanie  intoxicated,  and  .seatt^'ied  in  tlio  .striets  after  ]i'i 
They  di-'ieo-'ered  an  American  merchant,  friendly  to  the  iilil.  islern,  lui  1 
him  turtiiwiih. 

""  On  Zavala  and  Estraila  arriving  at  Diriomo,  a  j'oiinp  Cuhan  uai 
A.  Luiiie,  who  had  heen  .sent  hy  (Joieouria  to  complete  with  Wall 
arrangement  to  liberate  t'ldia,  waa  brought  to  them  as  a  pri-oner.  1 
ordered  .shot. 

''^\  F.  Alto,  Nov.  'Jl,  liSriO;  Jlnyvx'  Sa;,2>.i,  An-jdcs  ii.  i20G-7,  2'Jl', 


adcli 
tra 

unii 
kill 

m'( 


r. 
I'. 


)    ' '  1 


VERY  FAIR   FKJIITINC. 


35S 


liy  Jerez  with  HOO  Nioai'apfuans.  It  was  now  in  coiii- 
iiiuiiicatioii  witli  tlio  main  combined  annv,  wliicli  was 
ini'pariiii;'  to  assail  Granada.  JJelloso  received  iiifor- 
uiatioii  from  a  friend  in  tiiat  city  that  Walker  was  on 
tilt'  point  of  niakinn' another  da.sh  on  Masaya  with  (JOO 
iii'ii.  The  allied  arniv,  in  the  eitv  and  vieinitv,  was 
iiM\v  of  ahout  .'^,(100  men,'''  and  leaving  out  wounded, 
>i(k,  antl  servants,  the  elfectivo  force  must  have  been 
III  less  than  ."),()()().  The  filihusters  came  on  tlie  Ijth 
under  ]^run()  \im  Xaztnier,  a  (lermaii,  and  wei'e  nut 
niitsidc  by  Xicarau;uansand  (iOO  ( Juatenialans  at  three 
(I'cloek  in  the  afternoon.  Thi^  enemy  opened  lire,  and 
the  (iuatemalans  tied  panic-stricken.  However,  the 
fust  charge  of  tlie  filihusters  was  checked,  and  tlicy 
now  assumed  tlio  defensive.  The  Guatemalans  re- 
turned to  the  charge,  and  heavy  fighting  followed, 
which  lasted  till  night.  The  ni'xt  morning  \Valkei' 
took  connnand,  Xaztmer  heing  wounded,  ami  puslied 
liis  operations  into  the  town,  where  the  allies  had  con- 
centrated in  the  night,  hurning  a  numl)er  of  buildings; 
lint  he  soon  convinced  himself  of  tlie  impossihility  of 
accomplisliing  his  purpose^  and  retreated  to  Granada 
ill  tlie  night  of  the  18t]i."'  At  a  council  of  war,  it  was 
resolved  to  evacuate  the  citv,  after  settino'  lire  to  the 
huildings,  leaving  a  garrison  to  keeji  the  enemy  in 
elieek.  Tliis  Work  of  destruction  was  intrusted  to 
]leimiugsen,  wlio  at  once  ordered  the  citizens  to  leave 
tlie  place  within  a  few  hours  before  it  was  consigned 
to  the  flames.  And  all  the  time  the  authoi's  ot"  this 
vandalism  were  calling  the  Central  American  de- 
tlnders  of  life,  home,  and  liberty  savages  and  greasers, 

'-'Salvailorana,  1,300;  CJuatcnialans,  l.oOOorinorc;  Xicaragiiaiisund'i-  .Mar- 
tin z,  11(1  U;.-s  tliau  St)0.   Pin-.,  Mi m.  Caiiq).  Xiic,  '2d  pt,  IVA. 

Iho  alli;'s  (li.scovi'nMl  lii.s  tli^lit  oaily  oil  the  I'.ltli.  Siscral  nf  liis  ini"i 
W'vr  inuiul  ahlo('i),  anil  biitcluTod.  The  allioil  coiiimancU'ra  .shnwcd  hirk  nf 
(,';■:!■  ral  liip.  J'iriz,  Mi  ,ii.  i'ain'p,  Xnr.,  "IX  pt,  I."!.")-',).  Alicnit  this  tiniL'  thi; 
eiai.  Anioi'ioaii.-i  i'X|it'iiuiu'i'(l  a  scrimis  lih)W  in  tlie  Iohs  of  the  Costa  Riraii 
.s.!i.  inner  0;,c(;  (/r  Alu-i/.,  which  had  on  lioard  110  iiicii,  luoiicy,  and  a  lar,' • 
i'Ulnily  ,)f  arms,  aiiimuuitioii,  etc.  After  a  heavy  ga!  ,  she  eiieoiuitei'ed  the- 
S'tii  ,/iw(',  alias  (Irmnnlii,  and  after  two  hours'  lighting,  eauglit  tire  and  was 
tlestmyed.  Most  of  tlio  wrecked  men  were  jiieke(l  up  liy  the  Sun  Jn.-ti .  S.  F. 
■  ill'i,  Dec.  L>0,  ISriG;  >S.  F.  Ihmbl,   Dee.   'JO,  IS-'Mi;  ,b'.-c.  Union,  l>ec.  •-'.%  1S.")G. 


1      !''i? 


1    \ 


!        !' 


.'!."(■. 


:\\)   ()!•'    I'll.ll'.rN'lKltlNc    IN'    CLNTUAl,    AM  MUICA. 


!  r 


ii'id  1  liciiiscU  (s  1()\  crs  of  IVi'cdiiiii  ;iii(l  uissciniiiiitors  (if 
civil i/,;i-tii  III  I  ■ ' 

III  I  he  (';irly  iiun'iiiii;^  df  llic  L'M.Ii  ilif  iillird  foi'ccs 
iiijirclud  out  ()l  ..MMsnya,  liy  tin'  (";irr('(;is  roiul;  at  il 
(•'(■lock  ill  tti(!  Jil'tcnKion  tlicv  wcj-c  (Idirnin'  oii  the  low 
liills  of  till!  ( )tra  baiul.'i,  (Voiii  ^\■l i id i  tin  y  could  sec  tin' 
liojilirc,  iiindc  liy  tlie  Sf'H'-stylcd  I'cucnci'aloi's  oC  .Latin 
/viiiciica,  coiisiiiniii'^'  seven  cliiir-clies  and  llie  |)uMic 
liuili!ill'4s,  to'^etlier  Avilli  the  dwelliiin's  of  tlie  citi/eiis 
of  (iraiiada.  'I'lie  same  day  llie  allies  liad  skirmislKs 
with  tlu!  enemy,  and  \vcre  defeated.""  Mai'tine/  with 
liis  uieti  ffoiii  the  north  next  <]ay  ()|iei'ated  a'^'ainst  tln' 
San  j'^raiicisco  l)uildin<4',  and  the  lilihustei's  in  fi'arei' 
Iteiii'j,'  <-ut  Oil"  ahaudoiied.  it,  and  concent  rated  in  flic 
]>la/,a.  Tin;  uiL^iit  of  the  "JJih  was  a,  \(vy  rainy  oiir. 
'I'lie  •J()th  the  lihliustcrs,  lieiiii^'  hard  pressed  in  IIm- 
|>!a/.a,  and  (luadalu]ie  street,  ]<e|it  up  a  coiisliint 
cannonade  to  keep  ojieii  1  he  A\ay  to  the  lalvc.  ( )n  the 
L*7th  the  rililiiisters  had  heeii  (Irix'en  from  tlic  plaz;i 
and  icfluced  to  (Juadalujie  sti-eet  hetutM-n  \jii  8ireii;i, 
a  lii'.;h  house  on  tin' east  of  the  parisji  church,  and  ihe 
ruins  of  the,  chui'ch.  The  ( iuateinalans  jiressed  them 
from  tli(!  soutli;  t\\o  Nicara-jfuans  from  tin;  iiortli;' 
T£cnnin!4'sen's  force  was  on  the  1st  of  JJeceinher  o|i!\' 
];■)()  men,  out  of  ;i()0  that  lie  had  I'etained  to  hold  i1m' 
jiositJoii  of  (jlranada  \v'\i]\,  and  l)eing  invited  hy  Z;i- 
\ala  to  surr(!nd(;r,  proudly  refused.''' 


'"  lIcmiiiiL'siii  li.ul  liciii,  it  \Mis  .s;iiil,  ;iii  ollli'i  r  of  lIic  I'rit.  army,  an  ni'li- 
of  llio  (  arlisL  rliict'  Zuiiialaoai'i'cgiii,  in  S[i.iiii,  ami  a  ;,'cmm1  iliMimrral  ii:  wrilM'. 
His  i'r|Mirt  was  as  lollows:  JIo  !iail  assmiicil  (■(Hiitiiaiid  in  tlic  afliTiKMia  nl 
Nov.  'J'J,  JS.'it),  iiiiil  liad  rai'i-icil  iml  W'alki'r'.s  ordiTs  to  tlrslroy  (li-iiiaila,  ainl 
I'avi!  tin;  iilacc,  takiiit;'  away  tlic  stores,  artiUei'y,  sirk,  ami  tlii;  AiiiericMii  aii'l 
nativo  laiiiili.  ■^.  Siuiu!  of  tli(!  clnircli  jowclry  ".\as  savi'il  liy  a  jii'iost.  fifii.  I'. 
Sdiisa  saw  a  lilihiistir  uiinato  into  a  chaliue,  anil  tiicn  throw  tlio  LMintcnls  at 
Honio  Wcinion  who  wcru  also  witnesses  of  the  aet.  I'mz,  Mi'iii.  Ciiniji.  Xif., 
•J  I  lit,  11.  ii.  l.VJ  1.  1(11 -.S;  X;r.,  <;,irrt:,,  May 'J,  iMiS;  /</.,  'j'rln/.  Srtni.,  M:ip!i 
7,  L'S,  l^.-.T;  /'/.,  JJolr/hi  Ojic,  Apr.  15,  'Ji!,  I>.".7;  S.  F.  AU,i',  J'ce.  '-':>,  I'-'';; 
liiUij,  l.(  \h\,  i,  i.'S."i  (>;  S'/iiiir'ti  Crii/..  Am.,  HT'J. 

^■' At  ti;l!!)  they  had  njiward.i  of  V)  wonnd(/il,  and  no  snri,'(tons  to  attend  In 
them.      l)urin;4  tliu  nij^ht  it  rained  heavily. 

•"'iMirin;.;  the  operations,  the  ( inatematm  generals  I'arodes,  ex-iiresidnit, 
and  .loai|i:in  Solari'S  died,  the  latter  of  fever  on  the  'J8II1  of  Kovernlier,  and 
tiie  former  of  eliolera  on  tiie  '2.A  of  |)ee(tnd)er. 

""  Se'ViTal  deserti'rs  from  his  eamp  in  the  jilantain  >;rove  of  I)oria  Sahiim 
liad  made  ilieir  a;p|iearanee  a:no;ig  the  alUe-,  so  eonipletely  famished  that  th'V 
could  hardly  speak. 


W  AI.KLi;    \\(»l;,Vl'i:!» 


W.'ilkcr  liatl  ocriiliiid  S;ili  .Itir^f,  <list;i;it  1  Ihvm'  iiilirs 
IVniii  |{i\;is,  wlicfc  ( 'jii'ias  ;iimI  .Iciv/  Were  "ml  r(iiflii'<l, 
li'.'ivIii'L''  Ilis  sick  :iii<(  \\'oiiiii|i(|  wiili  ;i  siiKill  ^wjinl  (Hi 
l!if  islillld  (if  (  )lii('i('|Mc;"  wlicrc  lie  thought  llicy 
w.iiild  In;  siil'c ;  Imt,  ;i  Jiarly  of  1  rulijiiis  wIlJi  tlicir  priest, 
Tiji'riiio  <'!i|)lurt(I  iliciii  on  tlir  ls(,  of  I  )rc('iiilii  r,  aii<I 
<|(slrny(Ml  (ivcrylliiii:;'  nii  llm  island  lliat  cituld  lie  of 
use  to  tlic  fiitMiiy.  W'alki'f  did  iidI,  Iusc  sio'lit  n\'  Ids 
liciiifiiaiil  .1  Iciiiilii'jjscii,  l(»  wlidiii  lie  liiially  sinl,  relief 
ell  tln!  stcaiiihoiit  \ir(j(ii,  with  wliii'li  I  leiiiiiii^seii 
(•;i|iLui('d  tlie  small  fort  that  liad  su  hai'assed  Jiiiii, 
;iiid  then,  l)eceml)er  I  .'lt!i,  left  oil  the  Itoat,,  takili'j,'  with 
liim  the  II  f)  eiiiaciatt'il  ii»eii  that,  lemaiiK'd  d'  ]iis 
eri'^Ilial  t'ol'ee.  '^I'lie  Site  (if  (Jmiiada  was  iidW  I'ldK'  ill 
pnssessioll  of  the  allies/'  wli(»  discovc  fed  ill  the  wood 
;i  III 
liillii 


leia 


imher  of  wouiHlcd    lilihusters,  aii<l   treati d    t 
iliely,  cxcejdiii;^'  one  wlioiil  tlit>y  |»llt  to  death. 
|)eeeml)ef  lltll  had   heel!  a,    day  of  jny  in   tlie  allied 


(■.lllllt,     OWIII''" 


to   t! 


i(^    ai'iua 


]     of    (elleral      I' 


JorellClo 


X.ilriicli     with     th(;     first    contin^'fiit    of     I  loiidiii'aii 
tlMo|is;"   hilt   they  were   eiit    ll|»  ill    the   attack    of  the 


1    i»v  I  lennmL;st'ii. 


his    ollieer'S    success  111   extri- 


(■.iiiii'.:'    liiiiiseH   \\\U\   so   much    loss   i,o    ins   opponents 


ciiised    a    panic    anioii''" 


the    allied     leadel's,    and     i 


nviikmLT    out;    anew   o|    (hsseiisioii 


l!ell 


oso  and    111 


S;il\adora,iis  went  hack  to    Masaya,  I'epoi'tine'  the  di 


cell 


ilitiire    of    tlie    army.       Whether   out    of    s| 


»lte,     o 


rrmii  ignorance  of  the  sta.t(!  of  a  Hairs,  the  ^eiier;  I 
ei'leicd  ( 'alias  to  return  to  ( 'osta,  iJiea,,  and  .leiv;<  t,» 
!•  treat  to  Masa^va.      'V\\^\  latter,  as  a  siiiiordinate,  jiad 


•V  ;  hut  ( 'afias,  liaviii^'  come  to  li^ht  the  lijiji 


hrs,  would    not   e'o  liadc,  and   accompanied   ,lei 


I ■/    1 1 ) 


'  ill  tlu!  .siiiitliiMMi  ]<ai't  <it  ljil;(^  N iiMnii,'ii;i,  <'l:;lit  m'  iiiin'  miles  fnnii  I'  ■ 
<:n.i  ,1,  <i|'  |;iv;iH.  A  l.ir;;i:  .'iiiil  Jinii|iic;ti\'i!  i.;l:iiiil  li.iviii;^'  two  t.iiwiiM  ilist.iiit  1  _' 
jiiil- ■(  frnm  (iiic  ;iii(itiii!r. 

■■'Oft.  I:t,  l.S,V>,  Walkrr  Mi-riv.'.l  nil  tlir  i-ua  d,  nf  ( li-aiirnla.  Per.  l:i,  !■,.■,;, 
1m' I'll,  tlicsi!  uliorrs  ii('V<'r  ti)  MT  tlii'iii  a;^  liu.      Im  tlit;  miiall  fnrt,  knciwiiai  j'.l 

I  ii' ilii'ito,  Ilis  iiicii  Icl'L  a  [Mile  M'ilii  ail  iiiscrijitioii  as  a  ri-rnnl  IJiat.  ( iiviiia.!  i 

II  III  ixistrcl   tliiTi'. 

' '  Xalriicli  was  iKil  crciiiliil  w  itii  iiiiu'li  aiiilily;  Imt  he  Mas  ]ia|  lini  !r  an  I 
lii  ive,  ami  ti>  liis  exert  ilia  1  \v:i:i  hiea  iiralily  ila  •  the  e(MiMer:;tiii  i  ui  .11 1  mil.  lUr 
the  caiiniaigii. 


,.«^.. 


^^.*f. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/. 


£ 


% 


1.0 


I.I 


If  i^  IIIM 

1^    1 2.2 
2.0 


■  40 


LU- 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

,^ 6"     - 

► 

^;^ 


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^o 


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3.-.S        END  OF  FiLIlJUSTERIXG   IX  CENTRAT.  AMIH^ICA. 

^[asaya.  Thus  was  liivas  evacuated  by  tlio  alliob', 
and  rooc'cupic'd  Ijy  Walker  without  firiiij^  a  sliot. 

The  lake  steauicrs  were  of  great  advaiitaj^e  t(» 
Walker  for  the  quifk  transjK)rtation  of  men  aiul  sujt- 
|)lies,  and  on  the  other  hand,  made  it  necessary  tliat 
the  allied  chiefs  should  have  strong  garrisons  in 
(Jranada  and  Masaya,  preventing  a  movement  on  La 
Vfrgen  and  Rivas.  The  president  of  Costa  Kica 
determined  to  deprive  Walker  of  those  facilities.  To 
this  end  lie  despatched  his  brother,  General  Jose 
Joa(|uin  AEora,  with  troo[)S  to  the  confluence  of  tlif 
San  Ci'irlos  and  San  Juan  rivers,  who  reached  it  on 
tlie  10th  of  ])e<'eml)er,  and  then  going  down  in  ca- 
noes to  Scin  Juan  del  Xorte,  without  encounteriiiLT 
much  resistance,  captured  on  the  24th  four  steamers." 
They  then  went  u\)  tlie  San  Juan  with  the  steamers, 
two  of  which  were  left  at  the  junction  with  the  Sara- 
j)i(|Ui,  and  on  the  28th  took  the  Castillo  Viejo  mIiIi 
the  steamboat  Vm/oi,  ladcMi  with  artillery,  rifles,  and 
r.mmunition.  They  next  posses.sed  themselves  of  Fort 
Sap  C.'rlos,  and  soon  after  of  the  steamboat  of  tlir 
same  name,  which  had  incautionsT\-  ai)pr()ached  the 
i';)rt.      All  this  being  accompli  Mora  was  pl.utd 

i:i  communication  with  the  alli«  forces  of  Grauiula, 
raid  left  Walker  without  means  of  transportation  liy 
water,  or  to  connnunicate  with  the  northern  sea-coa.st. 
Had  the  allies  acted  with  reasonalde  promptness,  both 
on  land  and  water,  Walker's  end  would  have  l»c(ii  a 
matter  of  only  a  few  days.  But  it  was  n-tarded  \>y 
their  lack  of  union  and  generalship.^-     His  situatinn 


"This  t!Xii('<litioa  Viw  proinoto-l  )iy  Cdrneliu.s  Vaiulerliilt,  pri'siiliiit  df 
!  Ai'oosMory  Transit  ('(>.,  thfuij^h  Iiis  aMiit  Welutor,  tut  ftpinMirrd  in  a  litter 
nil  tiio  i'dimuamlir  of  l!io  Hrit.  iiaviil  foroo  to  tlio  Ainerieaii  cmisiil.  It 
lA  I'arrii'il  out,  witli  tlio  as.si.itaiict;  of  S^ioiieor,  au  Am.  engineer,  win 


III  Mail 

1i -OH  ill  tlio  Borviro  of  tho  coiiiiniiy  oiid  was  a  pilot  on  the  San  Juaii.  Hn' 
Btoaiimrs  thus  t:iki'U  were  tlio  W/iiitrr,  Mori/nn,  Marhuca,  ami  Biiliirr.  J'lnz. 
:r>m.  Oiwp.  X„r.,  21  ]it,  17(i-t);  iS'/V.,  T<i<<j.  Svteii.,  Fob.  '28,  18.".7;  .I.-/''"'- 
nnri.i,  Vnd.  Am.,  10()-l;  S.  /'.  Jhnibl,  Jan.  31,  18.57;  S.  F.Alki,  Jan.  ill, 
I  >.")7.  Ollit'ial  rt'imrts  ami  Mora's  proclamation  in  Xir.,  Bolctin  <>jic.,  J:"!-  t'. 
11,  1S.57. 

^■Tliis  in  recogni/oil  with  Bhauio  in  tho  TfMi/.  Setoi.,  June  0,  18;i7.  M  'Ul- 
timo Mfini  hail,  on  thi  Kttli  of  Kco.,  ti'inlerml' Walker's  oJiiorrs  niul  Hillnr-i 
a  f:'''c  paa.iago  to  San  Juan  ild  Nortj  an  I  Now  York;  and  the  govt  at  Limi 


THE  INV.VDEIIS  UESlEGED. 


350 


was  now  critical.  Desertions,  which  wo»'c  frequent, 
sickness,  and  scarcity  of  food,  daily  decreased  his 
fuive.  For  all  that,  he  resisted  in  llivas  several 
r.ssaults  from  both  the  land  and  lake  till  the  2i)d  of 
Fihruary,  and  struck  some  heavy  blows  to  the  be- 
sic  yers  in  San  Jorge." 

The  allied  leaders  had,  after  a  council  of  war  on 
tilt'  23d  of  January,  at  Nandainie,  aj)poiuted  a  general- 
iii-cliief,  and  heads  of  the  several  d(])artnients.  Tlic 
(•hit'f  command  wa.s  conferred  on  Florencio  Xatruch." 
WU  tenure  lasted  but  a  few  djiys,  Jose  Joaquin  !Mora 
Ixiiig  finally  selected  by  the  governments  connnander- 
iiichlef,  when  he  was  recognized  as  such  in  general 
orders  of  February  19th  and  20th.*" 

The  allies  came  to  the  conclusion  that  it  was  ad- 
visable to  closely  besiege  the  enemy  ratlier  than  to 
iittiinpt  further  assaults.  Xatruch  occupied  and  held, 
Miirch  20th,  the  barrio  de  la  Puebla,  south  of  the  city, 
whic'li  was  the  only  means  (jf  free  ingress  and  egress 
f(ir  tlie  filibusters.  Thus  was  Walker  penned.  ]3ut  his 
friends  abroad  had  not  for<j:otten  him.  Three  Ameri- 
cans,  Lockridge,  Anderson,  and  Wlieat,  brought  oOO 
men  to  San  Juan  del  Xorte  in  March,  and  undertook 
to  ascend  the  river.  Lockridge  occupied  La  Trinidad, 
Kut  Titus  was  repulsed  at  the  fort.  They  then  con- 
(ludi'd  to  invade  Costa  Kica,  as  was  then  sujtposed, 
fir  tliey  essayed  to  go  uj)  the  Sarapiqui;  but  soon 
alter  entering  the  river  their  steamer  blew  up,  and 
tin-  expedition  came  to  naught.^" 

liail.  na  tlio  22.1,  anmillol  the  acts  of  tlic  adininiiitration  frtmi  Nov.  4,  18.")5, 
til  .Imu'  1'2,  1S.")1),  with  a  few  ex<'t'j)ti(iiis.  A  decree  ti>L-h>-e  tlie  transit  he- 
twi  ( !i  tlie  two  oceans waa  aUo  iMMueil.  A'ir.,  liolctiii  Ofii\,  l)ee.  2'.(,  lS."(i;  .Tan. 
'.'.  •-•:!,  I'm7. 

'  'two  assaults  in  force,  one  hy  Hcnningsen  with  000  men,  aail  another  l)y 
Wiilkir  hinim'lf  with  4."i),  f.iil'.'il.  Another  was  niai'.e  on  V.n-  Ci.stilhi  Viejo, 
'li  ii  ihlel  hy  (.'aiity,  met  M'ith  the  saine  n  s\ilt,  thmiMli  the  assailants  tmik  tile 
Nleaiiihiiat  Scott,  anil  C'auty  hail  fo  iliMtmy  the  M'trliwn.  Moras  niit,  Fvb. 
'.'t,  I^"i7,  in  Pun,  Mom.  Cunip.  Ai-.r.,  2il  j.t,  \>>-l'M. 

"This  selection  was  nnfavoral.ly  reeeiveil  h^-  the  gnvernnicnt,  ami  vat 
a.curlel  hut  a  temporary  recognition  till  tln!  allie-l  governments  shimhl  pre  < 
tliiir  wishes.   /./.,  182-4;  AVc,  lioUtin  Ujir.,  Feh.  18,  l.S.")7. 

'Tlie  following  appointments  were  also  made:  Caftas,  2d  in  comniaail; 
Ziv  ill.  adj. -gen.;  Xatruch,  inspeetor-gen.;  riiainorro,  (luarterniaster-gea. 

'  The  casualties  Were  GO  killed  and  100  wounded.     The  survivors  returned 


Hi 


3GG 


KXl)  OF  FIUBUSTE11IX(;   IN  CKNTUAL  AMKllKA. 


riio  l)osiogefl,  on  licarin;^  of  the  arrival.  April  :U\. 
h  reeiirorcenionis,  of  (General  ^Martinez,  wliosc  pruw- 


Til 
with  rceiilorcenionts,  ot  licncral  ^Martinez,  whose  p 
ess  they  had  learned  to  resj)ort,  became  alarmed,  ;iml 
the  next  day  oi*jjlity  deserters  entered  the  allied  liius. 
An  assault  in  force  was  made  April  1 1th,  which  fuilid. 
Walker's  casualties  were  ijuite  small,  while  those  of  tlir 
assailants  were  heavy.*'  The  latter  secured  posse  ssioti 
of  San  Juan  del  Sur,  in  order  that  Walker  should  rt  - 
ceive  nr»  further  aid  from  that  (piarter.  It  was  now 
(>vident  that  the  filibusters  could  not  hold  out  iiiin  !i 
l(»n;:!^(r.  The  <>rigimd  force  (•{'  1,000,  thoujjfh  nnor  or 
less  augmented  with  the  arrival  of  every  steamer,  liad 
become  reduced  to  about  one  half  that  nundu-r.  Tlh 
jjjarrisou  had  an  abundance  of  plantains,  but  no  iix  ;tt 
other  tha.i  that  of  asses,  mules,  and  horses. 

An  ofHeer  of  the  United  States  corvette  Sulnt 
.]farif.'<,  which  had  been  some  time  lyinjjf  at  Sau 
Juan,  came  on  the  24th  to  ^Tora's  hea(l<iuartc!s  to 
solicit  in  the  name  of  (\innnander  Cliarles  H.  ])avi-i 
a  truce  of  six  hours,  which  was  granted,  for  the  re- 
moval iVom  Ivivas  of  the  women,  children,  and  otlit  r 
non-combatants.  Walker,  becondng  a[>prised  liy  that 
oHicer  of  the  failure  of  Lockridge's  attempt  to  su(<-oi' 
liim,  sionified  a  willingiir-s  to  ca[)itulate,  not  to  tin' 
oencral-in-chief  of  the  besieging  forces,  as  was  nat- 
ural, but  to  connnander  Davis.  To  this  Mora  ab- 
sented, in  order  to  bring  the  war  to  an  end  at  omi , 
and  save  himself  from  ci-rtain  complications  he  apjiit  - 
hendetl.'*"*     The  capitulation  being  signed  and  caiiiril 

to  I'lint.i  ill  Ciistilla,  ri'fusiiig  to  ^^o  on.  Lockridge  accusud  tliciii  of  foWMnliiT, 
ii:iil  took  aw;iy  tlirir  arms.  IJiit  the  ini,'ii  claimed  the  proti^ctimi  of  t!.r  llrit- 
i  h  naval  cuinuiaiuler.  Cauty  went  ilown  in  a  steamer  to  the  hay  A\iri\  ]2i!i, 
anil  aft' r  eniifiTriiig  witli  the  I5rit.  oliieer,  ocinniieil  I'lintJi  «lo  Castilla.  m  lur- 
i  ig  the  war  niati'rial.  He  then  temlereil  the  men  a  passage  to  tlie  I'.  .*<.  at 
t'le  exjieiisi!  of  Costa  ]{.  This  was  the  end  of  the  famous  LockridLf  exjiiili- 
tion.  /''/v;,  Ml  1,1.  Cinuj).  jN'n'.,  'Jil  \>t;  Air.,  T'l"/.  iSitrti.,  Anril  II,  l^-'T; 
S.  /'.  J/' nil,/,  April  '-M,  May  Hi,  IS.-.J;  S.  /'.  liiilHin,  April  '2\',  |s.">7:  S.  F. 
Aid,,  May  hi,  l.S.')7;  I'm.  iJl  iiiiliiwla,  April  '2'2,  18J7;  A'lV.,  Iiol.tiii  <{iir., 
April  '.",t,  "ls.->7. 

*'  Upwards  of  .^0()  killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 

*'*n.'  did  so,  even  though  he  agreed  with  Xatnich,  Martinez,  and  CIki- 
morro  that  the  capitulation  should  not  he  neeepted  unless  Walker  pi  .i;iil 
hiaisilf  not  to  eonimit  hostilities  in  future  against  any  of  the  allied  >i.ii'''. 
lio  alio  wishu  I  to  Ijj  away  before  the  arrival,  then  expected,  of  (.ien.  IJarMna 


CAriTULATIOV   OF  \V.\LKEli. 


361 


out,  Walkor  and  sixteen  ofliccrs,  after  bidding  adieu 
to  the  arniv  <>n  the  1st  of  Mav,  departed  under  the 
escort  of  Zavala,  for  San  Juan  del  Sui",  whci-o  thoy 
( luharked  on  the  Saint  Marif.^."  Davis  then  deliv- 
eivd  the  city  of  llivas  to  Mora,  and  the  rest  of 
Walker's  men,  ahout  400  in  nuujbor,  wore  trans- 
jiorted  to  the  I'^niti^d  States/*" 

The  war  hein^  ended,  the'  allied  troops  retired  to 
tlieir  rcspeetive  states,  l^ut  ])rior  to  thri.  drpaituro 
thii'e  was  an  affair  which  nii;.^ht  have  ended  in  a  san- 
guinary eontlict  had  it  not  been  for  the  prudent  course 
pursued  hy  most  of  the  j^enerals.  The  trouble  arose 
iVoin  the  ]iot-headedn<'SS  of  Zavala,  the  eouiniander 
of  the  Guatemalans,  who  had  been  led  to  believe,  by 

ith   larj;('    rci'iiforcoiiu'iits    nf   rrint;in:il;ius   a!i<l    S.ilvadnr.'iii-!,   who    wnulil 


i!.itil)tlu.ss  fliiim  till'  yliiry  of  cmliiig  tliu  \v;ir.   /'i 


M< 


'it)!». 


,/;. 


.\'. 


'_M  lit, 


tl 


'"Tlic  tt-rins  ajirefil  upon  lietwceu  Walker  ami  l>;ivi.s  were:  1st.  Walkci-  aii<l 


ic  lit  oIllUlTS  ol  liis.s 


tall  ' 


>h 


ivf  Kivas  witlisiiU-arui-i,  iiistols,  )i 


ill 


iiiirsi-s,  am 


(iliuT  [Mi-orial  cirfct.s,  umlcr  I  )avi.s' guaranty  that  they  nIioiiIiI  not  ho  inolo.stiil 
hy  till'  cnciiiy,  hut  allnwi-il  to  I'luhark  on  tlio  Sninf,  Mnrift  at  Saii  .luaii  ihl 
Siir,  whence  she  shoull  eonvi'y  them  to  Panama;  2  1.  The  otlur  (itlieers  of 


Walk 


ir  s  army  won 


hU' 


ive  Kivas,  with  their  arms,  under  the  same  guaranty 


'1  hi'  .sent  hy  l>avis  to  raiiania  in  charge  of  an  otiicer  of  the  V.  S.;  .'M.    TIk 


il  lil 


e,  citizen 


iiiil  otlicials,  hoth  the  wouiiiled  anil  well,  were  to  s!' 


r mil  r  their  arms  to  ]>avis  on  a  vessel  apart  from  the  ile.serte'-s,  .so  that  there 
sliciuM  he  no  contact  hetweeii  the  former  and  the  latter;  4th.  I'lvis  pledged 
liiiiisilf  to  ohtain  liir  Central  Americans  then  in  Kivas  permission  to  reniaiii 
i.i  tlieir  country  with  protection  ol  life,  liherty,  and  property;  5th.  The  otlieer.>» 
slitiiild  he  allowed  to  remain  at  San  .luaii  del  Sur,  under  the  protection  of  the 
I'.  S.  cniisul,  tintil  an  opimrtunity  otfered  to  leave  for  Panama  or  San  Fran- 
ci^i'i).  The  instrument  hears  also  the  signatures  of  C.  Y.  Heiiningsen,  P. 
Waters,  J.  W.  Taylor,  and  P.  U.  Thoniiison.  /./.,  210-1'-';  Xi<\,  Iinl,r,,i  Ojir., 


.III 


uiie 


mp: 
Miv  (1,  17,  28,  1S.")7;  /■/.,  '/'</<■/.  ,S^■^■//.,  .May  9,  1(J,  23,  1S.')7;  ,V(.'.  l'i,h 
I  I  IS,  hSo7;  fi.  F.  Al/i,  .Tune  17,  IS,  .Inly  I,  2,  lsr)7;  .S\  F.  ll>  nihl,  .hine  Hi, 
liiUij,  I.e.  Xi<\,  i.  2S7;  Pinvii  dc  Mn.i/,  Xd/hs,  in  Omit.,  Jlrrnji.  Liij,. 


I- 

'A'>'\  745-(i;  Ufiior.  J,'<i:,  July  lS."i7,  11^ 


Astihi 


^  r'liii'isfo  iS.  /■ 


\Mal,i 


/i 


iirwi.iii,  l{()iiihltrii.i  I 


iUi, 


•  /,■  ( • 


"U" 


Crnt.  A, 


Aimrloi,  0  I'lm  ilr 


Ili.<'(irin 


y  </'■  «n  KiUvIo  (irtwil.  Santiago  ((.'hile),  lSo7,  8vo,  map,  dedic,  and  llli  pp. 
riie  author  of  this  work  held  a  diitloiiiatic  mission  from  Chile  to  Costa  Kiea, 
and  heing  desirous  of  fnrni-'hiiig  his  countrymen  gome  information  on  Central 
Aimiiea,  prepared  his  matirial,  origin;i'ly  for  the  Id  rlMn,  ilr  ( 'ii  miiu  i/  Litrnn 
lit  Santiago;  succinctly  giving  the  physical  peculiarities,  a'.'rieulture,  coni- 
iii 'lie,  au  I  other  resources  of  the  country,  together  with  asullieieiit'y  instriU't- 
i\i' .sketch  of  the  history  of  Central  America  in  general,  as  wi'll  is  of  each 
.>ititc  comprised  in  that  term,  in  readahlo  form.  At  the  end  is  added  \\\n 
iiiiiiial  corresiiondence  witii  the  si.'veral  governments  of  Central  America  on 
til'  in'iijecte  I  union  of  the  Spanish  American  repuhlics. 

"The  otliei.'il  cortespondeuce  hetweeii  Mora  and  the  govt  of  Nic.  shows 
th''  lii-li  appreciation  given  hy  the  latter  to  the  service  rendered  hy  Pavis. 
-V;-.,  iio/dm  Ojft'c,  May  0,  1857. 


'i 


it* 

1  '   b     I 


TfV 


3^2 


END  OF  FILIBUSTKIIING  IX  CENTRAL  A-MEU1Ca. 


an  ovil  counsellor,  that  the  goverinnont  would  not 
ivturii  him  some  arms  he  had  lent,  nor  furnisli  liim 
transportation,  nor  even  pay  him  the  honors  liuu  his 
rank.  All  this  was  unfounded,  but  he  maltreated  tho 
ottirer  of  the  jjuard  at  tlie  government  house,  jind 
«^ros>ly  insulted  the  president,  his  ministers,  and 
otlurs,  threatening  to  hang  them  on  the  churdi  (f 
Lii  Merced.  His  conduct  was  violent  and  scandal- 
ous."'' Milxmio  Jerez  and  hundreds  t)f  soldiers  rushed 
to  the  government's  defence,  and  there  would  liuvi! 
l)cen  Uo(»dshcd  but  f<jr  Barrios  of  Salvador,  wl:o  liad 
command  of  1,800  men,  and  prevailed  on  Zavala  to 
go  back  to  Chinandcga,  whence  he  marched  to  Guatt- 
mala,  where  he  was  received  with  the  honors  he  luul 
fairly  w«>ii. 

Mora  r»turned  to  Costa  Rica,  leaving  the  coniinand 
in  charge  of  Cafias.  It  is  said  that  he  had  plaiimd 
to  extend  tlie  boundaries  of  Costa  Rica  to  the  lake, 
which  he  deemed  an  easy  undertaking,  as  the  Costa 
Ricans  had  the  lake  st(\amers,  and  the  Xicaraguans 
w«)ul(l  l»e  sure  to  break  out  into  civil  war.  '"  War  was 
declared  bv  Costa  Kiea  ajjfainst  Nicara'jfua  on  the  I'Jth 
of  Octolier,  1B57,  and  accepted  by  the  latter  in  de- 
fence of  her  territory.''^  Rut  upon  a  second  invasion 
by  Walker,  peace  was  concluded  on  the  IGth  of  Jaii- 
uar\-,  1;>JS.^ 

Walker  arrived  safely  in  his  own  country.     Rut  ho 

*' A  full  aooount  of  tho  affiiir  wan  imhliahcd  in  the  government's  orLiii. 
Xir.,  H.!,t;„  ojh:,  May  128,  18J7. 

*■' Ho  l>:iil  lurnishu<l  M'ar  material  to  l»f>th  i)artiea,  and  tendert'd  C'ii't;i 
Kiel's  aid  to  M:irtinez.  His  own  wonls  at  eiuharkiiig  expre-sMed  tiio  M;nh.:i- 
velli.iu  I'lot:  '  Rsta  reptlblica  cstariv  pronto  en  gm-rra;  dojo  las  nav;:j:is 
aiiarrad.is  a  los  gallos.  Caftiis  disapproved  in  toto  of  those  plans.  /'"■;, 
J/em.  f.tmji.  A'.i'-., 'Jd  pt,  'JIi.'-i;i. 

**rres.  Martinez  of  Nic.  pronounced  it  a  'guerra  injusta  y  traidora.' 
Sic,  I'i^nirsii. . ,  .liiiiijni:,  1. 

•"Full  p:irticulara  on  this  war  and  tho  terms  of  peace,  in  C'ontn  /'.,  In- 
/.tnnel{>l.,  IV'iS,  2-3;  /(/.,  Ripoa.  Mot,  tld  Canthio,  'Mi-,\  A/V.,  Jhr.  j/.1""' 
./OS  1S07-8,  lU-l'.;,  30-1,  135-U;  Aic,  Mmiif'.  Dim.  Iwiuj.,  no.  5,  3;  /,'■"'((, 
(.'."/.  Sie.,  i.  '•••J;  Aynii,  Consul.  Liinitrs,  30-2.  IVriz,  while  reyertini|  to 
C'osita  Kioa's  plan  to  rob  Nic.  of  tho  Uiver  San  Juan,  and  a  portion  (4  tho 
1  iki-,  mentions  what  Nic.  had  to  suffer  from  tho  allied  forces  during  thi'  «  ir. 
'C'uantas  t-xi^encias,  cuantos  insultos,  cuantas  cosas  teniamo.i  (juo  siifnr. 
The  allies  a]>propriated  as  booty  Nicaraguan  movable  property  that  was  Uikcii 
from  the  tUibusten.  Menu  Camp.  .A  uc,  Jd  pi  Cai-tn  (rref.),  p.  ii* 


SECOND  AND  TinUlJ  KXrEDlTIONS. 


sa 


was  not  yet  satisfied  with  the  misery  and  desolation 
lie  had  wrought  upon  a  foreign  and  unofl'ending  [M'oplo. 
]!(•  must  play  the  vamj'ire  further;  he  must  concjuor 
Nicaragua  and  be  a  great  man.  Taking  advantage  of 
tlic  rupture  between  this  republic  and  Costa  Rica,  ho 
prepared  another  expedition,  with  which,  eluding  the 
vigilance  of  the  United  States  authorities,  he  sailed 
liuni  New  Orleans  for  San  Juan  del  Norte.  He  was 
aircstod,  howexxT,  at  Punta  de  Castilla,  December 
btii,  and  sent  back  by  Conmiodorc  Paulding,  com- 
manding the  American  home  8(juadron."  Tiie  ofti- 
ccr's  course  obtained  the  highest  connnendation  and 
gratitude  in  Central  America,  and  particularly  in 
Costa  Rica  and  Nicaragua,  the  latter  conferring  upon 
him  high  honors.  Loyal  men  who  took  up  arms  in 
tlio  country's  defence  were  also  rewarded/'"  But  like 
a  wild  b(?ast  maddened  by  its  wounds,  Walker  was 
still  bent  on  blood,  if  blood  were  necessary  to  subju- 
<rato  Central  America  to  his  will.  He  fitted  out  a 
tliird  expedition,  and  landing  with  its  avant  guard 
at  Trujillo  on  the  Gth  of  August,  18G0,  seized  the 
funds  of  the  custom-house,  which  were  pledged  to  tlie 
]»ritish  government  for  the  payment  of  Honduras'  in- 
(Irbtedness  to  its  subjects.*'  The  British  war  vessel 
Icarus  entered  the  port  on  the  20th,  and  her  com- 
niaiiding  officer,  Norwell  Salmon,  demanded  that 
Vv'alker  should  forthwith  leave  the  plac(\  which  ho 
did,  fieeing  to  the  eastern  coast,  where  he  and  his 

•'"  Tho  official  documents  connected  with  the  affair  clearly  prove  that  the 
U.  S.  govt  was  desirous  of  niaiiiUiiiiing  an  honorahlo  position  1  lef ore  tlie  world, 
r.  S'.  h'nrtDor.,  Cong.  35,  Sess.  1,  vol.  vii.,  H.  Kx.  Dt.o.,  no.  124,  1-S2.,  no. 
'.M.  1:  /(/.,L1.,  H.  Jour.,  Id'y-l'.i,  IIWW,  13GS;  /./.,  Cong.  .•}"),  Scss,  I,  vol.  i.,.Sea. 
]a.  Doc,  no.  13;  I<1.,  Id.,  vol.  xiii..  Sen.  l><ic.,  no.  ti'.i;  Id.,  Cong.  3.'>,  Ne.s8. 
2,  vnl.  vii.,  no.  10;  Cowj.  OIoIh;  18.")7-8,  18.")8-'J.  Index  'Cent.  Am.,'  Tauld. 
iiL','  'Walker,'  'Neutrality  l^^iws,'  ' Clay ton-lJulwir  Treaty,'  t-U:;  Sitiut's 
-V;-.,  •Jll-21;  Bdbi,  Le  Mr.,  i.  '2'.»4-7;  S.  /•'.  BullHin,  Doc.  'Jil,  1.S57;  IS.  F. 
.1/'.',  .Ian.  14,  185S;  S<ic  Union,  Feb.  3,  IS.jS. 

'''To  Paulding  'were  voted  thanks,  a  sword  of  honor,  and  'JO  cahallcrfas 
nf  liii  1.  ..Vic,  Jiolifin  OJic,  Aug.  2,  I8(i'i;  Iil.,  Lfi/>>i  L'mlf.,  IS.'.O,  3  ,">;  /,',«•/,  i, 
<-''»/.  A/.'.,  i.  217-'J:);  Cotta  />'.,  Col.  Ln/.,  xv.  3;  /<!.,  /ii/oruie  lliL,  lf>.'S,  I  'J. 

''  Ids  idtiniate  destination  M-as  Nicaragua,  wlioso  govomineiit  hastened 
lir.|i;irations  for  the  defence  of  her  territory,  as  will  as  to  aid  Hond.  in  the 
iv(  it  111  her  needing  assistance.  Kic,  Mem.  Qobcrn.,  ISGl,  D;  Id.,  JJcnm'Je 
il<l  /'rrgil.,  Jan.  10,  1801. 


niU        KM)  OF   FILIUJSTLUIXG   IN*  CKXTUAL  AMIIIUCA. 


men  underwent  tlu;  utmost  sijU'eriuij  iu  that  uniti- 
lijibitod  marshy  rei^Mon.  A  party  of  lloiulurans  liar- 
ussotl  them,  aiul  Walker  was  wounded  in  the  taci' 
and  h"^.  Finally,  General  Mariano  Alvarez  arrived 
with  a  ITonduran  I'oreo  at  Trujillo,  and  tojjether  with 
Salmon  proeeeded  t<»  the  mouth  of  Rio  Tinto,  aniv- 
inj^  there  on  the  'M  of  September.  Walker  .suricii- 
dered  to  the  Icarus,  and  was  turned  over  to  Alvan/., 
who  had  him  tried  at  Trujillo  by  eourt-martial.  J  If 
was  sentenced  to  death,  and  executed  on  the  I'Jth  <>{ 
SeptenilitT.  Thus  ended  on  the  scatlbld  the  caret  r  i.\ 
William  Walker,  Hlibuster,  pirate,  or  what  you  will.  ' 

The  provisional  lu^ovomment  of  XicaraGfua  on  tlic 
14th  of  January,  ISJT,  or^^anized  a  eonsultive  coumil 
of  five  members  and  three  substitutes,"'''  which  wa-. 
iiHtalled  on  the  20th.  To  that  body  were  refernd 
the  strictures  of  ministers  Cardi'ual  and  Castillo, 
u[)held  by  Geni'ral  ^fartinez,  the  two  former  having' 
resigned  their  portfolios  because  the  president  ]i;itl 
declined  to  transl'cr  the  seat  of  _<:^overnment  t<»  tli-' 
eastern  department.*'  The  council  did  not  approve  ut 
their  c(»ursi',  and  suj^ufested  that  ^lartinez,  undi  r  a 
clause  in  the  aj^reement  of  September  12,  185C>,  sliould 
sumn»on  II.  Cortes  and  P.  J.  Chamorro  to  fill  tin' 
vacancies  in  the  cabinet.  It  does  not  appear,  linw- 
ever,  that  Martinez  took  any  steps  in  that  direction. 

The  old  dissensions  which  AValker's  war  had  kt  jit 
in    abeyance    now   threatened    to   break   out   afnsli. 

•""  He  rceeivcil  tao  coiisolatiim  of  religion  from  a  cnthnlic  priest,  laving' 
joineil  that  faith  to  Imcoino  jircsiclcMit  of  Nic.  His  remains  v,\-ic  luirii'cl  in 
Trujillo.  Among  hi.s  etfcets  was  found  tho  seal  of  Nicaragua,  which  with 
his  sword  the  gox-ernnieiit  of  Hond.  transmitted  to  that  of  the  fiiriiier.  /.'i 
Uhiiin  fit'  Sir.,  Jiin.  12,  Sept.  '_'.S,  18t»l;  Xir.,  I'l/onnc  Oolx-ru.,  no.  ii.  7  !•:  AV 
Xrrinn'il,  Sept.  8-Oet.  '27,  ISiiO;  /V/ri,  Mfiii.'Camp.  X'lr.,  2d  i>t,  21.".  lii; 
JSrlli/,  /,»■  A/V.,  i.  382;  E-o,  ///vp.-.l w.,  Sept.  l.")-Nov.  15,  1800-  7)"(/"-  <!'■ 
.•1W.X.W,  Oit.  4,  181)0;  J'intM  (Inte  of  the  'v.,  4'.)-50;  Ifitrper'n  Mo<j  ,  xxi-  WKi, 
S'M;  S.  t\  Jiulli't,,,,  Sept.  3,  8,  17,  IK,  ')et.  .3,  J<.».  Nov.  12,  18{>0. 

•'"Tiio  niemhers  Were:  Vieario  capitular,  .J.  il  Herdoeia,  J.  de  la  Rmla, 
II.  Z'peda,  <rrejjorio  .Inarez,  and  (..  Laeayo;  Ruhstituten,  J.  liiiea,  F  I 'i  li! 
Z:i])ita,  and  .Toaonin  Pei-e/.  Xir.,  f.oU'tin  '>/iV.,  Jan.  23,  18.")7. 

•^'The  le','itinii.sts  claimed  it  to  ho  for  the  puhlic  weal,  wherea>  tho  cl.iiin- 
crats  tHoiight  it  would  damage  theui.  I'trez,  jleiiu  Cauti>,  Xuc,  2d  p-,  I  ."^  •*• 


Le^itimls 
(|rsi»lation 
^[artinez 
the  cast  { 
Bari'ios,  c 
olltet   an 
that  tho  o 
hiuisflf  an 
jointly  rro 
Cduld  be  a 
T!iis  plan 
thfinsclvt's 
;,''ul»iL'rno,  < 
was   ree(  yr 
oalainitv  oi 
Cn|iH)lc't<'d 
and    l?osul 
Jerez  contii 
of  October, 
ac(vj)ted,  tl 
nf  iiiilitai'v 
olHi-e  into't 
till  11  made 
powers,  anc 
Tlie  fir.st 
-titute  the 

tile  people  i 

i'l.L;'  a  C(»nst 
At  the  sue-i 
•HTez,  Toinj 

pfnjMT    pcrS 

t'lfi-ted  aim 

"Kut  forarhi 
'I'vi'Ir.l  into  two 
*»itli  .,th<T  states 
Mni.-j.  ,1,1  l',),l,, 

'"'A/'-.,  D,,\  ,j 

"'In  tliodeere 
'"tcr-:  w  iTc  niadu 

''Only  two  fit 
';'S  y-\\\v\\  had  he 


liLOKCANIZATlOX  DF  (iOVKll.N.MFAT. 


aos 


1/  M-itiinlsts  and  tlomoorats  alike  Sciw  in  bloojlsluul  juul 
(lis(»hitir)n  tlio  only  means  to  settle  their  difrcicncis. 
Martinez  and  Jerez,  with  some  of  their  fVii-nds  j'lt.ni 
the  east  and  west,  and  assisted  hy  (Jeneral  (urard(» 
Bairios,  eoniniissioner  of  Salvador,  labored  in  vain  to 
t'll'ict  an  atnieahlc  arramj^cnient."'  Jerez  eonchkli'il 
tliat  the  oidy  recourse  now  lift  to  avert  a  Wiir  was  for 
liiiiiself  and  ^lartinez  to  assume  the  responsibility  ot" 
jointly  jjfovernini;  the  country  dictatorially  until  it 
rould  1k' a.^rain  placed  under  a  constitutional  reL;inie. 
This  plan  beinjj^  accepted,  the  two  h'adei>i  oi'^anizid 
tluinsrlvcs,  on  the  24tli  of  June,  into  a  junta  de 
i;ul)ierno,  <.)therwise  called  (iobierno  Binario,  which 
was  recojrnized  by  both  parties,  and  the  dreaded 
calamitv  of  war  was  avoided.  The  orj'anization  was 
C()nii»let<>d  with  the  appointment  of  Grej^orio  Juanz 
and  Rosali'o  Cortes  as  the  cabinet.  ^Martinez  and 
Jerez  continued  at  the  head  of  aflairs  until  the  I'Jth 
of  Octoltcr,  when  war  with  Costji  Rica  liaviui;"  bein 
acct'pted,  they  resolved  to  assume  personal  diiection 
of  military  operations,  and  resiL,nied  the  executive 
otlice  into  the  hands  of  the  ministei'S.  ^Martinez  was 
tin  II  made  general-in-chief  of  the  foices,  with  ample 
powers,  and  Jerez  second  in  command."' 

The  first  acts  of  the  new  government  were  to  recon- 
>titute  the  supreme  and  other  courts,  and  to  summon 
the  jieopie  to  choose  a  constituent  asscnibly  for  frani- 
iiii,''  a  constitution,"''  and  a  president  of  the  republic. 
At  the  sui::u;estion  of  Cortes,  and  with  the  as-ient  of 
Jori'Z,  Tomils  ^Martinez  was  named  to  the  people  as  a 
]irii]icr  person  for  the  exocutive  office,  and  he  was 
ik'cted  almost  unanimouslv."'     He  took  the  oath  of 


i 


'Tiut  fur  arliitrtary  moasurca,  on  the  l'2th  of  .Tune,  tlio  static  vimM  have 
iliviilid  into  two  ^jarts,  each  following  itn  own  luiit,  ovcii  to  iiioirimratioii 
with  otliiT  HtiitL'8,  which  Would  have  Ijucu  thu  death  of  the  rc'iiublio.  A'/c, 
M.I, -J,  ,ltH'o</<r  Ejrr.,  18r)7,  2-3. 

'^-.V;..,  Dec.  y  Anicnlox,  1857,  l.^-VS. 

'^'lii  tlie  decree  of  convocation  the  lacndwrsof  the  executive  and  the  min- 
istor-i  V  I've  made  iiU'litriMo  for  scats  in  that  hody. 

'■'Only  two  electoral  votes  were  not  east  for  him.  Tlie  constituent ussem- 
Mv,  wliich  had  lieen  installed  Nov.  8th,  declared  hiin  to  have  been  the  people's 
t  i"ii.f.  Sic,  Gaatii,  Apr.  IS,  16G3. 


sen 


tSl)  OF  FILlBUSTKUIXf;  IN   CKXTHAL  AMKIlIiA. 


ofHco  on  tho  15th  of  X<>vuinl»or,  promixiii^  to  puisii.  a 
jKtlicy  of  peace  and  nmciliatioti,*^'  and  aj)|)«»iiitiii<4 
Juarez,  Maeario  Alvarez,  and  Cortes,  his  n)inisti  is 
re.speetivelv  for  foreign  relations,  treasury,  and  tf<.v- 
ernujont."*'  JJurin*^  his  first  term  there  were  sev*  i.il 
clumi^es  in  the  personnel  of  the  cahinet.'' 

^Martinez'  administration  not  only  <^ave  Nicarnmiu 
the  lonjL^est  period  of  internal  peaee  she  liad  ever  iuul. 
hut  j>romoted  her  prosperity  in  every  hranch,  aii*l 
notahly  in  finances.  At  tho  time  of  its  inau<^uratin!i. 
tho  j^overnment  had  not  one  hundred  dollars  in  the 
treatsury.  The  liberatin«(  anny  had  not  been  paid  dm  - 
in^^  the  late  war,  and  the  oidy  way  to  adjust  tlie  arrtais 
was  by  issuing  warrants,  which  the  merchants  miuu 
<rot  jiossession  of  at  sixty  to  cijL^hty  per  cent  dlsiniint, 
and  returned  to  the  treasury  at  \tnr  in  i>aym(iit  ot 
import  duties  on  merchandise,  thus  greatly  redutin;; 
the  revenue  from  that  source.  The  govermneiit  al^n 
adopted  the  unusual  course  of  assuming  to  indeiimitv 
J  rivate  persons  for  the  losses  they  had  sustaimd  dur- 
ing the  civil  war,  tliose  resulting  from  the  burning;  "t 
Granada  included."^    And  yet  Martinez,  after  his  n  ic- 

"^  Dinnimo  Iiiaiiij.,  3,  Toinau  Martinez  was  a  native  of  Leon,  and  luul  lucu 
en.i!:ig<'il  in  trnilu  and  mining  without  taking  part  in  tho  political  a^;itati(ins 
of  hi.i  native  phicu  until  the  revohition  of  1854,  which  did  not  meet  liis  np- 
l>roval.  It  is  believed  tliat  his  reserve  liad  made  him  an  object  of  Kiisipicinii 
o:i  tiie  jiart  t»f  tlie  democrats,  which  cireninstance  forceil  him  to  sn  k  a  r.  tii^u 
in  the  ranks  of  the  conservatives,  and  to  ondtracc,  nnieli  against  his  likiiiL', 
tiie  military  profession.  Martinez  was  a  lineal  descendant  of  an  heroii-  wii;riiiii, 
llafaela  Mora,  who  in  17>S0  distiuguisheil  herself  in  the  defence  of  Sail  .In  lu 
d.'l  \orte  against  Nelson's  atbick.  He  was  in  1857  about  45  years  nl.l,  tall 
of  stature,  an<l  of  reserved  deportment.  Self-instructed,  plain,  anil  unani- 
bitious  «if  popularity,  ho  eaix'd  not  for  honors  or  display,  and  ubhornd  syoo- 
phancy.  He  never  useil  more  words  than  were  necessary  to  cxiu'ess  liis 
thoughts,  and  his  whole  aim,  after  he  entered  public  life,  w.is  to  siivc  his 
country.  Moreover,  ho  possessed  a  kiudly  disposition,  ami  in  his  famil .  n.- 
lations  was  affectionate. 

•'"l>urinK  tho  war  with  Costa  Rica  he  commanded  the  forces  in  the  till: 
meantime  the  executive  oliico  was  in  charge  of  Deputy  Agustiu  Avilt-s.  Ho 
resumeil  tho  latter  .Jan.  12,"),  lSr)8.  In  tiio  course  of  his  term  he  sevensl  timi-| 
provision:dly  surrendered  the  oliico  into  the  charge  of  others,  on  art(ii::it  <•! 
illness,  ^'!c.,  Dec.  y  Acuenlm,  18.")S,  3-7,  32;  1859,  ii.  VM,  137;  181)0,  iu.  71, 
83-4.  177. 

*'  The  sovenil  portfolios  were  abo  for  more  or  less  time  in  charge  of  I'ulnt 
Zeledon,  J.  do  la  liocha,  Kduardo  Castillo,  (.ieronimo  I'erez,  Miyucl  Ciinliiias, 
Nicivsio  del  Castillo,  and  H.  Zepetla. 

""A  iuunl>er  of  decrees  acknowledging  the  iudebteduess  appear  in  A /i'., 
Dec.  y  Acuenlw,  18Jl),  ii.  13'J-ol. 


t<  irv  o; 
A. 'I  dor 

diMihh'l 

raii'^ihj 
TJio 

t"  l*e  a 
1'  I'opul 
tht^  assf 

l<'L;i.sIatl 

slutuld 
coiistitu 
to  this,  < 
illc'^'-itin] 
liad  rule 
1m  r,  185 
June  24, 
Duriu] 


""The  ca( 

iiiiiit  was  cii 
Jii'lifial.     Tl 
"itliipiit  reei 
"IS   to  g,(  ii 

I'lv.'i.lentwa.- 
""t  having  li 

I'l'<>essill(jr  I-,., 

t  'eMMsiyt  of  i 
'i\  years;  tlk 
;'>>'.<NM)inreal 
'ill  dipiitiijs' 
'i-ilf  thfir  nui 
''antral  Amer 
I" -Vic  of  ten , 
'•'•"t,  senator, 
y  rs  (if  recogn 
^'"^  liiembers 
two  sections 
'''"■I'ty  of  thou 
■'"iiileiiiigratioi 
••■'''y.  invjision 
V''>"y  forbi.h 
■^■.i.'2:>-4'2; 
'■'■'"  >■„.  y  (1,1,.,. 
'■^  "|i  the  loth  . 
...  ,' '  'i«'caiise  id 
r'*'i  "i  June,  _ 
'"■Kill  that  auuu 


Ni:W  COXsTiTLTHlN. 


307 


tcrv  of  Ajiril  20,  ISC..".,  tiLjftinst  the  unitod  fonva  of  Sal- 
\;Hl(»r  and  Honduras,  siuvfcdj'd  within  six  years  in 
(Iciiililini^  tlu'  amount  of  puMic  rovonuos,  and  in  ar- 
raii';;ing  for  the  payment  of  tlie  foreijnfu  deht. 

The  constituent  assemhly,  on  the  IDth  of  Aujjjust, 
I^.IS,  adopted  a  new  constitution,  deelarin«j  Niearaixua 
ti.  he  a  sovereign,  free,  and  independent  repuhlic  under 
;i  popuhirrepresentiitivej^'overnment.®'  Two  days  hiter 
the  assenddy  resolved  to  eontiime  aetin*^  as  an  ordinary 
li^ishiture,  and  deerei'd  tliat  all  puhlic  functionaries 
should  ntain  their  resj.eetive  otfices  until  the  new 
constitutional  regime  should  have  been  installe»l.  Prior 
to  this,  on  the  TOth  of  January,  that  body  liatl  declared 
illegitimate  all  the  provisional  administrations  which 
had  ruled  Nicaragua  from  1854  till  the  8th  of  Xovem- 
1m  !•,  1857,  excepting  only  the  gobierno  binario  from 
June  24,  1857.'" 

During  the  first  years  of  Martinez'  rule,  the  most 

""The  catholic  nliginii  w.is  jilicfil  uiulcr  nt.ito  protection.  The  govern- 
iiii'iit  w;in  constitntod  in  thri'o  liraiic  lio.-i;  n.iniely,  executive,  lej/isLitivn,  uitil 
judicial.  The  exeeutlve  iiiitluirity  M-iw  vested  in  a  iire.sitlent  fur  Imir  years 
without  reelection  for  the  next  term.  lu  his  ahiieiu'e  or  inahiUty,  the  othe.; 
w  IS  to  g<.  into  the  hamU  of  the  senator  caUed  hy  congress  to  lill  it.  Tho 
]irc.<i.h'nt  was  to  he  a  native  and  resident  of  Nic,  HO  years  of  a^'e  or  upwartl.s, 
ih'l  having  lost  tho  rights  of  eitizen.shii>  within  live  years  of  tiie  election,  anil 
I'lisM'ssing  real  estate  valued  at  no  less  tlian  §4,(K)0.  The  lej,'i.slativ('  jiower  was 
I  p  tnnsitit  of  a  senate  and  house  of  deputies.  Tlie  senators'  trrin  was  to  ho  of 
iix  years;  they  were  to  he  at  huist  'M  years  «)ld,  and  to  possess  no  less  than 
•S'.'.IMK)  in  real  estate,  one  third  of  their  nunihcr  to  Ikj  renewed  evi'ry  two  years. 
Tin  (Kputies  Were  to  he  upwards  of  -o  years  old,  and  hold  for  four  yisirs,  one 
li:ilf  their  nundnir  heing  rencweil  every  two  years.  Tliu  natives  of  the  other 
Central  American  states  were  eligihle  to  tho  senato  or  lu.use,  af  ter  a  n^sidenco 
in  Xie.  of  ten  or  live  years  respectively.  No  chiirchinan  couhl  he  chosen  presi- 
iliiit,  senator,  or  deiiuty.  Tho  justices  of  the  HUi>reme  court  had  to  he  hiw- 
y  rs  of  recognized  anility  and  integrity.  They  were  to  Imhl  otliio  four  years, 
tlio  inciiihcrs  heing  renewed  every  two  years.  Tho  court  was  cHvidiMl  into 
two  .sections  with  at  least  four  justices  each.  Tho  constitution  recognized 
lilierty  of  thought,  speech,  writing,  ami  tho  press;  also  tho  ri;;hts  of  propcjrty 
ami  emigration.  Torture  in  any  form,  cniel  jiuuishnients,  contiseation  of  pro[)- 
erty,  invasion  of  private  domicile,  and  estaMi.shment  of  special  courts  wito 
f'.rittly  forhidden.  It  was  promulgated  Sept.  1.'.,  1S.'.8.  Iliu'li<t,  ('ml.  /.i^/Im. 
-V,  ..  i.  'J.-,-!'.';  Lri'!/,  X/V.,  309-27:  Si  Porr'  „ir  X!<:,  Feh.  11,  iSTi';  X;,:,  M'vjii. 
'•'►'"/•».  y  (I'licrrii,  IS.VJ,  3.  Tlio  l.ishop  and  his  chapter  took  the  oath  to  ohey 
it  ell  the  1  ".til  of  Apr.,  1801.  Lit  Union  tk  Xlr.,  May  11,  1801. 

'"  iJecause  its  acts  temled  to  tho  organization  of  tho  country.  IJut  on  the 
'J">tli  of  June,  IS.IH,  tho  government  of  .Tosc  M.  Kstrada  wa.<  also  e.\empte,l 
Ireiii  that  auuulmeut.  Jlocha,  VOd,  Lvjk,  Sk.,  i.  82,  S'J-'JO. 


i^ 


«"'  ■'in 

ri 


3f5S 


r,Ni>  OF  i'ii.i:;u.  TKUiN!;  i\  cfatuaf,  amkuka. 


I 


IVloiuUv  relations  scmu d  to  exist  between  liiiu  jkiI 
the  Itiulcrs  of  the  two  jxilitieiil  |iiirtie8.  Jeii/  was 
intrusted  wilh  innK)rtant  tli[»l()nuitie  duties."'  At  tin- 
begiiininj^'  <  *'  18G1,  the  pre  i«U'nt  in  liis  niessa;;-e  tn 
eongnss  stattxl  that  tlie  country  was  at  peaeo  at  lioiiic 
and  ahroad,  Salvador  l)ein.ijf  the  only  nation  tluit 
liad  suspended  diplomatic  relations  with  Nieara;,Hia.'- 
Again,  in  January  18()JJ,  the  ]n'esident  congratulated 
rongress  that  peace  reigned,  and  the  country  was  pn  s- 
pering.  Jle  said  with  pleasure  that  no  Xicaragw.ui 
was  undergoing  penalty  lor  political  causes.'^  The 
country  was  at  the  same  tinio  an  asylum  for  the  i)erse- 
cuted  and  exiles  of  other  states.  However,  this  Im.'jii- 
tality  (  xtended  to  exiles  gave  rise  to  serious  dill'erenei  s 
with  Salvador,  whose  demands  were  invariably  disir- 
garded,  until  Barrios  threatened  to  blockade  tlie  jxnt 
of  llealejo.''  The  conse(|Uence  was,  tiiat  Xicai-agiia 
and  Cuatemala,  })ursuant  to  the  treaty  made  Sejiteiii- 
ber  20,  l!^C)i2,'''  became  ahies  in  the  bloody  war  thai 
broke  out  this  year  against  Salvador  and  Honduras, 
details  of  v.hieh  have  been  given  in  the  liistory  of 
Salvador  for  tliis  i)eriod.'*'  ^Martinez  having  been  re- 
elected prei/ident  for  the  ((uadrennial  term  from  ^rareh 
1,  180:5,"  oflered  his  resignation  on  the  trround  that 


"He  was  niii)ointo<l  minister  iilcn-potcntlarj,  lirst  in  Costa  Rica,  next  in 
Wa:)liijij;t«in,  ami  wii.i  t'liiiiowi-rid  to  neuotiute  a  treaty  witli  the  Sji.ini-li 
mini  -tiT  at  t\w  latter  ilace.  2>'ic.,  Ihc.  y  Afif  nlox,  lh.")7-8,  117,  24;J,  ii.  •_'l. 

'■'I'rfsid.  IJarritw  of  Silv.  coinplaiueil  of  the  plots  carrieil  on  agaiint  liiin 
in  Nil',  liy  n  I'li^ei's,  an  1  made  ilenianils,  such  as  their  iK'ing  ileniid  the  usu 
of  the  press,  to  wliicli  the  Nic.  govt  cor.lil  not  accede.  Nii\,  Mi'ii>>.  </'l  /'/'  ■"/., 
in  r.a  Union  /-  X!r.,  Jan.  19,  18G1;  J<1.,  Mvm.  Idl.,  in  1,1.,  March  2,  iNil. 

"'Ningiiii  Nicara;^ilen8e  preao,  ni  eonlinailo,  ni  expiilso  por  o:ir..s:is  pnliti- 
cas;  todos  Koii  Klires,  s^in  restricciou  al;;una.'  ^'/V.,  Guccta,  Jan.  24,  KS(i;{. 

^HMlicial  corresp.  in  /.'.,  IV1>.  7,  ISel.'l. 

'•'Trcatv  of  aniitv,  defensive  alliance,  coTnmcrco,  etc.,  duly  ratilicil.  //., 

Aijril  18,  IS,;:;. 

'"Jen/,  l-'iriiando  Chamorro,  antl  J.  D.  K.itrada,  for  taking  ]iart  against 
their  governmeat,  were  degraded  to  tho  ranks.  J</.,  May  23,  30,  lS!i;i. 

"Congress,  Fel).  14,  1803,  approved  all  his  ailministrativo  acts  to  date.  It 
had  been  rejiresentcd  totho  people  that  Martinez,  notwithstainling  tlu;  clauso 
iu  the  constitution  forlnddmg  reelection,  could  l>o  reelected,  heiMUse  the 
powers  ho  hail  exercised  in  tlie  past  years  had  come  to  him,  not  under  tlio 
constitution  ■wl'.ich  M'as  of  suliseipu'nt  date,  hut  from  the  convocation  decree 
of  Aug.  20,  1857,  and  his  choice  was  approved  by  the  constituent  assciiiMy. 


ther(>    1 
•"'•eojid 

should 

'iliie. 

^^lartinc 
sio  d.J  ( 

eampaig 

thi'ir  sci 

g 'iieral.' 

■'I,  IH(;;j 

<i.;-u'n.st  .j 

dicrcoiui 

\vith  tliri 

Jiad  hi'L'U 

;'f'Aj)i-iI, 

"lelufhll"'- 

Touar( 
'■'t tempts  i 
They  aro.v 
^'■iiipIaU.(I 
tioii  of  Aj 
fa  Is,./'      ]/ 

•'^i^ted  on  J 

*'\ecutive  ( 

<'h..sc-n,'^-]„ 
I.  iscr. 
ininvd,  am 


-^"■.,  Drrn 
'•"M-  of  Salv.  v 
""•.'-■d.Talists. 

'"iiiing  his 

•;■  '■■'^tillo,   15.   ; 

'  •  /'  I,,d„„^  ,j    J 

->"  .  April  24,  J, 

.""■A>'i.dan  fn 

I'''l'';<-    ^■i'■.,  (,;„., 

,,    ■ ' ' '"nu'ress  ha 

'.'■"iKs,  .March  J 1 

^'■'-  l-'M'-^l.,  I8t;.-, 

,  '«y  4;t:{  ,.h,ct 

'""I  llrrnU,  •J.\.|,; 


ruKsiDKXT  m.\i;ti \ vy.. 


:{i;i> 


tliorc   llli^ht   1)0  ()|>|)nsitioii  to  llis    lioldillj^   tllc  (\iV\rv   ;i 


M  '( '(  ) 


11(1  term,     lint  coii'^rt'ss,  on  the  jtli  of  |<\l>i 


uaiv 


l,s(!:{,  (K'clincd  to  accept  it,  and  rc((iicstcd  that  lie 
should  <*oiitiiiuo  at  thi'  hca'!  of  aflairs  at  hast  for  a 
liiiH'.  J)iiriiiL,Mhi' \vai- wILu  Salvador  ami  Honduras, 
MaitiiK'Z  conniiandcil  the  army  »  ■  rhe  fiehl,  and  Xiia- 
sio  (Id  C'astdlo  acted  as  jux'sidmt,  At  the  i-nd  of  the 
campaign,  ALartimz  and  the  trooj'S  were  rewarded  for 
their  services,  he  heinii;  raised  to  the  rank  of  captain- 
l; 'iieral.'"'  Jle  resumed  the  executive  ofHco  Auj'ust 
:1I,  IHd.'l.'"  Th«!  most  sti'ini^ent  ordei's  were  issued 
against  Jerez  and  othei's,  declaring;  them  traitors,  and 
decreeing;  that  revolutionists  were  severallv  atiswerahh 
witli  their  property  for  the  expenses  the  o-overnn  •  t 
had  heen  put  to  hy  their  acts,  llowevei-,  on  the  liOth 
of  A])ril,  18(54,  an  M'  uiisty  law  was  j)assetl,  though  not 
including  the  chief  leaders.'*" 

Toward  ho  end  of  ^fartinez'  second  term  ftonu- 
attempts  at  revolution  were  made,  and  easily  (juelK d. 
They  aroso  from  a  rej)resentation  that  ^[artinez  (^^>l\- 
tcni[>latod  retaining  power  for  life;  hut  in  a  proclama- 
tion of  April  24,  180(),  ho  pronounced  the  statements 
false."''  Following  the  example  of  Wa8hingt(»n,  he  in- 
sisted on  his  countrymen  calling  another  citizen  to  the 
I'xecutivo  chair,  and  Fernando  Ciuzmau  having  heen 
(  hoscn,"'"  he  surrendered  his  authority  to  him  on  March 
1.  ISC>7.  His  rank  as  oaptain-genej-al  had  heen  con- 
tinned,  and  upon  his  tendering  a  resignation,  congiess 


■•-V;--.,  D>'nrtai,  l.S(>7-8,  pt  ii.  lO-Jl;  /.'^x-li-r,  (V„l,  /,,.,,.  A'/V.,  i.  '_'•-'().  Tlif 
iiiii..'.  of  Siilv.  vott'il  liiiri  a  HWonl  iif  lidiinr  t'ur  aiiling  to  deleat  JS.irnos  an>l 
til.'  inUralists.   Sir.,  d'urrlii,  .liinc  17,  U-l,  l.S(i.j. 

■'I'liring  hiit  xci'oiiil  teriii  the  fnlldwinji  ])ersoiis  ai-tt'il  as  Iiis  iiiinistcr.s: 
K.  Castillo,  11.  Selva,  H.  Salinas,  H.  I'nrtoi-arriTo,  U.  Alfgria.  It.  Cortes. 
1'.  /iK'ilon,  J,  y.  Aguilar,  .J.  .1.  Ludcaiio,  ami  Antonio  Silva.  A'/f.,  Sininnul 
-W  ..  .\pril*J4,  hST.l 

""  ■•»>ucilaii  fticra  de  la  ainnistia  todos  .•kjucUos  (jiio  coiiio  aiitorcs  jn'inci- 
Y.i\v<:  Mr.,  llwrtH,  April  '-n>.  May  '1\  \SM. 

"' < 'oiiLiress  hail  not  oiilv  ajiprovnl  his  acts,  hut  gave  him  two  xote-.  nf 
tli.inks,  Slarcii  11,  KS(m,  ami  .lati.  I'.t,  1>S(J7.  X'n:,  U'lrihi,  Marih  !  ISIm;  A/., 
!>■■:  /.<vl--l.,  18()r>-(),  '2l-'2;  1S.;7  8,  .".. 

'  liv  4lt."j  electoral  votes  against  i:V.)  cast  for  .liiaii  R.  Saoasa;  nectissary  fur 
.1  .hou'e,  iSiV  A/.,  Oct.  27,  i«r.l>;  J<l.,  lhrni>>-s  1S07-8,  pt  ii.  4-;".;  /'.f».  S(.tr 
mill  l/<rnl,l,i<\-]>.  U),  ]8()7. 

Jli>T.  Cent.  Am.,  Vol.  111.   2i 


I 


870       END  OF  FUJiiJSTERING  IN  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


refused  to  accept  it.^  However,  scarcely  one  year 
later,  congress  suppressed  the  rank  altogether.*^  Ex- 
president  Martinez'  death  occurred  on  the  12th  of 
March,  1873,  and  his  remains  were  buried  with  high 
honors  on  the  20th.^ 

"Decrees  of  Jan.  22  and  Feb.  18, 1867.  Nic.,Dec.  LajisL,}867,  10-11, 25-0. 
** '  I'or  estar  en  oposicion  con  las  atribuciones  del  toder  Ejecutivo. '    De- 
cree of  Jan.  20,  1808.  M.,  1808,  3. 

^Mc,  Ottceta,  March  15,  1873;  hi,  Semanal  2iic.,  March  27,  1873. 


.i.M>  E: 

Ad.mi.vi 

-His  1 

Him— f 

Prmidi 

Carran 

PorisM- 

'•P  PrAsi 

His  Sud 


i 


CHAPTER   XVIII. 

POLITICAL  EV^ENTS  IN  COSTA  RICA. 

1856-1880. 

lU.wARns  TO  Walker's  CoNQrERORS — Reelection  of  Mora — His  Downfall 
AM)  Exile— Ili.s  RErrRN,  Caituue,  and  Execution— Montealeures 
Administration — Violence  of  Parties — Compromise  ox  Jesus  Jimenez 
—His  Peaceki'l  Rile— President  JosA  M.  Castro — Charoks  auainst 
Him — His  Overthrow — Several  New  Constitutions— Jimenez  auain 
President — His  Arbitrary  Acts — How  He  was  Deposed — President 
Carranza — Other  Temporarv  llii ers — President  Olardia's  Des- 
potism— Faihre  of  his  Warlike  Pi^ns — His  Df^th — A  dministkation 
OF  PrAspero  Fernandez — Preparations  to  Defend  Independence — 
His  Sudden  Death — Bernardo  Soto's  Peaceful  Rule. 

In  describing  the  early  operations  of  the  Costa 
Rieans  in  Nicaragua  against  Walker  in  I80G,  I  alluded 
to  the  sudden  departure  of  President  Mora  and  his 
lirother  from  Rivas  for  Costa  Rica,  because  of  tidings 
received  of  an  attempted  insurrection  against  the  gov- 
tininent,  then  temporarily  in  charge  of  Vice-president 
Oreainuno.  This  revolt  was  soon  quelled,  and  the 
kaders  and  officers  connected  therewith  were  arrested 
and  expatriated.  Oreamuno  having  died,  Vicente 
Aguilar  was  chosen  vice-president  on  the  17th  of 
Sr[)tember,  but  resigned  the  position  the  next  month.* 
A  cliange  of  ministry  tc.ok  place  on  the  2Gth  of  Sep- 
ti'uiher,  the  distinguished  statesman  taking  charge  of 
the  portfolio  of  foreign  relations.^  The  ])resident, 
owing  to  war  against  the  filibusters,  suspended  the 

'Oct.  22il.  Alhtim  Semannl,  Sept.  2(5,  185G;  Costa  R.,  Col.  Li'y.,  xiv.  41-2, 

51-2. 

■  Tlie  other  ministers  were  Joaquin  B.  Calvo,  of  government  and  cedes. 
atlair.s;  and  Rafael  <  j.  E»calantc,  of  treasury  and  war. 

(371) 


<H'   '^  Ht^ 


872 


POLITICAL  EVLNTS  I\  tO.STA  IlICA. 


artioii  of  tlic  constitution  on  tlio  15th  of  November, 
liut  iH'iH:ilt.'(i  the  (Ucrcc  a  few  days  liitor."' 

Tlie  sui'cossful  termination  of  the  war  was  liailed  in 
Costa  liiea  wich  great  joy,  and  tlie  men  who  gavi 
this  iilorious  imi^e  to  lier  history  were  liiirhlv  lionoreil. 
The  j)r(>sidt'nt  was  made  a  ca|»tain-general,*  and  tin- 
officers,  as  well  as  the  lank  and  file,  were  promoted 
and  otherwise  rewarded/' 

The  elections  for  president  and  vice-president  of  tlie 
lepultlic  took  place,  and  congress  on  the  4th  of  ^I;iy, 
IS.VJ,  declared  thnt  Juan  l^afael  Mora  hud  heen  ii- 
elected,and  Kafael  G.  Escalante  chosen  for  the  second 
position." 

^fora's  administration  ha«l  initiated  a  nmnher  of 
measures  tiMiding  te»  the  advancement  of  the  countiv. 
Among  other  improvements  was  that  of  the  fine  ii;i- 
tionnl  ]);dace  in  San  Jose.  CosUi  Rica  had  enjoyed  ii 
long  [teriod  of  internal  ])cace  with  an  increasing  piMs- 
perity.  !N[ora  was  quite  po[)ular  with  the  masses,  hut 
( neountercxl  opposition  from  the  property  owmk  is. 
iiiei-cliant'«,  and  army  men.  For  this  reason  he  eo-ald 
not  strengthen  his  govei'ument,  and  found  JiimsLlf  at 
the  nuu'iy  of  a  coup  de  main  the  moment  the  peojjlc 
thought  their  interests  were  jeopardized  hy  his  power.' 

MJ'jc.  11,  18r)().  Costa  /?.,  M,'m.  GoUrii.,  1S.")7,  '-'-.'t. 

*Iu  lS.")4tIio  po|)o  licstowi'il  (lu  In'in  tlic  lioiiorof  Kiiiglit  grain!  cross  <if  tin- 
oriliT  (if  (irogory  tlio  (irtut,  ami  tlio  Capita  Kican  t'oiigii.'!-a  autliiirizeil  liiin  tn 
aooqit  it.  ros/ii  Jl.,  Vol.  I.r:i.,  xiii.  -JS;  xiv.  1 17-'.t. 

■' J)i'c.  2'.t,  1>S.")7,  a  iiicilal  vas  votccl.  Ag:iiii,  Fel>.  20,  1S58,  acrosH  of  lioiinr 
wan  ilocrcoil  to  tlio  gfiu'ral.s  aiul  li(l(l-(iliic(.'r.s.  Id.,  207;  xv.  'A. 

"Kscalaiito  had  Itet^ii  vii'u-iprosidi'ut  since  Oot.  Il>.">7,  and  at  tin-  jursiiit 
time  was  ti'iiiporarily  in  oliar  "i"  of  tlio  cxecutivo  ollice.  Iil.,  xvi.  X)  1. 

'  rolitiial  gricvaiiL'(^:<  and  jirivato  animosities  wore  In'onglit  into  action  Inr 
liis  ovirtlirow.  Ho  was  accMi.sed  of  intending  tr)  keep  liiniself  in  powii  lor 
life,  liUo  C'arrera  in  (Jnaten\ala,  a.s  was  eviileneed  by  Ins  second  reelection, 
Mliicli  violated  l)otli  tlit^  .spirit  and  letter  of  the  national  in.stitntions;  of  his 
hiving  iniposeil  the  weight  of  his  own  will  on  the  linaneial  de]  artnient,  tlie 
j.idici.iry,  and  even  the  legi  liiiire,  w  ith  the  view  of  sotting  up  the  ride  of  (Hiu 
tiniily  over  the  ruins  of  repiihlican  liherty;  of  his  lumugiisiiriied  the  pmpi  rty 
n:id  lilior  of  odiers  for  hi.i  own  hein  lit.  Kvcii  tlio  organization  of  an  army, 
and  his  campaign  against  ^Vall<l■r,  wero  niado  to  appear  as  intcndeil  to  iiii- 
lunve  his  own  pi'enni:iry  inteic-its,  whicli  were  said  to  he  in  a  very  hai!  .-.tiitr. 
1  lio  charge  of  assumption  of  dictatorial  jiowers  does  ne*  seem  to  In;  sust.iimil 
hy  facts.  The  opposition  journal,  \\w  All'uui  SitintiKil,  freely  imhlishcd  strung 
articles  against  his  administration.  ra:iiphlots  tilled  Mntli  vituperation,  au'l 
ti'idiicin'4  iii-t  etiar act  'r,  circulated  without  hindrance;  o;io  of  the  jiiiMica- 
l.o!H  called  him  tlio  tz.ir  of  Costa  Uic  i.     Thii  oppoiitioii  was  fanue.M}' the 


VICENTE  AGUII^\.R 


873 


TTonco  the  revolutionary  movoinent  that  hurled  him 
iKtiii  his  executive  ofHee  in  tlio  iiiiilit  of  AuLfUst  14, 
ISoI).  A  provisii^nal  governineiit,  composifd  of  l»is 
j>o]itical  enemies,  was  ut  once  organized,  meeting  with 
ii(»  opposition  on  the  part  of  the  jtcople.  It  was  a 
palace  revolution,  and  no  blood  was  s[)ilt.  jMora  was 
k  [it  in  cf)ntincment,  though  otherwise  well  treated 
(luring  three  davs  at  the  end  of  which  he  was  tiikoii 
ti»  Puntarenas,  and  sent  out  of  the  country  on  an 
.Vmerican  steamer.  He  settleil  with  his  fiimilv  in 
vSalvador,  where  he  introduced  the  cultivation  <>t' 
(■(  itl'ee. 

The  new  government  now  took  steps  to  liave  itself 
confirmed  l)y  a  constituent  assond)]y,  and  to  cause  its 
provisional  president,  Jose  Maria  Montealcgre,  regu- 
laily  elected.  The  influential  man  of  the  administrai- 
tinii  was  Vicente  Aguilar,  ex-vice-president,  a  wealthy 
iiiun,  and  the  deadly  enemy  of  Mora.  He  was  the 
minister  of  the  treasury  and  of  war,  and  hy  his  insti- 
g;Uion  some  reactionary  and  des[)otio  measures  were 
a(li)[)tcd,  thereby  increasing  the  general  uneasiness. 
The  country  was  henceforth  divided  into  two  political 
jiarties,  each  claiming  to  be  the  re[)reseutativc  of  law 
and  order.** 

liiireil  (if  persons  wlio  had  privato  grudges  against  Mora.  Among  tlie-.i 
N'u'c  ito  Aguilar,  liis  fornicr  pai'tner,  wlio  had  h.v  n  nunlc  ti>  di.s!_'org,;  .SliA),(),tJ 
or  nioro,  of  which  he  had  wrongfully  deprivuil  Mora.  Capitalists  were  hostde 
liiMUso  the  president  !i.id  ehuitered  a  hank.  The  sale  of  a  tract  of  piihlio 
liii  1  near  San  .Tose,  upon  wliioli  many  persons  had  aottk'il,  was  made  the  snl)- 
jut  fnr  much  troulile.  The  exile  of  the  iiishop  diil  not  fail  to  have  a  powi  r- 
fi.l  intluenee.  Jiishop  Tdoreute  had  refused  to  i)ay,  or  toalhiwhls  elerj.'y  to 
jiiy,  an  ecpiitalile  t:ix  deeroed  hy  eo;iLTe;is  Sept.  '_".•,  I'CiS,  f  <r  thi!  support  of 
liii  [litals.  Ho  not  only  refus;'d  eo:nplianee,  l)ut  incited  the  populace  to  re\<iU. 
Kiir  this  ho  was  exp'.'llod.  lie  wa  ;,  however,  after  Mnri'sovcrtln'ow,  reealle  I 
hy  the  provisional  goVernine:it,  and  nded  tlie  dincc.e  till  his  death,  whivli 
tunk  place  Sept.  '2:\,  1>S71.  ('o-li  /.'.,  Mr„i.  Interior,  IN.V.I,  'J;  iSiiO,  4;  A/.,  f  W. 
l.'-j.,  xvi.  87-8;  yi<:,<<iiri'fa,  Oct.  7,  1.S71;  J:^l  Xnrloiiitl,  ,hui.  ).">,  Ifi.V.t;  Ji'l!;/, 
J.-  Xi'riritiiii.i,  i.  370-81.  ()  10  of  I'.i  •  p.iMieutiom  wliieli  eanio  out  after  Mcira's 
downfall,  noto:dy  ehar^'ed  him  wi.li  almie  of  puwer,  pconlatiun,  and  .il.uo.-t 
t'Viry  conceivahle  of'ence,  hut  of  his  having  lirou^ht  him.self  into  jiiditical 
pi'iiiiiiaenee  hy  iatri^tio,  anil  hy  treachery  tu  Munixin,  and  to  his  rilatinni 
a  I  I  friends,  who,  it  was  asserted,  hrd  heen  ruineil  hy  hiin.      Tliis  pulilicitien 

itilated  vSau  Jose,  April  '2,  lo(>;),  hut  is  auonynums.  Cwta  li.,  Ejqms !/(»• 

ti'i*. .  .('nmhio  Polit.,  Wi  pp.  and  1  1. 

''The  provisional  administration  claimed  that  the  revolution  hail  not  merely 
c'rumeil  the  personnel,  hut  also  the  principles  on  which  the  government  was 
hi    d,  the  peoplj  (k'monJing  greater  irticdoni  with  clearly  deliued  riglits  and 


I 


'<! 


874 


POLITICAL  KVEN'TS  IX  COSIA  lUCA. 


Tlio  constituent  assembly,  pursuant  to  convocation, 
met  on  the  IGth  of  October,  and  on  the  2Gth  of  ])•■- 
comber  adopted  a  new  constitution  in  142  articlts, 
wliicli  was  promulgated  the  next  day.  This  funda- 
mental law  was  liberal  except  in  the  matter  of  relifjic;!!, 
as  it  neither  recognized  nor  tolerated  any  form  of  faith 
l>ut  the  Roman  catholic.  All  otluT  rights  of  man 
were  conceded."  The  constituent  congress  adjourned 
sine  die  on  the  27th  of  December,  and  the  ordinnrv 
congress  opened  its  session  on  the  22d  of  April,  18G0, 
on  the  next  day  declaring  tliat  Josd  ^lan'a  Montea- 
logre  had  obtained  a  popular  majority  for  the  ofliee 
of  president  of  the  republic,  and  appointing  the  29t]i 
for  his  inauguration  On  the  24th  that  body  desi^c- 
nated  the  persons  who  were  to  fill  the  executive  cliair 
in  the  temporary  or  absolute  absence  of  the  presi- 
dent/*' 

Before  many  months  had  passed,  Costa  Rica  wit- 
nessed a  catastrophe  which  filled  the  whole  of  Central 
America  with  soiTow,  indignation,  and  shame.  ]\It)ia, 
the  deposed  president,  had  solemnly  protested  against 
the  revolutionary  acts  which  deprived  hhn  of  his  other. 
There  were  not  wanting  men,  who,  either  honestly  or 
v.'ith  evil  intent,  beguiled  him  into  the  belief  that  lie 
v/as  vranted  back,  and  would  meet  with  a  cordial  recep- 
tion and  support.     He  allowed  himself  to  be  tlr.H 

duties,  auil  a  more  extended  BuflFrage,  Costn  /?.,  ^^em,  Interior,  1800,  4; 
\SM.  '2. 

"'I'lic  povt  waa  <livideil  into  tliree  branches — legislative,  executive,  ami 
jiiiliciiil — I'iioh  indepeiiilont  of  the  otliers.  The  legislative  was  vested  in  a 
ci>ngresi  nt  two  chambers,  the  senate  and  house  of  rejiresentatives,  and  was 
to  meet  once  a  yi'ur  in  ordinary  session,  and  aLso  to  hoM  extraordinary  scs- 
iiion4  when  called  for  speeiliiMl  imrimses.  The  senate  was  coniposeil  of  two 
Bonutors  for  each  province;  the  house  was  con)poseil  of  deputies  chosen  liy 
the  provinces  in  tlie  ratio  of  population.  The  term  of  the  mend)ers  of  hutli 
liousea  was  fixed  at  four  years.  The  executive  authority  was  vested  in  a 
jiresident  for  three  years,  without  reelection  for  the  iinnieiliate  fnlldwiiij; 
term.  He  liad  a  council  of  sfcite  to  dclil)erato  upon  such  affairs  as  tlie  execu- 
tive referred  to  it  for  advice.  The  judiciary  consisted  of  a  supreme  eon  if, 
and  sueh  other  lower  courts  as  might  he  estid)lished  by  law.  None  hut  a 
native  citizen,  in  full  ^tossession  of  his  civil  and  political  rights,  could  be  presi- 
dent, or  member  of  t!ie  supreme  court,  ('luu'chmen  M'ere  ineligible.  C'l'o^t 
/?.,  CnnMituc.  Pnlit.,  1-:W;  /,/.,  Cnl.  Lc,/.,  xvi.  110-4."). 

"First  dcsigiiado,  Fraueiscu  Moutualegre;  secouil,  Vicente  Aguilar.  Id., 
xvi.  100-71. 


deceive 

aecomf 

tlie  ex( 

lield  bj 

I^untar 

parent ( 

men;" 

fore  ma 

allowincj 

suj)erior 

governn 

JScpteml 

soon  fou 

aware  tl 

issued,  1 

wJien  lie 

sliot  thrc 

lioiiorabh 

dcred  sue 

deuce,  cu 

His  inva 

imagined 

onptured. 

saoli  role 

liad  griev 

■''iipporterf 

t'lid.'^     I„ 


"In  Janua 
I'lianacaste,  n 
i'-iiied  against 
tlie  gDVcrnnien 
tile  .same  resul 
"11  the  bSth  an 
^■I'keil  .March  1 
'•'This  place 
wliieh  Mas  prot 

'l'^V-A,n.,  Oct, 
•v.  /•■.  H,r„[,l,  0 
J  ^ln^l,  (iwitemi 
.  "The  GarrUi 
giievanees,  oidy 
'"ruidepoiidenc. 
tl'e  pcrsonilicati 


DEATH  OF  MORA. 


375 


(Iccc'ivctl,  and  committed  the  error  of  going  against  an 
at'complishcd  fact,  in  an  attempt  to  recover  by  force 
tlio  executive  authority,  which  was  now  legitimately 
held  by  !Montealegrc.  He  lauded  in  September  at 
Puntarcnas  with  a  few  friends,  was  received  with  ap- 
parent enthusiasm,  and  got  together  about  300  or  400 
men  ;'^  but  believing  it  safer  to  increase  his  force  be- 
fore marching  to  the  capital,  he  tarried  behind,  tlius 
allowing  the  government  an  opportunity  to  organize 
superior  forces,  and  to  issue  relentless  decrees.  The 
government's  forces  assailed  Mora  on  the  28th  of 
September  at  La  Angostura,"  and  defeated  him.  He 
soon  found  himself  forsaken  by  his  men,  and  though 
aware  that  stringent  orders  for  his  arrest  had  been 
i-:.sued,  he  surrendered  to  his  enemies  on  the  30th, 
Avlien  he  was  tried  by  a  drum-head  court-martial,  and 
sliot  three  hours  after."  Tliis  judicial  nmrder  of  tliis 
lioncjrable,  just,  and  progressive  man,  who  had  ren- 
dered such  great  services  in  saving  national  indepen- 
dence, caused  general  consternation  and  displeasure. 
His  invasion  was  not  approved  of,  but  no  one  had 
imagined  that  his  life  could  be  in  peril  if  he  were 
ea[)tured.  Public  ojiinion  was  pronounced  against 
suoli  relentless  vengeance.  Even  Nicaragua,  which 
had  urievances  a<;amst  Mora,  and  had  excluded  his 
supporters  from  her  territory,  regretted  his  untimely 
end.'*     In  Costa  Rica  his  death  was  attributed  to  bit- 

"  In  iliuiuary,  Prudcncio  Blanco  and  others  attempted  a  revolution  in 
<  iu.iiiacastu,  now  called  Moracia,  and  failed.  A  decree  of  outlawry  w;w 
i.-sikd  ai^ainst  them  Jan.  20,  18G0,  and  their  j.roperty  Wiis  made  anieiialde  for 
tliu  giivcriiineul's  ■•  •nabn.  Another  insurrection  took  place  in  Ivsparzii  witli 
tlm  same  result,  .  .,  t,'''Vt  issuing  a  decree  of  similar  nature  Sept.  Kith,  and 
on  tlie  ISth  another,  suspending  the  constitution.  Tliis  last  decree  was  ru- 
voku.l  March  18,  18G1.  Id.,  xvi.  IM-t,  1S8,  218-21;  xvii.  9. 

'■This  place  had  been  heavily  intrenched,  and  a  battery  mounted  in  it, 
which  was  protected  on  both  thuiks  l)y  armed  boats  in  the  estuary,  etc. 

"/;<//(/,  Le  Xir.,  i.  382;  El  yucimal,  Oct.  13,  27,  Nov.  10,  18(iO;  Ero 
ili-]>.-Am.,  Oct.  31,  1800;  S.  F.  BnWfiu,  Oct.  24,  2.},  29,  Nov.  14,  27,  1800; 
S.  /•'.  J/>riild,  Oct.  29,  1800;  Ifm-jx r's  MoiUfily  Mit,j.,  xxii.  113;  LdJ'vrrUre,  iJc 
p.iii-i  II  tlwitenuilii,  59-00. 

"The  Giiri-Ui  OJiriid,  evidently  inspired  by  President  Martinez,  forgot  past 
grievances,  only  to  bear  in  mind  alTectionately  the  promoter  of  the  holy  war 
liir  independence.  In  fact.  Mora  was  in  the  eyes  of  both  foreigners  aud  natives 
the  persouilicatioa  of  Central  American  patriotism. 


i 


i'A 


■f 


37G 


POUTICAL  EVENTS  IN  COSTA  KICA. 


li 


tor  porsonal  and  sordid  animosity.  Public  opinidii 
was  n<»t  at  fault.  Mora  wrote  his  wife,  one  houi*  Ik  - 
fon>  lii.s  execution,  on  his  faith  as  a  Christian,  tluit 
Vicente  Aguilar  justly  owed  him  upwards  of  $"J00,00() : 
and  if  he  ever  expected  to  die  in  peace  with  his  Cod, 
he  should  make  restitution  of  that  sum  to  Mora's 
family.  Aguilar,  as  minister  of  war,  signed  the  ordc  rs 
for  the  execution,  and  was  responsible  for  flora's 
death.  These  orders  included  the  execution  of  twd 
others,  namely,  General  J.  !M.  Cauas,  and  MainK  1 
Arguello,  a  young  lawyer.  The  latter  Wiis  savctl  ]>\ 
General  Maximo  Blanco,  but  Cauas  was  shot  two  days 
after  Mora.^^ 

The  penalty  of  death  was  doubtless  intended  by 
A<juilar  to  bo  a  settlement  of  accounts  with  the  man 
he  detested;  but  it  did  not  satisfy  him;  he  added  con- 
fiscation, and  to  the  end  showed  himself  relentless  in 
his  animosity  to  Mora's  family  and  sm)porters.  But 
he  did  not  long  survive  his  victims,  dying  on  the  -Gth 
of  Ajtril,  18G1,  of  ossification  of  tiie  heart.  After  Jiis 
death,  a  milder  ])olicy  was  inaugurated.  A  general 
anmestv,  from  which  were  excluded  onlv  a  few  niili- 
tarv  men  who  while  in  active  service  had  joined  re- 
volts, was  issued;^*  exiles  returned  to  their  coun- 
try, and  regularity  in  afiairs  was  restored.  The  gov- 
ernment gained  in  popular  esteeui  by  a  scrupulous 
observance  of  the  promises  made  at  tlie  time  of  its  cre- 
ation, restoring  internal  peace  based  on  constitutional 
liberty  and  a  proper  economy.^"  However,  Moras 
friends,  though  disposed  to  do  justice  to  Montealegn  s 
administration,  never  would  forgive  its  origin  and  eaily 
acts.  They  and  their  political  conf^res  brought  on  a 
reaction  against  it.  Party  excitement  became  great. 
and  there  was  danger  of  civil  war.  Two  presidential 
candidates  for  the  next  term,  namely,  Aniceto  Esipii\ » 1 

'''It  will  l>o  remembered  that  Cafia.s  served  with  distinction  in  tho  \\;if 
against  Walkt-r. 

">A[.r.  •«.»,   ISCO.  CoKta  /?.,  Col.  Liij.,  xvi.  172-3;  xvii.  87.     A  moiv  K' " 
one  \v:is  dcL-roed  May  1,  18()'2. 

'■  l>uriiijj  tins  administration  national  industriea  were  developed,  anil  tlir 
country  bouame  mure  prospurous  than  ever.  Belli/,  Le  Xic,  i.  SSS-ti. 


JLMENLZ  AND  (.'A>^TRO. 


an 


;iii(l  Julian  A'olio,  were  i:i  the  field,  the  former  beiniLja 
w  ana  friend  (jf  the  aduiinistratien,  and  the  latter  inde- 
|ii'iulent.  Montealegre  was  the  fir.st  to  suggest  a  coni- 
|irt»niise.  There  was  in  Cartago  a  former  minister  of 
Mora,  Jesus  Jimenez,  who  was  finally  agreed  upon  hy 
•ill  parties  for  t^  e  executive  office,  and  was  accordingly 
(  kcted.^^  He  took  possession  of  the  chair  on  the  7tli 
I  if  ^lay,  Montealegre  surrendering  it  with  greater 
alacrity  than  he  had  occupied  it  in  1850." 

Jimenez,  during  his  administration,  fully  answcreil 
expectations.  He  maintained  peace  by  pursuing  a 
just  and  conciliatory  pt)licy.  The  country  kept  on 
its  career  of  progress  and  j)rospority.*^  The  next 
president  duly  chosen  was  the  founder  of  the  republic, 
Jose  Maria  Castro,  for  the  term  from  May  8,  18G().-' 
The  number  of  ministers  of  state  having  been  reduced 
to  two,  the  president  decreed  the  organization  of  a 
privy  council  whose  members  were  to  serve  without 
pay."^  Castro's  government  was  a  strictly  economical 
one.  It  diminished  the  number  of  officials,  and  sup- 
l>ressed  the  president's  guard  of  honor.  The  result 
was  that  the  treasury  was  enabled  to  meet  obligations 
contracted  for  the  development  of  education,  and  of 
the  interests  of  the  country.^ 

During  the  presidential  election  in  1868,  party  agita- 
tion jeopardized  the  public  peace.  The  press  became 
virulent,  not  si)aring  even  the  families  of  prominent 

'"May  1,  1803.  Men  of  all  parties  voted  for  him.  Coshi  Ji.,  Mem.  Min. 
lut.rhi;  18(jH,  1;  /</.,  Vol.  Ley.  xviii,  l.")-l(i. 

'"Congress  afterward  decreed  that  Montealegre 's  portrait  should  lie  placed 
in  tlie  office  of  the  president.  Bdly,  La  A'ic,  i.  38(>-7;  Cnnfd  li.,  Jn/onnc  Min. 
Iiitirinr,  18(54,  4;  IiL,  DLscitr-io,  Dr  J.  M.  Moiitt'iiU'i/n;  180.3,  1. 

-^t'onfn  li.,  Proijrama  Admbu,  ISO.%  I.  Jimenez  adopte<l  tlie  high-handed 
muasure  of  dissolving  congress.  In  a  proclamation  to  the  people  lie  state  1 
tliat  a  majority  of  the  mei)d)ers  had  estalilished  a  systematic  (i[ipi)sition  to 
liis  L;overnmcnt,  and  usurped  all  power  in  direct  violation  of  the  constitution. 
I'l.,^  I'mrl.  (Id  Pre.Hid.,  Ag.  1,  1803. 

■'  Ending  May  8, 1809.  1,1.,  Col.  Ley.,  1870,  111-12;  Mc,  Gorelit,  Feb.  17, 
Aim-.  21,  May  20,  1800.  Ctistro  in  his  inaugural  address  used  these  words: 
'IJuioro  que  mi  patria,  ya  quo  no  pueda  sertemida  por  su  fuerza,  sea  cou- 
siilcnida  por  su  justificacion  y  cordura. . .  .Nr  tenemos  esoiadras;  teugaiiios  la 
simpatia  de  his  naciones.'  VoKfii  I{.,  Dineurno  linnnj.,  I'rctrid.  ./.  .1/.  VnMro,  1-3. 

■-.May  15,  180(5.  They  were  2  for  each  ilepartmeut,  inakiug  tujjethur  10, 
'oesiiles  the  ministers.  Crtxtii  li..  Col,  liey.,  1800,  114-10. 

■^Xic,  Gaceta,  May  25,  IbOTt 


f 

P 


iJ' 


1)1  ^tl 

-   ?»1 


978 


IHJLITICAL  EVENTS  IX  COSTA  RICA. 


n 


I  i 


luen.  The  <jovernment  was  accused  of  makiiifj  no 
t'flort  t<)  check  such  abuses,  or  to  restore  harmony. 
There  would  certainly  have  been  a  resort  to  anus  liut 
for  the  moderation  of  the  two  chief  officers  of  the 
armv,  ijeiu'rals  Lorenzo  Salazarand  Mjlximo  Blancc  ' 
These  officers  and  others  placed  themselves  at  tlio 
head  of  a  pronunciamiento  which  took  place  at  Saii 
Jo.se  on  the  1st  of  November  to  depose  Castro  and  sus- 
pend the  constitution  of  December  27,  1859.  Jesus 
Jimenez,  the  finst  desijifnado,  ^vas  then  called  to  assunu' 
the  executive  office,  with  ample  powers  to  call  a  con- 
.stitucnt  assembly.  He  accordingly  placed  himself  at 
the  head  of  affairs,  and  convoked  the  assemblv,  to 
meet  on  the  l.st  of  January,  summoning  the  poo}>lf 
also  to  choose  the  nexL  president,  tosjrether  with  siiiu- 
tors  and  representatives  for  the  next  constitutional 
term  to  begin  May  1,  1809.''^ 

The  now  constitution  was  framed  on  the  IStli  of 
February,  and  promulgated  in  April  18G9,  consistiii;^ 
of  149  aitiolos,  and  containing  very  liberal  principles.  " 

"Castro's  enemies  averred  that  his  course  was  very  mysterious,  and  soiiif 
even  snsjiccted  an  intention  on  his  jiart  to  retain  power  in  his  luinds,  thini-h 
lie  supported  the  candidacy  of  hia  minister,  Julian  Volio,  Tiiey  said  that  tlu' 
barracks  assumed  a  uieuacinj  attitude,  and  Ciistro  was  on  the  point  of  deiTic- 
ing  several  military  promotions  of  members  of  his  own  family,  and  concen- 
trating all  the  forces  of  the  repuMic  in  and  about  his  own  residontc.  It 
came  to  bo  believed  that  he  intended  to  nullify  S.alaziir  first,  and  Blanco 
next.  But  the  former  ha  1  in  his  favor  most  of  the  wealthy  families,  as  vdl 
as  a  large  supptirt  in  Alajuela,  Heredia,  and  Cartage,  lo  ma!:e  the  story 
short,  iS.ilazar  and  Blanco  concluded  to  act  together.  El  Qiiiurcnal  Jo^'jiim, 
no.  32,  in  Slur  mid  Herald,  Dec.  24,  2(5,  YoCS.  The  editor  t)f  this  pul)lii.atii  u 
was  Lorenzo  Montllfar.  Whatever  may  be  asserted  againjt  Castro,  he  i;:i:l 
proved  himself  a  liberal,  enlightened,  and  upright  ruler.  IVn  admini.-itni'i;c'U 
Iiad  given  conclusive  proof  that  the  president  valued  liberty  of  the  luvss  and 
speech  as  necessary  to  the  existence  of  a  republican  government.  The  loiiii- 
t:\v  had  been  enjoying  those  privileges,  and  prospering  as  it  had  never  dime 
before.   U.  S.  MiiiuMer  J.  U.  Blair,  to  Sec.  Fifi/i,  June  23,  1!j73. 

'•"The  troops  and  people  seemed  to  acciuiesce  in  the  new  order  of  things. 
There  was  no  bloiidshed.  Castro  was  left  perfectly  free  in  his  own  lioiu^t.'. 
Me.,  UuciUi,  Nov.  28,  Dec.  5,  1S(3S;  Jan.  2:?,  .March  20,  18G9;  Pan.  Suir  •wl 
Herald,  Nov.  17,  ISGS;  Costa  li..  Col.  Ley.,  xvii.  202-1);  U.  S.  Mei.i.  ami  Ihx: 
(Dept  of  State,  pt  ii.),  p.  xii.;  Lnferrkrc,  De  Paris  a  Guatem.,  00-2. 

'*Art.  5th,  after  declaring  the  Roman  catholic  religion  to  be  that  of  tlu' 
state,  recognizes  toleration  of  other  forms  of  worship;  6th,  makes  primary 
education  of  both  sexes  obligattiry,  free,  and  to  Iw  provided  by  tiie  nation. 
placing  it  niuler  the  direction  of  the  nmnicipal  authorities;  17th,  declari'S  the 
militiiry  subordinate  to  the  civil  authority,  strictly  jiassive,  and  forbiiuKu  to 
deliberate  on  political  affairs;  72d,  grants  eligibility  for  the  position  of  dri''.ity 
to  naturalizcil  citizcus  after  four  years'  residence  from  the  date  of  the  cirtiti- 


REVOLUTION. 


379 


The  ordinary  congress  met,  and  declared  Jimenez 
ii»  bo  the  ct)nstitutional  president  for  the  next  teruj, 
and  lie  was  inducted  into  office  with  the  usual  formal- 
itirs."'  But  owing  to  congress  having  refused  to  pass 
a  railroad  bill,  Jimenez  lost  his  temper,  resigned  his 
office,  and  left  the  capital.  But  the  resignation  was 
not  accepted,  and  he  was  induced  to  return.  Subse- 
(jiuutly,  on  his  representing  that  the  country  was 
in  danger  from  internal  disturbances  due  to  party 
violence,  that  body  decreed  a  suspension  of  the  consti- 
tution.'^ This  order  of  things  lasted  until  the  27th 
of  April,  1870,  on  which  day  sixteen  men,  among 
whom  were  Tomils  and  Victor  Guardia,  Pedro  and 
Pablo  Quiroz,  and  Prospero  Fernandez,  captured  tlie 
artillery  barracks  of  San  Jose  by  a  coup  de  main. 
There  were  a  few  killed  and  wounded,  among  the 
former  being  the  commander,.  Colonel  A.  Biscoubi,  a 
French  officer  who  distinguished  himself  in  the  defence 
of  San  Salvador  in  180;]."=^ 

After  the  capture  of  the  barracks  the  president  was 
seized,  and  kept  a  prisoner  about  twenty-four  hours, 
l^runo  Carranza  was  then  proclaimed  provisional  presi- 
dent, and  assumed  the  duties  on  the  28th.  Jimenez  and 
liis  ministers  were  detained  to  answer  charges  that 
MduUl  be  preferred  against  tliem.^'^  Jimenez  was  al- 
lowed to  reside  in  Cartago  under  surveillance;  but 
fearing  for  his  life,  as  he  alleged,  escaped.*'     The  men 


r 

fi'i 
■I 


[     I  '■ 


rate  of  naturalization.  Co-fta  JJ.,  Col.  Ley.,  18G9,  2-t-r)9.  Art  .list  recognizo.l 
fitiMlojii  of  tlie  press,  and  yet  it  waa  cousiileraMy  nioditied  by  a  press  law 
issiu'il  l)y  the  provisional  govt.  Xic,  Oijcvtn,  May  8,  1S>;'.). 

•' C'l.-'a  1'.,  fnformeGohi'riu,  etc.,  18G9,  l'J-1."),  2(J-7;  LL,  Infornie  Jfnc,  Hd. 
etc.,  ISG'J,  1-2.  J.  M.  Montcalegre  hail  been  the  other  caniliilate.  Pan.  Star 
md  Ikrald,  Dec.  19,  1808. 

-'".Mayl!9,  1SG9.  The  action  of  the  courts  waa  restored  May  31st.  But 
the  presidunt  had  now  unrestricted  powers.  Conta  I!.,  Col.  Lii/.,  1809,  94-0, 
100-1.  103.  Mc,  Oaci'hr,  June  19,  1809. 

'•'■'  TIioso  men  drove  to  the  barracks  in  an  ox  cart,  covered  by  grass,  and 
(lishod  in.  It  looks  as  if  there  must  have  been  connivance  on  the  part  of  the 
u:ud.  Biscoul)i  hatl  been,  it  is  understood,  invited  to  join  tlio  movement, 
>ut  refused  to  lend  himself. 

*' Among  the  charges  contemplated  were  that  they  had  appropriated  largo 


f. 


;'i 


38:) 


rOLITIt'AL   KVKNTS  IX   COSTA  RICA. 


who  l)rou<]flit  about  tlio  ovortlnow  of  tho  opimsslvi' 
sj^ovc'innient  of  Jiiueiiez  were  not  kt't  luin'wanlctl.  - 
All  proscriptivo  ordc  rs  wliich  lia<l  emanated  from  it 
wt'io  revoked,  and  persons  iu  exile  were  enabled  to 
come  back. 

The  people  were  ajj^ain  summoned  to  cleet  a  inii- 
stitui'ut  assembly  to  meet  on  the  8th  of  Auou>;t, 
which  took  place;  it  declanxl  the  constitution  ot" 
18(Ji)  11(1  longer  in  force,  and  temporarily  revived 
that  of  J)ecember  1859.  Carranza  resigne<l  (»n  t!ie 
same  div  that  the  convention  assembled,  and  Tomus 
(luardia^^  was  appointed  his  successor  on  the  loth. 
One  of  Carranza's  List  act.-;,  July  30th,  was  to  siis- 
])end  the  treaty  of  fnendshi[)  with  Cj uatemala  of  iMi^, 
because  the  latter  had  closed  diplomatic  relations 
with  Costa  liica.""  It  is  to  be  said  to  the  credit  (f 
Carranza's  short  rule  that  though  clothed  with  dicta- 
torial ])owers  they  were  used  very  si)aringly.^' 

Public  trancjuillity  was  constantly  menaced,  till 
finally  a  number  of  assemblages  passed  res(jlutiiiiis  \n 
ri>scind  the  powers  conferred  on  the  constituent  as^mi- 
bly,  and  granted  the  authority  of  a  dictator  to  Toiiu'.s 
(jiuardia,  whereupon  on  the  10th  of  October  that  hody 
was  dissolved  by  him.*^"  That  same  day  he  decreed  a 
full  amnesty  to  Ex-[)residcnt  Jimenez  and  his  minis- 
ters Agapitt)  Jimenez  and  Eusebio  Figueroa.  He 
next,  on  the  13th,  created  a  council  of  state  with  proiiii- 

''^  Aj)ril  29,  1870,  Toinds  Ouardia  was  promoted  to  gen.  of  ilivisioii,  aiil 
Victor  ( iuardia  to'guii.  of  lirigudo.  The  two  (^)iiirozes  and  I'rospero  FcrmiaiK  z 
were  made  colonels.  Other  olHcers  also  rose  in  rank.  ( 'aita  li.,  ( 'nl.  !.< '/.,  xix. 
41  4,  .".0  1. 

•'■'This  person  was  a  captain  early  in  1S5G,  and  went  as  Gen.  CaMiis'  ailr- 
de-camp  to  the  Nic.  campaign  against  Walker.  On  his  return  lie  was  li.aio 
a  niaj.  As  eomandanto  of  Alajuela  he  revolted  against  I'resid.  Castro  Nnv. 
1,  18118.      We  have  setn  liow  lie  came  to  l>o  made  a  general  of  ilivi.sioii. 

"Miiiat.  had  several  times  attempted  interference  in  Costa  Kiean  all'iirs, 
insisting  on  the  suppression  of  liherty  of  the  press,  and  on  other  violatitiiis  ot 
law,  all  of  whieli  had  been  refused.  Sic,  ilnnti,  Xwii-  27,  1870. 

^•' lleport,  Aug.  22,  1870,  hy  Minister  Lorenzo  MontUfar  to  the  national 
constituent  assenddy.  4Joi*ta  R.,  Mi'in.  lid.,  1870,  1. 

^  His  ministers  wlio  countersigned  that  tleeree  were  B.  Carazo,  Pedm  (  •m- 
c(a,  Lorenzo  Montiifar,  ami  in  the  absence  of  J.  Lizano,  sec.  of  the  treasury, 
Salvador  (ion /.alez  as  under-secretary.  (Jarcia  and  Carazo  were  made  liisii- 
iliers.  Oarcia  resigned  Oct.  28th,  and  was  succeeded  by  Josii  Antonio  I'lato. 
Coata  II.,  Col.  Lci/.,  xix.  124-0,  150. 


lit  I  it  po 


llticiil 


TO.MXs  •iUAUDIA. 


(1 


:m 


lueii,    assuini'd  i-ersohul  t'oiunuiiu 


ul 


<lufth 


t'oivrs,  and  ai>[)oinU'tl  Katatl  JiainH'ta  liis  suUstitutf. 
]ii  ^fav  1871,  several  |ii()ininoMt  citizoiiH  were  onloivd 


to  icsKh^  oil  the  (Julfo  J)iilce.'" 

.V  I'diistitiunt  asseinhlv  was  (onvokt'd  on  the  1 1'th 
(it"  Aui^ust,''"  and  met  on  tlie  IJth  of  Octolur,  >vliieh 
a(!<i|ited  another  t'uiulaniental  law  for  the  re[>ul)lie  on 
tlif  "til  of  J)ecenil)er.  It  was  a  most  liheral  eonstitu- 
tidii,  I'eeo^^^niziniLif  all  the  ri^jhts  of  man.  On  reli;^ion 
it  accejitetl  the  ]ioman  catholic  as  the  only  one  to  he 
suiijiorted,  hut  tolerated  other  forms.  Foreii,M»ers 
Were  allowed  the  privilege  of  tradinu^  and  other  law- 
ful industries,  including  navigation  of  rivers  and  coasts, 
nt"  holding  projierty,  marrying,  and  testating,  'I'hey 
(Miild  not  he  compelled  to  hecome  citizens,  hut  if  tlu-y 
\vi>lu'd  it,  one  year's  residence  sufficed  to  ohtain  nat- 
uralization. Tlie  government  was  declared  to  he  pop- 
ular, rt  presentative,  alternative,  and  resi)oiisihle.  It 
was  divided  into  three  hranches;  namely,  legislative, 


CM cutive,  and  judicial, 


40 


The  national  congress  hemi;  installed  Mav  1,  1S7"2, 
(111  the  ,')Otli  declanxl  Tonuls  (juardia  tlulv  elected 
jinsidcnt,  and  on  tlu^  same  date  appointed  Jose  An- 
tmiio  Pinto  and  llafael  IWroeta  first  and  second  vice- 

^' Viofiiti!  Jierrora,  Aiiii'cto  Esquivul,  Josus  Salazar,  (Vulim  Saiiclio,  aiiil 
\\iiiv\  Kurrofta.  /./.,  ]L'7-;il. 

•'■  l'"iir  snjijioscil  ri'Viiliitioiiary  sdieiiius.  It  was  cvuii  alloni^l  tliat  tlicro 
V  IS  a  ]il(>t  to  murilcr  ( iuanlia.  ( '(w^I  h'.,  d'ar.  Ojic,  May  I'J,  ISTI ;  A'/'c,  (•(!(■., 
.\l:iy'_'7,  .hine3,  1S71. 

•■'  Excluding  thu  prcsiileiit,  liia  iniiii»tcrs,  ami  the  hisliop  from  luMiig 
il(vt,,;s.  Cii.^td  1!.,  Col.  I.tii.,  XX.  US- •_'•-'. 

" 'I'lio  Icyi.slativo  coiisisti'il  iif  a  fli.iiiilH'r  of  lU'pntifs  cliosfu  for  four  yi'irs. 
I'uiiu;,'  rocosa  it  was  to  I)0  ri']iri'.siiiti'il  iicir  tlic  I'Xii'Utivo  liy  a  coinision  ju  r- 
iii  nil  ntc  of  live  tlc[iutiL's.  All  citizens  aMo  to  reail  ami  write,  ami  [Missessiiis; 
|'Vu|irity  to  tlio  value  of  .s.'itM),  or  an  oeeujiation  yielding;  .VJ(H>  a  year,  eouM  lie 
I  L.1-.I  11  cKimties,  exeeptint;  tlie  jiresiiU-nt,  liis  ministers,  nieniliers  of  tlie  suiireinu 
enuit,  ami  governors.  Deputies  coultl  aeeept  no  othces  execjtt  ministerial  or 
ilii'l'iiiatie,  and  then  they  must  resign  the  eleetions.  The  exeeutivo  was 
vi  slid  ill  a  president  for  four  years,  who  must  he  a  native,  thirty  years  and 
iipwarcls,  ami  could  not  lie  reelected  for  the  next  immediate  tiiiii.  lie  was 
alliiwed  a  eouueil  of  state,  eomiio.sed  of  his  ministers,  the  iiiemher.i  of  the 
cnini-inn  iicrmauente,  and  others  that  ho  might  invite  to  join  the  delihera- 
t  I'll-.  Tlie  judicial  authority  was  vested  in  a  supreme  court,  whose  iiieiiih<T8 
iiiu-t  he  natives  of  the  country,  and  sncli  other  courts  as  mi>,'ht  ln^  estahlisiied 
hy  law.  /,/.,  XX.  ITl-'JOli;  AY  I'oi-niiir  dv  Mc,  Jan.  It,  ISTl';  A'.V.,  (.'<(.•(<<», 
.l.ui.  i:!,  ]S7l». 


OF! 


3S2 


rOUTICAL  EVENTS  IN  COSTA  IlICA. 


presulont  respectively.  The  same  body  June  2()tli 
granted  Guardia  leave  of  absence,  with  permission  to 
visit  foreign  countries  for  the  benefit  of  his  heaUli, 
and  authorized  the  government  to  appropriate  out  (if 
the  treasury  a  sum  not  exceeding  $'25,000  for  Iiis 
travelling  expenses.  Josd  A.  Pinto  had  charge  of  tlic 
executive  in  his  absence.*'  Guardia  reassumed  his 
office  on  the  2()th  of  January,  1873. 

The  policy  Guardiu's  goverinuent  had  pursued 
toward  (Guatemala,  Salvador,  and  Nicaragua  cauMtl 
these  three  powers  to  i)re[)are  for  any  emergency 
which  might  arise.  They  accordingly  entered  into 
a  treaty  of  alliance  on  the  'iOth  of  August,  18715/" 
Minister  Monti'ifar  had  been  the  only  one  to  endiavor 
to  check  Guardia's  hare-brained  plans;  but  ho  was  de- 
spatched to  Europe  with  the  intent  of  dismissing  liiin 
in  his  absence.  Costa  Kica,  on  the  24th  of  Ociolur, 
addressed  a  circular  to  other  governments  remonstrat- 
ing against  that  treaty.*^  Her  government  ini[)ru(l 
that  the  treaty  had  been  prompted  by  private  animos- 
ity, which  the  others  indignantly  denied." 

This  state  of  affairs  created  much  alarm  in  Costa 
Rica,  as  well  as  elsewhere  in  Central  America,  and 
(yuardia,  professing  to  give  way  to  the  demands  of 
public  opinion,  which  pointed  to  him  as  the  sole  jiro- 
moter  of  war,   temporarily   resigned   the   executive 

*'  Ouanlia  went  to  Europe,  ■where  he  was  treated  with  marked  consiik'ra- 
tion.  Coxta  IL,  Col.  Lfij.,  xxi.  48-51;  xxii.  G.  During  his  ahsence  thun;  wa^ 
no  hiirinony  between  the  acting  president  and  tlie  chi"f  of  the  forccH,  Vict.T 
(riiardia,  nor  between  the  hit  ar  and  the  commandant  ot  artillery.  Xic,  Snua- 
«a/.V;r.,  Oct.  17,  1872. 

♦^Guardia  waa  accused  cf  ffording  aid  to  the  supporters  of  retrogres-iidii 
against  the  liberal  govenui  ts  existing  in  those  stiites;  and  of  openly  \»r- 
niitting  an  expedition  to  sail  .  the  S/ieriiutn  to  commit  hostiliti-js  against  tla^ 
other  Cunt.  Am.  states.  Ell  venir  de  Xir.,  Aug.  10,  1873;  A<juirrv,  Hi'miii 
lie  un  Perkid.,  6-G.  Circular  Nic.  Foreign  Min.,  Sept.  5,  187<i,  in  Sub:, 
Oacvt't  Ojic,  Oct.  26,  187(5. 

♦^  As  an  open  infringement  f  previous  conventions,  international  ln» ,  an.l 
Coste  Rica's  rights.  U.  S.  a  .  Doc.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.,  Cong.  43,  Sess.  2,  i.  li:!, 
110. 

**A.  H.  Rivas,  foreign  minister  of  Nic,  Nov.  11th,  in  doing  so.  ad'K'l 
that  they  were  guarding  their  interests  against  Costa  Rica's  insiilious  jud- 
jects,  in  gathering  large  quantities  of  war  material  to  favor  disgruntleil  >>ii.a- 
raguans,  which  his  govt  well  knew,  though  not  officially.  Xk.,  (•'nftn.  Nnv. 
15,  1873;  /(/.,  Informe  Mill.  JJel<jadiUo,  1-14;  Xic,  Man.  Gobeni.,  1875,  0-7. 


M;)UK  1'llE.SlDEXTS. 


(ifUcc  into  tlio  hands  of  the  first  dtsijj^nado,  Salva- 
dor (Jonzalez,  on  the  21st  of  Xovenihcr/'  Gonzalez 
toiinc'd  a  now  cuhint't,  with  Josu  M.  Castro  as  niinis- 
tir  of  fori'ign  ailairs,  and  tixi-d  upon  a  policy  that 
would  secure  public  conlideiice  at  home  and  peace 
witli  the  other  states.*"  (ionavlez  and  his  ministers 
liiid  helievcd  in  (iuardia's  sineeritv,  luit  thev  soon  <lis- 
cuvi'red  that  he  luul  been  playin*^  a  liypoeritieal  role. 
Protending  indignation  at  what  he  called  lowering  the 
country's  honor,  and  trailing  its  riaj:  in  the  dust,*'  ho 
resumed  the  presidential  oflice  on  the  1st  of  Deceui- 
l)t'r,  and  the  next  day  plact-d  it  in  cliargc  of  Kafael 
]^airoeta,*^  who  hcUl  it  till  the  2yth  of  February, 
1  s74,  when  Guardia  resumed  it.  The  latter  was  again 
<,Manted  a  leave  of  absence  May  19,  1875,  and  was 
al)scnt  several  months." 

Some  further  correspondence  passed  between  the 
fjovcrnments  of  Costa  Kiea  and  Nicaragua,  resulting 
tVoiuan  abortive  attempt  at  revolution  in  Guanacaste, 
when  the  insurgents,  being  defeated,  escaped  into 
Nicaragua.  A  force  of  Costa  Ricans  landed  from  a 
steamer,  killed  some  persons  a!id  arrested  others  in 
territory  claimed  to  be  within  the  neutral  district, 
under  the  boundary  treaty  of  1858,  wliicli  both  parties 
had  bound  themselves  to  respect  till  the  question  of 
limits  should  be  finally  settled.'^  Congress,  in  March 
187G,  authorized  the  executive  to  station  troops  in 

*'-'Xic.,  UaceUi,  App.,  Dec.  .%  1873;  Nir.,Semnnnl Mc,  Nov.  29,  1S73. 

*'It  piisscd  a  decree  on  the  2'Jth  of  Ni)vuiiil)er  to  clieck  all  violations  of 
neutrality,  and  in  a  note  to  the  other  govirnnionta  e.\pro«sed  itself  iu  teriiii 
of  Cdiiciliation,  tuutaniount  to  a  withdrawal  of  tlie  circular  of  Oct.  24th.  Id., 
suppl.,  i)cc.  2,  13,  1873;  El  Porvemr  de  ^'ic.,  l>ec.  1'  '873;  Mc,  i.^eiitaiial 
Mr.,  Due.  11,  1873. 

*'  An  stated  in  his  organ.  El  Coxturieensi',  no.  17,  suppl. 

*'' A  number  of  persons  who  had  promoted  tlie  new  policy,  particularly 
soino  muinhers  of  the  cabinet,  for  their  credulity  and  goo(t  intentions  became 
tilt'  victims  of  (juardia's  wrath,  and  were  banished  from  their  homes.  Gon- 
z:ilf/,  had  been  let  down  easy,  as  having  declined  to  continue  in  charge  of  the 
cxmitive.  ContaH.,  Pap.  Sueltos,  nos.  11,  12;  Id.,  Col.  Ley.,  xxii.  l'J4,  107, 
2<HI;  1874,34-5,  53;  Nic.,Gacehi,  Dec.  20,  1873;  A'lc,  6V»»aw<(/ A'iC,  Dec.  11, 
20,  l,S73. 

"He  resumed  control  of  the  govt  Nov.  4-5,  1875.  Costa  R.,  Col.  Ley., 
xxiii.  75-(),  275. 

''■'('ohUi  I}.,  Pojh  Sneltoti,  nos.  13,  14;  Id.,  In/orme  Goliem.,  1875,  ai)p.  16- 
21;  Sk.,  Coire^ipoHd.  sobre  RtcL,  3-17;  Nic,  Mens.  Preskl,,  1875,  5-0. 


.»      1  I 


I 


I 


a  \ 


., 


SS-t 


POLITICAL  EVENTS  IX   (:i),STA   I'JCA. 


(Juanju-asto,  on  tlio  frontier  of  Nlcarat>'iia,  and  (Icfriid 
till'  coiintiy's  lioiior,  if  assailed.  He  was  also  to 
arrant^o,  if  possible,  tlio  tr()u1)les  with  tliat  re|)ul»rn'. 
( J uai'dia  visited  the  frontier,  where  General  ]\laxiiiio 
Jt'rez  and  a  number  of  ottieers  also  went  via  j*unta- 
renas."' 

On  the  'J7th  of  ^[aroh  a  general  amnesty  was  issued 
t>  all  |)olitieal  oii'enders,  whieh  im[)lii'd  that  the  ^o\- 
ernment  was  eonlitlcnt  the  puhlie  peace  would  not  be 
disturbed.''^ 

Coiioress  dechired,  ^Fay  3d,  that  Aniceto  Es(|uivrl 
liad  been  constitutionally  chosen  i)resident  of  the  ic- 
public,"''  and  on  the  Dth  appointed  Tonnls  (luai'diaaiid 
Vicc'ite  ITerrera  first  and  second  desin'iiados  in  tlie 
order  named.  On  the  8th  (Juaidia  took  the  chief 
command  of  the  forces;  and  as  the  constitution  did 
not  allow  of  his  leeleetion  to  the  ]tresiil<^:,Llal  chair,  ]ir 
could  reoccupy  it  at  pleasure  by  virtue  of  his  position 
as  lirst  designado.'"' 

'''  Kl  ('iis/(trirrii.«',  Mari'Ii '24tli,  siiid  tli.it  llip  mis-iion  of  Jorcz  was  fmiii  I'.ir- 
ricM,  iirosiiKiit  <it  ( Jsiat.,  to  (iuarilia.  '11  lo  (Jnhircniil ,/o.-:.jii,ii,  .Marcli  'Jiiili,  jjuvo 
it  as  a  I'ri'taiiity  that  Nic.  would  projiost;  tlio  willuli-awal  of  liotli  I'oitcs  l:n  h 
tlio  froiilii  T  as  a  coaoiliatoi y  iiioasiiri'.  Tlic  vliolo  trmihlo  arose  Iroiii  tlu' 
l)ouiiilaiy  (iis|^mto.   /'mi.  St:iuuiil  Ilintlil,  Apr.  4,  ISTli. 

■'■■'('n.di  /.'.,  Mnisnj,',  ISTll,  '.';  LI.,  Col.  J.I, I.,  xxiv.  •24-"). 

•''^lio  assiuiicd  tho  olliio  on  tlio  Stli,  ami  forio.od  his  cahiiiot  with  .liriii  K. 
Mata,  S.  Li/.aiio,  M.  C'ara/o  IVi ■ilia,  and  15.  Mondrs.  /./.,  ;{(i-S;  lil.,  his,-, us.) 
..  ./'i-'.'ii/.,  IMli,  1-4;  ,V  ;/('.,  <;,i,;/ lOji,:,  May -JJ,  ISTl). 

■''Ho  had  liofii  doolari'd  a  IpiiioiiRrito,  and  jzivou  a  vote  of  thanks.  ('.•<t'i 
It.,  Cdl.  Lrij.,  xxiv.  ()L'.  (luai'dia's  ad:iiiiiisti'alioii  during  the  jiast  six  yours 
was  hi^ilily  oxtoUod  in  tho  (niri/ii-  >  hlrhil  of  San  .lo.io.  It  slid  that  his  surri  ii- 
d;'r  of  ]^io\vor  jirovod  tni!  falsity  of  tlie  ohari'o  tliat  he  had  iatondod  hohliiiL'  it 
f  ir  life.  Wo  shall  see  how  iii;ic!i  this  stati'iiient  \\as  worlii.  It  claimed  I^r 
him  tliat  he  had  at  all  times  hlencled  h'liicney  with  tirmness,  ■wliieh  I'aets  fail 
to  estalili^h.  lie  was  eijiially  erediU'd  with  inereasiag  t!io  revemies  hy  liis 
successful  measures  to  n''£iress  .smii,t;;,lia!,';  with  protcetiui;  industry  and  Lilmr; 
iniloavorini;  to  ]ii'ovide  the  country  with  a  railroail  lutweeii  t'.io  two  ociaii-i; 
iniliroviii!.'  I'le  iiiorah;  of  the  country;  spreadim;  jmlilic  education;  jiroiiiotiu!; 
jioluieal  and  conuiiercial  relations  wi'.li  other  coiintrit'-:;  forwardiaL;  imMi; 
works;  and  lastly,  vii;orously  defen<liiiL;  Co-ta  l\ica".s  rights  a;^aiiist  Xii-iii- 
gna's  jirc^'eiisions.  S  'h:,  (inrcfii.  Ojic,  May  '_'"_',  lS7(i.  On  the  ollu'r  hand.  «o 
a:e  told  that  I'osta  liii'a's  revtuius  were  siiuandered  in  keeping  2,  Oil!)  ini  a  eii 
tlu!  frontier  as  a  ni  iiaco  to  Nicaragua.  /'.i».  Slw  kikI  .Ihi-nlil,  June  I,  1^7'i. 
Ouardia  has  lieeii  justly  calKil  a  tyrant,  liccause  of  his  arliitr.'.ry  acts  an  1  vie- 
liiionsot  the  constitution.  Eh^ctoral  and  pai'liamentary  frredom,  uiiilcr  iiis 
rule,  was  a  farce;  results  at  cleciions  lieing  what  his  will  dictatcid,  and  cor.- 
gres-i  lieing  "Mostly  made  up  of  his  imniedi  ite  friend-i  and  a  nuniher  of  pup)"l.->. 
Tlu're  were  sonu!  lionoraMe  excc)itions,  like  that  of  Zicarias  ( larcia,  wiio.  Inr 
acting  as  a  real  representative  of  the  people,  Mas  imprisoaed  without  pn'tcst 


]M(1KK  KKVOLUTIONS. 


S85 


Esqulvol  i  11  auii^u rated  liis  adiuinistratioii  iiiider  favor- 
ablo  cirvumstaiu-i'S.  He  })U'dL,^ed  himself  to  pursue  a 
Conciliatory  policy,  at  home  and  ahroad,  thoujji'h  um'er 
failino"  to  uphold  the  rights  of  Costa  llieans  in  foreiij^n 
litiids.  Discord,  however,  hroke  out,  and  the  oppo- 
nents of  Guardia  vented  their  hostility  hy  the  press. 
A  revolt,  with  hloodshed,  occurred  in  C'artago,  July 
•J'.ith,  and  .'JOtli,  to  depose  lvs(|uivi'l,"'  which  niovement 
jiidved  successful.  Vicente  Herrera,  second  desij^- 
iiado,  was  called  to  occuj)y  the  executive  seat.""  The 
iK'W  ruler  maih'  Saturnino  Lizano  his  minister-gen- 
nal,  closed  diplomatic  and  c<-)nnnercial  relations  with 
Nicaragua,'''   and  on  the  1  Ith  of  August  estahlished 


till  till!  i>;irt  of  his  colU'iiguos.  Tlio  indopeiidence  of  tin;  tliroo  j)0\vcra,  pur- 
nn!i;d  ri,  Iil.s,  frcoilom  of  {]\v  jiru.is,  aiul  otliiT  t'oiistitutioiial  jjiiaraiitius,  wiro 
ri|i.att'illy  trainjil  il  uiioii  Ky  (iuanlia,  liy  liis  favoiitu,  I'lilro  (^>iiiroz,  and  by 
<i;li.  r  satcllitca.  Ju.-tici.s  of  tlio  siipr'jnie  idiirt  ainl  mmioioiis  other  lu-omi- 
11'  lit  t'iti;:u:n  v.ltc  <'ilh('r  iiiiiu-i.Aoiu'd,  haiii.slicd,  or  iiiulctod  iii  lie, ivy  sums  of 
iiiiMcy,  villiout  aay  form  ot  trial  liavi  ijj  im-cioiUmI.  .lose  M.  Ca.stro,  chief 
jii  ;l>r,  and  Salvador  .linicnr/.  justice  of  tli.'  supreme  ootirt,  verehy  ( iuanlia's 
aut.ieiatie  command  niaih^  to  l:vc  for  a  time  on  the  J'aeiliu  coast.  Kvcn  hi.s 
hnitlier,  Victor  (luarilia,  Mas  liarddy  treatiMl  lot  showing;  an  independent 
tiliilit;  and  liis  hrotherin  law,  I.eon  I'Vrnandtz,  was  several  niontlis  kept  in 
iniMM  for  ; onie  mysterious  oU'eiico  that  was  never  hrouglit  to  trial,  and  after- 
ward tran.jferre  1  to  a  iiorrilile  dungeon  in  Limon,  whi're  he  was  cruelly  treateil 
iiii'id  he  sueeceded  in  elleeting  his  eseajie.  ()Lher  infringements  of  tlie  laws 
;ui'  al  o  mentioned,  ainl  not  a  few  cases  of  lirutality,  even  the  use  of  thi^  lasii 
im  resjieetahle  eiti/.ens,  wliie.i  <luardiai<ud  his  myrmidons  were  challen;;ed  to 
cuiitraiiict  to  the  face  of  t'osta  Kicans.  Aiiiiirn;  J.  ^f.,  ]lii-i,rt(--<.  .  .('nrn'sp. 
Ii:<l.  p.  lit.,  1-21.  'ihis  is  a  letter  dav;d  and  piihlislied  at  I'anama  .May  1, 
l*^?'),  aad  addressed  to  I'"rancisco  Chavez  t'.,  editor  of  LlCoyf  iririii.-<(;  ( inardia's 
lirr.-i  or;j:ill,  whom  lie  handles  without  gioves  for  his  defence  of  <  inardia's 
ar,  i  a  id  ahuso  of  (Juar  lias  opp  lents.  'A he  writer  had  lieen  one  of  the  vic- 
t:;as  of  ho.li,  and  was  evi.lently  well  posted  on  the  Idstory  of  (inardia's  rule. 
Mi'.i  1,' allowance  for  e\ag;;enitioil  in  some  instances,  the  eonelnsion  to  ho 
anivi  d  at  i<  that  (iuardia  acted  like  an  autocrat  wiio  would  hrook  no  opposi- 
tion.     It  docs  not  ai'pear,  liowever,  that  he  was  sangninai'y. 

rise  peojile  tooK  no  part.  It  was  a  result  of  tiie  almse  hy  the  salaiied 
Jiicsi  t,(  t'.ic  goveriiinent,  of  the  violalion  ol  plcdijes,  and  the  taeit  .authoriza- 
ticii  of  ci'imes  agaiast  good  anil  loyal  .--I'rv.ints  of  the  country.  .Sulr.,  (I'm:  <>jic., 
All,'.  '2\),  187l).  Nepotism  was  al -o  prohahly  a  cause.  Ksi|U  vel's  min.  of 
pt-.h.  worliM,  and  tlie  superintendent  of  the  railroad  were  hrothers-indaw  of 
Ills  liico:n]>ctenc  •,  mismanagement,  and  waste  wore  said  to  prevail.  I'mi. 
iSlnr  lui'i  licriiil,  June  1,  Aug.  IS,  IfSTt'i.  The  government  of  Nic.  attiihnted 
K<i|uiv(  I's  downfall  mainly  to  lii.s  friendly  policy  toward  her,  which  did  not 
sua  (Inardi.i.  Circular  of  Nic.  Foreign  Min.,  Sept.  5,  187"),  in  Silr.,  Hm-vta 
Ojir..  Oct 'J!'.,  187(5. 

"lie  represented  himself  as  free  '  rom  p-litical  animosities,  and  promised  to 
maiiitiin  order,  ami  to  push  tho  work  of  the  railroad.  He  created  a  council 
et  sliti!  of  five  memhera,  one  of  whom  was  Victor  Guardia.  ElVontarirvHW, 
All-    1,  10,  187C>;  CiMta  li.,  Col.  /,-'//.,  xxiv.  145. 

'  ISecause  her  govt  had  refuacd  him  recognition.  Conta  /?.,  h\forme  Re.l., 
1 1 1  ST.  Cent.  Am.,  You  III.    'i''. 


-1; 


i« 


lip 


386 


POLITICAL  EVENTS  IN  COSTA  RICA. 


censorship  of  the  press  as  a  necessity  for  the  prcsci-- 
vation  of  order. 

Herrera's  administration  was  noted  for  its  iillhri- 
ality  toward  foreignei-s,  and  for  religious  liigo^^^ry.^^ 
The  press  was  gagged ;  capitahsts  and  nii'rchaiits 
were  heavily  mulcted  on  the  pretext  of  their  heiiig 
malecontents ;  men  of  reputation  and  standing  wcie 
driven  from  their  homes  upon  the  reports  of  paid 
spies;  and  other  outrages  were  committed. 

A  revolutionary  movement  on  the  11th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1877,  forced  Herrera  to  surrender  the  executive; 
oflfiee*''^  to  Tom;ls  Guardia,  who  assumed  the  duties, 
the  nmnicipal  governments  recognizing  him  as  provis- 
ional president  with  unlimited  powers.""  On  the  24tli 
he  called  on  the  people  to  choose  a  constituent  assem- 
bly to  meet  on  the  23d  of  December.  Tlie  same  day 
he  created  a  ijran  conseio  nacicmal,  deloffatiny'  tin; 
choice  of  the  majority  of  its  members  to  the  nmuici- 
pahties.  That  body,  under  its  constitution,  had  de- 
volved upon  it  several  important  duties."'  A  gener;il 
anmesty  law  for  political  offences  was  decreed  ()ct()li(  i' 
loth,  and  on  the  17th  the  gran  consejo  nacional  issiicil 
a  ley  dc  garantias,  declaring  life,  liberty,  and  propc  rty 

IS77,  l~X  (hiiirdialiiid  l)L'uu  apjxiiiitodiileiiipoti'iitiiiry  toCluat.  and  Sulv.  IK 
vi.sitod  (luat.  tirst,  and  arrived  at  San  Salvador  Aug.  3d.  In  iiri'.suntiiig  liis 
credentials  ho  said  that  hv  had  heen  instrneted  to  jiave  the  way  for  tln'  fii.-inii 
of  the  positive  interests  of  Cent.  Am.  The  real  oljjeet  of  hia  nii.ssioii  s, ciii-, 
however,  to  have  lieen  to  eidi.st  the  two  governments  in  his  projeets  ot  war 
against  Nic.  IJotli  failed  him.  S'llr.,  <!tu:  Ofic,  Aug.  ."),  1."),  ]tec.  7,  l>7il; 
Feb.  "J."),  1877;  Pun.  St'tr  dml  Jlmikf,  .Fan.  17,  I.S77;  A'/V.,  JA',/'.  L'<1.,  l>S7'.t,  \: 
iii.-iv.  'J.'l-r).  llcliitions  witli  Nie.  were  not  re.tored  till  .lune  .'W,  KS7S.  <\r^l't 
/?.,  Col.  Lcii.,  xxiv.   108-!);  xxv.  '.>7-8. 

•""Almost  his  lirst  act  wa.s  to  di.-imis:;  from  tlie  edueational  estalilisliiiu  iits 
the  al>le  teachers  who  had  lieen  brouglit  out  at  great  expense,  replaeing  tip  in 
with  Jesuits.  For  this  art  he  was  rewariled  \\  illi  an  autogr.i[ih  letter  Irniu 
the  pope.  He  ri:noved  the  eompt'tent  foreigners  from  the  iiianagenicnt  cit  tiio 
railroad  on  the  ph-i  of  economy,  I'miiloying  in  their  places  iiiellicient.  h'l'iiii-c 
inexperienced,  natives;  the  result  heiug  detei  ioi'ation  of  rolling  stock,  mv\ 
geniral  niisinanagcment.  lie  forbade  cutting  ridiln'ron  the  waste  lamls.  liiil 
imposed  a  duly  of  ,'{  cents  ]ier  Ih.  lie  triei'l  to  foice  (Jreat  Hritain  to  i"  ill 
one  of  her  consular  agents.   Puii.  Shir  uwl  Ilcniil,  .Fan.  'JO,  1877. 

■'■'  He  pretended  to  temporarily  do  so  on  the  jilea  of  ill  health. 

""He  chose  I'edro  Qinniz  and  Rafael  Barroeta  his  substitutes.  ('«vAr  /,'., 
/iijhniii'  (I'lilifni.,  1878,  '2. 

"'Appointing  members  of  the  suprenu)  court,  enacting  laws,  anil  di.-^clKiri.'- 
ing  till'  tuiictions  of  a  ccmsultive  cimncil.  A/,,  1878,  !-'_';  Siilo.,  J)i<irio  "ji'-, 
Sept.  20,  Oct.  II,  1878. 


ARBITRARY   RULE. 


387 


JSl'V- 

lants 

)('ln;j; 

were 

pakl 

ptt'iu- 

lut'u's, 
)rovis- 
0  24tU 
issci  li- 
ne (lay 
ig  the 
uuuici- 
ad  cl(- 
n'ueral 

)ct(iltfV 

issui'il 
(>|ievty 

ISulv.  Ill 
,,ltlU|,'  111-* 
the  tll>iiiU 
,111   S.l'IllS 

■  ts  oi  Nvar 
.  7,  l>^Ti;; 
.,  1S7'.»,  !'■ 

i7S.   Tu.M 

Jlishlii'iit-* 
-iiig  til-  HI 

ktcf  t'i"ii' 
jciituf  &■'■ 

It,  lli'l'lUl-l' 

|t(.('U,  iiU'l 
liliuls.  mill 


li  to  v 


■;,ll 


1  CosM  /.'■. 
(Usi'lnl-,-- 


inviolable/'     This  law  was  in  force  only  about  tlirec 
months. 

Costa  Rica  was  not,  it  seemed,  to  he  free  from 
actual  or  impending  trouble.  Guatemala  refused  to 
ri cognize  Gaardia's  governniont,  and  the  latter  closed 
nilations  with  her  as  long  as  Barrios  should  be  her 
ruler.**  Early  in  the  following  January  rumors  came 
that  the  republic  would  soon  be  invaded  by  a  party  of 
men  who  had  in  Nicaragua  organized  a  government, 
and  purposed  establishing  it  in  Costa  Rica  by  fL»rce  of 
arms,  if  necessary.  The  invasion  took  place  through 
Tiinum,  under  the  leadership  of  Federico  Mora,  who 
called  himself  provisional  president.  In  c(msequence 
oftliis  the  law  of  guaranties,  and  the  elections  for 
the  constituent  assembly,  weve  suspended,  and  a  de- 
cree issuetl  f(»r  the  punishnrjnt  of  the  invaders  wlieii 
taken."*  Tiie  attempt  to  overthrow  Ouardia  failecb 
^[ora  being  defeated  at  VA  Za[)oto  and  ^latina,  and 
Heeing  to  Xicaragua.  The  canii>aign  lasted  only  eiglit 
days."''  Quiet  having  been  restored  for  a  time,  an 
iiiniKstv  wa>i  i^ranted  to  nolitical  offenders."" 

\'ery  little  worth  mentioning  occurred  in  1879,  ex- 
it pt  tliat  in  October  Costa  Eiea  suspended  relations 
with  Salvador.  Guardia  on  the  lOth  of  July,  18S(), 
restored  the  law  of  guaranties,  and  re[)eated  those  ot 
January  '21  and  Feliruary  1,  1878,  appointing  August 
1st  for  the  election  of  tlej)uties,  and  tlie  UDtli  of  the 
same  month  for  tlic  instalment  of  the  constituent  as- 
sembly. This  bodv  met  on  tlu^  appointed  diiv,"'  but 
jiad  been  in  session  only  ab;»ut  tlirec  weeks,  when  from 
tli<'  hberal  views  intrcuhieed  and  discussed,  and  likely 

'•I'lmimlgate.l  the  IStli  l>v  ( iiiarili.i.  ros/.i  /,'..  ''"/.  /.<v.,  xxv.  lS(J-7,  210- 
II, '.'17  Ht, -J'JS-HO;  A/.,  Cut.'/Usi).  1.,-jU..   1(S7.S.  Hi   17. 

■  li.MTi'o  (if  Dec.  i;»,  1N77.  r.  s'.  <.'nr.  j>,„:,  j|.  Kx.  1  ».»■.,  4:>th  tv.iitr., 

'M  Scs.s.,  i.  70-',).  R(l:itii)ii.s  with  lloiul.  \\vrt\  ;ilsu  iiiti'rnipti'il  in  IS7N.  ' 'iw/<; 
A'.,  I'/oniie  Mill.  /{<(.,  I67!t,  •2;  I'L,  i'nl.  L,ii.,  xxv.  'J.S7. 

'■('".</,!.  R.,  Col.  Dis}>.  L';ii.^.,  KS7.S,  I'.l-'iO,  '-V)  (1;  /,/.,  /•rnrl.,  J.iii.  124,  1S78! 
/''..  Ii'/uriiif  (t'olieni.,  KS7^,  'J  H;  /</.,  //(./'.  Hwrni  ii  Mnriiiii,  lS7iS,  "J. 

'  I'iiially  Miira  was  forhiiltlcii  liy  tlic  Xiwinigtiaii  jiovtTiimL'iit  to  ri'siilo 
witiiiii  the  I'tistorn  ami  southtTii  (k'ltartini'iits.   .V/V.,  Mtm.  lid.,  1879,  p.  iv. 

'"SiiPt.  VI,  1878.  Snlv.,  Di,irio(/Jv:,  Oct.  II,  1S78. 

'''Contali.,  Imtal,  Ammbka  Leijk.,  18S0,  7  f. 


it 


'^  i^SlH 


88» 


rOLlTICAL  EVENTS  IX   COSTA  RIL'A. 


to  l)c  incorporated  in  the  now  constitution,  it  becanio 
apparent  that  Guardia  wonld  notl)o  tlie  popular  clioicc 
for  tiio  next  })rcsi(lential  term.  Tho  last  day's  ])r()- 
ccedirigs  were  an  indication  of  the  doom  of  despotism.''"' 
(luardia  and  his  satellites,  alarmed  at  ihoir  impend- 
ing' downfall,  resolved  that  their  safety  Liy  in  dissolv- 
inL"-  the  asscinhlv,  suspendinij;*  the  law  of  'jfuaranties, 
and  nnposing  on  the  pt-ople  ancM'  tho  dictatorship. 
This  was  done  at  once  on  the  pretext  of  suppressinw- 
an  imaoinary  rcn'olution.  The  militarv  heiiiix  JiH  pow- 
erful,  Guardia  on  tho  28th  of  Se[)tend)er  revived  tlu' 
gT'an  const^o  naeional  to  meet  at  8an  Jose  on  tho  IGtli 
of  October.  He  continued  his  usual  arbitrary  prac- 
tices of  imprisoning  and  exiling  sucJi  persons  as  nuule 
themselves  obnoxious  to  him."'  In  1S81  he  revisited 
]']urope,  and  in  his  absence  Salvador  Lara  acted  as 
president.  A  constituent  assembly  was  convoked, 
which  adopted  a.  constitution  containing  very  liberal 
clauses,  on  tlie  Tth  of  l)ecend>er.  This  constitution 
(^uai'dia  sus[)ended  on  his  rc'turn  to  power,  early  in 
18^i2,  but  rc^stored  with  amendments  by  his  decree  of 
Ap'.il  2('>th.  (hiavdia's  health  had  not  been  iiuicli 
bLiK'iited  by  his  journey  to  Europe,  and  death  owv- 
took  him  at  Alajuela  in  the  evening  of  July  (>,  ]SS2. 
The  highest  honors  Averc  paid  to  his  remains,  such  as 
wei'o  never  seen  in  Central  America  before  or  after 
the  independence.  They  were  buried  in  San  Jt>se.'" 
Saturnino  jji/ano  had  i-harge  of  the  executive  otliro 
until  the  20th  of  July,  when  he  surrendered  it  to  tlie 
designado  General  Prosper©  Fernandez,  who  luing 
subsequently  elected  president  was  inducted  into  oilice 
on  the   10th  of  Auuust.'^     The    new  administration 

'''■'"  Almlitioii  of  Ciipitul  punisliinunt  addptcd;  also  the  following  I'iaiisis: 
laws  to  have  no  retroaetivo  elieet;  nil  persons,  not  eonvieted  of  eriinc,  vin' 
free,  a-i  1  to  have  the  iirivdege  of  enterinj;  ami  leaving  the  republic;  riuOit  of 
conLji-e^Mtiui,'  unarniect  to  I'liscusa  puhlie  atl'air.s,  and  thocon<luct  of  otliciils,  ef 
politioniiig  individually  or  collectively,  and  of  expressing  political  oiiinidiis, 
to  ;o'.Iu'r  with  freedoui  of  tlio  press  fully  recognized.  Pan.  Star  ami  Umilil, 
Oct.  Ki,  1S80. 

'''  Fi'ce  expressions  of  opinion  were  an  open  road  to  persecution.  /'/.,  Ni'v. 
i\,  1S8(». 

•WWf  A'..  JfoDorc."  Fill}.,  1882.  1-59;  Pan.  Star  omUferald,  Ju\y'20.  1882. 

■'  Fernandez  was  born  in  San  Jose  July  18,  1834.     Ho  received  a  portion 


CHURCH  AFFAIRS. 


ns9 


nttrr 


cliUi^^L's: 

111'.   WlTO 

rvM  "' 

lifi:ils.  <it 

iimiiiiiis, 

JJrnd.l, 

J,l.,  Nov. 

•JO.  ISS'J. 

V  ^Hirtiou 

soon  restored  diplomatic  intorcoiirso  with  Guate- 
mala, Salvador,  and  Honduras.'"' 

The  relations  of  the  government  with  the  church 
hccame  strained  in  1883.  Early  that  year  a  decree 
^va.s  issued  forbiddins?  the  entrv  of  members  of  the 
society  of  Jesus  into  the  republic,  though  a  few 
wlio  had  charge  of  a  college  at  Cartago  were  allowed 
to  remain.  The  clergv  began  an  agitation,  and  liad 
to  be  advised  by  the  government,  and  the  bishop  as 
well,  to  moderate  their  zeal.'"'  But  the  trouble  did 
not  end.  The  old  struggle  between  the  civil  and 
ecclesiastical  powers  was  revived.  Bishop  Thiel,  witli 
the  aid  of  tlio  Jesuits,  attempted  to  interfere  with  and 
to  place  himself  above  the  government,  which,  on  its 
part,  under  the  authoritv  conferred  bv  coniiress,  re- 
solved  to  upliold  its  supreme  authority  nt  all  hazards. 
Hence  a  decree  of  July  18,  1884,  expelling  the  bislu>p 
and  the  Jesuits  frt)ni  the  country.'^  Other  important 
measures  aft'ectint'-  the  cler<>-v  were  also  adopted  at 
this  time.' '  The  bishop  was  recalled  in  the  follow  nig 
vear. 

The  republic  was  at  peace,  when  a  nn'asurc  of  the 
Ic'islative  assend)lv  of  (jiuatemala  came  to  ei-eate 
a  great  alarm.  I  refer  to  the  decree  of  Fel»i'uary 
■JS,  1885,  declaring  the  union  of  Central  .Vmerica  in 
the   form   of  a   single   repuljlic,   to   carry   out  which 


(if  liis  education  in  (luat.,  ami  at  IS  years  of  aue  nitfi't'd  tlio  ('i>sta  Ricaii 
uiiny.  In  ]S.")4  lie  was  a  suh-limitetiaiit,  and  in  l.S.")(i  scivlmI  in  Nic.  against 
Walkur.  Inl.sCiOlio  fon,:,dit  against  tlio  invaders  umlur  Kx-jiri'sid.  .M'iia  at 
Aii:.;(istura.  In  1870  lio  was  oiio  of  tlio  few  nicii  that  oaiitui'i'd  the  artdlory 
liiirauks,  tlioroliy  cansing  tlu' ovortlu'ow  of  I'lcsid.  .linuiio/.  1  »iii'ing  ( liiir- 
'ii  IS  lull'  lio  hold  si'Voral  positions  of  tinst  and  rose  to  gi'n.  of  division.  His 
"lio  was  named  C'listina  tiuardia.  Cn.^t'i  /,'.,  />nlitin  Otic,  March  14,  1S8,");  /'/., 
'.'.vV.f,  April  ;!(t,  1S8j. 

"-'Aug.  11,  ItsS'J,  a  gen.  amnesty  for  political  fiffonces  to  date  was  iLcn  c  il. 

■■•A  sort  of  coniproniiso  Avas  agieeil  to;  a  few  otlieials  wore  remo\i  .l.  mid 
the  (Jii'nii-i nnl  Jo-ir/ino,  Montiifar's  journal,  ecaseil  pulilioatioii.  /'"/.■.  SI  ir 
"n.l  Ihrnlil,  PYl..  L'4,  KS6:{. 

'  Tlioy  wore  embarked  the  lltth  at  I, iiiinii;  and  the  fact  was  telogra]ihed 
the  sanu'  day  to  tho  other  (,'ont.  Am.  governments  hv  See.  of  State  ('astro. 
F.I  <!,i„i,'i,,nUrro,  Julv  30,  1884:  r«).,A(  1!.,  Infnniir  /,'(/. ,"188.'.,  17,  8't  itl:  I'^m. 
>^i'irit,„i  Jlrrnlil,  Sept.  18,  1885. 

'•'illy  liHh,  comotorios  wor(!  soculari/tMl.  -tuly  2'2d,  religions  oiders 
wi'i-o  sii]i]irossoil.  All  those  exocutivo  decrocs  wore  eountorsigned  liy  Minis- 
te'-  I'.eniardoSoto,  who  later  became  president.  Vosia  J{.,  duatii,  ..'uno  '.I,  1885. 


'i-' 


:  if  _ 
y.nm 


390 


POLITICAL  EVENTS  IN  COSTA  KICA. 


■r,    --i 
it 


ITS, 


sclionio  President  Barrios  assumed  military  rommaiid 
over  Central  America.  The  news  of  this  was  re- 
ft ivod  l>v  President  Fernandez  from  Barrios  himself 
in  a  telc!:(rani  on  the  7tli  of  ^larch,"  The  national 
congress  was  then  suninioned  to  meet  on  Sunday  tli<' 
Stli,  and  the  president  called  on  the  pco[)le  to  prepare 
for  the  defence  of  Costa  liican  independence.  Tlie 
call  was  responded  to  with  nmch  enthusiasm.  Con- 
gress clothed  the  executive  with  extraordinary  jtow- 
But  fate  had  decreed  that  Fernandez  should  he 
savi'd  the  vexation  of  spirit  and  anxii-ty  which  tlie 
situation  must  have  caused  him.  He  died  suddenly  i.i 
Atcnas  between  ',i  and  4  o'clock  hi  the  morning  oi' 
^[arch  I '2th.  Fernandez  was  greatly  esteemed  both 
as  a  ])rivate  and  public  man.  His  funeral  took  placi- 
from  the  presidential  mansion  on  the  next  da;^  witli 
the  honors  due  his  position  as  the  national  chief 
magk.-trate."'^ 

The  first  designado,  General  and  Licentiate  Ber- 
nardo Soto,  innncdiately  assumed  the  duties  of  pre;  i- 
dent,  as  well  as  of  commander  of  the  forces,'^  and  at 
once  called  to  form  his  cabinet  Jose  M.  Castro,  ^Eauro 
Fernandez,  and  Santiago  do  la  Guardia.^"  Prepara- 
tions for  war  \vere  continued,  and  other  nations  ad- 

"'•Tlie  fotleratiou  plan  had  been  opposed  in  188.*?  by  Costa  Kiea  rcfusiiij,'  tn 
accredit  delegates.  Costa  /'.,  Garela,  J'"eb.  8,  1885;  (/,  S.  <ior.  Doc,  11.  Kx. 
Doc.,  Cong.  48,  Sess.  1,  ]>t  1,  r)4. 

'' ro-t'i  ]{.,  G'orrtii,  March  !)-l"J,  188.">.> 

"^  I'urthcr  honors  to  his  memory  at  a  later  date.  Aug.  ."?,  188.",  it  was 
or.U-ri'd  that  his  bust  should  be  placed  in  the  pidilic  .scpiare  of  San  Jo.se.  A/., 
Mardi  la,  U,  Aug.  5,  1SS5;  La  Extrella  de  l'«ii.,  Mareli  'J8,  188.");  El  Cni- 
f-rsal  (Pan.).  March  17,  1885;  Pan.  Star  and  J/vrald,  March  'J.'?,  Sept.  It, 
1885. 

•^Soto  is  a  native  of  Alajuela,  Foli.  12,  1854;  his  parents  being  Gin. 
Apolinar  dc  J.  Soto,  and  .Toaiinin  Alfaro.  He  was  educated  in  Costa  Kii'a, 
and  iu  1877  w;vs  adinittoil  to  tlie  bar,  and  practised  the  legal  profession  tili 
ISSU,  \fheu  he  travelled  iu  the  U.  S.  On  his  return  he  was  made  goveniKr 
of  the  province  of  Alajuela,  iu  which  position  he  exerted  himself  fur  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  province.  He  did  not  complete  his  term,  having  to  make 
a  viiit  to  Europe.  On  Ids  return  in  April  1882,  he  was  again  apiiointrd  gov- 
ernor of  Alajuela,  and  in  August  of  the  same  year  the  executive  called  liiiii  to 
till  a  position  in  his  cabinet  as  minister  of  government,  poliee,  and  public 
Works.  Apr..  IS),  1885,  ho  married  Pacilica,  a  daughter  of  Kx-prcsiih'iit  Ker- 
n.indcz;  and  May  IStli,  congress  declared  him  a  benenu'rito,  and  geu.  nf 
iiivi.--iiin.  Caita  A'.,  Gaata,  May  10,  June  S),  1885. 

•^The  lirst  named  was  given  the  portfolio  of  foreign  all'airs.  /'/.,  Mair'i 
13,  14,  1885. 


PEACE  AND  WAll. 


391 


vised  of  Costa  Rica's  (Iisapj)r()val  of  Guatemala's 
action."^  Peace  was  proclaimed  on  the  19th  of  April, 
and  the  president  on  the  30tli  called  congress  to  meet 
on  the  8th  of  May,  when  he  would  surrender  the 
extraordinary  powers  it  had  clothed  him  with. 

General  Fadrique  Gutierrez  attempted  a  revolution 
in  xVugust,  which  failed  Ho  was  taken  prisoner,  tried 
by  court-martial,  and  cashiered.**^ 

''' Circular  of  M;irch  17,  188").  It  also  explained  the  notives  prompting 
Costa  11.,  Sal  v.,  and  Nic.  to  resist  Barrios' projects.  Id.,  Mdn'fj'.  del  Goh., 
1SS.')-G.  Costa  R.  sent  a  contingent  of  troops  to  Nic,  Hond.,  and  Salv. 
llrr  troops,  liowever,  had  no  opportunity  to  fiLilit.  Presid.  Soto  tendered  his 
rusigniition  on  tlie  oth  of  June,  but  it  was  not  accepted,  and  extraordinary 
powers  were  conferred  on  him  for  sixty  days.  /(/.,  Oacelit,  May  22,  23,  June 
li,  1SS5. 

•■-  He  wiis  also  deprived  of  his  political  rights,  '  por  el  delito  de  conspira- 
cion  para  rebclion,  cometido  cu  servicio  activo  de  las  aruias.'  Conta  It,  Oaccta, 
Nov.  27,  1885. 


••fil' 


I; 


CHAPTER   XIX. 

DEMOCRATIC  INSTITUTIONS  IN  SALVADOR. 

18G5-1885, 

Rule  of  Prf.«ipknt  Bitf.nas — His  Conskuvatism— Qt'artif.l  with  IIoNDr- 
KAS — The  Lattek  Ai.i.iei>  wrni  Saiaadokan  Liiikuai.s— Baiti.i:  hk 
Santa  Ana^Dienas  Dei-oskd — Hrs  iMiM-.vcHMF.Nr,  Kf.ij:ahk,  am> 
Temporary  Kxii.e — SANTiAfio  (Jon/.alkz  I'kovisional  rRF.siDFM  — 
Gonzalez  Ki.f.cted  Chief  Macistkate — (Jfatemala  and  Sai.vahou  at 
War  with  Homuhas — Mirdkk  of  Vice-fresident  Mk.ndfz — Kadtii- 

gUAKES  —  I'RESIDENT  VaLLE  —  TkOUHLK  WriH  (  JVATEMALA  —  ];xi:  INT 
VaLLE     and     (lONZALEZ  —  ZaLdIvAr's     LoNC     Kri,E  —  CoNSTrn'TIOXAL 

Changes — Alliance  with  NuARAotrA  and  Costa  Rica— Resistame 
TO  Bai!i;I()s'  Plan  of  Conc^u'est— Salvador  VicroiMots— Ri-.s-iiiiii-.i) 
rEACK  — Zai.divak  Eliminated —  Revohtion  — F.  Menendez  Mauk 
President. 

Francisco  Duexas,  called  to  preside  over  the  dcs- 
tiiiies  of  Salviidor  in  18();),  hv  the  o-racc  of  l^residnit 
Cai-rera  of  Guatemala,  was  a  ineinUer  of  the  legal  \no. 
fessioti,  and  had  already  figured  in  public  affairs,  lie 
was  from  early  youth  destined  for  the  cloister,  and  in 
due  time  took  the  vows  as  a  ])oniiniean.  But  hfiiiii' 
of  an  ardent  temperament,  he  came  after  a  whiK'  to 
think  himself  adapted  for  a  ])olitical  leader  rather  tli;ni 
to  serve  God  under  a  monk's  hahit.^  He  aceordiuuly 
entered  the  political  Held,  and  soon  attained  jn'oitii- 
nence.  In  1845  he  was  a  minister  of  state,  and  luul 
previously  been  a  deputy  to  the  federal  coni;r<"ss, 
wherein  i'or  lack  of  eloquence  he  made  no  displ.iy; 
hut  in  committees  and  })rivate  conversations  with  lii^< 

'  In  1820,  when  convents  won'  closud  in  Guat.,  lie  hail  to  leave  the  cloister, 
and  afterward  obtained  a  papal  disfiensation  from  liis  vows.  He  thou  stuilicil 
law,  anil  received  the  degree  of  licentiate  iu  18.'{U. 

v392) 


ii 


rilESIDEXT  DUEXAS. 


3ft3 


rolleagues,  no  often  nmn.iged  to  have  his  idras  ac- 
(.•jttod.  He  Avas  one  of  tlio  deputies  \\]\o  voted 
;i'>aiiist  the  fatal  decree  leaviiij;  tlic  states  frec^  to  ('(Hi- 
stitute  themselves.  Ho  was  then  a  friend  of  Central 
American  nationality,  and  often  defended  it  almost  as 
warmly  as  Harrundia.  Pretendin|L]^  to  follow  public: 
<.[tinion,  he  was  affiliated  with  the  lilurals.  Bui  his 
chief  airn  was  even  then  the  furtlu-rance  of  his  own 
political  advancement.  Thus  we  see  him  join  the  oli- 
garchic clique,  and  ally  himself  with  Carrcra  of  (jlua- 
triiiala,  from  wliich  time  he  discountenanced  every 
iit tempt  to  ri'storo  true  democracy.  The  republic 
became  one  in  name  only,  for  his  oovernmiMit  was 
|iiisonal  and  absolute."  AVith  the  aid  of  tlie  ("liij^arclis 
ill'  managed  to  sustain  himself  for  years,  the  country 
enjoying  peace  and  material  pi-osperity,  for  wliieh,  as 
well  as  for  his  not  neglecting  public  education,  he 
should  have  some  (credit.'' 

Ill  Decend)cr  18(')8,  he  was  c^lected  president  for 
tiie  next  tei'm,  and  public  afiairs  continued  in  a  nominal 
coiKlitifHi  for  some  tinu^  the  most  friendlv  relations 
iieiiig  maintain!  tl  with  foreign  powers,  and  specially 
witli  the  other  Central  American  states.  ]^ut  in  the 
Litter  part  of  1S70  serious  ditt'erences  occurred  with 
the  government  of  Honduras,  the  latti>r  imputing  to 
Salvador  marked  favors  to  Honduran  and  Xicaraguan 
I'etu'^ees,  who  were  constantly  })lotting  to  ovtrthrow 
tlie  administration  of  President  Medina.  At  las^t  tlie 
iloiiduran  government  accredited  two  conunissioners, 
namely  Celeo  Arias,  and  Teodoro  Aguiluz,  in  San  Sal- 
vador, with  the  vi(>w  of  settling  those  ditl'erences, 
it'  possible,  in  a  friendly  manner.  Salvador  on  he]' 
I'art  named  Rafael  Zaldivar  her  connuissioner  to  treat 
with  them,  and  their  conferences  began  on  the  IGth 

■-Slowness  and  procrastination  ruled  sujiroiin!.  A  citizen  of  Sahinlur  said 
(il  I'uefKis  to  descrilje  liis  poliey:  '  Kl  niejor  eahidlo  jiaia  l)iienas  e-i  el  ijue  no 
anil:).' 

"ill  Jan.  18f)G  ho  married  a  wealtliy  widow,  who  had  hceii  educated  in 
till'  r.  S.  That  same  year  the  university  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  iloc- 
t"i' 111  laws.  A'i'c,  Udcdii,  Feb.  3,  Marcli  :i,  IS,;;!. 


liJIi 


'  51 


w 


804 


DKMOaiAriC   IXSTITUilONS   IN   .S^\1,VA1J0U. 


of  January,  1871,  but  tlioy  \vd  to  no  satisfactory  rt  - 
suit/  At  the  fourtli  and  last  conference,  on  the  2 1st 
of  January,  the  Honduran  commissioners,  after  pro- 
testing a;^ainst  Salvador's  course  in  rejecting  their 
di-mands,  })i()i)os('d  as  a  last  resort  to  preserve  frieiid- 
shi}) — in  view  of  the  fact  that  all  hope  of  arriving  at 
an  understanding  had  disappeared,  as  confidence  be- 
tween the  two  governments  no  longer  existed-  -that 
the  le<!fislatures  of  both  states  should  be  convoked  tn 
meet  on  the  12th  of  March,  and  tlie  two  presidents. 
^Medina  and  Duenas,  resign  their  olHces.  After  which 
elections  for  chief  magistrates  should  be  held,  with 
the  express  condition  that  during  those  elections  botli 
Medina  and  ]luenas  should  reside  out  uf  their  coun- 
tries. Four  days  having  elapsed  without  any  answer 
having  been  returned  to  that  proposition,  the  Hondu- 
ran commissioners  on  the  25th  r(>newed  their  protest, 
declared  the  conferences  closed,  and  demanded  their 
jiassports.  However,  after  this,  Zaldivar  signified  to 
them  an  acceptance  of  the  proposal  concerning  the 

*  The  Hoiidurans  claimcil  on  the  strength  of  art.  Stli  of  the  treaty  conchided 
at  Santa  J>(isa  on  tlie  ijr)th  of  Alarcli,  IH{)'2,  the  eonuentration  in  the  iiitcrinr 
of  Salvaili)!"  of  (Jen.  Fhirencio  Xatruo'h,  the  priest  Miguel  Bustilh),  and  ,lo>i' 
Manned  Selva,  Uonduran.s;  and  also  of  certain  Nicaraguans,  M'lio  after  tliiir 
ridiidlidn  against  the  governnient  of  Fernando  Guzman  in  their  own  couiitiy, 
had  found  a  refuge  in  Salva<h)r,  and  made  common  cause  with  the  oniiiiifs 
of  President  Medina,  because  he  liad  supported  (Uizmaii  with  the  moral  and 
diplomatic  iuHucnce  of  liis  government.  The  Salvadorin  negf)tiator  di  iiiril 
that  Xatruch  was  a  political  refugee.  He  was  sent  by  Nic.  in  \S{')'.i  to  Siilv. 
at  the  liead  of  an  auxiliary  force.  Later  with  Nicaragua's  permission  he  was 
employed  by  Salv.,  he  being  since  1(S.")S  a  general  of  division  of  her  army,  a 
raidi  conferred  on  liim  for  his  services  against  Walker  tand  his  filibusters;  and 
was  therefore  entitled  to  all  the  rights  of  a  Salvachiran  citizen.  Salv.  pledgeii, 
however,  that  he  would  do  no  hostih)  act  against  Hond.  As  to  adopting  any 
action  against  tlic  Nicaraguans,  tiie  demand  could  not  be  acceded  to,  liccausi- 
they  did  not  come  under  the  i)rovisions  of  the  treaty  witli  Honduras,  ni>r 
were  they  political  refugees  at  all.'  Tlie  commissioner  of  Salv.  made  countir- 
charges:  1st.  Hond.  had  violated  art.  1)  of  the  treaty  of  Santa  llosa,  in  tliat 
her  legislature  hail  empowered  tlie  executive  to  declare  war  agiiinst  Salv. 
without  lirst  complying  witii  the  terms  of  that  clause.  2d.  fShe  had  allowed 
asylum  to  Salvadoran  refugees,  giving  them  employment  on  the  froutiiref 
Salv.,  where  tlicy  had  been  constantly  plotting  and  uttering  menaces  against 
their  govt,  using  arms  obtained  from  Honduran  govt  warehouses.  All  re- 
monstrances against  such  proceedings  had  been  disregardeil.  3il.  Hond., 
heeding  false  reports,  had  raised  1,500  men,  keeping  a  portion  on  the  Salv. 
frontier,  and  maintaining  a  warlike  attitude.  The  Honduran  conimissi(jnurs 
denied  the  correctness  of  the  charges,  and  quoted  instances  in  which  their 
government  had  given  proofs  of  defereuce  and  friendship  toward  itsnuiglilmr. 
Hall'.,  I*rotoi-oh  de  Uui  Con/.,  1-10. 


HOSTILITIKS   WITH    HONDURAS. 


:t!):. 


K  >i_Ljimtioii.  Tliis  inspirtMl  some  hope  that  jk'ju'c  lui^^ilit 
vet  bu  consolidatL'tl.  Hut  it  proved  to  l)e  u  vain  hope ; 
for  the  governiuent  of  Honduras  on  tlie  Tth  of  Feb- 
ru.irv  suspended  all  ti'eaty  stipulations  between  tlu' 
two  ie})ul)lies,  and  Salvador  despatched  in  the  same 
iiiiiiith  a  botly  of  troo[)s  to  invade  her  neiij^hbor's  teri'i- 
tdiy:'  in  eonsecpienee  of  which  J'resident  Medina  on 
the  oth  of  ^Tarch  declared  war  against  Salvador,  oi" 
rather  ajjfainst  DueUiis'  j^overnment." 

The  liberal  l>aity  took  advantai^e  of  the  situation  to 
adopt  active  measures  for  the  overtlirow  of  <les})otism, 
and  tlio  restoration  of  democratic  jtrinciples,  (ieneral 
Santiago  Gonzalez,  who  liad  been  called  to  head  a 
movement,  made  an  address  to  the  ])eople,  which  j>ro- 
diiced  a  great  excitement.  Duehas  tr-ied  to  strengthen 
liiniself  by  means  of  a  so-called  plebiscit,  but  this  only 
served  to  show  that  a  revolution  was  impi'uding. 
(Jonzalez  applied  for  aid  to  the  government  of  Hon- 
duras," which,  l)eing  then  on  the  point  of  waging  war 
ngninst  Duenas,  was  prevailed  on  to  })laco  under  eom- 
iiiaud  of  that  officer  the  forces  he  had  organized  to 
invade  Salvador  through  Sen.sunte[)ecjue.  With  his 
Salvadorans  and  Honduran  allies  (Gonzalez  made  him- 
self master  of  the  de})artments  of  Santa  Ana  and 
Sonsonatc,^  from  wliich  he  could  procure  abundant 
su|tplies.  The  govermnent  forces,  which  had  been 
kt[)t  in  suspense,  not  knowing  which  would  be  the 
invaders'  objective  point,  attacked  them  at  Santa 
Ana,  and  after  four  days'  hard  fighting,  though  much 

Nic.  h.lfl  Iliodiatod  oji  ln'half  of  peace,  accrediting  H.  Zi'poda  and  M. 
Miiiitrak'grc  as  ooiuniiti.sinnor.s  at  Aiiiaiiala.  lint  an  all'air  nf  arms  at  l'a:-a- 
iltiiiia  Irustrated  the  efforts  of  the  legation,  (iivuhir  of  Nic.  Foreign  Min., 
^ipt.  "),  1S7(),  iu  <!>'rt/r.,  fliiMaOfu'.,  Dot.  I'd,  1S7(i. 

''Till' oligarchs  protended  contempt  for  Medina's  action;  some  said,  '^ic- 
iliiiii  IS  mi  loco,  y  Ifonduras  un  escpulcto;'  otiicis,  '  La  (piijotosca  actitud  de 
Jl'induras  alianzura  maa  nii^atro  podi:r.'  Uiiarte,  (>lisirr . .  .  .Union  llci>.  Cent. 
-Ii".,  ;{.  ^ 

'  It  was  saiil  that  Medina  was  enticed  into  assisting  the  liberals,  under  the 
iVIupion  that  tliey  would  call  him  to  rule  over  the  united  states  of  (xuat., 
ii'ih"     ami  Jlond. 

'•Sin  Salvador,  the  capital,  had  been  several  days  fortified  awaiting  ai» 
^i-i^.iulr,  hut  tlic  invaders,  not  knowing  how  much  force  there  might  be  at 
^liiiiil  lor  its  defa'ice,  preferrud  to  march  ou  to  iiauta  Ana. 


H 


,•■1, 


ii^Klt 


:<!)<; 


I)KM(1(  UATIC  INSTITUTIONS  IN  SALVAl*OK. 


i 


'■■X 


snpcTior  in  numlnTs,  were  utterly  routed  on  tlio  loth 
of  April,  with  heavy  caaualties;  the  main  army  was 
put  to  Hijifht,  and  the  reserve  forsook  their  standaid.' 
( fonzalez  was  then  ]»roclaime(l  provisional  presidt  nt, 
and  J)uenas'  Ljoverninent  ('olla[)scd,  he,  to<4;ether  witli 
Toniils  Martinez,  ex-president  of  yiearajjjua,  who  citiii- 
nianded  in  chief  the  government's  army,  and  others, 
seekinjjf  a  place  of  safety  in  the  United  States  lejjfat ion, 
then  in  char«(o  of  (uMU'ral  A.  T.  A.  Torhert,  mini>tri' 
resident.  The  next  day  fionzalez  and  his  aniiy 
marched  into  the  ca[>ital  amid  tlie  most  enthusiastic 
acclamations.  His  first  ste[)  was  to  protect  th(!  jui- 
son  of  Duenas  ajj^ainst  ])ossil)le  violence  from  his  exas- 
perati'd  enemies,  amonjjf  whom  were  the  friends  (»f  tlic 
uever-forLifotten  (»erardo  Barrios,  whom  J)uenas  liad 
caused  to  l>e  shot  in  cold  hlood,  anil  to  ohtain  his  sur- 
render that  he  mii>ht  answer  before  the  nation  for  Lis 
allciiftKl  illcLifal  acts.'"  ]^oth  J)uenas  and  ^[artinezwt  i( 
stuTcnderi'd  to  the  ])rovisional  government  on  its  j^iv- 
in<_;'  a  ]>ledL;;e  that  tlieir  lives  would  not  he  impei-ilKil. 
The  surrender  of  J)ui'naswas  made  on  the  '2()t!i  of 
A])ril,  with  his  own  acquiescence;  Ih^  was  then  trans- 
ferred as  a  state  prisoner  to  the  military  school  hiiild- 
in;^.''  !N[artinez  was  released  and  permitted  to  Iravt 
th(^  republic.''^ 

Ex-president  Duenas  was,  on  the  IHth  of  April. 
1872,  declared  hy  the  senate  legally  deposed,  and 
amena1)l(>  to  the  laws  for  acts  of  usurpation.  Muidt  is. 
among  whicli  w.as  reckoned  the  execution  t)f  Kx-])iv>i- 
dciit  J^arrios,  unjiistifiahle  executions,  and  iniprisnn- 
meiits  of  citizens,  inct'niliarisin,  misappropriation   d 

'■*  Jfoiii/.,  linlcthiOJic.,  no.  2,  contaii'^  tivo  ofiicial  ri'[)ort  of  tlieactidii,  idiiinl 
in  A'/f.,  <l(iril  t,  M.iri'li  ].'{,  1S7I. 

'"  A  guard  Mils  kept  anmiiil  the  ininister's  liouse  a.s  long  as  ])iu'fi,is  was 
liis  guest. 

"  llu  was  kept  there,  trcate(l  with  respect  and  consideration  till  aid  r  liis 
trial.  The  particulars  of  his  surrender  apjicar  Iti  tlie  oliicial  correspimiliiiir 
ol' Miu.  Torliei't  witli  lioth  his  own  aud  tlie  Salvadorau  governnients.  I'.S. 
(lor.  /><w.,  H.  Kx.  Doc,  Cong.  42,  Sess.  2,  i.  (5'.t:i-5. 

'-  Tiiere  was  no  reason  to  keep  him  a  prisoner.  He  could  no  lonj,'er  iiijiiri' 
Medina,  and  moreover,  the  govertunent  took  into  account  his  vahiabl  ■  st  f- 
vices  to  Cent.  Am.  iu  ISuO  7  against  Walker.  Ld/erriire,  De  J'am  ai.iii'i't- 
Hilda,  11*7-8. 


Nhw  c()nshti;ti()n. 


:w7 


ptiltlic  inonoys,  and  otlier  misdemeanors.  It  was  i'ur- 
tln  r  ordi'ictl  tlwit  tlu>  accused  should  be  turne<l  (»ver 
til  the  jurisdiction  ot"  tlie  courts  for  trial,  pursuant  to 
iuticle  71  of  tlie  constitution.''  In  July  <)i'  the  sanie 
yiiii',  while  the  constitution  was  in  suspense,  durin^^  a 
triMporary  interiiid  <listurl)anc«',  the  suju'enie  court  set 
liiin  at  lil)erty,  which  caused  much  aijfitation  in  Salva- 
<l()r.  He  left  the  country  after  |.;ivin«jf  honds  in  .ii? I  ()(),- 
(ino  that  he  would  not  land  in  any  port  of  Central 
Aiiicrica.  Me  went  to  and  rtunained  in  Europe 
mhiic  time,  then  returned  t<)  America,  n'sidinji^  a  whih^ 
in  Xow  York,  and  afterward  in  San  Fiancisco,  ( 'ali- 
fiiiiiia.  Suhsecpiently  he  was  perinittt'd  free  a<-cess 
to  his  country,  and  was  treated  with  high  considera- 
ti'iii  hoth  in  Salvador  and  (luatemala. 

The  constituent  assemlily,  which  had  been  convoked 
ly  the  provisional  governnu-nt,  was  installed  .July 
■Js,  |y71,  and  hi-f^an  its  lal)ors  on  the  ."Mst,  wlicn  the 
lUMvisionid  })resident  i»ave  an  account  of  his  oiliciid 
acts,  id!  of  wliicli  Were  legalized  at  once.'*  The  fol- 
l(!\viiig  jiersons  were,  in  the  order  named,  designated 
to  take  charge  of  the  executive,  provisionally,  in  the 
event  of  disahility  of  (ionzalez;  namely,  Jiafael  Campo, 
Ar.niucl  (lallardo,  and  Cruz  Ulloa. 

On  the  lOtli  of  October,  the  assenddy  adopted  a 
new  I'undamental  law  in  twelve  titles,  which  may  bo 
.Slid  to  have  been  in  perfect  accord  with  democratic 
luinciples.''     This  constitution  was  amended   on  the 

'"  The  ]irncc'ss  was  accortlingly  pjis.sed  to  tlic  cainara  <lu  '2.1  iii.stancia.  A'l  Por- 
niilr  lie  Air.,  Juili;  2,  1>S7'2. 

"  'I'lie  revolution  was  ileclarcil  one  for  tlie  restoration  of  tin;  people's  ri,L;lits, 
'  Miiizalcz  liciag  recognized  as  provisional  president.  His  recall  of  the  supreme 
I'liuit  was  ai>proved  of. 

' '  P'reedoTn  to  meet  peaceably  for  tlie  discussion  of  public  aflaira  .and  tlie 
wiiiihut  of  the  rulers;  freedom  of  speech  and  of  the  press  wer^  fully  recog- 
iiI/imI  and  established,  as  also  the  inviolibility  of  life,  personal  liljerty,  prop- 
tTty,  and  honor,  which  no  man  could  be  deprived  of  except  for  cause  aftjr 
uiiili'igding  a  fair  triiJ.  A  citizen's  domicile  and  private  papers  were  also 
<li'Llarcd  inviolable.  Primary  instruction  was  to  be  uniform,  gratuitous,  and 
<ihlii;,it(iry.  Secondary  and  superior  education  were  to  be  free,  tliougli  subject 
til  the  .'iuporvision  of  the  civil  authorities.  Passimrts  were  abolished.  The 
l^nnian  catholic  was  declared  to  be  the  state  religion,  but  other  christian  sects 
not  repugnant  to  morality  and  good  order  were  tolerated.     Foreigners  could 


■  i.i>  I 


I  .  i 


"9 


398 


DEMOCRATIC   INSTITUTIONS  IN   SALVADOR. 


l■0^ 


l:ii:i 


Oth  of  November,  187i2>  in  a  few  pjirticulars  by  a  coii- 
stituent  assembly,  the  presidential  term  bein*>f  made 
of  four  years  instead  of  two.  He  could  neitlu^r  lie 
reelected  ^r  the  next  immediate  term,  nor  i-ct  as 
president  even  a  siuijle  day  beyond  the  time  for 
which  he  was  chosen.'^  This  same  assend)ly  in  IJ'7'J 
(Miacted  several  secondary  laws  of  importance,  to  ^it: 
on  freedom  of  the  press;  trial  by  jury  in  criminal  and 
libel  cases;  use  of  martial  law;  elections  by  universal 
sutirage;  public  instruction;  codification  of  the  laws 
in  force  since  1821  ;  and  appropriation  of  private 
property  for  great  publit;  uses. 

The  presidential  eU'ction  under  the  new  chartti'  df 
1871  resulted  in  (Jonzalez,  the  provisional  president, 
being  chosen  the  constitutional  chief  magistrate,  his 
term  to  begin  on  the  1st  of  February  the  following' 
year.  The  amendment  to  the  constitution  of  Novem- 
ber '.),  1872,  extended  it  to  February  1,  187(;. 

The  political  relations  of  the  governments  of  Sal- 
vador and  Guatemala  with  Honduras  had,  early  in 
1872,  become  so  unfriendlv  that  a  war  was  unavoid- 

1  *' 

able.      Salvadoran  and  ( Juatemala  forces  invaded  J  Ion 
(kiras,  and  were  succ(>ssful    in   their   o[)erations,   t!ie 
details  of  which  will  be  giviMi  in  connection  M'itli  tlie 
history  of  the  latter  countiy.''      President  (lonzale/ 

liei'oiiio  iiiituralizod  alter  i,wo  years'  resiilciu'i',  ami  SpaiiiMli  Americans  :iftir 
one  year.  AH  Salvadoraiis  of  L'l  years  or  >i]i\varils,  ami  of  jiootl  m<  "al  <  li.ii- 
iieter,  were  eitizens,  provided  tliey  had  eitlur  one  of  tlie  following  (|ualiliia- 
tious:  l)eing  fatlier  ot  a  family,  or  head  of  a  ImusehoM;  kmiwinir  how  to  nail 
and  write;  possessing  an  independent  livelihood.  Tiiose  of  only  IS  year-*  o\ 
ago  having  a  literary  degree  wei'e  also  voters.  The  military  in  active  sei\  ice 
eonlil  neither  vote  imr  he  voti'cl  foi'.  The  government  was  vested  in  tlurc 
distinct  powers:  legislativi',  comjiosed  of  a  senate,  rent'svahle  yeai'ly  h\'  tlnjil-, 
each  senator  o\vi\ing  at  least  .S-jOilO  in  real  estate,  and  a  house  of  deinities,  \\n'. 
whole  renewed  yeai'ly;  the  executive,  vested  in  a  president  owing  at  Ic.i^t, 
.SIO,(KK)  ill  real  estate,  his  tei'ui  iieini;  for  only  two  years;  and  the  judici.nv, 
consisting  of  the  .supremo  and  lower  courts.  No  ecclesiastic  was  eligiMc. 
'The  president,  vice-presidi'ut,  and  memhers  of  hoth  houses  of  eonL;ress  wi  re 
to  ho  chosen  ]»v  electoral  colleges.  I.nl'irrihr,  />>•  /'(irix  a  (Iwift'inidit,  \W  ■ 
•-'i)'2;  El  Porniih-  ,!<■  uMc'Sov.  •_•(>,  ISTl";  .Ian.  7,  IST'J;  L'liiz.  C'tliwl.  Si<lr.,:u. 

'"Full  Sp.  text  in  hr/i'rruir,  J>r  I'urh  d  (!iitUiiiinl«,  ;U.S-S'.';  U.  S.  '/ "•< 
/>oc.,  H.  Ex.  Doe.,  t'ong.  43,  Sess.  I,  For.  Kel.,  ii.  7SS-<»4,  Sll--.'0:  A/-., 
<;acH,i,  Nov.  .10,  1872;  Mr.,  Si-mumit  M,:,  Nov.  L'H,  1872. 

"Salvador's  acceptance  of  the  war  declared  hy  Jlond.  March  'J.-itii  "i^ 
signed  )iy  President  (Jonzalez,  and  countersigned  l)y  his  cahinet;  ii.uin  l.v, 
< tregorio  ArhizU,  min.  of  foreign  rel. ;  Manuel  Monde/.,  miu.  of  puh.  in.stnu- 


CALAMITOUS  TIMES. 


:vM 


;iiul  liis  victorious  army  on  their  return  to  Sun  Salva- 
tlor  in  Juno  received  an  ovation.  Suhsequent  events 
(liiiuuuled  tlie  despatch  of  more  troops  to  Houihiras, 
\vliii'h,  togi^tlier  with  Guatemala's,  completed  the  work 
lit"  the  first  campaign.  Tlio  government  also  felt  com- 
pelled to  exile  a  numb(>r  of  persons  who  were  maiii- 
t'estlv  conspiring'  for  the  destruction  of  the  liberal 
regime.''  The  ministers  addressed  an  expose  to  the 
constituent  congress,  which  had  been  in  session  since 
September  27th,  reviewing  the  policy  of  the  adminis- 
tration, and  submitting  for  its  sanction  the  late  war 
measures,  at  variance  with  the  constitution.  All  the 
;uts  of  the  president  were  subsequently  approved  by 
coiigress.'" 

The  only  other  event  of  1872  worthy  of  mention 
was  the  nuuxler  of  the  vice-president,  ^Tanuel  Mendez, 
(111  the  night  of  the  1st  of  Septend)er,  in  the  pul»lic 
street,"'"  by  a  man  named  Juan  Melendez.  At  first  it 
was  sup[)osed  that  the  act  uiight  have  been  prompted 
liy  other  motives  than  personal  revi'iige;  the  latter 
lu'oved,  however,  to  l)e  the  real  cause.  The  assassin 
tied  into  JHonduras,  but  was  finally  discovered  and 
>uirendered  to  Salvador,  where  he  was  tried  and 
uted.-' 

The  yi'ar  187n  in  its  first  part  was  a  calanutons 
one  for   Salvador.      A   series  of  i-artlicjuakes  caused 

lion;  IViija  Biistamauto,  iiiiu.  of  tlie  triNisii''- auil  \v:n  :  aiiil  Antonio  ( i.  \',il- 
ill -i,  attiiii;  mill,  of  govt.     El  I'or/rnir  (/<>  Sir     May  I'.',  IST'J. 

'"A  |ilot  was  to  lirt'iik  out  siiimltain'mnay  in  Saii  Sal\ailor,  San  \'ii'i'nti , 
Scnsiiiitt|nMHu;  an  I  C'ojiui'jiuiiui',  wit':  rainitiiati-ins  in  ( JuMtiiiiala.  'I.'iic 
liHJiiiis  of  t'ojutojuMiii'.  rose  against  tlie  gai'rison  ami  wnr  IiomIcii  oil'. 

"The  reiHirt  was  ilated  Oct.  4tli,  ami  signiil  liy  tlio  ministers,  (1.  Ai'liizii, 
•1.  •!.  Samayoa,  ami  Faliio  Castillo.  Tlio  li '.uisliitivi!  sanction  va.s  niwii  ()i't. 
llili.  iic^iort  tif  Tlioi.ias  Hiildli',  Am.  minister,  in  / '.  .S.  '•''irf.  ]>!>■.,  II.  J-'x. 
1  •".•.,  For.  Itel.,  ConJ.^  4.'{,  Sess.  I,  ii.  ~,M  7- 

•' MeiLile/,  lielil  also  the  jiositioii  of  miiiistiT  of  iiiiMii' instrue  ion,  jnstii'i!, 
ami  ci  rlesiastieul  all'airs.  lie  was  an  lionoraMi',  eiieru'i'tie,  ami  talentcl  man, 
.up!  lii>  loss  was  iniu'h  ileplored  liy  tlie  eonnliv,  ami  ]iartienlai  Iv  liy  I'res, 
<"iii/.alez.  U.  S  '■■  -t  J)o,:,  11.  K\-.  l)oe,.  Con.!,'".  4--'.  Sis.s.  'A,  i.  iVJT  .S.  'I'lie 
vipiililii'alsolosi;  .-.is  yl^■lr,  J>i'i'.  lOtli,  one  of  In  r  most  j^ifted  ami  valii.ilile  sons, 
•iiijiiiio  Arliizi'i,  who  had  likewise  been  viee-jii'i'sideiit,  and  for  many  year.-* 
lllllll^l^l■  of  foreign  relations.  His  funeral  was  condueted  and  the  i  s'lens.'s 
ill  tr.iynl  liy  tli(!  government,  as  ii,  mark  of  resneet  and  aj^nireeiation  of  !iis 
MiTiivs.  A'/V.,  ,Si:iii<niii(  Xii\,  j)ee.  'Jli,  IST'i. 

■'  He  was  eaiitured  in  .Ian.  KS7">,  and  shot  on  the  'J'Jtli  of  Aiir.  iSd'  ,  /ao/o 
"Jir.  .Ian.  '20,  }>Ly  ],  1875. 


e\e( 


4<)() 


DKMOCUATIC  INSTITUTION.S  IX   S.VLVADOK. 


t   : 


destruction  in  many  places,  specially  on  the  li)tli  »( 
March,  ruining  the  capital  for  the  eighth  tiim^  in  its 
liistor\.  The  national  congress,  after  approving  ilic 
government's  acts  to  the  date  of  closing  its  scssimi. 
left  the  country  to  devote  its  best  energies  in  repairiiin- 
the  havoc  of  that  catastrophe.  The  rest  of  tlie  ynw 
and  1874  formed,  indeed,  a  period  not  only  of  res- 
toration but  of  marked  progress  in  every  respect. 
National  industries  went  on  developing,  ])ul)lic  in- 
struction, under  the  fostering  care  of  the  authorities, 
was  constantly  being  s[)r<'ad  among  the  masses,  and  the 
financial  condition  had  become  much  improved.  IVnkc 
reigned  at  home,  and  the  relations  with  foreign  po  we  is 
were  on  an  amicable  footing;  cordiality  seenicil  to 
preside  over  those  with  the  other  Central  Aniericuii 
states.  The  future,  at  the  inception  of  1875,  promised 
concord  and  good- will  as  well  as  undisturbed  progr;  s>- 
iveness.-"^  But  these  expectations  were  not  re.-dizt  il. 
The  pul>lic  jieace  was  disturbed  on  two  occasions;  the 
first,  l)y  the  Indians  of  Dolores  Izalco,  who,  because 
of  a  dispute  with  the  authorities  ant'iit  tlieir  counnimity 
lands,  rose  in  arms,  and  on  March  14th  assaulted  tin 
garrison  of  tlie  city  of  Izalco,  to  be  repulsed  witli  cnn- 
siderable  loss.  Their  liead  men  were  arrested  and 
im[)risoned  some  months,  until,  promising  good  in- 
havior  in  the  future,  tliey ''vere  released.'''  The  oiImi' 
afiair  was  a  more  serious  one,  calling  for  enei'Mtic 
action  on  the  part  of  the  iiiilitary  power.  An  aimed 
mob  of  reactionists  and  religious  fanatics,  led  hy  one 
Tinoco  and  a  clergyman  named  Jose  Manuel  Pal.K  ies, 
on  the  20tli  of  June,  fell  upon  the  city  of  San  Miguel, 
shiying  the  small  garrison,  together  with  th(j  cttniaii- 
dantc  general,  Felipe  Espinosa,  and  several  citi/.eiH, 
sacking  the  business  houses,  and  l>urning  down  a  po- 
tion of  the  town.     Such  deeds  of  blood,  robbeiy,  and 

-'^Suoli  waa  tlio  flattering  account  givi-n  by  tlic  goveruniont  totlm  ii.iiiniiul 
congress,  on  the  opening  ot'  its  l;il>nr.i  Jan.  18ih.  Silr.,  Memnji'.  i/d/'if"!., 
Jan.  '20.  1875;  1,1. ,  Mum.  Sec.  lid.  Ec/n:,  1875,  1-1'-';  M.,  J)hinn  njic.  .Ian. 
'i(),  1875. 

^'  Under  a  decree  of  amnesty  of  Nov.  'J,  1875.  Sah.,  D'mrio  Oji<:,  N.v.  4, 
1875. 


PENDING  HOSTILITIES. 


401 


incendiarism  as  those  of  the  20tli  to  the  24th  had 
seldom  been  witnessed  in  Central  America.  Troops 
arrived  from  La  Union,  and  the  Honduran  port  of 
Amapala,  on  the  24th,  and  tlie  malefactors  Hcd,  but 
not  before  about  thirty  of  their  number,  including 
Father  Palacios,  were  taken  prisoners.  A  considerable 
part  of  the  stolen  ooods  was  recovered,  lietinforce- 
nu'iits  followed,  and  the  department  was  secured  from 
t'uither  molestation.  President  Gonzalez  was  at  San 
Miijfuel  on  the  27th."* 

On  the  other  hand,  a  sanguinary  and  disastrous  war 
nitli  (Guatemala  caused  an  entire  change  in  the  ad- 
i.inistration. 

'lie  general  assembly  had,  (m  the  1st  of  !March,  con- 
v(  l<td  the  people  to  elect  on  the  first  Sunday  of  l)e- 
(Hiiibor  a  ju'esident  and  vice-president  for  the  second 
constitutional  term  to  begin  February  1,  187(!,  and 
Lud  February  1,  18.S0.  Andres  Valle  was  chosen 
l)icsid(;ni,  and  Santiago  Gonzalez,  vice-president.  The 
latter  ottered  his  resignation,  but  the  as.send)ly  did  not 
a<cept  it.  They  were  inducted  into  otHcc  on  the  ap- 
jtniiited  date.  But  previous  to  this,  Guatemala  having 
assinned  a  menacing  attitude,  congress  decreed  tliat 
ill  tlie  event  of  the  president  going  to  the  field  at  the 
lira'!  of  tho  army,  A'alle,  then  a  senator,  should  act  in 
Ills  .stra<),  pro  ti'mpore.  On  the  same  date  a  forced 
liiuu  of -;r><)0.i  00  was  also  ordere<l  to  be  raised. 

T'u  d'iieM'ties  arose  froma  su|)posed  understanding 
•  if  PiDside.  t  Gonzale?.  witli  (^iuatemalan  refugeis  in 
Salvador,  an.'  Lhe  government  of  l*onciano  Jjeiv;i,  in 
Honduras,  with  the  ulterior  object  of  bringing  aljout 
the  downfall  of  l^arrios.  The  latter  alleged  als(j  that 
(hiii/alez  intended  to  uphold  with  his  forces  the  gov- 
orniiient  of  Leiva,  whicli,  according  to  him,  was  entirely 
unpopular,  because  of  its  subserviency  to  Salvador. 
This      itervention  was   deemed    not   only  an   attack 


I  i  ■: 


i 


•'Till-  '.'       :  iment.s  of  Ouat.,  Nic,  and  Hond,  teudereil  aid.     Tlic  rel>el.s 
ywrt)  fvciUu.)  '.y  parciimcd  aftor  Home  months'  imprisonment.   Pun.  Slur  niiil 
Jlcnil.l,  July  <i,  lis,  1875;  Solv.,  Duuio  ojic,  June  23  to  July  21,  1875. 
Hist  Cent.  Am.,  Vol.  ni.   26 


402 


DEMOCRATIC  INSTITUTIOX.S  IN   SALVADOR. 


afjainst  Houcluran  autonoinv,  but  a  nicnaco  to  Guatc- 
mala.  (Jouzalcz  was  iiotitiecl  that  if  lie  persisted  in 
that  course,  (Guatemala  would  then  interfere  in  favor 
of  General  Medina,  who  was  then  trying  to  overthrow 
Loiva.  The  result  of  this  attitude  was  a  renewed 
assurance  by  (ionzalez  of  friendly  feeling,  and  a  prop- 
osition to  hold  a  verbal  conference  on  Honduran  atiUirs, 
which  Barrios  accepted,  and  such  a  conference  was 
lield  now  with  Presideiit  Vallc  at  Chingo,  and  a  con- 
vention was  sijjncd  on  the  15th  of  February,  under 
which  Mar-^o  Aurelio  Soto,  an  Honduran  by  birth, 
was  to  undci  ■  \  '■  '  e  pacification  of  his  country,  backed 
by  C(jual  forces  uateniala  an  1  Honduras.-''    Barrios 

contended  that,  tiiough  Valle  was  president,  Gonzalez 
was  the  real  power  in  Salvador,  whom  he  accused  in 
a  ]>ublic  manifesto  of  hyi)ocrisy  and  treachery.  Angry 
words  contimicd,  the  two  nations  beini>:  now  arnud 
for  the  conflict,  till  they  agreed  to  disband  their  forcrs. 
Both  governnients  claimed  to  have  done  so,  ini]»nt- 
ing  to  the  other  a  'vilful  neglect  of  its  obligation. 
The  probability  is,  that,  distrusting  one  another,  tiny 
merely  pretended  compliance,  keeping  their  tioops 
ready  for  action.  Harrios  sent  1,500  men  into  ]|nM- 
duras,  and  came  himself  witii  a  force  to  threaten  Sal- 
vador on  the  west,  and  actuallv  invatled  the  luttd" 
without  a  previous  declaration  of  war.  At  last,  on 
the  20th  of  ^[arch,  Jose  !N[aria  Samayoa,  minister  of 
war  in  charge  of  the  executive  of  Guatemala,  formally 
declared  all  official  relations  with  Salvador  at  an  end, 
and  then  again  on  the  27th,  alleging  that  Salvadoran 
troops  had  invaded  Guatemala,  <!ecreed  the  existence 
of  war,  giving  Barrios  unlimited  power  to  make  such 
uses  of  this  declaration  as  l)efitted  the  dignity  of  (iua- 


'^■'Tliis  iiiti'i'vi'iitimi  was  appari'iitly  on  tlio  grmi>;il  of  liuinanitj',  ti>  st^ij) 
the  civil  war  raging  tlici't'.  Hut  tlic  main  roason  roi-ogiiizcil  was  tliat  tlic  sit- 
uation in  llond.  was  a  nicnaci'  to  Salv.,  and  niiglit  load  to  an  intt'iruiitimi  "f 
friendly  relations  lietwi'i'ii  thu  latter  aniHiiiat.  Salv.,  on  beini:  aee\isi  il  "' 
violating  tiie  eonijiaet,  alli'ged  that  hy  strict  riglits  it  liad  hecnnie  oIinhIi  tc 
after  the  action  of  Naranjo,  when  Leiva's  administration  demolished  it-*  !  ■'  s 
and  recovered  its  full  authority.  However.  Salv.  was  disposed  to  fulfil  lur 
agreemuut.  ,S(ilr.,  D'uirio  Ojic,  March  'J3,  1870. 


THE  WRATH   OF  lURllIOS. 


409 


(I 


tciiiala.-*'     The  government  of  Salvador  on  the  2r)th 
t"  ^[arch  decreed   the  treaty  of  amity  and  alhanco 

lu  hided  with  Guatemala  January  24,  1872,  to  be  no 
loiii^-er  in  force. ^' 

Barrios'  plan  for  the  campaign  was  to  assail  Salva- 
dor on  the  west  direct  from  Guatemala  with  an  army 
under  his  personal  command,  and  at  the  same  time 
l)y  a  movement  from  Honduras  under  General  Gr(\go- 
lio  Solarcs  on  the  eastern  departments  of  San  Miguel 
mid  La  Union. 

The  ^lexican  genoral,  Lopez  Uraga,  adjutant-gen- 
(lal  of  l^anios,  wa;-  "tationed  with  a  garrison  at 
Jutiapa  to  guard  the  arnjy  supplies.  At  this  time 
tlic  Salvadorans  unsuccessfully  attacked  an  isolati'd 
[iDsition  on  the  frontier,  which  roused  tlie  ire  of  Jiar- 
rios.  Ife  then  directed  Uraga  to  move  the  supjdics 
to  Cliingo,  whence  he  started  himself  to  the  invasion 
or'  Salvador.  Solares  had  not  yet  hcvn  heard  from. 
He  liad  first  of  all  to  get  Medina  and  Leiva  out  of 
the  way  in  Honduras.  The  (jiuatemalan  president 
tlieii  marched  to  the  Goco  hacienda,  and  liearinLf  that 
Chalehuapa  was  abandoned,  occupied  it  at  once. 
Th(.'  Salvadorans  had  their  headipiarters  at  Santa 
Ana.  The  armies  which  were  to  encount(^r  eacli 
•  itlicr  on  the  field  of  battle  were  the;  most  numerous 
Central  America  had  ever  seen.  Barrios  with  8,000 
or  !),000  men  laid  siege  of  Ahuachapan,  Uraga  sta- 
tioned himself  at  Chalehuapa  with  about  1,500,  and 
Chiiigo  was  left  with  a  handful  '^f  men.""* 

Tlie  Guatemalans  who  have  occui)ied  Apanecawcre 
di'iveii  away,  and  on  n^turning  thereto  c;ncountered 
the  Salvadorans   on  the    Ijth  of  April,  and   afti-r  a 

-''Tlie.so  lU'creos  wi'ni  i  oiintt'l'siglU'd  liy  tlii'  citlitT  iiiiiustur.s,  .1.  Barlx'i'i  iiii, 
K.  L;iiiitieHtii,  iiiiil  ■loiKiuiii  Mai'.ii.  (!iiiit.,  /,'rrnp.  I, in.,  doU.  J)i'i,iiit\,  2()'2  0; 
/'('/(.  Sii,-<ui'/  Jlintll,  Apr.  17,  IS7(i. 

•' It  •Kiiics  all  tliu  I'liarguM  of  Marrios  ami  his  govt  as  uiifuuiidLMl  in  fact 
aiiil  >!  iMilcnnis.  ami  iiiijmti's  to  Barrios  tlio  intent  to  coikhu.t  CiMit.  Am.,  I»'- 
t;itiMinu  with  Salv.  and  Homl.  This  decree  is  eountersi(in('d  hy  the  ininisters 
Maimcl  (aceres,  Dositeo  P'iallos,  Julian  Escoto,  ami  Carlos  Hoiiilla.  Snlv., 
M'l-i'iOjir.,  March  "Jit,  KS7»);  /'nii.  Shir  inul  Ilcmlil,  Ai)r.  8,  187<). 

-■"  I'raga  acted  under  orders,  and  wonders  why  the  Salvadorans  did  uot 
l.ill  141011  C'hingo  and  capture  all  the  suiiiilies  there.  li^pliai,  12-lG. 


l[ 


1  \ 


J 


L-1 


404 


DEMCH  UATIC  INSTITUTIONS  IN   SALVAIXDR. 


:'^    ^ 


... -i: 


fight  lasting  from  eight  in  the  morning  till  nightfall, 
were  routed,  and  pursued  as  far  as  Atiijuizaya,  sus- 
taining heavy  h)sses,""^ 

Meantime  the  belHgerent  armies  in  the  east  wen- 
not  idle.  Solares  after  hard  fightini»;  from  the  17th 
to  the  IDth  of  April  won  a  signal  and  decisive  vic- 
tory at  Pasaquina  over  the  Salvadorans  commanded 
by  generals  Brioso,  Dalgado,  Sanchez,  an  ^  Espinosa; 
the  results  of  which  were  that  he  obtaineil  control  o( 
the  departments  of  San  Miguel  and  La  Union,  men- 
acing those  of  San  Vicente  and  Usulutan,  and  eviu 
the  official  residence  of  President  A^alle ;  tliu.-^  tlepriv- 
ing  the  government  of  large  resources,  and  disheart- 
ening the  army  of  Gonzalez  in  Ahuachaj)an  and  Santa 
Ana.*'  After  this  victory,  Solares  being  reiin Forced, 
the  Salvadorans,  now  reduced  to  800  or  !)00,  precipi- 
tatelv  retreated  to  San  Miijuel,  but  by  desertions  on 
the  march  dwindled  down  to  less  than  200.  The  (K- 
fenc  of  San  Miguel  became  impossilde,  and  St»larts 
occupied  it,  as  well  as  La  Union.  There  bein^  in- 
sufficient elements  to  defend  San  A^icente,  the  govciii- 
ment  ordered  the  scattered  o-arrisons  to  concentrate 
at  tlie  cajMtal. 

Tlie  condition  of  the  army  of  the  west  was  not 
much  better.  There  were  in  Ahuachapan  about  2, (JOG 
mm.  and  in  Santa  Ana  hardly  ;^,u00.  The  former  was 
•  ■i-catlv  decreased  by  constant  fi<'htint>:  duriuLT  the  liulv 
week,  and  on  the  day  after  caster  hardly  exceeded  'JOG 
demoralized    ti'oops.      An   unsuccessful    attempt   was 


-■'Tlu'  victors  did  not  occupy  Apancca  lifcause  tlie  enemy,  tliougli  do- 
featcd,  was  still  nniL-h  siii)erior  in  nuini)urs.  The  Salvadoran  pMierul-iii-thiLf 
olaiiinil  a  victory  over  'J.oOO  well-disciplined  ( iuateinalaiis.  Tiie  J)iiirii>  Ojic, 
of  San  Salv.,  Apr.  IS,  ISTti,  had  it  that  4,00J  (luateuialans  were  put  liors  de 
eondiat  iu  the  two  fights  of  Apaneea — evidently  an  exaggeration. 

*'Tlie  Salvadorau  army  of  the  east  was  aniiihilateil.  tien.  Delgadu,  aii'l 
colonels  Henritpiez  and   Jerez   were   killed,   (!en.    Figueroa   and   t'ol   Hiiij. 

Una  wounded.  A  large  number  of  prisoners,  about  l,oOO  Kciiiiiii:tciii 
r  es,  and  much  other  war  material  fell  into  the  victors'  hands.  AY  (IwUin'l- 
f,m,  Apr.  25,  187<);  Pan.  Sf'ir  anil  ItvraUl,  May  1,  2,  187(5.  Accordiiii.'  t.>  :i 
Salvailoran  account,  the  eastern  expeditionary  force  consisted  of  1, .")(•(),  while 
that  of  Solares  was  of  2,.t(X).  The  former  claimed  a  victory  on  the  ITili, 
eonfcssing,  however,  tliat  they  had  finally  to  retreat.  Salv.,  DiarioOjic,  Apr. 
1«,  2:^  25,  1870. 


CONVENTION   AND  TREATY. 


405 


htfall, 


I,  sus- 


t  wore 
L^  17th 
/e  vic- 
laiuU'd 
)inosa ; 
it  ml  of 
I,  iiieii- 
(l  oven 
Jt'priv- 
slu'iirt- 
l  Santa 
iforct'tl, 
pivcipi- 
;i()ns  (»u 
Hie  i\v- 
Solarrs 

ino-  in- 
ijvove'ni- 

uutratc 

,as  not 
jt  -2, (100 
nor  was 
lie  lioly 
llod  '.xt'o 
nt    was 


|al-iu-t-'liii'' 
Viiirht  (iff- 
Ivit  luiis  ilo 

hlH),  wliile 
Itho  ITtU, 


nuiflc  against  Clialclma[)a.  A  tew  days  later  Salva- 
doran  commissioners  visited  Barrios'  headciuarters,  as 
lie  was,  it  is  averred,  on  the  point  of  raising  tlic  siogo 
of  Aliuachapan/''^  Ho  then  marclied  to  Atiquizaya, 
and  .the  next  day  to  Clialoliuapa,  where  tlio  negotia- 
tions for  peace  were  held,'''"  which  resulted  in  a  con- 
vintion,  preliminary  to  a  treaty  of  peace,  concluded 
on  the  2r)th  of  April,  ratified  the  next  day,  and  coupled 
Avitli  the  condition  sine  qua  non  of  a  complete  change 
in  the  personnel  of  the  Salvadoran  government.'" 

^'  He  liail  thrown  into  it  WO  lionil)s  witliout  other  result  tliaii  (lestroyiiig 
a  few  Imililiiigt*.  I'n  <!witi'imiUico,  dirtiu,  21!;  Salt:,  J>i<trioi>jir.,  Apr.  'JI,  lS7t5. 
(leri.  (iouzalez  tohl  a  (iitiereiit  .story. 

'-(Joiizalez  said  that  (hiring  the  negotiation.s  there  were  '2,'.W)  men  i  . 
Ahuiielialian  and  2,000  in  Santa  Ana;  of  the  latter  onr,  one  half  were  well 
aiiiuil.  The  (iuatenLalana  had  every  advantage — nuinhers,  arms,  di.-'.'iiilino, 
and  almndant  resources  of  every  kind.  They  hacl  Imt  few  ilesertions,  whereas 
from  the  Salv.  ranks  there  had  been  many.  Barrios'  army  on  entt'riiij,'  Santa 
Aii:i  exceeded  '.),()00  men.  Salv.  still  had  a  chance  of  ohtaining  hoiiovahle 
tirins.  If  these  were  refu.sed,  she  could,  after  providing  for  the  defense  of 
tile  capital,  concentrate  the  remainder  of  her  fori'cs  in  Santa  Ana,  anil  trust 
to  the  chances  of  a  l)attle.  (roiiz-dcz,  L'd.  ifr  los  Jfic/iai  Orur''  ,  1-KS,  in  I'nji. 
Viir..  cexxvii.  no.  14. 

■''Tlie  eommi.ssioners  were  Jose  Vallc,  Jacinto  C'astellanos,  and  H.  .Mcjia 
for  Salv. ,  andden.  l^ope/ Uraga  for  (!uat.  The  terms  are  here  epitomized: 
1st.  I'resid.  Valle  was  to  resign  the  executive  olhce  to  the  person  lierrafter 
iiaiiieil.  2il.  (ien.  (lonzalez  to  give  tip  the  commaml  of  tlie  forces  to  Valli'. 
Uolli  wei'c  to  have  full  guaranties  for  their  persons  and  pi-optTty.  .'iil.  The 
Salv.  forces  now  at  Santa  Ana  were  to  retire  to  .San  Salv.;  Santa  Ana  to  he 
evacuated  hy  12  M.  of  the  27th  inst.  War  inati'rial  that  could  not  he  removed 
in  time  w.is  to  he  delivered  to  I'raga  under  inventory.  4th.  S.iiita  Ana,  ,ind 
territory  within  two  leagues  of  the  town,  were  to  he  occupied  hy  the  <iuate- 
lualaus,  the  civil  authorities  heing  allowed  to  exercise  their  fumtions  tiirn  in, 
hut  expected  to  furnish  supplies;  IJarrios  guaranteeing  security  of  persons  ami 
property  to  the  inhahitaiits.  The(iuat.  forces  in  the  east  were  to  ociiipy 
San  -Miguel,  and  territory  witliin  one  league,  under  tlie  sj'ine  guaranties 
alloweil  the  civil  authorities  ami  people  of  .Santa  Ana.  ."ith.  I'resid.  \';ille 
was  to  convoke  iv  junta  of  notahles,  within  four  clays  from  the  ratitieation  of 
tiiis  convention,  to  meet  at  .Santa  Ana,  and  ciioose  in  accord  witli  IJarrios  tiio 
pcrsriu  in  whose  hands  Valle  must  resign  his  oliiees.  (itli.  Tlie  acting  exeeu- 
ti\c  iiuist,  witiiin  ten  days,  convoke  tlie  people  of  Salv.  to  fri'ely  I'lioose,  a 
iiioiith  later,  the  president  of  thi'  repulilic.  Ttii.  The  p>  rson  designated  liy 
the  notahles  shall  have  organized  his  government  and  issued  the  eonvoeation, 
the  forces  of  Ouat.  will  leave  the  .Salv.  territory.  Sth.  Jiarrio.i  and  the  pro- 
xi^ioual  executive  of  Salv.  will  make  a  treaty  of  jhsicc  hetween  tiie  two 
repulilics.  S(th.  This  convention  must  lie  ratilieil  l)y  Mairios  at  (Uiee,  ainl  hy 
tclcLiraiii  witiiin  twenty-four  hours  hy  \alle,  the  ratilieatiniis  to  he  exchaujed 
witluii  six  hours  after.  An  additional  article  made  free  tlie  transit  hetwiiii 
the  two  countries.  The  convention  w.is  duly  ratified.  Ujiwards  of  2i)it  ]»  r- 
siiiis  at  .Santa  Ana  sent  IJarrios,  after  the  occupation  of  the  town  hy  his  tioops, 
April  ;U)th,  an  aildress  of  thanks  for  liis  magnanimity  ami  generosity,  adding 
that  no  .Salvadoran  could  justly  complain  of  the  hehavior  of  the  (iu.it.  army. 
<''ii'i/.,  BdIiHh  dv  Xofirids,  no.  S;  />'<i/T((i.«',  Mfwi'ji'.  Sept.  11,  1S7(),  7-11;  S'lr., 
J>inrit>,  t>jii\,  May  4.  7,  1H7();  /</.,  (luritn,  Ofi,:',  .May  2(),  'A(\  lS7(i;  Ci.^f  i  A',, 
liifonneiic  Jicl,,  lalti,  ll-12j /^(i;(.  Hkir  and  Jln-ohl,  May  1(1,  J87ti. 


■  '1 . 


m:!i- 


4()('. 


DKMOCRATIC  INSTITUTIONS  IN  SALVADOR. 


^11 


'r.;iii: 


I'luK'i-  the  preliiniiiary  fonvcntion  of  A))ril  25tli. 
lialacl  Zaldivar  was  clioscn  provisional  president,  and 
on  the  1st  of  May  apj)ointed  Ids  cabinet.'^'  A  defini- 
tive treaty  of  peace,  friends] dp,  and  alHance,  offensive 
and  defensive,  was  sii^ned  at  Santa  Ana  ^Tay  8th,*'  in 
wliieli  Honduras  joined  on  the  '27tli  of  ^lay.  Gen- 
eral Gonzalez  had  meantime  repaired  on  board  tlic 
]^ritish  war  ship  AiiidJiyst  at  La  Libertad,  transfer- 
j-iniL'"  himself  afterward  to  the  American  mail  steam- 
ship Costa  Jiica,  on  which  he  left  Central  America. 

Pursuant  to  the  (Jth  clause  of  tlie  i-onvention  nf 
April  25th,  the  people  were  called  upon  to  choose,  on 
the  first  Sunday  of  June,  a  president  and  vice-presi- 
dent, as  well  as  representatives  to  the  legislative  as- 
send)ly,  the  latter  to  meet  at  San  Salvador  on  the 
1st  of  Julv.  This  clause  havin*'  been  dulv  carried 
out,  the  Guatemalan  forces  withdrew  from  Salvador, 
in  accordance  with  the  Tth.'^"  The  elections  took 
place,  the  national  congress  beinu;  installed  Julv  '"id, 
and  llalael  Zaldivar  declared  to  have  been  duly  chosiii 
constitutional  president  to  continue  the  term  fi'oni 
February  1,  187(5,  to  February  1,  1880.  He  was  ac- 
cordingly inducted  into  oflfice  on  the  IDth  of  July. 


Rafael  Zaldivar  had  previously  served  in  both 
houses  of  congress,  in  the  cabinet,  and  filled  sevcial 
diplomatic  missions,  notably  that  of  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary in  Berlin. ••'      On  his  return  he  became  Presi- 

^^(."niz  Ulloa,  mill,  of  foruigu  relations,  justice,  eccles.  affairs,  auil  puli. 
instruction;  Jose  Tiopoz,  of  j^ovcru. ;  Estauislao  Tore/,  of  war;  ami  F.ibiit 
-Moraii,  of  treasury.  Sub:,  Diiirii)  o/ir..  May  G,  ISTli. 

■■■'ny  Cruz  I'lloa  and  ^larco  Aurulio  Soto.  The  treaty  iirovitlcd  also  ii^r 
the  surremlcr  of  common  criminals,  the  concentration  i'way  from  the  fruiitii  r 
of  political  refugees;  fostering  legitimate  anil  cheeking  illicic  trade;  cxiliiii- 
ing  .Fesnits.  In  the  event  of  misundcrstan<lings,  the  parties  must  resort  to 
ar'oitratiou.  The  triaty  of  Jan.  24,  IS~'2,  and  the  Kivas-Carazo  with  Nic., 
were  reiiealed.  Honduras  and  Costa  liica  were  to  be  invited  to  join  it.  S<il>:, 
d'li'-itu  ojlr..  May  11,  KsTli;  La  lii\i<iiri-iU-iiMi,  May  Il>,  ISTli;  Snlc,  Dctrio 
<{fii:,  April  1,  ISTit;  Pan.  Slur  mid  Iltrulil,  .lune  1,  1S7G. 

^-'('••.s/'i  7.'.,  /'((/).  Siii!/os,  no.  17.  (ien.  Indalccio  Miraiula,  who  had  hini 
proclaimed  president  in  some  ])arts,  recognized  Zaldivar. 

•*'  A  native  of  Salv.,  he  studied  medicine  in  Cent.  Am.  and  coniploti  d  his 
professional  studies  in  I'aris.  On  his  return  home  he  soon  had  a  remunera- 
tive practice,  and  came  to  he  consiilered  one  of  tlie  liest  physicians  in  CViit. 
Am.     His  professional  duties  ilid  not,  however,  keep  liiiu  out  of  politics. 


CONSTITITIOX AL  ( ': )N( ;KKSS. 


407 


(Kilt  DiKMius'  rio^lit-liaiul  man  and  su[)p()rtrr.  Mv 
was  i)reHi(lout  ot"  the  last  ueneral  assi'inblv  at  the 
tiiiio  of  Duenas'  downfall,  and  considi'rinjj,'  liis  lit\'  in 
danger,  lie  concealed  liinisi'lf,  and  finally  escaped  out 
()f  the  country.'"     After  this  he  lived  in  exile  about 


live  years 


39 


The  new  administration  had  no  home  or  foreign 
com|)lications  to  distract  its  attention  from  tlie  usual 
I'DUtiiie  of  duties,  and  proi^ress  was  soon  noticeable  in 
i'\(  i-v  branch  of  inthistrv  as  well  as  of  the  public  ser- 
\i(('.  The  executive,  on  the  ;Jd  of  April,  \^7\),  called 
tlic  ])eople  to  choose  a  constituent  congress  to  effect 
icforms  in  the  constitution  of  Xoveinber  !),  lS7i2. 
This  body  was  duly  installed  June  Dth,  under  the 
presitlency  of  Teodoro  ^loreno;  but  after  a[){)ointini; 
;i  committee  to  frame  a  constitution,  it  adjourned  July 
•Jd  to  meet  a^-ain  between  the  1st  and    loth  of  Jaim- 


arv,    1880.      It   reassembled 


on 


the  latt(>r  date,   and 


elK 


proei'eded  to  consider  the  i)rojec''  of  a  fundamental 
law  laid  l)ef()re  it  by  that  committee.  Some  ainend- 
iiients  were  finally  adopted  on  tlu'  l!)th«»f  February, 
and  Zaldivar  was  leelected  president  for  the  ensuing' 
term  from  February  1,  1880,  to  February  1,  1884. 
Xothiui;-  worthy  of  special  mention  occurreil  till  the 
1  of  1882.  The  constitutional  congress  opened  its 
session  on  the  oth  of  January,  188o,  \vlu>n  the  presi- 
dent i^ave  an  encouran'iui;'  account  of  the  political  situ- 
ation. IVviee  reij4-ned,  and  the  jieoph-  Were  devote-d 
to  their  industrial  pursuits.  Tlie  I'elations  with  the 
otlier  nations  of  the  eartli  were  cordial.  SaKador, 
th(ni;j,h  a  small  power,  beiui;'  the  recipient  (>f  I'espect 
and  regard  from  all  others.      With  ('osta  Ivica  the  rela- 

1. 


lions,  mterrupted  smce  October   i87t>,  wei'e  rene\V(  ( 


''"He  cfft'ctutl  his  escape  from  tlio  capital  disguised  as  an  Iiicliaii  with  a 
loa.l  ni  grass  on  liis  head. 

■'l!\  Feb.  1S71>  congress  thanked  the  enii)cror  of  (ierniany  for  the  Imnor 
el  kni-hth'Kid  conferred  on  Zahlivar.  In  France  he  was  given  the  title  of 
otliiur  of  puh.  instruction.  Tlie  same  montli  and  year  congress  gave  him  a 
Vete  of  thauk.s  for  his  services,  S<U>:,  Dinr.'i)  '>ji':,  Nlardi  0,  8,  18"'.'. 


40S 


DKMOCKATIC   INSTITLTIONS   JN    .SALVADOR. 


and  witli  XicaraL^uii  tlio  most  perfect  uiidDi'standiii.; 
existed.  The  treaty  of  alliance  with  Ouateniala  aiil 
Honduras  was  in  full  force.*' 

]^ut  this  happy  state  of  things  was  not  to  lust. 
At  2  o'clock  in  the  morning  <»f  April  Kith,  a  hody  of 
men  armed  with  rifles,  shot-guns,  I'evolvers,  and 
machetes  attacked  the  garrison  at  Santa  Tecla,  cryino' 
Viva  la  relij^ion!  Viva  el  JJoctor  (jlallardo!  Mucraii 
Zaldivar  y  Barrios!  They  were  repulsed  by  the 
troops  connnanded  by  Colonel  Matias  Castro  ])elgad<), 
who  captured  forty  prisoners.  The  government  forces 
went  in  pursuit  of  the  others  in  the  region  of  tlie 
neighboring  volcano."  The  insurrectionary  move- 
ment had  ramifications  in  other  towns,  namely.  La 
Libertad,  San  Salvadc»r,  Santa  Ana,  Ahuachapan,  and 
Son.sonate,  where  its  authors  expectiid  to  be  seconded. 
The  president  at  once  placed  tlie  departments  of 
San  Salvador,  La  Libertad,  and  the  west  under 
martial  law.  This  and  other  prompt  measures  ]>i'e- 
ventcd  any  further  action  on  the  part  of  the  wouUI-Ik' 
revolutionists.  Quiet  having  been  fully  restored,  tlic 
decree  of  martial  law  was  repealed.^' 

Another  change  in  the  con.stitution  was  made  this 
year.  The  executive  called  a  convention  on  the  l.stli 
of  October  to  meet  between  the  loth  ami  20th  of 
l)eceml)er,  to  revise  the  charter  of  February  1!),  i  SSO, 
ada[>ting  the  fundamental  in.stitutions  of  the  country 
to  its  present  needs;  and  also  to  take  cognizance  of 
other  matters  which  the  executive  would  lay  before  it. '' 

^''He  therefore  saw  good  reason  to  tciuler  congratulations  to  the  re|irc- 
sputatives  of  tlie  |)e(iiile  on  tlu'  i)roniising  condition  of  Salvador  and  the  otlic  i- 
Cent.  Am.  repuldics.  Zuli/inn;  Mi'iisajc,  .Ta:!.  "),  JiSiS.'i;  Pan.  St'ir  (tii'/  J/irnl'l, 
.Fan.  17,  KSS:{;  Pan.  El  Vf  •iiU:i,  .Ian. '-20,  KSSIJ. 

■"Among  the  jiersons  taken  as  leaders  of  tlie  movement  were  ( Jen.  Fiiii- 
cisco  Menendez,  J)r  Manncl  Oallardo,  Marcial  Kstevcz,  and  flannel  A.  Loin  ■  1. 
iSulr.,  Dim-in  Ojic.  Ajir.  U'l,  17,  1SS;1;  Pun.  Star  and  lln-ail.  May."),  7,  I^^'l- 

^■-.lune  Lst.     Tiiis  decree  caused  niuuh  satisfaction  among  all  classes. 

■•^Tlie  grounds  for  the  convocation  as  stated  were  tliat  the  people  lii'l 
almost  unanimously  declared  that  some  of  the  clauses  of  tlie  constitution  <ii 
ISiSO  were  not  .suited  to  the  national  reijnirements.  The  JJiario  njiriilr\- 
jiressed  tlie  hojie  that  the  revision  would  give  a  more  jiiilicioi;  i  application  or 
the  principles  of  a  repulilican  governnient,  thus  strengthening  the  piiMic 
liherties  without  weakening  the  principle  of  autiiority. 


)K. 


CHUONK*  KKVOLUTION. 


409 


orstandiii.; 
:eniala  an- 1 

jt  to  last. 
,  a  body  of 
Ivors,  and 
!cla,  ciyiii!^' 
!  Mueran 
3d  by  the 
o  ])elj^ado, 
iient  forces 
ion  of  the 
ary  niove- 
lanicly,  La 
'hapan,  and 
J  seconded, 
i-tnients  of 
vest  under 
asuies  i)re- 
e  would-be 
stored,  tlie 

made  tliis 
n  the  istli 
id  2Uth  of 
11),  iSSO, 
le  country 
nizance  <>f 
l)efore  it.'' 


to  the  n']iro- 
•  anil  the  (itliir 
[ir  (till/  Jlircl'l, 

bre  (len.  Fi;in- 

[iiel  A.  hdiK  '  1. 

(lay  5,  7,  h^>^:i. 

ll  classes. 

lie  people  lui'l 

lonstitution  nt 
rin  Ojifiil  rx- 
iipplie.ition  ■ii 

lig  the  puMio 


A  new  constitution  was  adojjted  soon  after,  contain- 
iny-  all  the  political  riu^lits  recoLjnized  in  the  most  lib- 
rial  instruments  of  the  kind,  guaranteeinuf  also  the 
i'vov  exercise  of  all  n^lii^ions  not  repuufnant  to  morality 
and  public  order.*'  President  Zaldi'var  was  reelectetl 
and  reinauu^urated  on  the  1st  of  February,  18H4/" 
l^ut  obtaininj^  leave  of  absence  to  visit  Europe,  where 
his  family  had  been  some  time,  he  turned  over  the 
•  xecutive  office  to  tlie  first  desi^iiado,  Angel  Guirola, 
who  was  to  hold  it  till  his  return.'"'  He  was  again 
ill  San  Salvador  in  August,  and  resumed  his  duties. 

Another  period  of  trouble  is  now  again  im[)ending 
(111  Salvador.  Elsewhere  I  give  the  particulars  of 
tlic!  undertaking  of  Barrios,  president  of  Guatemala, 
to  reconstruct  Central  America  as  one  repul)lic  by 
force  of  arms.  It  is  unneces-;ary  to  do  more  tlian 
glance  at  the  same  here.  On  finding  a  deliberate 
ojiposition  to  his  project  on  the  part  of  the  govern- 
ineiits  of  Salvador,  Nicaragua,  and  Gosta  Rica,  he 
placed  his  army  in  the  field  to  support  any  movo- 
lueiits  in  those  republics  toward  tlie  end  he  had  in 
view.  The  ])eople  of  Salvador  responded  to  the  call 
itf  tlieir  authorities,'*'  wlio  in  a  short  time  had  about 
I.SOO  volunteers  enrolled,  and  relied,  mor(n)ver,  on 
tlie  aid  of  the  other  three  governments  ecpially  inter- 
ested in  defending  tluur  autonomy.  About  12,000  men 
were  stationed  on  the  western  frontier  under  tlie  direct 
command  of  President  Zaldivar,  but  no  act  of  hostility 
was  committed,  out  of  respect  for  the  American  miii- 

^'The  govt  wa.s  vested  in  three  distinct  powers:  legislative  in  two  cliain- 
litTs;  ixeeutivo  in  a  presiilont  for  four  years;  and  judieial  in  a  .suiireiiie  eourt. 

"lie  eoustitnted  his  cabinet  with  the  following  ministers;  Salvador  <ialle- 
giis,  of  foreign  atl'airs;  iJominsio  i^o|uz,  interior;  i'l'ilro  Melendez,  treasury 
and  navy;  Asun.  Mora,  war  and  pulilie  works;  liin'iaiio  Hernandez,  c'<lncatioii; 
iiiiil  Antonio. I.  Castro,  justice,  (t'ldi/.,  Mi'iii.  S'l:  /'il.  Krlir.,  1,S,S4,  ji.  ti;  CiistM 
It..  .\r,r.  Sir.  ],>rl.  Krhr.,  1884,  n-C>;  I'nii.  Stui-iiiid  Jliralil,  .Ian.  IG,  J'el..  'IW, 
•-'!'.,  |^v^. 

"  lie  visiteil  the  I'.  S.  and  France,  l>eing  received  with  the  honors  due  his 
iMiik  as  chief  magistrate  of  a  friendlv  nation.  Jjii  EntrcUa  tin  I'nu..  Aug.  14, 
S>l't.  11,  1884;  EKliMtimtdlii-n,  Apr."l!lt,  1884. 

*'  Proclamations  and  manifestoes  of  I'res.  Zahlivar  ami  the  assendily  of 
S.ilv.,  .March  14,  15,  17,  1885.  CW.»  /.'.,  Boktin  oiir.,  March  'Jl,  April  1,  1885; 
I"  E-trdla  ile  Pau.,  March  '-'8,  1885. 


* 


f 


:4:v 


m 


IB 

Si 


410 


IH;.MOCUATIC  INSTnUTIONS  IN   S.VLVAUOU. 


II 


-}      ' 


ll  'X*> 


isU-r,  wlio  liad  Ik'oii  inoiliatiuLr,  aiul  obtaiiurl  from  ]]tir- 
rios  that  lio  woiikl  not  invade  Salvador  if  his  own 
territory  vere  not  assailed.  ]iut  this  ]>U'd<^^e  went  lor 
nothin;^.  The  Guati'malans  invaded  Salvador  March 
;)Oth,  conijielling  the  Salvadorans  who  had  been  forti 
fyin<(  the  hacienda  del  Coco  to  abandon  that  position, 
thoujTfh  t)nly  after  severe  fij^htinjjf,  and  retire  into  thcii' 
fortifications  of  Chalchuapa.'*^  The  latter  were  assailed 
by  the  whole  force  of  the  enemy,  but  the  ^arrison  ic- 
turned  the  fire  with  success,  and  gallantly  met  tliu 
desperate  onslauglit  until  a  signal  victory  crowned 
their  well-directed  efforts.  Barrios,  the  intrepid 
leader  of  the  CJuatemalans,  lost  his  life,  l)ut  this  did 
not  i)ut  an  end  to  the  fight  for  several  hours  yet/^ 
The  discomfited  assailants  began  their  retreat  to  the 
frontier  at  six  o'clock,  or  a  little  later,  in  the  evening, 
unpursued.'"* 

With  the  friendly  intervention  of  the  foreign  di])lo- 
matic  corps  an  armistice  was  signed,  giving  time  I'or 
negotiations,  which  culminated  in  a  treaty  of  peace 
with  Guatemala,  the  particulars  of  which  are  given  else- 

■•^Tlie  S;ilv.  ollu'iiil  rupdi'ts  claimed  vijtorica  at  Cfico  and  Sail  T^iiriiizo. 
The  attack  iiyaiiist  tlic  latter  Mas  made  at  10  r.  yi.  of  tlie  31st,  and  rcpul-cd. 
Ropoatod  the  next  day  from  5  A.  m.  to  3  I'.  M.;  the  assailants  were  di-ivm 
back  hy  (ten.  Monteros;u   Cu-t/a  11.,  Bole/in  Oj'n:,  April  2,  1SS5. 

■"  According  to  a  (tuat.  aeoouiit,  an  error  was  committed  in  not  bond)ard- 
ing  tilt)  Salv.  stronghold,  C'asa  Blaiica.  Barrios  at  8  A.  M.  of  the  2<1  led  the 
assault  on  the  N.  K.  side  of  the  fortification  witii  the  Jiroii  brigade  of  .lalii- 
pas,  which  on  that  day  behaved  cowardly.  Sliortly  after  the  assault,  a  little 
past  9,  Barrios  was  mortally  wouiuled,  and  fortliwith  removed.  Tlie  Jalapas 
gave  way,  divulging  to  otlier  troops  the  death  of  the  jiresideut.  Thus  it  ciiiie 
to  pass  tiiat  the  first  who  saw  Barrios  fall  were  the  first  to  take  to  tli^^Jit,  tnl- 
lowed  by  men  of  several  other  brigades.  To  avert  a  disaster,  tlie  troojis  oini- 
atiiig  oil  the  N.  side  were  recalled.  The  firing  ceased  on  both  sides  at  4:.'!ll, 
and  the  retreat  to  tlie  Magdalena  began  at  t):30,  the  Salvadorans  not  inii  i. 
ing.  Tile  same  authority  claimed  tiiat  if  the  firing  had  been  ke]it  up  an 
hour  longer,  tlie  (luatemalaiis  Would  liave  won  tlu'  day,  several  ImmHi  s  (.f 
troops  having  abaiidoiicil  the  town,  and  tlie  supjily  of  ammnnition  in  tliu 
plaei!  biiiiL;  already  scanty,  lie  a.sserts  that  tlie  (iuat.  loss  in  all  the  tights 
was  in  killed,  besides  tlie  ])resident,  and  liis  sou  Oen.  N'euaiicio  Barrios,  inln- 
nels  .\.  .Tiron,  \.  Bonilla  < 'ruz,  I'rbano  S.uichez,  Major  (Jonzalez,  a  fow  otlur 
otlicers,  and  '_'(>()  rank  and  file,  ('riinixiiia  </<;  la  Uiiinn  Cent.  Am.,  in  Lii  KMnlhi 
<lc  Pan.,  May  :iO,  ISS."). 

^Further  details  may  be  seen  in  Zahlirfu;  Mcimtjf,  May  4,  ISSo;  <••-'" 
R.,  fiifhniic  f!cr.  L',1.  Ki/cr.,  1885,  1-t;  /</.,  Bolctin  O/ir.,  Apr.  5,  188,"):  /■( 
E^firlh  ,/r  />„„.,  Ai>r.  4,  May '2,  St,  ISSri;  Pan.  Star  an'/  J/mil,/,  Apr.  10.  -t, 
27,  188.");  S.  F.  Cnwi^tn,  A\n:  4,  11,  1,"),  25,  May  2,  18S.");  M,:v.,  Diarh  dji':, 
Apr.  4,  1S8";  /■/.,  Mw.itor  /:<!.,  June  2',),  ISS.');'///.,  f.a  Pn:mu  s"I'l'  ""•  "'-• 


FllANnsCO  MENENDhX 


ill 


11  Bar- 
is  own 
i-nt  for 
March 
II  I'oi'ti 
Dsitioii. 
,o  tln'ir 
issailt'd 
ison  vv- 
R't  the 
rowiu'd 
litre]  lid 
ibis  did 

,    to  tilt' 

!veiiiii,u', 

n  (lijilo- 
iiiio  i'or 
f  |)ea<'e 
uelst-- 

Lui'i  n/ii. 

ropul-i  '1- 

eru  (lri\i'U 

bomli:ii<l- 
:(1  IimI  tlie 
le  of  .1^.1:1- 
ilt,  a  little 
Hi  .lalap;is 
U«  it  i'»liu; 
tli-ht,  I'nl- 

(KlJlS   llpll'- 

sat  4:;i0, 
lot  \nn  n 
Mit  lip  an 
l)oilit  .s  of 
oil  in  till' 
the  lii'lil-* 
rios,  coin- 
I'ow  othiT 
.f,  AV/r//.' 

^85;  <■-'" 
llSS.");  /■' 
jir.  li».  -I. 

no.  Vi. 


where."  With  Honduras'"  a  treaty  was  concluded, 
with  the  assent  of  the  three  allies,  whieh  restored 
iVieiidly  relations.  Zaldivar  called  coiinress  to  hold 
Jill  extra  session,  and  laid  heforc  it,  ^lay  4tli,  an  ac- 
count of  tiie  campaign  and  its  results,  and  conclr.de<l, 
askinij;  that  body  t(»  accept  bis  resignation.  This  was 
nnaniniously  refused:  nor  was  bis  subse(|iient  recjuest 
fdi'  a  year's  leave  of  absence  urranted.  ]^ut  on  his 
declaring  his  intention  of  taking  the  unused  time  of 
tlic  leave  given  him  in  18S4,  that  body  acceded,  and 
allowed  him  to  be  absent  twelve  months.  On  the 
I  ttli,  he  })laced  the  executive  authority  in  the  hands 
of  the  second  designado.  General  Fernando  Figueroa, 
his  minister  of  the  treasury,  who  bad  the  support  of 
Zaldi'var's  friends;  and  on  tbe  following  day  iltparted 
tor  l"]urope."^  An  insurrection  bad  already  l)roken 
out  in  the  west,  promoted  by  political  adversaries, 
wiioso  leader  was  General  Francisco  ^[enendez.  The 
;4dvernmeiit  reported  a  victory  over  the  insurgents  at 
Aniieiiia  the  IDtb  of  Mav,  but  the  revolution  trained 
ground  so  rapidly  that  Meiieiidez,  who  had  bi'eii  pro- 
claimed presidente  provisorio,  made  his  triumi)hal 
entry  in  San  Salvador  on  the  22d,  midst  the  acclama- 
tions of  the  populace."^  Tbe  revolution  was  success- 
ful, and  the  new  o-overiiment  was  afterward  recoonized 
hy  ioreign  powers.''^ 

Ill  August,  !^^enelldez  called  on  the  people  to  choose 
a  constituent  convention,  and  preparations  were  made 
therefor;  but  disturbances  having  occurred  in  several 
jilaces,  he  prolonged  his  dictatorship  and  redeclared 

•''The  gov.  of  Salv.  proclaimed  peace  on  the  ].")th  of  April,  and  granted  a 
full  amnesty  to  all  who  took  part  in  the  war  against  Salv.,  antl  generally  to 
all  ill  exile  for  political  offences. 

-TlidUgii  the  gov.  had  made  eomnion  cause  with  IJarrio.s,  it  manifested  a 
disposition  to  cut  loose  from  tiie  alliance;  alter  the  late  events. 

■'■^  Costa  /('.,  (f'dtrtii,  May  It),  June  '24,  1885.  Zaldivar  well  kiie\>'  that  there 
was  a  ]iowcrful  opposition  to  him. 

'■'  Meiiende/  was  a  man  of  eiiergj*  and  courage,  lie  possessed  good  eom- 
iiiou  si'iise  and  natural  .slirewdness.  His  liahits  were  .simple.  Polite  and 
tniassiiiiiini.',  lie  always  madi;  a  favorable  impression. 

'  ('o.'<t„  /,'.,  Oacciii,  .Tnlv  1,  ISS.";  P,ni.  Sf'ir  and  Ileralil,  July  18,  188.J; 
f.'i  E-lrnlla  ih  Pan.,  July  25,  1S,S5. 


I^- 


,i] 


,  k\ 


412 


DEMOCEATIC  INSTITUTIONS  IN  SALVADOR. 


in 


'i.  \  ';■ 


martial  law/'"  Zaldivar  was  charged  with  improp.r 
uses  of  tlie  public  funds,  and  the  government  rcfusci! 
to  recoijnize  a  certain  indebtedness  incurred  in  his  ad- 
ministration.  His  property  in  Salvador  was  .bcizi^d, 
and  an  attempt  was  made  by  certain  persons  to  lay 
hands  on  some  real  estate  of  his  in  Costa  Rica,  l)nt 
they  were  not  permitted  to  do  so.^'  Shortly  after 
tliere  was  a  rupture  with  Nicaragua,  wliich  did  iK.t 
last  long,  a  treaty  of  peace  being  signed  at  Amapala 
in  January  1886. 

_*«Nov.  26  and  27,  1885.  Pan.  Star  and  Jferald,  Sept.  9,  Dec.  7,  KSS.'. 
'I'hia  state  of  tilings  still  existed  in  March  1880.  Correspondence  of  Manli 
1st,  to  S.  F.  Pan,  April  2,  1880. 

•''The  supreme  court  would  not  recognize  the  right  of  tile  Salv.  courts  to 
ileniand  it.  Costa  li.,  (faceta,  Nov.  1,  1885;  Pan.  Star  and  Herald,  Sept.  IS, 
1885. 


u  n 


)\. 


»  ,1 


CHAPTER  XX. 

DEMOCRACY   RESTORED  IN  GUATEMALA. 

18C5-1873. 

President  Cerna's  Rhle — Partial  Revolts — Liberals  is  the  Assembly 
— Cerna's  Reelkction— Riots  i.v  the  Carital — Zavala's  Course — 
—Cruz'  Rebelliox,   Defeat,   and    Death — Arrests  of  Liberals— 

MkDERATION    of  the  (ioVERNMKNT — REVOLUTION  OF  (JARl'iA   (JraNADOS 

AM)  Barrios — Plan  of  Patzicia — Cerna  Defeated  and  Overt  huown^ 
(JnANADOsAs  Prksidente  Provisor.o — Seditiocs  Movements  Quelled 
— AiiOLiTioN  of  1'rikstly  PrivilE(ies — Prelates,  Jesuits,  and  Cai-u- 
ciirss  Expelled — War  with  Honduras  —  IVvrrios  as  Substitute 
i'uKsiDENT — His  Severity  —  P^leutions — Barrios  Chosen  Constitu- 
MONAL  President. 


Upon  the  doniisc  of  President  Carrera,  April  14, 
1805,  the  govermneiit  devohed  for  a  time  on  J?edro 
do  Ayeinena,  minister  of  f()re:<>'ii  affairs,  who  sum- 
moned the  k!i>islativ')  body  io  choose  a  successor  in 
the  executive  seat.  The  person  tlien  selected  was 
Vicente  C-eriia/  who  took  })ossession  of  the  cliair  with 
tlio  usual  fo:.-malities  on  the  24t]i  of  -May,  and  in  liis 
iiiaiiifesto  and  inaugural  made  known  that  liis  j)olicy 
Mould  he  that  of  the  preceding  administration,  l)eing 
assured  of  the  cooperation  of  the  late  president's  min- 
isters, whose  qualitications  he  could   not  too  higidy 

'A  m'liLT.'il  oflicer  then  tilliiij^tho  pusitioi-.  ..f  civil  ami  military  cliiof  of  the 
•li'iwitiiieiit  of  Ciiiqiiiiiuila.  It  has  heeii  sai.l  lliut  <  'arrera,  shcrtly  hc^rori'  his 
<li;ilh,  .sujj;gesteil  him  for  the  siiccossion.  The  coiisorvativo  ;  h'mi'iit  claimeil 
tii.it  for  his  abilities  anil  meritorioua  services  Cerna  had  won  himself  }>o|)iilar 
rt',i;:inl.  Xir.,  Oarcfit,  May  20,  1805.  Events  will  show  that  his  mental  eali- 
hro  was  v(;ry  ordinary,  Ijoing  a  religious  fjuiatie,  and  retrogressionist  of  the 
oM  (iligarchie  school  of  the  Aycinenas,  Pavons,  and  Batres.  Ho  was  a  warm 
iri"iiil  and  constant  associate  of  the  Jesuits,  to  whom  he  went  to  confession, 
if  ri'piirts  did  not  belie  him,  about  once  a  week;  so  he  must  have  had  a  ten- 
der conscieuce,  or  else  was  a  confirmed  sinner. 

(413  J 


'I   . 


4M 


DEMOCRACY   RESTORED  IN  GUATEMALA. 


-A  '■'■ 


extol,"  Though  a  brave  man,  and  not  an  unskilful 
general,  Cerna  was  not  gifted  with  the  extraordinary 
acuteness  of  (^arrera;  and  not  possessing  the  support 
and  overawing  power  whieli  the  late  ruler  had  over 
the  liberals,  omens  of  trouble  began  to  appear  in  the 
political  horizon.  The  fact  is,  that  tlie  assembly  and 
peo})le,  at  the  time  of  his  election,  had  expected  sonic 
reforms  of  the  former  policy.  But  at  the  end  of 
nearly  two  years  these  expectations  had  vanished,  and 
insurrections  were  erelong  set  on  foot;  for  the  lilxial 
party,  though  kept  under  st)  many  years,  had  not  <li((l 
out,  Justo  liuKno  Barrios,  hitherto  a  refugee  in 
Chiapas,"'  now  appeared  on  the  theatre  of  war,  render- 
ing efficient  aid  to  the  most  influ(>ntial  opponent  of  tlie 
government,  Serapio  CVu/,  one  of  C^arrera's  generals, 
who  had  early  in  February  1807  initiated  a  revolu- 
tion in  Sanarate,  recruiting  men  and  capturuig  arms 
from  Guastatoya,'  Though  corpulent,  Cruz  was  ener- 
getic and  strong,  active  in  liis  movements,  an<l  jios- 
sessing  a  knowledge  of  the  mountainous  region,  could 
not  he  easilj- subdued  by  the  government,''  Howevi'r, 
it  so  hapjKMied  that  I^rigadier  S(dares  pressed  him 
hard,  and  ho  had  to  Hee,  when  his  followers  aband«udno' 
him,  he  asked  for  a  safe-conduct  out  of  the  country, 
which  was  given  him  on  the  Htli  of  April,  and  lie 
was  taken  under  a  guard  to  the  frontier  of  Salvador," 

^ '  Su  ])robi(lad,  ructas  intencioiifs,  iatolij,'encia,  y  larga  prautiia  lU'  Ins 
negoi'ios  iiicrtetu  la  estimacioii  y  coiiliauzailo  toilos  luslmeiios  guateiiialti'ciis.' 
(iiinf.,  Bob'tin  <h',  Notiriii.'<,  lU).  '.^. 

^  It  is  iiuilorstoiid  tliat  lii.s  father,  a  jjcaocalilo  citizen  fif  Los  Altos,  for  .-•Dnu,' 
unguanliMl  words  against  the  unvt,  was  taken  as  a  prisoner  to  tlio  eaiiit.il, 
and  ernelty  tn^ated.  The  son  tiieii  liad  gone  oil'  to  Cliiapas,  whenee  lie  liinl 
made  oeeasifinal  raids. 

*Tho  govt  de))rived  Cr\iz  of  his  rank  .as  a  nLariseal  de  canipo,  ,s\is|iiinii'il 
constitutional  guaranties,  sueh  as  tlu'y  wi're,  and  declared  ti'aitors  all  jutsums 
i!ii[ilieated  in  tiie  relielliou,  or  holiling  relations  with  the  insurgents.  (In  tin' 
r>Mi  of  Fell,  troops  were  despatched  to  the  disturbed  districts.  I'uii.  Mi  n'lMi- 
file  C/imiiirlr,  March  :<,  KSllT. 

^One  of  his  ]ilans  was  to  destroy  the  rnni-stiUs  lielonging  to  a  nionoiMily, 
from  which  tlie  treasury  derived  a  large  revenue.  The  cry  of  Dow  vitli  tlio 
aguardiente  company  !  raised  hy  any  poiiular  man  would  bring  him  stamli 
followers.      Carrera  himself  had  used  it  in  his  early  da,\s. 

''  He  had  signed  a  pledge  not  to  return  to  <luat.  without  leavo  of  the  ;^'vt, 
and  neither  ilirectlv  nor  indirectly  to  disturb  the  public  peace.  Xii:,  (>'ii'-it'i, 
Apr.  '27,  May 'J,'),  isOT;  /'mi.  St(tr  ami  Jlcrald,  Apr.  'JO,  KS07;  /'('".  .lA -.■.(«• 
tile  Chronick,  May  '22,  18G7, 


BARRIOS'  rRONUNt'IAMIENTO. 


41S 


The  government  did  not  sanction  this  jiroeecding  of 
Solarcs. 

A  pronunc'iamiento  took  place  at  the  Malacate  liaci- 
onda,  belonging  to  Barrios,  August  :1<1,  the  same  year, 
which  also  failed,  the  insurgents  being  defeated,  and 
tlicir  leader,  Francisco  Cruz,  and  thirty-seven  others 
captured  by  Indians  friendly  to  the  government,  and 
sentenced/  Serapio  Cruz  Avith  twenty  men  invaded 
Guatemala  from  Chiapas  in  ^Tarch  ISOO.  The  gov- 
ernment decreed  strins-ent  measures/  Cruz  on  the 
27th  of  April  destroyed  a  small  party  of  troops 
under  Lieutenant  Abelar  in  the  numntains.  He  was 
on  the  2d  and  3d  of  May  at  Huehuetenango,"  and  on 
tlie  4th  marched  to  Momostenango  with  five  hundred 
Indians  and  some  ladinos.  About  oiu;  hundred  of 
liis  men  had  fire-arms,  a  number  only  machetes,  and 
the  rest  were  unarmed.  He  continued  his  march  to 
Santa  Maria  CIii(}uimula,  thence  to  Santa  Lucia,  five 
leagues  distant,  but  abandoned  it  on  the  Gth,  upon  the 
ajijiioach  of  government  troops,  going  to  8aca])ulas, 
as  if  to  return  to  the  inountauis  of  Xebaj.  Colonel 
Battle  reported  ^Tay  "iOth  from  Xebaj  the  utt»  r  di- 
coniflture  of  Cruz  that  morning.  His  men  liad  t;ik*  n 
tli^lit,  scattering  in  the  mountains.'"  AnotluT  report 
of  t'lie  2;kl  stated  that  Cruz  with  oidy  "2:)  men  was  on 
tlie  2 1st  fleeinu"  throuuh  tlu'  unsettled  reunion  of 
Chinial,  as  if  bound  to  Chiapas  by  way  of  Chacuhi.    It 

'  t  111/  ami  Kiinic  of  his  officers  witc  cxeoutocl;  others  were  aeiitenccil  to  ten 
years'  riintiui'inriit  in  S>r  ^\  lijio  castlf.  J.  Kntiiio  Harrios  eseajieil,  ami  liis 
lia.iriula,  I'll  Malaeatv',  lieiiii;  jiarily  in  (iiiat.  ami  partly  iti  Soeonuseo,  an 
active  pursuit  of  him  was  not  ca.sy.  (limt.,  liulitin  '!'•  yulicin-f,  Aug.  lii,  ],S(>7; 
P'lii.  Men:  (Viroiiich',  Sept.  4,  IS,  Oct.  4,  18(1".  Harrios  made  another  raid 
freiii  his  liaeionda  in  A]ir.  ISdS,  uliieh  also  failed  in  ell'eeting  his  piir[)o»e. 
(>mil..  ll.rrrf^i,  Ajir.  '2'.),  KSGS;  Mr.,  (;iicrta,  May  -.i,  iNliS. 

•■  M  ly  Slh.  suspended  certain  clauses  of  the  I'onstitution.  The  decreo 
atlr.'id  that  rriiz  had  lieeii  inseii;ling  the  Indians  of  Lus  Altos  'con  iiromcsas 
I'l-'hi:  ci^as  de  di.-trilineiou  de  tierras.'  i'ru/,  was  deelaveil  amenahle  to  thfi 
law<  tnr  his  seditious  acts  of  ISllT  as  Mell  as  for  the  pi-esi  iit  oius.  All  otliirs 
CMiurnnd  with  him  were  nade  indiclalde  for  tnason,  if  after  th«' jmldie.  of 
tlie  ilii  ree  they  did  not  surrender.  l'ass[iorts  ]i:i(l  to  l)e  ohtained  to  tiavel. 
<!inii.,  i;„r</i  <)ii<:,  Apr.  9,  1S(U»;  I'<iii.  Staniwl  Jlmilil,  Apr.  17,  ISGl);  Salr., 
L'lHtsfitiinuii'il  May  'J(»,  1S(;'.). 

'■'The  distillery  was  destroyed  as  a  matter  of  course. 

"Ilie  oflieial  report  added  that  tliu  insurgents  left  24  dead  ami  1(5  pris- 
oini's;  and  tiiat  it  was  rumored  Cruz  had  been  shot  in  the  licurt. 


1^ 


416 


DEMOCRACY  RESTORED  IX  GUATEMALA. 


1 1 


seeins  that  being  pursued  from  all  directions,  he  fiid 
from  Verapaz,  where  he  found  no  followers,  to  Caiii- 
llil,  and  succeeded  in  entering  the  Sierra  Madre,  In 
Guatemala  it  was  reported,  July  ,30,  18G9,  that  Cruz 
had  again  taken  refuge  in  Chiapas." 

While  the  government  had  been  thus  harassed  ])y 
insurgents  in  arms,  the  liberal  opposition  in  the  legis- 
lative chanil)er  was  daily  growing  in  strength.  Deputy 
Miguel  Garcia  (^ranados  repeatedly  denounced  tlic 
arbitrary  acts  of  tlie  ministers.  After  a  while  tluir 
came  to  be  but  few  less  liberals  than  conservatives  in 
the  legislature,  and  when  Cerna's  term  was  ai)})roa(li- 
ing  its  end,  the  opposition  felt  strong  enough  to  lia\f 
a  candidate  of  their  own  at  the  presidential  elcctiini, 
Cerna  was  brought  forward  by  his  party  for  the  mxt 
term— INIay  24,  18G9,  to  December  31,  187-2.  Tlie 
liberals  nominated  General  Victor  Zavala,  wlio  liad 
won  so  much  distinction  in  the  Walker  campaign,  and 
was  ])oi)ular  with  the  military  element.^'  Zavala  was 
defeated,  tliough  he  had  a  respectable  support  iu  t\\e 
assemblv,'^  which  was  an  omen  of  a  not  distant  c]iaii<'o 
in  the  political  situation. 

On  the  24th  of  .Mav,  18(59,  the  date  of  Cerna's 
second  inauguration,  there  was  a  great  popular  fxcito- 
meiit  at  the  capital.  xV  revolution  was  impending'. 
At  the  approach  of  night  every  i)recaution  was  adopted 
by  the  ministers  to  guard  the  president's  mansion  and 
the  public  buildings.  The  troops  were  kept  in  tlic 
barracks  under  arms.  As  darkness  increased,  cries  ot 
Viva  Zavala!  were  repeatidly  luard,  shots  were  lind, 
several  })ersons  being  wounded,  and  one  killed  in  the 
plaza  del  teatro.     Zavala's  friends  tried  to  prevail  nii 

".V/V.,  Oarrta,  .Tunc  I'J,  19,  Au,^.  7,  Sopt.  18,  Dec.  IS,  ISI'.'.);  /',>».  S/  ■r.n.^l 
Jfei-'tl'/,  .lutiu  17,  Sept.  17,  l«oO;  (Iwtl.,  liiditbi  dc  Aotiri  i.t,  Nov.  24,  IS.'.". 

'■"Zaviila  was  acciisuil  l)y  t'.iu  cinisurvatives  of  political  incoii.sistcii.y,  iii 
that  he  had  all  along  claiiiK'd  to  lie  a  supporter  of  Curna.  Puk.  Hi'/'  '''■/ 
Jlcmld,  Feb.  'J,  1S,;0. 

'■■The  vote  stood  V,\  for  Corua,  'Jl  for  Z:ivala,  5  scattcrod.  Not  a  l)aa 
showin)4  for  the  hl)i.'ral<,  if  we  consider  tliat  tiie  eh'ctors  liad  lictii  chosen  ninlcr 
the  iiillueuce  of  the  oligarchic  goveriiiiieiit.  /(/.,  Feb.  123,  June  17,  lS(')i>. 


""'"'^^-^"^^^ED  Ei,voLUTIO.NISTS. 


luiii  to  lead  tlioii,  i,,  o„  ..tf        ,  , 

;™;»t-ti„„.     He  ri  ^i;;i''  t"  <'vortl„.,nv  the  a<|. 

'■'-".■'.  ->.i  was  ,.r'u:rrit,rr„r,'-''' "'"'''  '"■  ^-- 

'-^"■<™  lost  J,i,„  the  i-oSr  ,f=  tl  """'■■■"^  ""  tl'"t 

l""t'"n  of  his  l>olitical  tm  ,    *         "I;."'*'  «'tI'U-<iastio 
-  ■r»I'o  fron/a  sa  ;;/;'■*;■•%    There  ],ad  hee, 

""f"«i  4*"°f''"?e:;l?;.!<'ri  'r'  ■'•'■"  «■■•"  «- 

^M'tanee  of  a  reelection  ini'  f  *    f""""^'''^  ''«  •■•<•- 
«■''."  the  ,.e,,ubJio  was  a  '.feaee    ll    «'"  ",^'l■"■■t""it^•, 
Amenean  states,  ami  wt^^      •'"!*'"'""'"•  Centra 
'■■"•"■■•■'I'  e  one  for  !,mo,|  dttens  f      '¥?,  ''""•^■'■»-  "■'<«  « 
;  -,™"-"'S  quiet  at  ho    r   b'  T-  *'"!  ?"«'-»"'-.t 
'"-'''■<i-     Neitlicr  he  nor    ,:«  .  •  •  f  ■'"''■'™  "as  un- 

■"  ".0  ]egisi„ti^•e  el.am  "'"i  "''f'''""'.  ''.'«  "^'itatio 
S"ve,.,n„e„t  j,,,,«.in..  fr„  „  J,;'!  ''"""""'rtions  „f  the 

'""  •■'  yge  portion  of  tl  e  „  n  !""'  ""■'■'  ''"-ai-e 
«"«.,»  s„!ed  with  the  lib  '"l''^'':  '■'"■^»  "'  the  -hief 
-'V-.  of  iiberalisnMUri;.lv'^,''«'*i'^  and  that  the 
^^■jiral  superior  offiee,^fw  wirkm-  i„  the  arn.r 

,»;;;"-  lowe,.  ones  se;  i ,  :Z,;r-*-»«'y  di^trnst;-!; 

'^I'^f  "■'  as  unreiialJe.°S '.*'''''»'>''•'■''"'■  course 

;<"''  the  eountry  burd,.n<.d  wit       **-"''•>■  "'"«  ^■"'I'tr, 
■■"'•■•I   and    f;,ti.,„  „""'/  "''!'  "  ''«fvy  debt,  1„„|  il, 

i"i>-  s-..i..a-  strength  o, «;;  ';;"''/--i'i"  c™.  vl 

^"  "as  suimJied  wltl,  ,  "^"'-"ostern  front;.,. 

;'""^  ^''I't  him  ad     "/',.'; ;.'^^'''''«;«>'«-     His  in 
""■'"■  troops. ■-.     1-X,,    "'  "'  '''"'7  a-lvnneo  of  ^„yj'' 

'■'-'■"'  '•"  the  latte,; ,:;  ::n:;^:t  /"•'"-  -^"'i "" : 

.j  I     ^  '"■  govt  Jin.t  raise,!./  ''.''  '"'■•*«'""•  ''^■«^'"iis<.la,l„r, ' 


ii^'^f 


f  ■ 


418 


DEMOCRACY   RESTOllED  IN  GUATEMALA. 


from  700  to  1,000  men,  and  being  efiiciently  sccondrd 
by  J.  Rufino  Barrios.  Various  collisions  witli  ilic 
government  troops  were  favorable  to  the  insurgents. 
The  latter  assaulted  Huehuetenango,  a  strongly  gar- 
risoned place,  and  were  repulsed,  but  not  before  tluy 
had  burned  down  a  large  part  of  it.  In  Deceniln  r 
18G9,  Cruz  approached  the  capital,  and  by  rapid  ni(i\  r- 
ments  evaded  the  superior  forces  of  the  governnu nt. 
On  Saturday,  the  loth  of  January,  1870,  the  llbiTuls 
in  the  capital  had  made  preparations  for  an  outbrtal< 
the  folhnving  day,  when  Cruz  was  expected  to  marcli  in 
and  support  them.  Early  on  Sunday  there  was  nm(]i 
excitement  in  the  city.  Unfortunately  for  their  caust , 
Cruz  had  relaxed  his  viixilance.  Before  noon  it  ^v;^s 
whispered  that  on  the  road  leading  from  the  eastc  in 
gate  to  Palencia,  a  severe  encounter  had  taken  ])la((  : 
next  came  a  report  that  Cruz  had  been  defeated  and 
killed,  soon  followed  by  another  that  his  head  was  on 
its  way  to  tlie  city.  This  proved  to  be  a  faet.^"  Tlio 
victors  marched  into  the  capital  with  their  ghastly 
tro])hy,  the  head  of  tlie  man  who  had  expected  at  that 
moment  to  be  master  of  the  place.^^ 

"'The  government  had  sujipoised  liiui  in  a  distant  department  Hccing  fnnii 
its  tro()[)s,  wlien  lie  (juietly  .slii)ped  into  I'ali'ncia,  a  town  distant  8  or  it  niiii  s 
t'nmi  (Uiateniala,  in  tlic  night  of  Saturday.  Feeling  certain  that  tlio  u' vt 
was  ignorant  of  his  whorealjouts,  and  conlident  that  the  people  of  I'idtiK  ia 
Were  friendly,  he  failed  to  adopt  ])ropi'r  precautions,  and  even  ha<l  liigli  Tiia~> 
chanted  for  his  troops  in  the  fsmall  hours  of  the  morning.  ]hit  it  so  hajppcin  il 
that  the  authorities  of  (iuatenuila  received  late  in  the  niglit  inforniatinii  of 
his  arrival,  and  of  the  numher  of  his  men.  An  overwhelming  force  of  Santa 
Rosa  Indians,  devoted  to  Cerua  ami  hostile  to  Cruz'  Indians,  was  <lesiiatilicil 
under  command  of  Brig.  Solares,  wlio  surrounded  Cruz  and  attacked  him  In- 
fore  he  had  begun  to  prepare  for  his  own  attack  of  the  capital.  ]^c  iiiailc  a 
desperate  tight  of  two  hours,  however,  hehind  the  adoho  walls  of  a  corral,  hut 
it  availed  naught.  His  only  chance  of  escape  was  in  tli'dit.  A  rush  caniiil 
him  and  his  remaining  men  to  the  edge  of  a  ravine,  and  he  had  gone  'omm 
half  of  the  steep  descent  when  a  hall  struck  him  in  the  thigh  and  hrokt  it. 
No  quarter  was  asked  or  given.  Hi;  was  slain  while  tiercely  fighting  U>  tlie 
last.  His  fleeing  men  were  relentlessly  pursued  for  several  days,  aii'l  .-^mli 
as  were  not  killed  in  the  ravines  were  captured  and  executed.  Pmljiii'l  ■■< 
(Hiitii>xe  id  a  Cnit.  Am.  Jicp.,  in  Ori'diuid  Mniit/ili/,  xiv.  KilJ-S;  see  also  diml.. 
lioU'tm  lie  A'oticim,  Jan.  15,  1870;  A/.,  OWrtii,  Jan.  28,  1870;  A«\,  f/dr-Ai, 
Feb.  5,  19,  1870;  Xwm  Em,  Paso  del  Norte,  Apr.  3,  188').  The  victoiKnis 
Solares  was  promoted  to  niariscal  de  campo;  his  otlicers  also  received  jiiiiiiki- 
tioii,  and  the  rank  and  tile  one  month's  extra  pay;  hut  ho  lived  to  eiijci.\  In- 
new  honors  less  than  a  year,  his  death  occurring  in  Nov.  1870.  A>.,  (.Vi''''. 
Dec.  :i,  1870. 

'•  It  was  exposed  to  the  public  gaze  at  the  door  of  the  liospital,  wlu ri'  i 
photognaph  of  it  was  taken,  copies  of  which  were  sohl  at  half  a  dollar  caoli. 


EXCEPTIONAL  CLEMENCY. 


419 


;OU(lo(l 
.li    tlio 
[•gents, 
ly  oai- 
:c  tliiy 
ceiului' 
I  inove- 
'iiuunt. 
VibivaU 
utl)lr:il\ 

larcli  in 
IS  mucli 
ir  cause, 
1  it  was 

)  eastt  in 

it(^d  ;>ii(l 
cl  was  mi 
V'  The 
gluvf^tly 
I'at  tliai 


Hi'cinf;  from 
S  or  '.»  liiil'S 
Ii;it  the    lii'Vt 
„t'    r;ileiuia 
[i.l  bigli  Ina^^ 
,,  luiiiJ'i'iH'l 
Hoi-iiiiitit'ii  I't 
|,roo  (if  Santa 
ilesvatrlu'l 
[■UimI  liiiu  l'>- 

la  coviiil,  I'Ut 

i-usli  canii'l 

l\  goiu-  ■'<'"i» 

litiiiii  to  the 
k-s,  iui'l  siuli 

'also  «".'""'■• 

LY/V..  '■'"'•''"• 

|io  victcrK'ii^ 

jived  vii'im;- 

to  t'i'.i">  '"' 

L\v.,  <•'"■''"• 

lital,  vlu  re  a 
lolluv  i'i^^'l>- 


All  hope  of  success  for  the  liberals  was  now  at  an 
011(1,  at  least  for  a  time.  The  correspondence  of  tlH>ir 
chief  men  with  Cruz  having  been  captured,  the  gov- 
oriiinent  ordered  their  arrest,  but  most  of  them  es- 
caped. Jose  Maria  Samayoa,  the  wealthiest  of  them, 
was  imprisoned  a  short  time,  and  then  banished,  and 
went  to  sojourn  in  San  Salvador.  Garcia  Cjlranados, 
after  being  some  time  concealed,  was  ultimatelv  dis- 
covered,  and  sought  asylum  at  the  British  legation, 
from  which,  by  the  mtercession  of  other  foreign  rep- 
resentatives, he  was  permitted  to  leave  the  country. 
He  went  to  reside  in  Chiapas."  The  administration 
must  be  commended  for  its  magnanimity.  Not  a 
single  execution  or  confiscation  of  property  followed 
its  triumph.  Whatever  the  motive  was  which  prompted 
clemency  to  such  bitter  opponents'^  against  the  o[)in- 
ioii  of  many  firm  supporters,  it  may  not  be  denied  that 
it  eventually  brought  about  the  government's  over- 
throw; for  the  condition  of  the  liberals,  though  over- 
spread with  gloom,  was  not  altogether  hopeless.  The 
government  strengthened  tlieir  bands  by  failing  to 
satisfy  the  piM)ple  with  liberal  measures.-''  The  dis- 
content grew  apace.  Neither  the  authorities  nor 
(jlarcia  Granados  were  idle  during  1870,  both  laying 
in  a  su})ply  of  l)reech-loading  riHes. 

Early  in  1871,  the  liberals  of  Salvador,  with  the 
assistance  of  the  president  of  Honduras,  overthrew  the 
government  of  Duehas."^  This  was  a  heavy  blow  to 
the  conservatives.  Garcia  Granados  was  organizing 
an  expedition  in  Chiapas,  probably  in  concert  with  the 
hl»enils  of  Salvador,  and  as  soon  as  Duehas'  downfall 
was  accomplished,  he  invaded  Guatemala,  where  he 
was  joined  by  J.  liufino  Barrios,  who,  upon  tb.e  defeat 

'"Oil  parole  not  to  return  without  iicrinissiou  of  tliu  j,'ovt.  Ho  ami  soiiii; 
mcinlit  rs  of  hia  family  had  to  sign  a  Sl(>,(MK>  l)ouil. 

"Silas  A.  Hudson,  the  Am.  ministir,  (.laiinud  ♦'■.:  ^  uuich  had  heou  duo  to 
Ills  ailvico,  and  the  favorahlo  opinion  had  of  his  friendly  course.  (J.  <V.  <i'ort 
1)<^\,  11.  Ex.  Doc,  For.  Rel.,  Cong.  41,  Sess.  :i,  444. 

■"  Ccrua  was  blind  himself,  or  tried  to  throw  tlust  into  the  eyes  of  the  repre- 
si-'iitatives  of  the  people  when  in  his  message  of  Nov.  *17^,  1870,  lie  a-ssured 
tlii'iu  that  peace  had  heen  fully  restoreil.  X'lc,  Oarefn,  Dee.  17,  1870. 

"'The  particulars  of  this  revolution  appear  in  another  chapter. 


ii  : 


I:   I 


■mm 


Ml 

.1  liMW 


4l'(» 


UKMOfllAt'V   KKSTOUKI)  IN  c;UATK-MALA. 


of  Cruz,  had  retired  into  Mexican  territory.  Vicente 
Mendez  Cruz  invaded  on  the  5th  ot"  Mareli  at  Cliaiuhl 
and  proceeded  to  tlie  sierra  of  Neluij,  relying'  on  the 
aid  of  the  Indians  of  Chajul.  He  was  joined  l)y  an- 
other partv  under  E.  Giron,  and  toiiether  thev  oeru- 
pied  Coban,  which  was  unj;arrisone(l.  Barrios  with 
ahout  sixty  men  encountered,  xVpril  4tli,  on  the  Tu- 
cana  heights,  a  government  force,  wliich  retreated  tn 
San  Marcos.  Lastly,  Lieutenant-colonel  Juan  A'itni 
joined  them  with  some  servants  of  his  hacienda." 

Garcia  Granados,  by  M'ay  of  Cuilco  and  Tejutla, 
reached,  ^lay  lOth,  Serchil,  distant  three  leagues  t'lum 
San  Pedro  Sacatepequcz.  He,  together  with  J^arrips. 
occu})ied  San  IMarcos,  and  on  tlie  approach  of  Jiini- 
tenant-colonel  Calonge,  retreated  toward  C'oatepecnif.  ■ 
The  result  of  the  oi)erations  was  that  on  June  l>t 
Calonge,  at  the  head  of  800  men,  was  routed  ly 
Garcia  (jiranados  near  La  Antigua,  losing  his  artilKi  v, 
500  riries,  and  ammunition.  Of  the  ixovei'iuni  \\t 
troops  hardly  100  men  got  back  to  the  capital.  Tln' 
people  of  Jutiapa  revolted,  and  sent  a  commissioner  t  > 
General  Gregorio  Solares,  then  at  Santa  Ana,  in 
Salvador,  to  invite  him  to  conunand  a  consideraM" 
force  for  cooperation  with  Garcia  Granados.  Solans 
lost  no  time  in  answering  the  call. 

The  officers  of  the  liberatiui'-  armv  held  a  meetinu' 
on  the  ;3d  of  June  at  the  tt)wn  of  l^itzicia,  and  in  a 
preamble  and  series  of  resolutions  made  known  tlhir 
pur[)ose  to  overthrow  Cerna  and  his  administratinn. 
and  establish  a  re})ublic  based  on  democratic  })iin'  i- 
ples,  to  which  ett'ect  ^liguel  Garcia  Granailos  was 
called  to  act  as  provisional  president  with  aniiilc 
powers."*     Garcia   (Jranados  had   previously  niadr  a 

'--Tliu  Boll /in  (Iv  Notkiiis  saiil,  rospecting  his  uioveiuunt,  '  conietio  il  ti  tiv 
(le  lU'iiR'iKiii." 

-'So  siiid  tho  Jioh'tin  ik  SotkiiM  of  (Juat.,  copiod  by  Xk.,  Giinfa,  .Tuiif  )<, 
1871. 

-'Tho  prean  hie  said  that  Coma's  govt  liail  hueonio  iiitolorahle  hy  its  arlii- 
trary  and  criiol  acts  in  violation  of  tho  constitntiou  and  otlior  laws;  tli  it  it 
had  usuri>od  jiowors,  and  had  assailod  the  niiroseutatives  of  the  jieoi'lr;  it 
liad  ruined  tlie  jiuhlie  treasury,  ami  eoinproniised  the  indei>endeneo  >•>  tliC 
country  by  contracting  without  authority  of  law  a  nunous  loan  in  Iviroiio. 


(!  J,i 


<^AKCIA  GRAxNADOS. 
1  •  ^ttt 

<  ;•  "iiticn  c„ul,|  ,„,,k„  „„  „  "7."  "'^■■"1  ''t'^iii  umlor  wl,ich 

'    '>  .Icnvn  their  ann.s  unt  1  tl u.  """''''''*  «ok.,nnIv  boun.I  f     ,'      ,'    '''"'"• 

*ittn,  Julio  ,;.,     .     <,''""^,'  <-<'l"nel  Francisco  ,lel  lit       i-    ^'fe''"^''!  l>y  <ifii 

""\.i» „■;::'■:■''-'■-- "-'-s--:';-5 

":;/■•  -'inie  2,  1S71         '^^  t"-"''''!'!!  ovir  Cruz  hi  Ja„    it-    '*  ''•"tuever  .lare.l 
■A  ^•""tcnporarvirive,  .,.     .  „  "  ^""•'•"' ''>"«'"/av, 


nil 

I 

J 


;  (  ,1  -J 


[  1     '■f 


i    i|i 


1  bsM 


4VlI 


L»p:.MOlUALV    IIKST(JIIEJ)   IN    CLATK.MALA. 


1il 


quiiimla  Indians;  but  it  wa.-^  too  late.  Ho  was  in  no 
condiuion  to  cope  witli  the  enemy,  most  of  liis  iK'>t 
oHit'crs  haviiin"  deserted  him.  Tlierc  were  sevciid 
t'n('(»unteis,  in  ouW  one  oi'  wliieli  he  had  anv  ehaiur 
of  success.  On  tlie  2:1(1  of  June  lie  surprised  tlic 
insuri,''ents  on  tlie  liiils  l)etween  Tdtonicapan  ami 
(^uezalteiianno.  in  Tienahlaiica;  liis  hrave  Indians 
<h'(»ve  hiu-k  tlie  (}ut'/altenaii!4'os,  l»ut  Barrios  caiiir 
witli  reeniorci'inents  of  liis  ))est  troops,  and  rej;aiii((l 
tin'  lost  ui'ound.  .\t  this  moment  ( V-ina  A\as  no 
lo'.iU'er  tit  to  connnand.  heinjjf  taken  very  ill."''  His 
friends  hurried  him  off,  and  his  men  were  uttt  rly 
routed,  and  made  a  hasty  reti'eat  in  the  afternonii. 
Xt  xt  morning'  Colonel  Julio  Garcia  (Jranados  went 
in  jinrsuit,  and  captureil  nearly  100  prisoners  aiiil  a 
([uantity  of  war  material. 

( "erna  reached  Chimaltenann'o,  and  thouy'ht  of  fmii- 
fvinn"  himself  there,  ^\'ith  reeiiforcements  rccciMd 
from  the  ca[iital  ho  now  had  lMOO  men  The  iiiMir- 
''cnt  armv,  thouuh  increased  in  Los  Altos,  was 
oidy  1,"_'00  stronix ;  hut  it  was  flushed  ^\ith  \i(- 
toiy,  antl  counted  on  the  superiority  of  its  IlcmihL'tnn 
and  \\'inchester  I'itles.  (ilarcia  (Iranados  resolved  in  it 
to  attack  C'erna  in  Chimaltenann'o,  hut  t(^)  march  liv 
wav  of  8an  Andres  ltzai>a  to  l^a  Antinua.  and  octupv 
the  heights  of  Santa  J^ucia,  thus  n)enacing'  the  caiii- 
tal."''  On  reachin*'-  Chicoi  he  heard  that  ( 'erna  was 
at  La  Antiu'ua.  Channino-  his  ]ilans,  he  marched  t  > 
Chimaltenani.;'o,  and  thence  to  Santia<^o,  a  town  siv; 
leagues  from  (Juatemala,  where  lie  spent  the  ni^ht. 
In  Zumpaui^o  ho  was  advised  of  the  occupation  I'f 
Amatitlan  by  Solares,  whom  he  at  once  diri'cted  to 
harass  Cerna  on  his  march  to  the  capital.  (Jranadcs 
intent  was  to  meet  Cerna  on  the  ^lixco  road;  and  to 
this  end  early  on   the  29th  of  Juno  repaired  to  San 

■•'"It  has  been  averred  that  he  partook  of  some  coffoo  which  had  lutn 
drugged. 

-"  C'ernii  must  cither  \iursuo,  giving  Iiini  a  vantage-ground,  or  rush  tc  the 
defence  of  the  capital,  making  tlie  success  of  the  revolution  equally  certain, 
for  the  whole  country  would  then  rise  against  his  detested  rule. 


IMl'OllTANT  VKTOllY. 


4^r^ 


Lucas,  to  ascertain  witli  oortuinty  tlio  tiinc  wluii  Ceriia 
would  pass  through  ]{aii('ho  ih'  Sail  J^ucas  toward 
l5;iironas.  Ho  occiipird  that  town,  and  aftt'r  a  coii- 
Mihation  Avith  liis  second  in  ctJinniand,  l^ariios,  went 
with  a  hodv  of  cavah'v  to  the  ^[ixco  licio'lits,  wliere 
lie  jircseiitly  heard  shots  tVoin  tlie  direction  of  San 
J, inns.  Cerna  liad  made  ri'ady  for  the  struggle. 
J);irrios  saw  victory  on  tlie  San  Liu-as  hill;  and  with- 
out waiting  the  U'turn  of  his  chief,  directed  Julio 
( i;irei'a  ( Jranados  with  S(M)  nun  to  support  his  front, 
iiiiil  ra})idly  niaivhcd  with  -loo,  juid  o('eu[iied  the  hill, 
thus  winning  the  day.  ( 'erna's  troops,  finding  their 
itti'eat  cut  oil',  dishanded  hy  hundreils,  and  l>y  night- 
fall the  nuniher  of  prisonors  and  desiTtei's,  most  of  the 


latter  with  their  arnu 


exceet 


led    1. 000. 


Tl 


lo  victory 


Was  eom})h'te;  for  of  ( 'eriui's  2.400  men — ]\v  had  lately 
iMTi\ed    40o — searcoly  :!0  entered    the   ca}»ital    that 


(lav, 


Till'  provisional  jtn'sident  passed  the  night  in  Jxir- 


n  na- 


and  the  next  morninu'  utter  the  ei\il  authorit 


I'S 


(iuatemala  had   met   him   outside  and  ([uiotly  de- 
rod  tli(^  keys  of  the  city  together  with  the  castle 
I    harracks,  ho,  accompanied  l>y  IJarrios,  tlie  other 
liadiiig  otKcers.  and  tho  troojis,  mardiod  into  thecapi- 


li\( 
aiii 


ta!  ami( 


I  tl 


e  most  enthusiastic  p 


ilaudi 


With  tl 


rxcoption   of  a  few  hostile  cries  against   Cerna,   J>o- 

■■■Aii  uutortiiuuto  fifi.'iiiii.>l;uiL'e  occunfil,  A  inntinti  of  the  trutpjis  \\  itii 
wliK'h  .lulid  ( ;.  ( Ji'iiiiiuliis  liml  I'liri't'il  till- jKissagL' (it  the  iMviiic,  goiii-  tnviai-il 
llii'  lariii  (if  Oiigiu'Z,  eiii/iniiiti.rL'il  two  cdinpaiiiis  (it  Snlaivs"  men,  iiiul  tlu'  two 
I'lixx's  iiiistakiuL;'  (Hic  aiinlliLT  tur  the  ciu'iiiy,  loiiglit  sinnu  luiiuitcs;  stiiiif  iiu-ii 
Were  WdUiiiluil,  ami  a  liuM-uliicrr  iiaiinil  .hiaii  SuldrzjiiKi  was  .slain.  I'lioit.,  Jinlr- 
tiii  il,'  ynikhi.<,  Aug.  4,  1871;  yic.,  '•'<i<-(/,i,  .Se|it.  Ill,  isTl. 

" 'L'licy  all  lit'hav(_il  \\i'll;  luit  special  crcilit  must  lie  given,  Udt  (Hily  td  tliu 
eliiei  and  Banicis,  Imt  to  .Solares  and  \'iteri,  who  struck  decisive  lilows. 

■'■(Arna  lied  to  t'liiciuiuiula  ^^  itli  a  lew  tdlliiwers.  The  Indians  were  .still 
t^iitlilul  to  liiui,  and  begged  he  should  1<  ad  them  to  the  lield  in  dol'ence  of  his 


liut  he  knew  anv  such  etl'ort  nuist  end  in  disaster,  an 


d  reft 


H. 


thi  II  continued  his  flight  to  Honduras.  Most  of  his  ministers  also  escaiied. 
Indeed,  no  etl'ort  was  made  to  detain  them,  or  other  men  of  the  fallen  adminis- 
tr  ition,  it  being  considered  a  better  lioliey  not  to  be  hampered  with  the  respoi 


lid 


ty  of  disposing  of  them.     The  old  ministe 
WIS  not  molested.     Full  particulars  on  the  campaign 


ar  remained  behind  ami 


are  given  in  S"li:,  El 


l!'riii'll,-<n,n,  July  3,   1871;  /</.,  Dhirio  Otic,  July  11,  12,  1K7'J;  2\"i'\,  G<i<rt<t, 

■Inly  21,  1871;  VoMn  It.,  In/ormr  Mlit.  Jld.,  1872,  14;  /(/.,  B<iliihi  o/ir.,  March 

l^S.");  ,/.  /,  I\'i!f field's  Glimpse  <it  a  Cent.  Am,  L'ljh,  in  (h-irlnicl  Jfoiifhl;/, 


XIV.  10()-7;   Un  (fiuiU'inalkro.  C'ir/ns,  ('.-'.);   rridiir,  < tU 


4-0. 


li-i 


V24 


UKMOfUACY    UE.ST()UKI)   IN'  (iUATKMALA 


lauos,  tlio  coinaiidaMto  ijfciicral,  und  otlicrs,  perlrit 
order  ])ri!vuik'd ;  no  acts  of  violoiifo  or  retaliation  wen- 
J)eriuitted/'' 

The  task  of  reorganiziiii^  piiMio  affairs  was  an  ardu 
ous  oni'.''*  The  first  attempt  to  appoint  a  cabinet  was 
unsuccessful.  Persons  wlio  were  tendered  portfolios 
declined  them  IfowciVi-r,  Felipe  Galvez,  Avho  hud 
been  secretary -general  duriniL^  tlu;  campaign,  becaini; 
minister  of  foreign  affairs,  public  instruction,  and  iid 
intei-im  of  hacitnida;  and  Arcadio  Estrada,  niinistii 
of  government,  justice,  and  ecclesiastical  affairs. 

The  act  of  Patzicia  was  acce[)ted  by  the  i)rinci[)al 
towns  in  the  republic,  save  those  of  the  departments 
of  Santa  Rosa  and  ('hi(piimnla.  The  government 
decreed  several  lilieral  measures,  and  restored  diplo- 
matic relations  with  Costa  llica.''' 

The  new  administration  had  hardly  initiated  reforms 
when  an  insurrection  broke  out  in  Santa  Kosa,  }»ii>- 
moted  by  the  priests  and  their  aristor  i-atic  allies.  Jt 
does  not  appear  that  Garcia  Ciranados  had  at  first  in- 
tended open  hostility  to  the  religious  orders.  The 
tone  of  his  address,  early  in  September  1871,  to  the 
Santa  llosa  Indians,  indicated  that  his  plans  involved 

'^Tlicre  were  not  wanting  men  who  reproached  Garcia  ftranados  for  Iiis 
geiKTosity  to  tlie  viiufiuishcil. 

^'Congress  hail  ceased  to  exist;  the  he.ids  of  important  offices  liad  llcl; 
the  treasury  was  empty.  Tliero  was  danger  to  he  apprehended  from  the  rad- 
ical element  among  the  liber.als,  composed  of  ta  largo  portion  of  the  meeliaiiics 
and  artisans,  who  clainjed  that  the  change  liad  mainly  resulted  from  thiir 
influence,  and  they  now  wished  to  dictate  measures  which  the  new  govern- 
ment could  not  decree.  Their  violent  feeling  was  manifested  specially  tovvanl 
the  Jesuits  and  otiier  religious  orders.  Their  discussions  in  the  club  ilc  los 
artesanos,  ami  elsewhere,  often  disclosed  a  marked  suspicion  of  and  convi  veil 
warnings  to  the  authorities.  Tliure  were  also  misgivings  about  Barrios'  in- 
tentions. Inileod,  many  believeil  that  though  not  actually  at  the  lieaJ  of 
aflfairs,  he  ha<l  the  control;  even  after  leaving  the  city,  he  was  supposed  to 
aspire  to  the  presidency,  to  whieh  lie  woidd  have  liimself  elected  as  soon  as 
tlie  constituent  assembly  shoidd  meet.  Meantime,  it  was  said,  lie  Woulil 
allow  (rareia  Oranados  to  put  the  disrupted  state  in  order,  and  enact  the 
needed  measures. 

'■'''Guat.,  ncccrp.  Lei/.,  Ooh.  Dviiioc,  i.  .'?-4.  It  recognized  freedom  of  speech 
and  of  the  press,  tlnmgh  requiring  publications  to  bear  the  signatures  of 
their  autliors.  C'liamperico  was  made  a  ^lort  of  antry  for  both  export  aiwl 
import,  which  the  people  of  Los  Altos  had  loudly  demanded.  The  cultivation 
and  sale  of  tobacco  were  declared  free  to  all;  and  the  importation  of  Chiapas 
rum  was  permitted.  Xh:,  Oari'/a,  Aug.  .'i,  1871. 


1)0WXKAIX  OF  TllK  (  LKIICY. 


i:."» 


iil)S(>late  relir,^ious  toU'ranct'."'  Tlio  priests  woulil  not 
rest  contcnUil  with  tlio  l(»ss  of  tlu  ir  former  lii;j;h  stiiml- 
iiii;."'  Had  tliey  remained  (juiet,  it  is  not  likely  they 
would  have  heen  molested.  The  president's  call  on 
till!  insurants  of  Santa  Rosa  to  suhmit  was  dis- 
ic^artled,  but  their  movement  was  ijiielK'd  hy  the 
(lid  of  the  month  with  much  hloodshed.''"*  An  am- 
iirsty  was  granted  to  rehels  suii'enderinj(  to  the 
.luthorities.  The  decree  of  martial  law  was  repealed; 
jiiid  the  ministers  then  in  charge  of  the  exi'cutiNc 
made  Ciarcia  Granados  a  captain-general  and  Barrios 
ii  1  ieutenant-general.''"'' 

The  new  i-egime  now  resolve  to  cut  loose  of  the 
rcch  siastical  incubus,  and  to  establish  tht;  supi'cmacy 
dt"  the  civil  authority  in  the  state  (tn  a  firm  basis.  Its 
tivst  step  was  to  carry  out  a  decree  of  the  revolutioii- 
•tiy  govtirmnent,  dated  ^[ay  24,  1870,  to  ex})el  the 
society  of  Jesus  forever  from  the  republic.^"     This  was 

'He  <lonicil  that  liis  governmunt  lunl  ever  cnutuiiiphiteil  wouiiiliuj,'  tljr 
1.  lij^ious  feelings  of  the  nation. 

■■■  The  power  of  the  eliurch  luul  heen  ahnost  as  great  as  that  of  thegovern- 
iiiL'iit.  Under  tlio  eonstitution  the  church  nominated  a  niunher  of  (h;i>uties 
til  tlu^  assenihly,  and  Mas  the  only  one  recognized  or  toh  rated.  Its  inlhieiiee 
in  tlie  as.sendily  had  heeu  large,  and  its  interests  ■were  well  iepresentc(l. 
( '/•".<''(/'.•<  Stntviiiciit,  MS.,  91,  110-11.  This  intiiience  had  always  l)een  exereised 
to  ii|ilnild  the  despotic  sway  of  the  oligarchs, 

■'"  The  rehels  were  routed  iSejit.  24th  at  Santa  Rosa  hy  tlie  forces  under 
lUrriiis,  and  again  the  iJStli  at  Jalapa.  They  lost  their  artillery,  otlier  arms, 
.111(1  iiuieh  ainnumition.  Gmtt.,  I'icop.  Lri/.,  (ioh.  JJeinuc,  i.  ll{-lu;  Xic, 
Cncii'i,  Xov.  4,  1871;  El  Poi-venlr  lie  £sk.,  Oct.  1,  1871. 

'^''Iil.,  Nov.  2(j,  1871;  Gmit.,  Hirop.  Liy.,  Onl>   Dcmoc,  i.  24-5. 

*"l)icree  no.  .")!),  in  Bolc/!ii.  <J/ir.,  no.  52.  The  order  had  lieen  removed 
tniiii  ( luut.  hy  command  of  Knig  Carlos  111.,  in  1707,  its  memhers  leaving  tlie 
iMpitiil  on  the  1st  of  July  for  tlie  coast,  and  heing  emharked  for  Spain.  J/i-'f. 
('/  M'.i'.,  iii.  4;52-3,  this  series.  But  a  law  of  June  7,  1851,  sanetioned  hy  tlie 
iw.suiiilily  Nov.  5th,  authorized  their  permamnt  reestahlishmcut,  revoking  all 
otlicr  liws  or  decrees  to  the  contrary,  notably  one  of  l84r>,  notwithstan<liiig 
the  many  protests  made  against  the  niea-iure.  Tlie  most  plausililo  pretext  for 
tile  iistorationof  the  Jesuits  had  heeu  the  alleged  scarcity  of  competent  priests 
iiir  the  Work  of  spreading  the  gospel;  wliieli  was  ecpiivalent  to  saying  that 
Uie  liliO  pri"st3  living  in  the  repuhlie  were  hoth  insutiicieiit  and  iiicaiiahle. 
iliu  real  oliject  of  the  hasty  reintroduetion  of  the  order  was  said  to  Ix;  the 
aggr.inilizement  of  the  house  of  t'anon  Juan  Jo.st-  Aycinena,  closely  coiineetrd 
hy  family  ties  with  Manuel  F.  Pavon  and  Luis  IJatrcs.  Aycinena  had  pledged 
liiiiiself  to  Iiring  tiie  order  in,  and  in  exchange  for  this  service  it  was  to  intlu- 
i.'iicti  his  appointment  as  archbishop  of  (iuatemala.  It  was  a  well-understood 
liaigaiii.  Gtuit.,  Cartti  al  Ilmo.  Sr.  Arznii.  ]u>r  vn  Cntdl.  Apo^itdl.  romano,  (.iiiat., 
Aug.  20,  1851,  inCcnt.  Am.  PaiiipL,  v.  no.  12. 


!'■  fB 


I  I: 


ill 
n 
\n 


h 
If 


i 


420 


DK.MOCKACY   liESTORED  IN  GUATEMALA. 


not  effected  without  some  scandal  and  disturbance 
from  the  zealous  partisans  of  the  order.  Seventy- 
three  Jesuits,  most  of  whom  were  foreigners,  were  soiit 
away  on  an  American  steamship,  bound  to  Panama." 
Tliey  did  not  go  so  far  down,  however,  as  will  be 
shown  elscwliere.  The  decree  under  whicli  this  ex- 
pulsion was  eft'ected  I'esembled  that  of  April  "2,  17(17, 
issuetl  by  Ciirlos  111/' 

Archljisliop  Pinol  of  Guatemala,  and  Ortiz  Urruelu, 
bisliop  of  Teya  in  ]»artibus  infideliun),  ibr  their  markeil 
hostility  in  ]>romoting  rei)cllion,  wt're,  on  October  L7tli. 
ordered  to  leave  tlie  country,  and  tliev  de])arte(l  witli- 
out  oifering  any  resistance.  Tlie  tithes  tax  was  at 
once  suppressed.'*''  ( )n  the  7tli  of  June,  1872,  religious 
conunanities  of  men  were  extiniiuislied,  cau^inu'  oreat 
excitement,  but  owing  to  the  energy  of  the  goNcrii- 
nient  it  soon  died  out.'"  Xor  did  the  action  of  the 
go\ernnient  stop  here.      The  fuero  eclesiastico  in  i)()th 


"Report  of  the  comandanto  of  Sivn  Josi',  in  llulciin  Oftc,  Sept.  2."),  ]S71; 
Gwtt,  l{,rnp.  I.i,,.,  iii.  -J!)!!;  /,/.,  <!ol>.  Dr,„or.,  i.  S'.MtO;  AY  /'orrniir  ,/,■  .V/,-,, 
Oet.  •2-2,  1S71;  c'ii.-<fii  J,'.,  ^■-«•<^^  June  <J,  1SS5;  -t/c.r.,  J)iiirio  Ojic,  Oct.  1."),  1!S7I. 

■•-Tlie  ji'suits  fared  no  bettiT  in  Salvador,  wlun;  the  eciistitueiit  asseiidil\, 
being  eousultcd  as  to  ■whetlier  they  whoiild  lie  allowed  to  enter,  resolved  tiiiit 
tliiir  presence  in  the  eonntry  ■would  not  be  benelieial.  Only  tour  votes  were 
cast  in  their  favor.  Kl  Porn-.i'ir  t/c  \ic.,  Oct.  1,  1871.  A  few  uho  lived  in 
Salv.  were  made  to  <lei>art  in  l!S7lJ,  and  forbidden  to  reenter.  A  treaty  was 
made  with  Ouat.,  under  which  neither  government  was  ever  after  to  allnw 
jesnits  to  reside  within  tiieir  respective  territories,  ff/.,  .Mareli  '-'4,  I87'2;  "/v. 
UdiKi,  i'rf'iitcrioi',  111. 

^•'The  dv'eree  was  issued  with  the  clause  that  any  deficit  experii  luei!  liy 
the  archdiocese  in  conse(ptenee  should  be  covered  out  of  the  pub.  treasury. 
iJeeree  of  J>ec.   '22,  1871,   in  (t'wi/.,  IiWop.  Lii/.,  iii.  '2()0:  /(/.,  (roh.  hcmoc,  i. 

2:M),  70-1. 

"The  decree  contained  nine  articles,  and  regulated  the  manner  of  dis]iiis- 
ing  of  the  in-operty  which  Iw.l  belonged  to  these  associations.  The  religious 
order.s  thus  suppressed  were  those  of  the  Franciscans,  and  recollects,  doiiiiui- 
cans,  niereedaii,  clcrgj'men  of  the  oratory  of  Saint  Philip  ile  Neri,  Jesuits, 
paulists,  and  lastly  the  capuchins,  otherwise  called  bethlehemitcs.  These 
capiichina  were  natives  of  Spain,  most  of  whom  had  been  partisans  of  the  pre- 
tender  called  Carlos  V.  They  oeeupic<l  a  convent  which  had  belonged  to  the 
bethlehemitcs,  waeii  they  were  taken  by  a  military  guard  to  the  coast  and 
shipped  away,  with  orders  never  to  retitrn.  They  had  made  themselves  jiar- 
ticularly  obnoxious,  and  not  being  citizens  of  the  country,  the  gov.  was  tii'o 
to  maUe  them  leave.  Friars  iho  were  n.itives  of  Cent.  Am.  were  jicrmitted 
to  remain,  and  given  a  monthly  allowance  for  their  support;  In  t.  forliiiMeu  to 
show  themselves  in  public  with  their  habits  on.  Ni<\,  Sfimnnil  .•'«•.,  .lid\  4, 
187'-.';  /'/.,  Onrvtd,  Aug.  H,  187;?;  ElPoirnirde  Nir.,  ,Tuly  14.  1872;  (hid/.,  Hrr  7'. 
Lry.,  iii.  2SH)-1;  /</.,  Ooh.  Demor.,  i.  91,  101-2;  I'lalfi'hr.-^  (llimim;  in  .V.  /'. 
Overland  Monthly,  xiv.  loSJ.  ,S'.  /'.  Pod,  July  2,  1872.  ' 


SUPPRESSION   OF  RELKIIOUS  HOUSES. 


427 


bance 
/■eiitv- 
e  sent 
aiiui. 
rill  be 
lis  cx- 
17G7, 

rruolu, 
narked 

r  I7tli. 
;1  \\'\i\\- 
was  at 
.^lio'ioiis 

tr  oi'fjvt 

j^-()virii- 
of  tlu! 
in  liotli 


civil  and  criminal  causes  was  done  away  with  Maich 
lii,  187.'},  and  freedcun  of  worship  decreed  on  the  15th. '*^ 
The  turn  of  tlie  nunneries  came  at  last.  On  the 
'JStli  of  Fc-oruary,  1874,  it  was  ordered  that  all  the 
nuns  should  be  conceatr.ated  in  one  convent,  the 
Santa  ('atari)ia,  and  bo  alhnved  to  receive  their  fam- 
ilies and  friends  without  hindrance.  This  convent 
w;).-  ploced  under  the  inunediatc  ]>rotection  and  \\'/\- 
laiiee  of  the  civil  authorities,  wliich  roused  the  ire  of 
the  ecclesiastics,  wlio  endeavored  to  nullity  tlie  order.'"' 
Tlie  consefjuencc  was,  that  in  February  1874,  l^resi- 
(li'ut  ]3arrios  decreed  the  su]»]>ressionof  many  reliLjious 
liouses,  prohibitinjj^  pi'ofessious  in  tlie  future,  and  })er- 
niittinn'  rums  who  so  desired  to  leave  the  cloister,  and 
to  each  one  so  departing'  would  be  given  a  montiily 
allowance  of  twenty  dollars.  On  the  ;^>(1  of  MaT'ch 
the  nuns  ri'siding  in  Santa  Catarina  were  put  out  of 
the  cloister.^' 


2."),  isTl: 

,•  (/,■  .v;.-., 

1.".,  I.S71. 
IvimI  tli'iit 

(itfS  Wfl'tl 

livcil  ill 
ri'aty  was 

IST'J;  III-'. 

[■u  lu'Oil  liy 
ti-i'usiiry. 
Dciiioi'.,  i. 

f  (litipcis- 
ix'ligi'ius 
,s,  ilomini- 
i-i,  j.'.suits, 

if  the  I'ri'- 
ffd  to  the 
ciiast  au'l 
ii.lvos  par- 
was  tVi'O 
penuitti'il 
liiiiaoii  to 
'.,  July  4, 
;/.,  !!'''■ 'V- 


t.  111  .- 


/•', 


The  aspect  of  pul)lic  affairs  in  Central  America  at 
the  inctiption  of  1872  was  not  promising'  of  stal)ilitv 
*),ii(l  v)eacc.  Honduras,  tou'ctiier  with  Archi)ishoji 
riiiol.  Bishop  Ortiz  Urruela,  the  Jesuits,  and  their 
Conservative  friends,  all  combined,  had  assumed  a  re- 
actionarv  attitude,  with  the  avowi'd  intent  of  ui)settini>' 
the  governments  which  were  laboring  to  consolidate 

*•'  With  tdleration  of  all  ruligious  .-ii'ctH  tlirmi^^hout  tin;  rcpulilic.  Tliis  siih- 
jcct  was  lieiiig  liiscussL'il  in  tliu  omistituiMit  assi'iiibly,  Mith  iiiiuli  oppnsitioii 
to  ihu  clausu  being  iusertcil  in  tlio  fiiinlaiiioiital  law.  Tlio  govt  tliiu  cut  tliu 
j;iinliaii  knot.  Lator  dtlicr  ducrurs  wcri'  passcil,  fiirtluT  curt  lilii'g  eccli's. 
jiiii-  iictioil,  iucluiliug  tlio  secularization  of  ct'iiictt'rics.  d'l/nf.,  .Vein.  Sir.  I'oli., 
Jiisi:-;,,,  ,t.\,  ISSO,  •_'-,');  III.,  1SSL>,  II  -]•_•;  f.V^r^.,  lia-op.  Lvih,  Ooh,  Dvii<.,<-.,  \. 
J.Vl  lil:  AY/'om«//-(A'X(V.,  Apr.  27,  is;;!. 

"' riacing  a  notice  on  tliocoiivcntiloortli.it  any  oiu^  I'litcriug  it  without 
iMriiiissidii  of  the  ecclesiastic  authority  would  lie  cxcoinniiinicatcd.  The 
nuns  had  Keen  kejit  away  from  intercourse  with  their  relatives,  and  the  civil 
authorities  had  nceu  debarred  access  to  them.  The  olHcial  journal  saiil, 
M.ircli  (Itli,  that  history  anil  indisputable  faets  proved  tiiey  h;id  not  always 
li'  <ii  the  abode  either  of  justice,  morality,  or  true  religion.  Tlie  removal  of 
the  ti'i-esas,  capuchinas,  tand  elaras  to  the  Santa  t'atarina  was  maile  under  the 
persDiial  inspcetiou  of  the  jefe  politico  of  the  department.  Their  nuuiber 
w  IS  aliout  l'_'(i,  and  most  of  them  were  natives  of  the  other  Cent.  Am.  repub- 
lics.  /'„».  amt-  „„d  Jfemlil,  March  24,  lvS73. 

''The  property  of  all  religious  houses  having  been  conliscateil,  earli  one  of 
tlii^c  ex-nuns  was  allowed  a  life  pension  of  Ijlli  ^)er  inoiitli.  dmtL,  I'lnrp.  /.I'l/., 
(i'oh.  Democ,  ii.  13-14,  58,  04-5,  20,-). 


i!':Ji:! 


4'2ii 


J>E.M0C11ACV  RESTORED  IN  GUATEMALA. 


clcinocratic  ])rinoi]ik!S,  and  serious  c<>iiij)licatioiis  wvw 
apjirehciidcd.''*^  Tho  two  goveruineiits  thus  ineiuiced 
were,  lunvever,  fully  prepared  for  the  emergency/' 

President  Medina,  of  Honduras,  having  become  the 
leader  of  the  reactionary  element,  Guatemala  and  Sal- 
vpdor  entered  into  a  treaty  of  alliance  and  despatclud 
ti oops  against  him,  after  a  formal  declaration  of  war. '" 
The  president  took  command  of  the  (Juatenialan  troops 
for  til e  compaign,  leaving  the  execative  office  teniixi- 
rarily  in  charge  of  ]3arrios.  The  war  was  but  a  short 
one,  ending  advantageously  for  the  allies,  who,  after 
concluding  a  satisfactory  arrangement,  retired  tlieir 
troops.  Garcia  Granados  returned  to  Guatemala  on 
the  10th  of  June,  and  reassumed  his  executive  duties, 
Barrios  going  to  (^uezaltenango  as  comandante  gen- 
eral of  Lo.3  Altos.''^  The  cabinet  was  now  organizi'd, 
as  appears  in  the  note  at  foot,''"  The  reactionists  would 
not  keep  still.  Colonel  Vicente  ^Nfendez  Cruz,  jefe 
polftico  of  Amatitlan,  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  an 
insurrection.''^ 

The  reactionary  forces  took  tlu>  name  of  "cjcrcito  de 
la  reaccion  dirijido  por  los  santos  padres,"  anci  their 
avowed  object  was  to  bring  Cerna  back  to  upheld 
their  rights  and  religion,  which  they  claimed  to  luu  o 
been  assailed  by  lieretical  ruh^rs.  The  government 
adopted  active  measures,  and  the  rebellion  was  quelled 

*''Tlie  work  u;is  against  Ouat.  and  8alv.  Custa  R.  was  ixpcctod  to  si.k; 
with  the  latter.  Nicaragua's  adiiiiiustratioii  was  imt  wi-ll  disjjo.si'd  towaid 
tiuun.  (htdt.,  Kl  Cciilro  A  iiicriotuo,  Vch.  1!),  IST'i;  El  I'orrciiir  i/c  \ic.,  Ma\  .">, 
1872, 

■"■Martial  law  was  cstalilislu'il,  toj^ctliur  with  stringent  rides  for  dealini,' 
with  rebels.  Frecdmn  of  tho  jiress  was  teiii)iorarily  susjteiided.  Tliis  It 
measure  was  repealed  in  May.  <!wit.,  Jfccop.  /,<•>/.,  tloli.  Dciii'.r.,  i.  7.'$  "),  .'i  •- 
],  UJ-lOO:  A"/*-.,  Oar, In,  l\h.''2i,  1872. 

'^(Jaiciatiranados' decree  of  May  8,  1S7-.  Ouat.,  lt(<\>i>.  Lti/.,  Oo!i.  Di'nw., 
i.  87-S;  r.  S.  Go.'tDoc.,  H.  Ex.  Doe.,  ('(^ng.  4'2,  Se«;,.  .S,  i.  SKS';  Xi<:,  Si'iwm.d 
Mc,  May  :{0,  1872, 

''^Sttli:,  J)i<i>-ioOfr.,'Mavch  IS),  ISIO;  A'.''.,  Somnxil  Xic,  May  30,  .hiur  (i, 
July  4,  187-;  Uiiul.,  Jkro}-i.  I.nj.,  (loh.  Dciiioc.,i.  88,  10'.'. 

■''  V.  Aiburez,  in  treasury;  .lose  M.  Saniiiyoa,  in  fonionto;  Victor  ZavaLi, 
ill  war;  Ramirez  hd  int.,  iu  foreign  relations;  M.  A.  Soto  ad  int.,  in  govern- 
ment, ju.'fitiee,  and  occles.  afl'airs. 

■'■' Notwithstamling  that  his  conduct  had  been  seditious  in  1871,  he  h;id 
been  given  the  rank  of  eol,  and  the  olliees  ot  jefe  jioli'tieo  and  eoiiiandaiite  do. 
(irnias  of  Amatitlan.    Barrioti,  Prod.,  at  Quezaltenango,  Jan.  2;i,  lS7-'i. 


ELECTION'   OF    ItARUIO.S. 


489 


ill  a  short  time,  Cruz  losing  his  hfe  at  the  hands  of 
his  own  men.'"'  After  j)eace  was  nearly  restored, 
(jjarcia  Granados,  who  had  gone  to  the  front,  returned 
to  the  capital,  ami  resumed  the  presidency.'"'  On  tlie 
2'.»t]i  of  !N [arch  he  convoked  the  })eople  to  chose  a  con- 
stitutional president,  although  the  constituent  assem- 
)»ly,  \Nliich  Jiad  been  installed  March  10,  1872,''"' had 
ihili'd  to  frame  a  constitution."  The  elections  weri'  to 
])egin  April  'iOth,  and  last  seven  days.  The  term  for 
wliich  the  elect  should  hold  the  othce  was  to  l)e  estab- 
lished by  the  new  charter,  taking  into  account  the 
time  already  served.  The  assembly  was  to  be  sum- 
moned for  the  otli  of  ^Eav,  to  count  the  votes.  The 
election  took  place,  and  Justo   liufino    Barrios  was 

^^  Cerna  had  declined  to  take  any  part  in  the  movement.  The  defeat  of 
tlie  rehels  hy  Sohires  at  l.as  Arrayanas  and  (  umhres  ile  his  Ajo.s  on  Marcli 
loth,  with  the  hi.s.s  of  several  prominent  men,  redneed  them  to  strait.s.  /(/.,  i. 
I.Vi  (;,  177  .S(t;  A/c,  Hcimiwd  Xh\,  Feh.  -JO,  Mareh  (i,  May  8,  .Inly  IM,  Aug. 
•1\.  1S7;!;  FA  l'i,rr,tiir  ile  Mr.,  Feh.  •_>;{,  March  'JS,  Apr.  (>,  •i7.  187:5;  /*"/(.  Star 
iiml  Ihntlil,  Mareh  11,  'J'J,  May  i;{,  .hiiie  \'l,  187.S;  HI  Monitor  HqniL,  Apr. 
IS,  1873. 

•'■' The  otHce  had  heen  in  eharge  of  Barrio.s  since  Feb.  11th.  (Iwtt.,  h'lrnp. 
I.'!/.,  'I'oli.  Ihiiior.,  i.  l.V).  During  this  teimre  Barrio.s  called  lor  a  forced  loan. 
Oil  the  l>")th  he  summoned  to  his  presence  at  the  eoniandancia  j,'eneral  a  luimlur 
ot  eiti/en.-i,  one  of  whom  imprudently  said  tliat  he  would  j^o  arnu'd  to  pnnish 
any  insidt.  Barriosaccused  tliem  of  hostility  to  tl'c  government,  and  of  reiider- 
iiiL' pecuniary  assistance  to  tlie  insurg'Mits.  He  warned  them  of  their  danger, 
ami  suggested  the  expediency  of  tlicir  aiding  the  govt  to  hring  the  insiirrec- 
li'iii  to  an  end.  It  is  said  that  the  armed  one,  llafael  Uatres,  a  son  of  tlie 
lalf  minister  of  state,  two  or  three  times  laughed  in  a  contemptuous  niannci', 
euiMLiiiig  Barrios,  who  walked  up  to  him,  tore  open  his  coat,  and  pulled  out 
<if  it  a  revolver,  uiiraiding  him  as  a  coward  and  would-lie  munliicr;  then 
(inlii'ed  that  1(K)  blows  should  be  intlicted  on  his  bark  with  a  supph'  slick  (U' 
roil,  such  as  was  used  to  punish  private  soldiers.  Hatri's  r ceivnl  his  puiiish- 
iiiiiit,  aii<l  was  afterward  sent  to  jail.  Tlu'  other  men  were  also  couliiied  in 
till'  coimiion  jad,  ami  the  next  iiiorniiiL;  wire  bronglit  witii  shackhs  on  througli 
tlie  streets  to  tile  coinaiidaiieia,  and  told  that  they  wcnild  not  be  released  till 
tiny  sigiicil  lioiids  to  pay  their  resjiective  shares  of  tlie  forced  loan;  after 
i!"iiii,'  which  they  were  set  at  libertj'.  .luliiin  N'olio,  ex-iiiinistcr  of  Costa  U. 
aiul  ( Jiiat.,  <lid  not  reieive  any  ill  treatiiu  iil,  but  was  made  to  leave  the  ci>uii- 
try.  Hitres  was  also  baiii.slnHl.  Kiferriii^  to  this  ineidiiit  in  a  niessa^^e  to 
cniiHivss,  he  said  that  the  rebellion  had  bieii  iiistigatiil  with  the  pretext  that 
reli-ion  was  iiKiiaced.  His  measures  lie  ^'oiilessed  had  been  severe,  but 
Uiiessary.  The  result  realized  his  exiicet.tioiis,  for  as  soon  as  these  men 
11  asiil  furnishing  resources  to  the  rebullion  it  collapsed.  Jiiirrio!<,  Mtn-^ijr, 
Sept.  11,  lS7t),  C  (i. 

'■It   «as  caU.Ml   Dec.  II,    1871.   /-A,   i.   iVMli),  8;i-4;  Kl  I'nrnmr  •/>■  \,r., 
Feb.  11,  .May.'),  \>^l-2;  Snlr.,  <l,u;tii.  S.'pt.  '.»,  187(). 

'■' All  iiroposed  amendments  to  the  old  constitution  had  been  rejeeteil  as 
Unt  ;\i|ii|uate  to  tlio  present  reipiireiuents  of  the  country.  A'/V.,  Srimuwl  Nk., 
Oct  10,  1S7'J. 


.,11 


"km 


4m 


DEMOCRACY  RESTORED  IN  GUATEMALA. 


declared  by  the  assembly  on  May  7th  to  have  been 
popularly  eleeted.  He  was  formally  inducted  into 
office  on  the  4th  of  June,  IS/S."^ 

The  late  administration  must  be  held  to  have  been 
somewhat  weak.  Garcia  Granados  was  an  enlight- 
ened and  able  men,  but  easy,  unassuming,  indolent, 
and  kind-hearted;  too  nmch  so,  indeed,  for  the  [)hu'e 
he  had  been  called  to  fill  at  a  period  demanding  of 
him  great  energv,  and  an  unbending  will.  His  was 
not  a  disposition  to  deal  harshly  with  any  one,  or  in- 
flict Kufl:ering.  Anotho'  drawback  was  his  connection 
\}y  the  ties  of  family  and  early  association  with  the 
men  and  women  who  were  laborinu;  to  undo  the  work 
of  the  revolution  he  had  accomplished.  Among  his 
own  relatives  were  some  of  his  most  strenuous  op})o- 
nents.  The  reactionists  took  advantage  of  his  good 
nature  to  keep  the  country  in  a  turmoil,  hoping  thus 
to  restore  tlie  old  regime  of  fanatism  and  general 
retrogression.  They  defeated  themselves,  however, 
bringing  into  existence  the  iron  power  of  Barrios,  wlio 
tolerated  no  opposition  to  liis  will,  nor  overlookid 
sedition  in  anv  form. 

**  Garcia  (iranailos.  m  Iid  nii  the  2(1  of  .Tmic  liad  been  dcclarod  a  l)enenK'i'iti) 
de  la  piitiia,  after  siuri'iiili'rinii'  tlio  prL'sidiiicy,  made  a  visit  to  Europe,  le- 
turniiii,'  ill  .March  ISTl,  wIumi  he  was  eordially  welcome<l  l)y  all  classes.  His 
death  oceurred  Sept.  S,  1S7S,  and  was  inueh  <lt?plored.  Owit.,  I'lcop.  Lrij.,  (Iiih, 
/hmo<:,  i.  lS2-3j  Sale,  DiarioOjic,  Sept.  I'J,  1S78;  Pun.  Star  and  Jhrull, 
Oct.  t),  1S80. 


CHAPTER   XXI. 

RENEWED  EFFORTS  FOR  CENTR^VL  AMERICAN  UNITY. 

1873-1885. 

ruKsiDEXT  Barrios  of  Guatemala—  End  of  Reactionary  War — fiiATK- 
MALAN    Pro(;ke.ss  —  War   with   Salvador   and   Honduras — Rakkios' 

SULCESSES   AND  GENEROSITY  TO   THE  VANgllHIIED — CoNSTITITIOSAL  Re- 

lii.ME  IN  GfArKMALA—  Barrios'  Reelections  —  Hrs  Visit  to  the 
Unite'i  States  —  PEACEFri,  Ekfori'  to  Unite  Central  America- - 
Resort  to  Avmh — Alliance  of  Guatemala  and  Honduras— Barrios 
ArrACKs  Salvador— His  Defeat  and  Death— His  I'lvn  Arandoned 
yi.  L.  Barillas,  Provisional  President  of  CIuatemala — Restoi;a- 
iioN  OF  Peace. 

JusTO  RuFixo  Barrios,  now  president  of  tlic  repub- 
lic by  the  popular  choice,  was  born  about  18:U  in  San 
!^[urcos,  department  of  Quezaltenango.  He  received 
liis  education  in  Guatemala,  and  fitted  liim.self  for  a 
notary  pu1)hc,  and  received  his  commission  as  such; 
but  it  does  not  a-ppear  tliat  lie  performed  notarial  du- 
ties.^ Ho  was  of  about  miildlc  hciijjht,  and  rather  li^lit 
complexion,  with  a  cold,  distant  look,  and  plain  and 
unassuming  in  his  dress.  His  manners  were  brusque, 
unrefined,  and  unconventional,  as  if  it  were  easier  for 
him  to  despise  good  maimers  tlian  to  ac<|uire  them. 
However,  after  a  while  they  become  more  polislu'd. 
WitJiout  any  claim  to  enliglitenment,  or  to  a  knowl- 
edge of  public  aftair.s,"  it  is  not  too  much  to  t^ay  tliat 
lie  possessed  natural  talents,  a  fiir-rcaching  mind,  and 


li» 


i;! 


Ji' 

1*  V    'nill 


r '■■^* 


^Ca'<fa  R.,  Bokthi  Ojic,  M.-irch  22,  1SS5. 

^He  rose  to  promiiu-ncc  liy  military  prowess,  aud  yet  knew  but  little  of 
till'  luilitary  a.'-t.  His  ciieniies  wmilJ  not  even  concede  liiiii  courage,  nr 
that  he  hail  risen  by  any  etJ'ort  uf  liis  own,  but  merely  by  circumstances.  Cu 
GiMkinalteco,  Carku,  0-8. 

I  m ) 


Mi 


432 


EFFUKT.S   FOR  CENTRAI.   AMMKM  AX    LNITV. 


a  disposition  to  lal)or  unremittingly  for  the  wolfarc  nt* 
liis  country,  thouuli  at  the  same  time  lookinu' aiti'r  his 
own  aofurandizenient.  His  enerii'v  of  eliaraeter  aii<l 
iron  will  have  been  generally  reeoij^nized.  Whatever 
his  enemies  may  say,  the  fact  stands  tiiat  his  country 
owes  him  much;  for  exampU",  liberal  institutions,  in- 
ternal peace,  and  with  them  tlie  advancement  of  intel- 
lectual j)ursuits,  industries,  and  wealth.'' 

The  cause  of  education  was  fostered  as  it  had  never 
been  before,  efforts  bein<4'  constantly  made  to  elevate 
the  lower  classes;*  and  t\\o  countrvwas  end«)wed  with 
many  of  the  improvements  of  the  age,  like  the  railroad 
and  the  telegraph.  Acts  of  despotism  and  brutality 
without  number  have  been  rightly  imputed  to  Barrios,'' 
some  well  founded,  but  most  of  them  inventions  of 
his  enemies,  among  whom  were  of  course  the  would-be 
oligarchs  and  tlie  priests,  together  with  their  fanatical 
followers.  Still,  it  nnist  be  said  that  his  government 
was  one  in  whicli  fear  of  the  sword  was  constantly 
holding  its  opponents  in  check.* 

^I  will  (|uott'  ill  corroboration  what  forei^'u  eorrospoiidents  said.  Barrio-' 
a.'niinistratioii  in  187.")  was  oiijoying  the  conti'leaco  of  tho  people,  ami  luul  the 
siipi'ort  of  public  opinion.  He  liad  in  his  favor  lot  only  tlio  testimony  of  the 
liberal  portion  of  the  Cent.  Am.  press,  but  of  intelligent  traveller.-i  just  from 
tlio  theatre  of  his  so-calleil  atrocities  against  the  libertj'  of  liis  people,  lie  luul 
more:  tlu'  ilireet  as  well  as  tacit  testimony  of  the  property  holders,  both  na- 
tive and  foreign.  The  guiding  princifile  of  liarrios'  govt  was  to  check  evil 
practices,  and  ti>  encourage  good  di'cds.  Again  in  ISSOlJarrios  oontimied  as 
indefatigable  as  eve,  travelling  over  the  country,  devising  measures  for  the 
benelit  of  his  fellow-citizens.  The  country  was  at  peace.  Foreij;nci's,  in 
eonipaiing  l)ec.  KSTO  with  I)ee.  ISSO,  can  scarcely  realize  that  they  are  living 
in  the  same  country,  and  that  only  one  decade  as  elapsi'd  since  the  terrors  of 
ISjO.  .Since  then  (iuat.  has  seen  progress  in  every  respect,  and  all  due  to  the 
energy  of  this  man,  who  h;>s  not  wavered  in  his  efforts  to  educate  his  fellow- 
citizens  to  tho  .staudanl  of  the  times.  I'dii.  Sfuriiml  Ihrnlil,  Jan.  I'J,  \A,  IST."); 
Jan.  VI,  ISSl. 

•In  ISTli  there  were  primary  schools  in  all  the  towns  for  the  compulsoi'V 
and  gratuitous  edncatinu  of  children  of  the  poor,  liiulnttin  Wliifhuiii'.iAi'roti 
V'  )it.  Am.,  'M.  Later  there  were  established  three  high  schools:  the  J'nlitec- 
nica,  for  the  education  of  otiicers  at  the  expense  of  the  state;  alumni  were 
also  aiiniitted  at  their  own  charge,  who  were  not  bound  to  accejit  connnissioiis 
in  the  army;  the  Normal,  for  tho  training  of  teachers;  and  the  Helen,  for  tho 
instrueticvu  of  females.  All  those  schools  were  in  charge  of  teachers  from  tlio 
U.  S.  and  Knrope;  the  lielen  being  conducted  on  the  phui  pur.stied  in  the  L'.  '^. 

•'*He  was  a  i..,;::  ■•♦'  the  ]>eoplc,  tlattired  the  lower  cla.s.ses  and  the  soldiers, 
especially  those  of  Los  Altos,  and  won  their  good-will. 

'' Kspionage  existed.  Domestic  servants  even  were  used  as  spies.  Tiic 
postal  service  was  like  an  olHce  of  the  old  impiisition.  These  charges  av 
probal  ly  true,  and  tlie  system,  one  of  long  standing,  may  ha\e  iieen  demaiuU'd 


t'OSTLV   IN.SULT. 

"t  '>'l^«fe  i..  Santa  nV^,iT'''f  '^">«  '■-""« 

""I't^'O-  officer,  l,ri„cfi;,   „    "'',    "'  l'^'''I'^'t'-»t«l  l,v  ,. 

<'"»  «>rnjJicati„„  with  a'c,  r^  ff"ven„„i.„t  a  .serf. 

-I-.  a  native  „f  Spai.t        f    /'rT"'-   .C"lo„d  G„, . 

tin-  rcs|,„nsii,l,,  com  „„„,,'    , ''f'lMtrustcd  ,vitl, 

»"»^>  .  .sa.reo,„ent  wit     t  '      V-';''    "f  «»»  J"»c.  for 

'"  ^^'Vc  on   the  Anicriciin, 'n''    ""'T'' ''"  t""'' 

;:4T/'^-  ^'"^-  ^-;o"'V'^0?^  51'^'"  ^o  -"•ren.ler  M-ith  their 


^t-^T.  A.\r.,  v.n,.  irr.    n.  '     "fe- 


nan 
fP 

iflP 

tilt 

f  Mn  H 

\% 

'Hn 

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\i 

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tRS 

i 

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434 


EFFORTS   Foil  CKNTUAL  A.MKRK'AX   UNITY. 


infamous  conduct  had  preceded  liini,  and  lie  Ma^ 
driven  away.  Both  he  and  his  accomplice,  Buhics, 
were  promptly  arrested,  tried,  and  sentenced  to  un- 
dergo heavy  penalties.**  The  British  si^overnnitiit 
demanded  prompt  reparation  of  the  insult,  which  ]iii- 
rios  unhesitatingly  acceded  to.  Guatemala  salulcd 
the  British  flag  at  San  Jo.se  with  every  mark  of  re- 
spect,^ and  was  mulcted  in  the  sum  of  $50,000,  wliidi 
she  paid.'" 

The  govermnent  had  anotlier  foreign  difficulty  on 
its  hands  in  1875,  resulting  from  a  hastv  rcco<>niti<in 
of  the  independence  of  Cuba  on  the  Gth  of  April.  In 
August,  Commodore  E.  Butler,  of  the  S])anish  royal 
navy,  arrived  at  Guatemala,  bearing  a  note  finm 
Conde  de  Valmaseda,  captain-general  of  the  island, 
to  President  Barrios,  demanding  satisfaction.  It 
was  finally  agreed"  ihat  Guatemala  would  at  once 
accredit  a  minister  at  Madrid  to  discuss  the  suhjrct 
and  arrauijc  it  satisfactorilv.  This  was  done,  and  x\\v 
difficulty  was  amicably  settled.'" 

The  political  outlook  at  the  beginning  of  1870  was 

*  Gonzalez  M'as  expelled  in  disgrace  from  the  army,  and  sentenced,  iimh- 
over,  to  continement  for  ten  years  in  the  fortress  of  San  Fi'lipe.  He  was 
also  deprived  of  all  riglit  to  hold  otiice.  Bnlnes  was  also  deprived  of  tliis 
right,  and  condemned  to  three  years  imprisonment.  And  yet  he  had  iii.ti- 
gated  (Jonzidez  to  commit  the  outrage,  and  was  morally  the  gnilticr  vi  tliu 
two.  U.  S.  GoH  Dor^.,  H.  Ex.  Doe.,  For.  Itel.,  Cong.  AM,  Seas.  '2,  1)<h.  I.  pt 
1,  177-8.S. 

'••There  were  present  on  shore,  upon  that  occasion,  the  commandini:  mii. 
(>f  the  (iiiat.  forces,  tlie  British  rear-aihidral,  Cochrane,  and  oiiicers  of  linirnf 
his  sliips  lying  at  San  .Jose,  tlie  Ki-itish  cliarge,  the  Am.  minister,  anil  others, 
besides  200  Ouat.  troops,  and  a  like  nnnd)er  of  marines  and  sailoi's  from  tliu 
Briti.sh  ships.  U.  S.  (ioet  Dor.,  H.  E.\.  Doc,  Cong.  44,  Scss.  1,  Doc.  1,  pt  1, 
128-9. 

'"Tlic  victim  of  Oonzalez'  brutality  declined  to  receive  any  portion  of  tlio 
money.  Seollield,  the  Uriti.sli  representative  at  Ouatemala,  for  tlio  manner  in 
which  he  conchicted  the  all'air,  was  kniglited. 

"Butler  had  several  conferences  witii  the  min.  of  foreign  afl'airs,  iiisi^iiii,^' 
on  the  revocation  of  that  decree,  which  the  min.  invariably  refused.  AY  /'/"■ 
gre.io,  Aug.  29,  1S75.  However,  it  seems  tliat  (!uat.  gave  way,  and  ilnlanil 
her  recognition  of  Cuban  independ.  to  be  null.  T/ic  Jicrinni  F/iiiuh'k  r.  Apr. 
18,  ISSo. 

'^In  1870  the  Sp.  gov.  recognized  that  the  captain-gen.  had  exceedi'l  liis 
powers,  and  must  be  censured.  B\tt  in  Marcli  1880  it  asked  (luat.  as  :i  iivnr 
to  forego  that  chiusc,  which  tlie  latter  acceded  to  on  being  reassured  tlm  i" 
future  the  »i.sages  of  international  etiipiette  shoidd  be  observed  in  tlu'  v  '''■ 
tinns  between  the  two  governments.  (Iiidt.,  L'ccoik  Lci/.,  Hob,  Donor.,  ii.  ^'-•''• 
Id.,  Mem.  Mill.  lid.  Est.,  1881,  1.3-14. 


FUUTHEU   HOSTILITIES 


4:{5 


Itheiiiiinnir  m 


not  such  a  one  as  promised  a  continiuinre  of  j)eace. 
Serious  troubles  were  inipentliiio'  over  three  of  the 
iiii[M)rtiint  sections  of  Central  America.  Barrios  had 
ln(>U!j,ht  about  the  asseniblino^  of  a  <liet,  which  was 
installed  in  Ouatemala  January  loth,  with  the  object 
of  reorgap'.zinn'  the  country  under  one  oovei'iinient.''' 
Civil  w.".i-  raged  in  Honduras,  antl  while  tlie  dirt  was 
sitting,  Barrios  was  moving  his  troops;  (500  men  were 
stationed  in  Esquipulas,  and  1,200  more  mardicd  to 
Jutiapa."  Salvador  was  not  slow  in  preparing  for 
lidstilities.  On  the  23d  of  January,  lunvever,  Guate- 
mala and  Salvador  agreed  to  disarm/'' 

It  was  believed  in  Guatemala  that  Enrique  Pala- 
cios,  and  about  3,000  of  her  refugees  sojourning  in 
Salvador,  had  been  wheedled  and  promised  aid  by 
President  Gonzalez  for  the  overtlii'ow  of  Barrios,  and 
tliat  they  were  exasperated,  and  would  insist  on  those 
piiiniises  being  carried  out.  (^n  the  other  hand,  ]^ar- 
lios  was  chagrined  at  the  failure  of  the  diet  to  arrive 
at  a  conclusion  in  favor  of  consolidation.'^  He  now 
r<  solved,  whether  with  tlie  pur[)osc  of  pursuing  the 
reoiganization  scheme  or  with  that  of  further  seeur- 
ino-  Jiimseli",  or  both,  to  change  the  I'ulers  of  Salvador 
ami  Honduras,  re])lacing  them  with  his  supporters. 
The  task  in  Honthu'as  was  an  easier  one,  that  coun- 
tiy  being  in  the  throes  of  revolution.  Salvador,  as 
lie  thought,  v.  itli  a  hostile  goveriuni'iit  in  Honduras, 
;iiul  war  threatening  from  the  side  of  Guatemala, 
must    succumb.      The    results   of   his  poliey   were  as 

'■  Circular  of  Nic.  foreign  iiiiii.,  Sci)t.  5,  ISTtJ,  in  Hub:,  (liuutit  (>iii\,  Oct. 
%.  I,s7(i. 

"  15iitli  places  within  Cluat.  territory,  l)ut  near  tin-  Ixmndarics  of  tlu!  other 
twu  states. 

'  riiuM'ios  reviewoil  in(iuat.  11,000  men,  ami  osten^ilily  disliandeil  tlieiii, 
111'  leally  had  about  18,000  under  arms,  and  it  would  liave  heen  easy  fur  hiiii 
ti'  iiiak(!  the  inimher  'J0,000  in  ei<,'ht  or  ten  days.  Salv.  went  slow  in  the 
w..il;  ot  disarming.  She  had  'i,IU)Omen  in  Santa  Ana,  11,000  in  San  Salvadm-, 
'M<\  'i.Oll:)  ill  other  jpliiccs;  and  the  government  had  decreed  a  t'orciMl  loan  of 
liitli  a  million  dollars,  of  which  one  half  had  heen  collected,  llaviny  taken 
tlie  lahdriug  men  from  their  jieaceful  vocations,  the  govt  feared  a  revolution 
if  it(lesisted  from  war  witli  Ouat.   /'nn.  Sfur  "ik/  llimhl,  IVli.  14.  M),  187<j. 

"'Neither  cajolery,  argument,  nor  movement  of  troo])s  jirodiu'cd  tlie  cle- 
siinl  ethet,  for  tlie  delegates  could  only  see  in  his  propositions  the  destruc- 
tion of  their  several  nationalities. 


I'l 


I 


.(Jl 


fJmm 


.11! 


'.i'll 


i'Sr-.'S' 


43t; 


EFFORTS   FOR  CKNTRAL  AMERICAN   UNITY. 


he  had  planned  them.  The  fortune  of  war  favored 
hhn,''  and  from  1870  to  1884  he  could  count  on  the 
resoMrces  of  Guatemala,  Salvador,  and  Honduras^''  to 
efftvt  what  he  undertook  to  accomplish  single-handed 
at  another  time.  But  this  will  be  treated  of  at  tliu 
proper  time. 

After  his  successful  campaign.  Barrios  was  received 
in  triumph  at  his  capital,"'  and  erelong  other  honors 
poured  upon  him.  Costa  Kica  made  him  a  gential 
of  division  of  her  army.^"  The  constituent  assemhly 
declared  liim  a  l)enemerito  de  la  patria;  and  the  legi-^- 
laturc  of  conquered  Salvador  vott>d  him  a  sword  <•( 
honor."'  The  political  atmosphere,  however,  becaine 
cloudy  immediately  after  the  return  of  the  forces. 
Barrios  would  have  dismissed  his  ministers  tlnu 
had  they  not  been  preparing  tlieir  reports  to  pn^seiit 
to  the  constituent  assembly  which  was  to  assemble  :.i 
a  short  time." 

The  assembly  was  installed  on  the  11th  of  Septem- 
ber, 187(5,"^  and  passed  a  lew  acts;  namely,  Oc^tolHi- 
IDtli,  approved  all  the  acts  of  Barrios  during  tlie  time 
he  had  held  the  executive  office,  and  his  budget  i'm 
the  fiscal  vear  from  Julv  1,  1870,  to  June  80,  1S77: 
October  2od,  declared  that  the  proper  time  for  friini- 

'"  Tliu  war  cost  (liiat.  iil)out  2,00()  lives,  and  one  ami  a  half  .nilliou  ildllais, 
however.  The  events  connecteil  witli  Salvailor  and  Honduras  appear  in  tlu' 
liistvU-y  of  those  states  for  tliis  period. 

'**Nicara<,aia  in  1877  joined  the  three  in  treaties  to  act  in  concert,  :iu'l 
harmonize  'las  tendencias  de  la  familia  C'entro- Americana. '  Solr.,  (Im-itii 
Oji,\,  Oct.  '.\  1877. 

'"■'(liegorio  Solares,  to  whom  the  successes  were  chiefly  due.  entercl  thr 
city  (piietly,  receiving  no  share  of  the  popular  plaudits,  which  ■were  all  In- 
stowed  ()n  !?ari'ios  as  the  victor. 

■-■'Sept.  '.(,  187(3.  It  was  revoked  March  22,  18S3,  when  Barrios  undcitnuk 
to  estahlish  the  Cent.  Am.  republic  l>v  force.  Costa  /{.,  Bolctin  Ofir.,  y\.\vch 
23,  1S8.-). 

'-'  Tlie  sword  was  delivered  liim  Sept.  1"),  1877.  !i<di\,  Gurp.ta  (Hie,  >•<  I't. 
21).  1870;  Fel..  2."),  March  21,  S^pt.  28,  1877;  Pan.  Stnr  and  JhndU,  Is'.'.  1. 
IS77. 

'--  He  would  not  go  to  tlic  palace,  hut  made  the  ministers  come  to  his  r.  >i- 
denee,  and  adojited  measures  without  consultation  'with  them.  He  was  in 
fear  of  hcing  i>oisoned.    Unu/a,  J,  L.,  Ih'plicft,  18-20. 

■^^It  had  been  originally  convoked  Oct.  21,  1875,  the  date  of  meeting  1"  iiii.' 
left  for  future  consideration.  Its  first  meeting  was  Aug.  31st,  wIhu  its 
otHcers  were  chosen.  This  was  the  seventh  constituent  assemhly  in  5.'i  ■-  urs 
of  national  existence.  Omit.,  Jiecoj).  Leih,  Goh.  Dcmoc,  ii.  159-68;  •>  '/''■> 
darrt^i  <\iic.,  Sept.  9,  24,  187(5. 


ML'lllEKOUS  PLOT 


487 


ill-' u  national  constitution  had  not  vet  arrived;  the 
work  was  therefore  postponed  to  a  more  suitable 
period.  The  president!. d  term  for  Barrios  was  fixed 
at  four  years  from  the  date  of  the  decree.''^''  The 
cliantjc  of  ministers  Barrios  desired  to  make  finallv 
took  place. "'^ 

With  the  exception  of  an  insignificant  affair  in  (^)ui- 
cIr',  the  year  1877  had  nearly  run  itself  out  without 
aiiv  alarms  or  disturbances,  when  on  the  1st  of  No- 
veniber  a  plot  was  detected  in  the  capital,  having  for 
its  (iljjects,  as  appeared,  to  nmrder  the  jjresident  and 
otliir  leading  men,  sack  the  city,  and  etl'ect  a  general 
oliango  in  affairs.  The  persons  imjilicated  were  tried 
l)y  court-martial  and  convicted;  seventeen  of  the  chief 
loatK-rs  being  executed  in  the  plaza  de  armas,  and 
ai'coinplices  of  a  lower  degree  sentenced  to  other  pen- 
altiis.  ]\Iost  of  the  latter  were  subse(|Ut!ntly  par- 
ilnned;'« 

-'In  the  temporary  absence  of  the  president,  the  council  of  ministers  waa 
til  take  cliargu  of  the  executive  office.  In  case  of  his  (Ujath  or  otiier  iiiiiMlity, 
tlio  council  of  state  was  to  convoke  an  assemhiy.  The  president  was  called 
u|i(iM  to  appoint  a  council  of  state  composed  of  competent  and  upright  men, 
wliich  h.!  did.  /(/.,  Nov.  3,  9,  Dec.  8,  187G. 

-'Saiiiayoa  gave  way  to  J.  M.  Barrundia,  and  went  to  Europe;  AUiurez, 
mill,  of  tiie  treasury,  was  succeeded  by  J.  A.  Salazar;  Lainfiesta  in  foniento 
liy  M.  ,M.  Herrera;  Barherena  was  min.  of  the  interior,  and  Macal  of  foreign 
atl'aii's,  who  later  was  replaced  Ity  Lorenzo  Montufar. 

-"  With  the  evidence  obtained  duritig  the  day  an<l  night  of  the  1st,  several 
pLTsiiiissaid  to  be  implicated  were  arrested,  and  the  judicial  investigation  was 
initiated.  Tiie  plan  of  the  sedition  was  ascertained  from  the  acknowledg- 
iiioiits  and  confessions  of  its  promoters  and  otliers.  The  jjriest,  <  iabriel  Aguilar, 
•lose  Lara  I'avon,  Enriijuo  (ruzman,  and  others,  as  appeared  in  the  testimony, 
liiid  organized  themselves  as  a  society,  recognizing  one  another  by  means  of 
si^iis,  to  promote  a  revolt.  The  execution  of  their  plan  was  left  to  A.  Ko- 
lieski,  commander  of  the  artillery,  and  his  second,  L'apt.  Leon  de  llodas,  at 
wliose  ([uarters  assembled  in  the  night  of  the  1st  a  number  ol  men  who  wi^re 
then  armed,  to  be  ready  for  relieving  the  guards  at  the  palace  and  eomaiidau- 
tia  gciural,  after  they  had  been  narcotized  witli  wine  and  morphine  furnished 
liy  Aguilar.  This  part  of  the  plot  once  accomplished,  the  commanders  of 
"tlur  hodies  of  troops  wore  to  receive  forged  orders  to  bring  tlieir  men,  witli- 
iiiit  ariii.s,  into  the  city,  when  others  in  the  co)isi)iracy  stationed  outside  w  ould 
-L'ize  tlie  arms.  One  of  these  orders,  ostensibly  signed  l)y  liarrios,  was  sent 
"ft.  'M>t  to  the  comandante  at  I'alencia,  who,  not  doubting  its  ginuiuene.s.s, 
vas  on  the  point  of  obeying  it;  but  despatched  an  officer  to  imiuire  where  he 
W'ls  t(j  stjition  his  men,  and  the  object  of  the  call.  The  president  at  oice 
ttlcuiaphod  to  other  commanders,  and  was  advised  that  they  had  .similar 
orders.  One  uian  was  arrested,  and  then  another,  until  the  i)lot  was  uarav- 
illud.  A  large  portion  of  the  criminal  element,  as  well  as  f  f  the  lower  classes, 
\*iie  iiii,xed  up  in  the  aflfair.  The  president,  his  family,  ministers,  and  friends 
were  to  be  assassinated,     liich  men  would  liave  to  ransom  their  lives  with 


i  i 


i- 1 


4;w 


KFFOUTS    KOI:   CKNTKAL   AMKlUfAX    UNITY. 


ii  I 


n 


On  the  Otli  of  Novi'inbur,  I<S78,tlie  pn'sidi'iit  issued 
a  coiivocatictn  for  a  ('onstituent  assomUly  of  71  incui- 
l)ers  to  nu'it  on  tlu'  loth  of  Maroli  following,  for  tli(! 
purjtoscs  of  franiing  a  national  constitution,  and  re- 
solving upon  such  matters  as  the  government  would 
suhndt  to  its  deliherations."'  The  assemhlv  was  in- 
stalled  on  the  appointed  day,  and  the  president,  whose 
ti'rm  of  a]»pointment  in  lS7(i  had  not  expired,  surreii- 
den-d  his  dictatoi'ial  powers.  In  a  lengthy  message 
he  gave  a  detailed  account  of  puldic  affairs,  witli 
the  assurance  that  tlu>  republic  was  enjoying  pence 
nnd  j>ros[)erity.'-"'  For  fui'ther  particulars  he  relenvd 
to  the  re]»orts  of  his  miinsters.  This  much-valued 
peace  continued  uninterru[>tod,  notwithstaiuling  the 
efforts  of  refugees  in  Chiai)as  to  invade  (jruateniala 
with  Aiews  hostile  to  the  government.  ]^ut  they  were 
halked  h}'  the  action  of  ^Texico  at  l^avrios'  recjUest. 
in  keeping  the  parties  iiway  from  the  frontier. 


The 


.sums  raiij,'iug  from  .*,")0,()(hl  ddwii  to  $1(),()00.  Dajfger.s,  gags,  ami  moi'iiliiuc 
AVi'i'o  ilisi'ovtTi'd.  Hai'i'id.s  I'ccrui'il,  Xfiv.  r)tli,  tliat  the  i)artit'.s  slxmld  l)c  trii'il 
liy  ('(iiii't-iimi'tial.  Tliin  doLTUc  wan  c()uiiti'r.si;;iiLMl  \'y  all  lii.s  ministers;  iiaim  ly, 
J.  H  irlicri'iia,  .lost'  Ant.  Salazai',  Lorunzu  Montiilar,  an»l  umier  suu.  of  xvii' 
A.  L'liu-o,  tiiiii  in  c'liargi'  of  the  |iortfolio.  Foruignurs  as  wi'll  as  natives  iril- 
i/ud  tlii'ir  narrow  uscape  from  a  fearful  cata-strojilic,  and  conimeniled  l!;n  i m-, 
and  liis  niini.stiTs  for  their  action.  The  justiee  of  the  .suiitenuea  was  imIIv 
acknowli'd^ied.  Harrios,  in  his  message  to  tiie  eonstituent  assendily,  in 
.Mairli  rsT'.',  alluding  to  tiie  all'air,  said:  'La  .soeieilad  guatemalteea  .sixio 
]ior  uu  inomento  al  Ixu'de  de  uii  aliisnio  do  .sangre  y  <levastacitui.'  Tlut  rr;ii'- 
tionists,  he  achled,  unalile  to  ileniand  the  iiliolition  of  tiie  reforms  whieli  hid  ?o 
j,'reatly  iniju'oved  the  etuulition  of  tlu'  people,  '  pedian  al  piinal  y  al  vemiio, 
a  ese  reeurso  traidor  y  alevoso,  una  Jiecatomhe  suiirema,  una  montan  i  iK' 
cadiiveres.'  Burriox,  Mcnsujr,  Mai'ch  1."),  IST'.I;  .Sdlr.,  (inci'tn  Ojir.,  No\ .  I'i, 
IS,   1S77;  I'aji.  S/iir  ami  'Hn-nil,  l>ee.    I,  KS77;  La  Wc  de  Mcu:,  S.  F.,  IM'. 

-'In  the  preamlile  he  alludes  to  the  deelaratiou  of  the  last  as.semMy  "r 
Oet.  U.'t,  lN7l),  adiling  that  he  .leeeptecl  the  dietator.sliip  as  a  necessity,  iiir;i\ijc 
of  the  unsettled  eondition  of  the  country,  tliougli  we'll  aware  that  iiiin- 
strieted  powers  are  incompatii)le  witii  repuhlican  piinciples.  The  eleetioii  li 
dejiuties  was  to  hegin  .Ian.  10th,  and  all  eiti/ens  were  maile  eligil)le,  exeept- 
ing  only  such  as  held  certain  otliees,  as  jefes  politicos,  re-enue  ofiicials,  judiies, 
and  military  commandants,  who  could  not  he  candidates  in  their  otlici  d  ilt- 
l)ai'tmeuts  or  districts.  ('.  S.  Oar.  f)n<:,  Cong.  4(),  Sess.  *.',  i.  pt  1,  140:  >'/'., 
DinnoVjir.,  Nov.  L"-',  1S7S;  Jan.  lI'J,  KS79;   La  Vnz  tie  .\hy.,  May  G,  IS7'.>. 

-''He  had  endeavored,  he  said,  to  maintain  frien<lly  relations  witli  tlu' 
other  Cent.  Am.  governments,  and  as  for  those  with  Salv.,  Houd.,  and  Nii'.. 
'jania-s  m  han  eultivado  eon  el  verda<lero  espiritii  de  frateri'.idad  con  i|iie 
hoy  sc  man  tienen  y  forinentan.' 

'^'The  same  course  was  pursued  hy  (luat.  toward  Mexican  citizens  re-i'lmg 
in  her  territory,  who  won:  causing  in  1871)  and  KSSO  disturhances  in  Soceimsoo 
and  Chiapas.     The  correspondence  and  proceedings  of  the  governments  in 


..ill  It'll 
iili  jiifl 


nit  issut'd 
7  1  iiu'iii- 
iT,  t'^T  till! 

1,  ami  n- 
ont  would 
V  was  iii- 
3nt,  wluisi' 
>d,  surrcn- 
y  messaj^t' 
fairs,  with 

u'  ri't'cniil 
LU'li-valiU'd 
indiu;j;  ttif 

(iuatrlliidil 
ttlu-y  NVflC 

)s'     VlMjU»'st. 

\evr'     The 

f,  anil  moriiliiiif 
should  !«■  tni'l 
iiisttTs;  iiaiin  ly, 
dor  si'f.  of  will' 
us  luitivi'S  v<;il- 
mi'iided  15;ini"S 
I'liccs  u:iH  tally 
t  a.ssfiulily.  in 
;i!iiialtoc;i  Sf  vio 
loll."  'I'lu'  rr:ii>- 
iis  whioli  li  id  M) 
l'i:il  y  al  vtiiciio, 
[lia  molitairi  il^' 
"lie,  Nov-  l^i, 
-v.,  S.  K.,  Ivl'. 

last  ussoiiiMy  nt 
locssity,  lici'iiiij'i 
lare  that  uuiv 
1  The  •-■ItH'tiHU  .'t 
Ifli'^ihU',  e\>i'i't- 
1)Uicials,  jii  l;;cs, 
Ihcir  otlu'i  d  'It- 
It  1,  140:  >"!'■■< 
Ilay  (J,  1ST'.'. 
Itious  with  tlie 
(nul.,  and  Nit'-. 
r.iidail  von  i|">' 

l-itizens  rf-i'lmg 

lea  inSoc.'iiu.-i'o 

zovernnu'iits  in 


HAUIUOS   DK  TATOU. 


4:fi) 


cDiistituontassoinUy  adopted  on  tliu  I  Itli  of  J)('(cinbc'r, 
l>71',  a  now  constitution  for  the  ivpuhlic,  wliieli  was 
|di>iiiuli,^atcd  a  few  days  after.  It  recoij^nized  the 
^icat  principles  of  democracy  and  social  reform,  and 
was  in  harmony  witli  the  social  condition  and  political 
needs  of  (luatemala.™ 

L'ursuant  to  the  requirements  of  the  constitution, 
the  n'ovcniment  issued  on  the  1:5th  of  DeceMiljer,  1S71), 
and  12th  of  January,  1880,  decrees  for  the  elections 
(if  president  of  the  re|)uhli(,'  and  deputies  to  the  assem- 
lily.  which  took  jjlace  without  any  disturhance.  Justo 
lliitino  Barrios  was  (diosen,  hy  pojiular  sutfraj^'o,  ])resi- 
deiit  of  the  repuMic  for  the  term  from  ^Farch  1,  1880, 
to  March  1,  188(5.'''  Peace  continued  witliout  inter- 
luption,''''  and  the  o-overnmeiit  was  enalded  to  devote 
its  attention  to  the  advancement  of  the  country's  edu- 
cational and  material  interests.      Judicial  ainladminis- 

lidtii  aH'air.-t  appear  in  Mi.r.,  Corrc-ipniid.  D'qd.,  ii.  'i*-*!  'Jl;  AY  (IwUrniidtii-o, 
.S|,t.  7,  lS7!t;    Mix.,  Dinrh  "jh:,  Nov.  S,  IK'C.  '_',  ISTH. 

'''^Kvory  iirincipk'  woy  witii  tlu;  los.s  of  .so  nuich  Mood  wa.s  .secured.  'I'iie 
ii  .;i>lative  autiiority  vas  ve.-itcd  in  a  i'haiid)er  of  ivpro.seiitativf.s,  and  tlio 
rX(.i'uli\o  in  a  lu-e.^iileut,  wluiso  term  of  odiee  wa.s  six  year.s.  (liiil..  Mini., 
Sir,  dii'irrii.,  ISSO,  7.  Oltjeotioiis  were  made  \)y  foreign  rejireseutatives,  iii- 
rlii.liiit;  till'  miuister  of  Mexico,  to  art.  iith  of  tlie  constitution  rcsjiecting 
loiiteiiialati  nationality.  On  this  point  a  constituent  assemldy  in  I.SS,")  author- 
i/id  tin;  j;overnnR'nt  to  settle  it  liy  treaties,  wiiich  was  eipiivalent  to  nuUi- 
fyuiji;  tin>  clause.  Thcte  were  exceptions  also  to  the  14th,  intended  to  set 
iliiun  as  a  principle  tliat  neither  citi/ens  nor  foreigners  were  entitled  to  in- 
ili  innity  for  damages  accrnini;  to  them  during  civil  war.s  from  the  acts  of 
n  viihitionary  factions.  Tiie  iii.'lit  of  (iuat.  to  insert  in  her  fundanuiital  law 
vvivy  )principleor  rule  she  ndght  deem  ]iroper  for  her  intei'iial  ailministr.ition 
w.i>  fully  reeogiu/ed;  hut  as  regarded  those  ilejiendent  for  their  sanction  on 
t!ir  (.(insent  of  nations,  in  tiieir  intercourse  with  one  another,  the  represerita- 
t IV. ■-(  reserved  their  respective  countrv'.s  rights.  Mir.,  ('itrri'.-^iiO)iil.  I'qii,  li. 
•-".K!  S;   (hint..  Mi'iii.  .Sn:  I.'i'l.  K^l.,   IS.sit,  ti. 

"'The  new  constitution  was  to  have  elfeet  from  March  I,  IS.SO.  Thus 
iMiricis  had  tlie  ^lory  of  en<lowing  his  country  with  a  jioliticil  constitution  of 
it~  own,  and  with  a  repuldican  and  cleniocratic  form  of  government.  It  will 
111  Iinrne  in  mind  that  after  the  disruption  of  the  Cent.  Am.  confederation, 
siii(.e  1,S4(),  <iuat.  iiad  lieeii  under  a  dictatorship,  or  under  in.stitution.s  which 
f-'iiatly  eiirtailed  the  political  rights  of  the  ruled. 

"- .-V  treaty  of  [)eace,  amity,  commerce,  and  extradition  was  comdutled 
•luly  17,  ]8S(),  hetwcen  (iuat.  and  Hond.,  giving  to  (iuatemalans  in  lloml., 
and  llondurans  in  (iuat.,  the  same  civil  and  political  rights  enjoyed  hy  the 
natives  of  the  respective  country,  though  exempting  them  from  military  ser- 
vi(i.  ;md  forced  loans.  Refugees  could  be  allowed  asylum,  hut  were  not  to 
11^*1'  the  privilege  to  promote  hostile  acta  against  their  own  or  otluT  govern- 
Hunts.  Merchandise,  excepting  such  articles  as  were  suhjett  to  estanco,  or 
iiiiPiKipoly,  were  to  be  allowed  free  entry.  OucU.,  Mem.  Miit.  livl.  K.dir.,  1881, 
-'.S-.S4. 


I 


■  *)(  ii  ■ 


440 


KFFOllTS  FOR  CENTRA  1,  AMERICAN    UNITY 


I*  u 


trativo  reforms  wvrc  iiitrocliiccd,  and  the  army  ^va^ 
rcoro-anizotl,  receiving  marked  improvements  in  every 
brancli.  Agriculture  and  cominerce  progressed,  and 
the  national  finances  had  never  been  in  so  promising  a 
conchtion.'" 

Barrios  took  advantage  of  tliis  quiet  to  paj/  a  visit 
to  the  United  States.  He  landed  at  New  Orleans, 
and  thence  repaired  to  A\'ashington,  where  he;  was  re- 
ceived with  the  higli  considei'ation  due  to  the  cliief 
mau'istrate  of  a  friendl  v  nation.  In  other  cities  of  the 
union  he  was  also  Aveleomed  and  hosjiitahly  enter- 
tained.'"^ Ilis  visit  was  one  of  business  ratJicr  than  nf 
pleasure,  having  the  dou'hk'  object  of  invitmg  tlie 
American  uovernment,  ^Fexico  ]iavin<>-  likewise  (^niie 
so,  to  act  as  mediator  for  tlie  final  st'ttlement  of  theiv 
long-pending  boundary  (piestion;  and  also  of  besjieak- 
ing  the  influence  and  good  offices  of  the  same  power 
to  bring  about  tlie  union  of  tlie  five  Central  .Vnieiicaii 
states,  in  order  tliat  tliey  miglit  form  a  single  rei»iil)- 
lic.  The  first  rt  Miiest  was  acceded  to,  and  the  b(,uii- 
dary  difHculty  was  terminated."'  As  regarded  the  other 
matter,  the  United  States,  wliih>  recognizing  the  w  is- 
dom  of  the  five  Central  American  re[)ublics  becoming 
consolidated,  declined  to  interfere. 

lia-rrios  made  a  flying  \  isit  to  I'^urope,  and  returned 
by  way  of  the  Ignited  Statos,  end)arkino-  at  San  I'' ran- 
cisco,  California,  for  jiis  country,  where  he  arrived 
cai'lv  in   Xovcnd)er  188-J.-'"     On  'the  2!)th   of  l).>ceni- 


m 


'■''^ Sf^ir  owf  J/i'ri'l</,  ,liu.  SX  1SS:{;  (in, if.,  Mnii.  Mln.  I!.l.  K.rin:,  l.S'^l  .'i; 
hi.,  Oohcni.  1/  Jiisf.,  ISSl  .);  /'/.,  //<ir.  ,/<n(L  /'u/>.,  ISiSl  .;  A/.,  f.ii'rni, 
ISSl-fl;  I</.,  J''orm<ii/n,\SS\-rt-  J<l. ,  Iiistriir.  J'lih.,  ISHl-Ci.  Tli  fallowing  ikt- 
sons  acted  as  miiiistcrs  of  stato  duritiL:  soiin!  pdrtiou  of  liarrii-  '  ]in'.s(  iiL  trrm; 
Lorenzo  Montul.ir,  Firnaiulo  C'riiz,  (ayinino  |)iaz  Miriihi.  "  elliiio  SaiielifZ, 
J.  M.  Orantcs,  ,1.  Martin  IJarnunlia.  ,M'.  M.  Hcnvia,  Aiij^el  1  'na,  K.  \.  S:il;i- 
zar,  Jtanion  Murga,  ami  J'".  Lainlicsta, 

•"Tlio  ('. u  it.  govt  nianifcstcil  it.s  lii:,'li  ajijireciation  of  those  ^•cml't^'sil,'^^  mi 
tlic  part  of  tl  o  authorities  and  people  ol  the  L'.  S.,  in  a  note  to  the  Am,  mill- 
ister,  If.  V.  Hall.  W.  S,  <!ovl  J)or.,  ]1.  Kx.  I'oe.,  L'ong.  47,  Sess.  :.',  i.  no. 
1,  pt  1,  4t)-7. 

•■''Tliis  ipiestion  is  fully  treated  of  in  ///•./.  Mcx.,  vi,  ehap.  xix.,  this  series; 
(f.  S.  GoH  Dm:,  II.  Ex.  Doe.,  l'ong.  47,  Sess.  'J.  i.,  Por  Hoi.  no.  I.  pt  I, 
3'>()-33. 

'"Ho  did  not  rcsinno  liis  otliee  till  the  Otli  of  January,  Cieu.  Orantoi  <'e?i. 
tiuuing  at  the  heatl  of  the  goveninient. 


[■S(  lit  Irrm: 


antes  I'liii- 


BARRIOS  RESTLESS. 


441 


lifi'  he  laid  before  tlie  legislative  assembly,  then  sitting 
ill  I'xtra  session,  his  resignation  of  tlie  executive  office, 
[leading  the  })reoarious  state  of  his  health,  whicji  de- 
niaiided  rest  and  spcH'ial  care,  lie  said  tliat  tlie  con- 
^^titutional  regime  being  restored  and  consolidated,  his 
t'urtlier  services  might  be  dispensed  with.  Ho  con- 
sidered the  occasion  a  propitious  one  for  r.  change  in 
the  chief  magistrate."^" 

Harrios'  act  caust'd  nnich  anxiety  to  his  friends,^** 
hut  the  assembly,  while  apj)reciating  his  motives,  de- 
clined to  accept  the  resignation,  allu<nng  to  the  alarm 
the  news  of  it  ha<l  created  among  the  ])eo})le.  It  did 
not  seem  to  concur  with  him  on  the  point  of  internal 
peace  being  si'cure,  a]»]nvhension  existing  against  re- 
actionary projects  whi<-h  might  ar.cst  the  progress  of 
the  past  few  years.  Tlie  chamber  promised,  liowever, 
til  (le\  ise  st)me  means  of  conciliating  the  dema  m]s  of 
his  health  with  the  ni'cd  of  his  serviccis.'"'  It  was  un- 
derstood tluit  if  the  project  of  the  union  of  the  states, 
then  engaging  tlie  attentit)n  of  their  governments, 
should  be  carried  out,  the  measui'e  to  be  susjjuested 
hy  the  assembly  would  bi'  granting  liim  a  leave  of  ab- 
sence. The  decision  of  the  legislature  was  received 
^vitll  great  satisfaction  by  tlie  ]>eople.  l^arrios  ac- 
cc|»ted  it,  and  on  the  Glh  of  January,  18H.'],  in  an 
i'-ddri'ss  to  the  peoj^le,  announced  his  resumption  of 
the  presidency,  though  only  for  a  short  time.^'^ 

^'  111'  adiloil  that  lie  wished  to  staiul  ahmf,  ami  nli.scrve  the  wcu'kiiig  of  tlio 
111  !■  iustiliitioiis  lie  hail  eoiitrilititod  to  estalilisli  on  a  liriii  liasis  at)  he  ho|itd; 
wulinut  iieylectint.',  ho-.vever,  the  duty  lie  owed  at  all  times  to  his  couiili  y, 
and  to  those  who,  like  himself,  shed  their  Mood   in   their  eliorts  to  tlie  .same 


A.     11 


Would  l>e  ever  I'oum 


dv  tl 


PI 


port  the  lilieral  uov 


govirnment,  ai 


d 


li'l'ed  that  no  iredenee  Would  he  given  to  the  slander  that  he  desii'id  to  leave 
tl  r  niiintry,  ami  thus  shirk  res^ionsihility.     This  ehaige  was  made  when 


ill  lor  the  U.  S.  to  settle  tli^ 
]iee.  '2!t,  1,S.S'J.      Even  in 


dai'y  iiuestion  with  Nfcxiro.    />'( 


.1/. 


hail 


•xniLf  (hint,  to  the  U.  .S.,  whieh  was  ; 


to  wit,  that  he  had  th 
d  ehariie. 


■Vlt  was  beyond  (juestio  i  that  he  had  a  stroiiL,'  hold  on  tlii' alleet  Inns  it 
tliiisi'  \vii(>  did  not  belong  to  the  reaetionary  jiarty,  and  'even  anioiiL:  liie  1  it- 


trr    }v 


lid    1m 


refirred   to  any  one  who  wonld  be  likely  to  sueeeei 


t      ^.    Mill.    Ilall  s  desi..   to   sec.  of  state,  .Iiii.   S,  1S8;{,   in   U.  S.  (I 
II    I'a.  hoc,  Cong.  4>S,  Sess.  1,  no.  1,  yi  1,  Wl-'X 


1  h 


Do 


A  measure  might  be  ado[ited  in  the  next  onlinary  session,  when,  inr- 


'II 


ents  may  have  oeenrred  in  regard  to  the  Cent.  .\n 


e  lir>;ed  them  t 


ir  tor 


d.'veh 


it  of  the  eounti'N ,  \n1i' 


gri"<-j  and  jirosjierity  were  eertain.  if  all  would  eonjicrate  to  that  eiu 


1" 


r 


lie  .'  i 


:1k 


^'•1 


442 


EFFORTS   FOR  CKNTRAL  AMERICAN   UNITY. 


MeaiiwJiile  the  scheme  of  Central  Aiiioricau  recoii- 
struction  had  not  been  neglected.  Barrios  at  an 
early  day  renewed  negotiations  with  that  object  in 
view.  Salvador  and  Honduras  seemed  to  be  in  full 
accord  with  his  plan;  but  Ni>  r-ragua  and  Costa  Rici 
had  failed  to  see  the  practicability  of  its  realization. 
DclHno  Sanchez,  a  (jruatemalan  commissiont'r,  and 
Salvador  (jiallegos,  minister  of  foreign  ati'airs  of  Sal- 
vador, together  visited  Honduras,  whose  president, 
ministers,  and  influential  citizens  renewed  assuraiui  s 
of  concerted  action.  They  next  repaired  to  Nicara- 
gua, and  then  to  Costa  llica,  at  both  of  which  places 
they  met  with  cordial  receptions,  and  their  propo>i- 
tions  were  attentively  considered,  leading  them  to 
expect  a  successful  result  to  their  joint  mission." 
Those  li'overnments  consented  to  accredit  five  dele- 
gates  each  to  a  congress,  which  was  to  sit  in  ^NEarcli 
18S4,  either  at  Ahuachapau,  or  Santa  Tecla,  in  Sal- 
vador, with  ])owers  limited  to  discuss  and  subscribe  to 
the  [)lan  for  a  general  constitution,  and  organic  laws 
intended  for  the  reorganization  of  Central  America. 
Costa  J-vica's  ])ronnsc  was  subject  to  sanction  by  Inr 
legislature.  She  sul)se(|uently  receded,  and  official!} 
madi!  it  known  t(<  the  gt)vernment  of  Nicaragua. ^^ 

"^riie  project  was  early  in  1884  as  far  from  realization 
as  ever.  Barrios  in  his  niessao'e  of  that  vear  to  tlio 
national  assembly  alludes  to  the  result  as  a  sore  dis- 
;!ppointmeiit  to  him:  adding  that  no  one  had  dared  to 
declare  himself  against  the  lofty  idea,  and  yet  there 

*' Barrids  addressed,  Fol).  'J4,  18(S;?,  an  extensive  eireular  to  the  HImi'iI 
party  (it  Cent.  Am.,  toa.s.'^iut!  them  tliat  his  motives  in  working  for  the  rmiMih- 
(hition  had  heen  to  promote  the  ;.;ener.il  weal,  and  not  his  personal  agLjrandizc- 
nient.  He  repeated  that  he  clid  not  wi.sli,  nor  woidd  iie  aeeept,  the  presidniry 
of  Cent.  Am.,  diselaiming  that  he  had  ever  tried  to  impose  his  will  on  the 
ntiier  states,  ami  pledgiiiL;  his  word  never  to  attempt  it  in  tlie  futnro.  /'''., 
El  <'nmisl>u  Mareh  1(»,  et  seij.,  KSfSt;  C  S.  (loi:  Doc.  Cong.  48,  Sess.  1.  in'. 
1,  pt  I,  41)  .")S. 

^- As  appears  in  a  telegram  of  Mareh  'JSth  from  Nic.  govt  to  (hiat.  fon  il,'" 
min.,  who  replied  next  day,  that  if  Costa  R.  refnsed  to  join  the  diet,  tin; 
meeting  of  dilegates  from  only  fonr  states  eonld  have  no  praetieal  etl'eot. 
<;ii(it.,  Mriii.  Sr<\  L'cl.  Ki/ii:,  1S44.  'A  .">,  annexes  A  to  D:  To.sAi  A'.,  J/c»(.  .)/('». 
7,'-/..  lSS:i,  ••{.  ann.  1  and  i:{;  /(/.,  a,irrt't,  Feh.  .S,  ISS,'.;  /',ni.  SOir  <t,i</  J/vivld, 
March  5,  L'O,  'A  ISSH;  /',ni.  <\ni,il,  Fel..  Id.  .March  -Jl.  •-'•_',  ISS:?. 


ATTi:.M ITEl »   ASSASSINATION. 


443 


liad  been  so  iiuuiy  oloiiieuts,  V)otli  of  personal  aiiiltition 
and  localism,  liostilo  to  its  success,'*'*  that  the  use  of 
force  would  have  had  to  be  resorted  to,  which  had 
formed  v>  part  of  his  peaceful  plan,  to  conquer  the 
covert  and  pi-rsistent  opposition.  But  his  u'overmnent 
would  not  let  slip  any  opportunity  favorable  to  its 
n'alizatioii,  continuinjj;  meantime  with  its  liberal  insti- 
tutions,  laws,  and  general  policy,  to  exhibit  une(|ui vo- 
cal pi'oofs  of  a  fraternal  s})irit.  lie  soon  had  a  falling' 
out,  however,  with  President  Soto  of  Honduras,  who, 
hilievinL;'  himself  in  peril  of  ovt;rthrow,  or  other  form 
of  revenge,  at  the  hands  of  liis  more  powerful  neigh- 
l)or,  was  charged  with  abandoning  his  slippery  position, 
and  seekiu'-'  safetv  in  a  foi-eiLin  bind,  well  ])ro\  ided  wit li 
p'cuniary  means  to  lead  a  l.ixurious  life.  But  on  this 
ru';ject  nicire  particulars  are  given  iu  connection  with 
Honduras  history  iu  .mother  ciiapter. 

With  Nicaragua  a  general  treaty  (^f  friendshi]\  de- 
i'rusive  allianc<\  commerce,  na\igation,  and  extradition 
ef  criminals  was  concluded  at  (Juatemala,  J)ecember 

-  <  ,     L  O  iS  'J . 

An  attempt  was  madi\  with  a  metallic  bomb,  against 
the  life  of  President  Barrios,  as  he  was  walking  in 
the  Pla/a  del  Teatro  with  the  nnnistir  of  war,  J. 
Martin  ];)airun(lia,  on  the  evening  of  A]»ril  I..'!,  Jysl. 
The  bomb  burst,  liappily,  failing  of  its  object.  No 
Olio  was  injured;  but  the  incident  served  to  exi'ite 
alarm  and  indignation  against  the  [lerpetratois  of  the 
•  •lime  throughout  Central  America.  I'Apressions  of 
s'»  iiioathv  and  conu'i'atulation  at  the  nai'row  escaiie  ol' 
itarrios  and  his  com[»anion,  came  in  from  the  di[)lo- 
iiiatic  corps,  and  from  all  classes  of  society. ^'' 


■V^i4: 


*"Tauta.s  ainMcionuH  {(cfiiicAas,  tautos  iiu'nj,'tia(los  iiituroscs  dc  localiilail, 
V  I  .iita.-i  iiiiias  fstroolias.'  Jinrrins,  Mnisiij,,  Mairli  I,  ISM;  El  O'liiilniKil/in,, 
.Muvh4,  ISM. 

"It  wa.s  ti)  1)0  periietual  as  to  piaco  ami  Irinnlfiliip;  ami  as  regardoil  tlio 
nihil'  clauses,  its  <uirati<m  was  to  lie  nt'  tin  yrais.  (iwit.,  Mi  m,  iSi  r.  J'l  I.  K.itcr., 
I ^St,  annex  a. 

"  Karriiis  iiulilished  an  address  to  the  inlialiitants  expressing'  ^i-atitndo  for 
their  syniiiatliy.  lie  made  sjueial  inenlinnoi  tiieuunlial  matiilfstatimi  il  tlio 
ilililoinatie  eorps,  ami  the  idrriL'n  residents.  Kl< litiitiiitnlt'Cd,  Xyr.  \S.'2'1.  l^M; 
Soh:,  !'i.,nnOt!r.,  Apr.  17,  1SS4;  IfoiuL,  ^'i(a7((,  Apr.  21,  ISS4;  .l/».'.,  dunor 
Puh.,  .lune  •_',  '1884. 


I    ,,L 


^f  ■; 


i:i  « 


m  ■ 


jm^ 


444 


EFFORl'S   FOIL  CENTRAL  AMERICAN   UNITY. 


The  investigations  made  ])y  the  authorities  led  to  the 
discovery  of  tlie  perpetrators,  and  they  were  tried, 
convicted,  and  senttaiced.'"'  But  the  i)resident,  exer- 
cisinijf  liis  ])rerogative,  granted  them  a  full  pardon  on 
the  4th  of  July,  and  tliey  were  at  once  set  at  liberty. 

Barrios,  avIio  had  been  visiting  the  western  de[)art- 
nients,  returned  to  the  ca[)ital  on  Septeinl)er  i;5tli, 
liaving  witli  him  as  national  guests  the  })residents  of 
8al\ador  and  Honduras  with  their  suites,  and  Tomus 
Ayon,  representing  tlie  chief  magistrate  of  Nicaragua, 
who  liad  l)een  unable  to  respond  in  [)erson  to  the  invi- 
tation of  the  government  of  (jruatemala,  and  be  present 
with  the  others  at  the  inauguration  of  the  soutlieiii 
railroad."*^  The  visit  of  these  personages  lasted  till  the 
tei'mination  of  the  festivities,  when  they  took  tlieir 
departure  the  2 1st;  Barrios  and  liis  ministers  accom- 
panying them  as  far  as  Port  San  Jose. 

The  scheme  of  Central  American  unification  was 
never  lost  sight  of.  Barrios  liad  been  watching  for  a 
])ropitious  opportunity,  and  early  in  1885  resolved  to 
initiate  it.  He  accorclingly  issued,  on  tlio  '28tli  of 
February,  a  decree  wherein,  after  explaining  in  a  long 
preamble  the  ad\antages  Avliich  would  accrue  to  all 
concerned  fi'om  jiis  action,  lie  proclaimed,  in  aci'ord 
with  the  leo'islative  assemblv  of  Guatemala,  the  con- 
solidation  of  tlie  five  states  into  one  re[)ublic,  and  tlic 
manner  of  eflecting  it.'***     He  likewise  made  a  manifesto 

■"'Four  to  tleatli,  two  to  the  chaiii-gang  with  hard  labor  for  life,  oiio  to  sim- 
ple iiii[irisoniiioiit  for  10  years,  and  two  otliers  were  ac(piitted.  One  of  tlie 
ehiet'  implicated  niaile  a  lull  confession,  thi^  plot  being  to  cause  a  elian;,'e  in 
tlie  govt  l)y  killing  Barrios.  El  (riiii/riiinlli'ci),  May  Ki,  .luly  5,  I'J,  18;S4.  Tiu' 
eliii.'f  person  iniplicateil  lias,  since  the  death  ot  iiarrios,  niaile  a  representation 
to  theasseMd)ly  declaring  the  accusation  fal-;c,  and  that  the  le.d  luthors  of  the 
bond)  plot  were  in  the  process  niadu  to  appear  as  the  victims,  lioitfiijuaz,  <!■, 
Kf^Kix.  y  J)ocx.,  pp.  i.-iii.,  1-1 'JO,  ,S-!7. 

*''  'the  president  of  Costa  K.  also  received  an  invitation,  but  being  unulib 
to  leave  tlie  state,  expressed  through  his  niiii.  of  foreign  aifairs  warm  con- 
gratulations. C'(w/ii /'.,  Jii/oniie  Str.  UH.  Eitcr.,  ISSo,  H(-'JO. 

^''It  was  countersigned  by  all  his  ministers,  to  wit:  J.  Martin  Barrundia, 
of  war;  Fernando  Cruz,  of  foreign  atl'airs;  Francisco  Lainliesta.  of  fonieiito; 
l>ellino  Sanchez,  of  treasury  and  pub.  credit;  Cayetano  Diaz  Merida,  of  go\t 
and  justice;  and  Ramon  Murga,  of  pub.  instruction.  The  following  is  a 
synopsis  of  the  decri'c.  Art.  1.  Tln'  ruler  of  the  rep.  of  (iuat.  proclaims  tlui 
inuon  of  Cent.  .\m.;  to  which  end  he  assumes  the  role  of  supreme  military 
chief  with  absolute  control.     Art.  2.   He  will  accept  the  cooperation  of  such 


m- 


DIVERSIFIED  Ol'INIONS. 


44S 


t(jthe 
tried, 
,  exei- 
lIou  on 
ibeitv. 
lopait- 
■  intli, 
cuts  of 

ToUKlS 

ira^uu, 
10  iuvi- 
[)res('iit 
aitlicrii 
till  the 
k  their 
accoiu- 

lon  was 

ig  lor  a 

Ived  to 

28tli  of 

a  Iohl;' 

to  all 

aei'ord 

k;  eoii- 

ud  the 

iiifestt) 

liio  to  siiii- 

JllO   of   till' 

fes-i.     The 

I'lltutiiill 

lors  (if  tlio 
|-(;/"('~,  '''•. 

Ig  Ullll'il' 
l-ariii  con- 

larruu<li:i, 

Ifoiiioiito; 

(if  govt 

i-ing  is  .'V 

[aims  tlui 

military 

of  such 


to  the  people  of  Central  America  at  large,  assurino- 
them  that  he  was  not  prompted  by  personal  aiul)ition, 
or  the  desire  of  holding'  jiower,  for  ho  had  had  abun- 
dant experience  of  its  bitterness.'*'' 

The  president  of  Honduras  on  the  7th  of  March 
telcgraplied  to  Guatemala  tlie  resolutions  adopted 
that  same  day  bv  tlie  state  assembly  in  lavor  of  dm- 
tral  American  cons* Nidation."" 

The  pt'o[)h'  of  (Guatemala  and  Honduras  seemed,  to 
]h'  generally  disposed  to  support  their  governments. 
]>ut  it  })ro\'ed  to  be  otlierwise  in  Salvador^  Nicai'agua, 
and  Costa  liica,  though  many  citizens  of  the  thi'ee 
states  fa\'oi'ed  the  initiative  of  CjJuatemal-i.  Th(;  ad- 
ministration of  Salvador  havinyf  failed  to  second  the 


}.'nvts,  communities,  and  rulers,  as,  within  the  termw  laiil  'lowii,  shoiiM  ac- 
iiuiisce  and  maUo  common  oauso  with  them.  Art.  ;{.  A  gen.  assoiiihly  in'  15 
iii'iiihtrs  from  cacli  statu,  freely  chosen  Ity  jio^iiilar  sntlrage,  slioiild  niuct  at 
( iii.itcmala  May  1st  to  enact  tlio  jiolitical  constitution  of  ( 'ent.  Am.,  ami  estal)- 
li>li  tlu:  manner,  time,  and  foi-m  of  (;lioosing  the  president,  his  otlicial  term, 
(lite  upon  which  he  was  to  reeei\e  tlie  e.Xi'cutive  autliority  from  tin;  assemlily, 
iunl  the  place  where  the  supreiue  fc^leral  authoriliii.s  were  to  residi;.  Art.  4. 
Any  [icrson  attempting  hy  M'ord  or  deed  lo  tvppose  this  decree  would  be 
ill  alt  with  as  a  traitor  to  tlu^  cause  of  ( 'ent.  Am.  Art.  5.  Tlie  people  of  Cent. 
.\ia.  are  urged  tfi  aid  the  a.'complisliment  of  this  project.  Art.  (i.  Suitaliln 
rewards  oUered  to  ollicers  of  army  'ind  militia  ellicaciou.'  ly  aiding.  Art.  7. 
l!'  wards  also  oU'ered  to  the  rank  and  hie.  Art.  8.  Estahlishes  the  flag  of  the 
r'|i. :  thrive  vertical  stripes,  the  middle  one  white,  the  other  two  lilue;  the 
uhile  stri]u.'  e.vhibiting  the  coat  of  arms,  a  ijuetzal  perched  upon  a  colunm, 
Willi  the  following  inscription:  '  l.iliertad  y  L'uion— 1.")  de  Setieiiilire  de  IS'JI 
— 'J8  de  Felirero  lie  KS.S."). '  Art.  '.).  No  negotiations  relating  to  territory,  inter- 
ii;ai.inal  treaties,  foreign  <ir  national  loans,  or  other  titijnil  itious  of  analogouH 
nature  or  importance,  eiiti  red  into  h_,'  the  other  states  ol  (,'e;it.  Am.  after  tile 
ilate  of  this  decree,  Would  ho  recognized.  Art.  10.  The  mini.ster  of  furingu 
alliiirs  was  directed  to  lay  this  deerei'  lielore  the  asseinhly  of  (iuat.,  tiu'  other 
;.;evi  rn.  of  Cent.  Am.,  and  all  powiu's  of  Am.  and  Europe  with  which  (!uat. 
lii'l  relations  of  friendship  and  tia  le.  l.ti  IJ^/rdl'i.  t/c  Pttn.,  Marches,  IS,V,"; 
LI  r, ■„„!.■</„  (S.  F.),  Miieli  14,  1>I,  ISN.-);  S.  F.  C/irouM;  .March  li),  i:{,  lSS."i; 
•S.  /''.  Cull,  March  l.'i,  l>iS,"(.  It  will  ho  well  to  mention  here  the  reason  i 
^\lli^■ll  prompted  the  le;;i.dative  assembly  to  pruel  dm  the  unity  of  Cent.  Aiii. 
in  the  manner  ailo[)ted  liy  Harries:  '  VA  inmeiiMi  prestijio  de  ipie  gozaba  a(]U  1 
imiiiorable  jefe,  el  civismo  do  (pie  siempro  habia  dado  inoipuvoeas  muc^tras, 
y  los  niuclios  elementos  ile  ([lie  dis[ionia  para  liacer  practico  ai|iicl  pci.-ia- 
nii'iito,  acariciado  jii.r  ti>.ios  los.  bucno.s  hijos  de  la  Americti  Central.  'I'liis 
was  said  after   Bari-n*  was  dead,   dhiin   A'.,  Iiijoriiic  Six;   Unl,   Exlrr.,    iNS."!, 

'■' '  IJastanto  he  ^«ibore*U>,  por  trist'j  expcrieucia,  todas  las  anuirguras  del 

poller.' 

'"'Art.  1,  Tlie  peo(«ii>.-  of  Houd.  proclaim  the  union  of  Cent.  Am.  Art.  '2. 
Cives  the  executive  full  power  to  render  Barrios  evei'y  jiossilile  aid.  Art, 
:t.  t  'ougross  on*!  tho  ixecutivo  were  to  frankly  uxpluiu  the  true  motives  of  tho 
revolution. 


440 


EFFORTS    KOll  CENTRAL  AMKRICAX   UNITY. 


iiiovciiK^nt,  Barrios'  passionate  toiiipor  was  roused.  He 
wrote  President  Zaldfvar  tliat,  relyinu;  upon  the  assur- 
ances of  Salvador  and  Honduras,'^  he  had  hiunclied 
his  decree  of  February  28th,  and  as  he  had  not  shown 
tlio  propi-r  disposition  to  fulfil  his  pledges,  the  j^'overn- 
mcnt  of  CJuateniala  would  employ  its  ahundant  re- 
siturces  to  force  coni[)liance ;'"  for  he  was  resolved  to 
carry  out  liis  enterprise  at  all  hazards.  He  announced 
at  the  same  time  the  appointment  of  Francisco  ^h 
nondez,  a  Salvadoran  o-eneral  of  division,  to  conunuiid 
the  western  departments  of  the  latter  repuhlic,'''  with 
instructions  to  i/aise  over  them  the  standard  of  Ceuti'al 
America,  and  expressed  the  hope  that  Zaldfvar  would 
not  permit  obstacles  to  be  thrown  in  that  otticer's  way. 
Zaldfvar  telegraphed  him  on  the  9th  to  await  the 
visit  of  tlieir  mutual  friends,  ^Menendez  and  .Vvilcz, 
and  not  act  hastily,  nor  look  u])on  him  as  a  foe,  for  he 
had  no  wish  to  be  one.  Barrios  then  concluded  to 
wait  for  tlu'  coniin;;'  of  those  commissioners.'^' 

"' Zaldivar  tlioii,  as  viU  as  aftirwanl,  ili'uioil  having  hctrayed  Barruw. 
The  circular  <if  Vvh.  'Jl,  ISS,'?,  to  the  lil)cral  party,  was  issued  liy  the  latter 
after  a  cniiterence  v  itii  the  tanner  at  Asiiiicinii  Mita.  In  that  famous  mani- 
festo, Barrios  ipledg'tl  his  honor  not  to  attempt  etl'ectini:  tho  iinilication,  ex- 
cept liy  peacoful  mean.s,  and  vitli  the  coni'ui'rence  of  the  live  rejmlilics.  His 
message  to  the  Ouat.  as  i-ihly  in  1884  indicated  that  violent  means  veru 
out  of  the  (juc^ion.  A  eorre  jion  lint  of  a  ranainti  jtajier,  who  seonied  to 
liave  person  il  know  ledge  of  (lie  negotiations,  hoth  puhlic  an<l  contidential, 
assnrts  us  that  at  cvi'ry  intervii  w  hetween  the  two  rulers  tlie  Salvadoran  1\  id 
opposed  without  andiiguity  nil  jiro[iositions,  op  ii  or  iiiiidied,  to  employ  I'oivc; 
and  tliat  n.iirios  liad  every  time  admitted  the  weight  of  the  reasons  adduced 
hy  him.  Inilei'd,  only  "JO  days  hefore' his  attem|»tci|  assumption  of  siipreniu 
command  over  <  ent.  Am.  Rarrio.s  assured  of  S  ilvador.ui  mini-  ('T  of  fiire';:ii 
attair-i,  <i:illegos,  who  liad  gone  to  Ouat.  upon  a  contidential  //((s>iion  fren 
Zahvar,  of  his  conviction  that  never  had  the  plan  of  recon.^trucfirfi/'  ent.  Aiii. 
liy  eomipul.-ioii  lieun  so  unproiiitious  and  dangerous  as  at  the  j/m  -f'f/t  time; 
adding  thesi'  words:  '  I'onei'hoyla  nuuio  en  este  asunto  e(jui\  .ildri  i  i{  We  terl:i 
en  nn  avispero."  I. a  E.^ulli  i/e  Pun.,  May!),  ISSo;  ■>.  I',  t  /irnniclc,  Jtiii''>, 
]  SS."). 

■'■'  '  F.l  gol  ;riio  de  Vd  no  responde,  y  no  necesito  deeir  ]i(]rijii''  no  In  liei*. 
Those  wonls  would  seem  to  imiily  lliat  tliere  had  heen  an  luulersdiriding  '«>• 
twoeii  the  two,  and  tieacheiy  was  suspected. 

''^  Mcneiidiz,  calling  liimself  a  soldier  o,'  theui:i..n,  had  urged  all  Ceiifrnl 
Anierieans  to  .,'  !  J$arrio.s.  Zaldivar  on  March  l.')th  .onmudgated  an  ini  of 
the  .Salv.  congiess  deelaring  Mcnendez  a  haitor  to  his  country.  This  dein.e 
\va.s  in  force  only  a  .short  time. 

^*  Melehor  Ordofu  z,  Sjianisli  minister  accredited  to  hotli  repulilics,  lui'i  in 
a  telogram  assured  him  that  Zaldivar  was  his  sincere  fricnl,  hut  was  in  a 
diliicult  position,  liavinu  /o  act  in  aeiord  with  iiuhlie  opinion.  He  shenM 
liear  in  mind  the  Salvador.ms  liacl  heen  1  'd  to  Ixdieve  that  lii',  fiarrios,  :"• 
ti  nde.l  to  deprive  them  of  (heir  nationality  to  gratify  his  own  anihitioii. 


COERCION   CONDE.MNEl >. 


447 


The  decree  of  Februarv  28th,  wliicli  was  now  raisiiiu' 
siu'li  a  political  stonii,  had  been  oflicially  coinmuuicatod 
to  the  forcijjfii  diplomatic  and  consnlar  corps  on  the 
(ith  of  March.  The  (jrcrnuin  minister  was  the  first  to 
iiiiswef  it;  he  sc'cnied  to  connncnd  tlie  cflbrt  about  to 
!»(•  niade.  The  other  representatives  acknowled^od 
its  receipt  in  more  or  less  expi'essiv'e  ti^rms  Tliu 
Spanish  minister  endeavored,  however,  tliout^h  iinofH- 
cially,  to  dissuade  Barrios  from  carr3-ini4"  out  his  [)lan 
witliout  the  concurrence  of  the  other  states.  J  lis  ct- 
iurt,  he  said,  was  to  avert  bloodshed.  Barrios  was 
indisposed  to  brook  this  interference,  returning'  on  the 
lUth  a  haughty  re]>ly  to  the  effect  thattlie  (juestion  of 
Central  An\erican  unification  was  not  an  international 
one,  and  solely  concerned  the  ])eo])le  of  (\'ntral  Amer- 
ica. He  therefore  re([uested  him  to  diseontinue  his 
niHcious  intervention,  and  finally  adtled,  tliat  if  Zaldi'var 
fulfilled  his  ensjfau'ements,  payins^"  attention  oidy  to  the 
wishes  of  ])atriotic  citizens,  there  would  be  no  l)lood- 
-lied.  The  minister  tlien  went  to  (Juatemala,  and 
wiote  an  explanatory  letter,  closing'  his  interfei'enee, 
111  which  l^ai'rios  replied  that,  being  engaged  with 
other  important  attairs,  he  could  not  give  his  letter  all 
the  attention  it  demanded;  but  he  was  glad  the  dis- 
russiun  had  l^een  brouglit  to  au  end.  Tiie  govermnent 
of  Mt-xieo,  to  whieh  the  (Guatemalan  minister,  Frnii- 
e'seo  Anguiano.  had  made  known  iJariios'  action, 
V.  |»licd  throu'^'h  its  minister  of  foreigii  affairs.  Ignacio 
Mariscal,  di--.([»pro'.ing  of  the  movement,  and  signify- 
ing its  intention  to  provide  for  the  defeiK.-e  of  Mexicos 
fVoiitior-  and  interests."'' 

The  govern/uientt  of  tkc"  I'nited  States  also  looked 
with  disfavor  ona  the  plan  of  forcible  oi-ganization, 
I'ldiiiptlv  oi'derinLT  naval  forces  to  the  Central  Amtii- 
call  coasts  for  the  protection  of  Americiin  interests. 
Tlu^  Nicaraguan  congress  had,  on  the  -^t'l  of  ]\rai'ch, 
resolved  to  rejci't  the  union  decreed   by  (iuatemala. 


1 1'].; 


li 


.    9 


''Las  mcili'l.is  a  <|ur   toda  nacinii   juiuleiiti'  ajiula   iluraiit<' 
giKH'^t  cn  «jue  .10  colociiu  sua  vcciiio.-i. ' 


1 1  I'j^tadi 


i"! 


448 


EFFORTS   FOR  CENTRAL  AMERICAN   UNITY 


and  to  energetically  o[)p()se  what  they  called  l^arrios' 
attempt  to  iinj)ose  his  will,  and  to  constitute  himselt'a 
dictator  over  Central  America.  The  executive  was 
accordinuly  empowered  to  make  provision,  singly  or 
coiiiointlv  with  other  states,  for  national  defence  at 
whatever  sacrifice.  The  government  of  Costa  Kica 
adopted  a  similar  course,  the  executive  being  clothed 
v.'ith  exti'aordinai-y  powers.''^ 

Finally,  the  three  rejRiblics  of  Salvador,  Nicaragua, 
aiul  Costa  Rica  ap})ealed  to  the  g(n'ernmeiits  of  tlie 
United  States  and  Mexico  to  interfere  on  their  belialt 
against  J-Jarrios'  projects.  ^lexico  responiled  at  t)nce. 
President  Diaz  notified  ]^arrios  on  the  10th  by  tele- 
graph, that  the  governments  and  people  of  those  three 
repul)lics  had  rejected  his  scheme,  which  liad,  more- 
oxer,  produced  an  impression  on  the  ^Nfexican  peoph', 
demanding  on  the  part  of  tluir  gx)vernment  the  as- 
sumption of  an  attitude  suitable  to  an  emergenc\'  by 
which  the  independence  and  autonomy  of  nations  of 
this  continent  had  been  menaced,  l^ai'i'ios  telegraiiheil 
back  that  his  answer  would  go  by  mail.  He  after- 
wai'd  issued  an  address  to  the  Mexican  nation,  of  a 
frienilly  nature.'''  But  the  die  was  cast.  War  was 
now  unavoidable,  Tiie  three  o})posing  government.--. 
f)r  their  mutual  protection,  entered  on  the  '22(1  et 
March    into  an  alliance  offensive  and  defensive;"  and 

■"'Tlic  govt  iasiiud  a  stirring  iiiaiiife.stn  to  friendly  powors  on  tliu  ITtii  n 
.>Iarcli,  1SS5,  aLjaiust  Rarrios'  coup  d'etat,  signed  l)y  .J.  M.  Castro,  see.  nf 
foreign  relations.   Vo^ta  li.,  Ii{fhniie  Sec.  lid.  Exter.,  ISS,"),  'J7-l>;  /'/.,  M'lui/. 

llrldllh.    It,],.,    1     (■>. 

'''The  telegraphic  despatches  and  diplomatic  notes  which  passed  hetwn  a 
the  two  governments  appear  in  M,.,-.,  D'un-io  Ofi, .,  March  1'2,  Ajir.  1,  L".', 
May  ■"),  ISS.-);  I,/.,  .%fo  X/X.,  March  R<,  t",'),  ;{(»,  iss.");  ('ost,i  J,'..  Bolvtin  Of:, 
Mareli  14,  1SS5. 

■'•■■The  treaty  was  signed  in  the  city  of  Santa  Ana,  Salv.,  hy  the  pleiiiii"- 
tentiaries  .Fose  Duran  for  Costa  R.,  Bueuav.  Srlva  foi  Nic,  and  Salv.  (;.i- 
lli  L'os  for  Salv.  It  was  to  he  in  force  until  Barrios  shii>  Id  he  oveiihrown, 
and  anot'r  r  govt  estalilished  entirely  disconnected  witli  him  ,an(l  oU'erin,:,' 
guaranties  of  peace  for  Cent.  Am.,  after  which  the  issue  of  ^  uit.  Am.  union 
might  he  considered  by  the  jiarties  in  a  proper  spi.'it,  and  at  an  opportune 
occasion.  Costa  It.  pledged  herself  to  furnish  ;{,(l.)0  men  at  Ik-  own  cost, 
Imt  if  oidy  I, (MM)  were  e.all.  ,1  for,  she  would  eontiilmte  al,«.  SKMI.iKM),  and 
1,000  Kenungton  rilles  with  .">(»)  cartridges  for  cat'h.  Nic.  au'reed  to  fiin.'-^ii 
4,0  to  ti'odps  also  at  her  <>wn  cost.  Salv.  would  rnnli-ilmte  her  v.'holt^  avail- 
able military  torco.     The  coumiaud-in-chioi  was  vested  first  in  the  presuleut 


ni:M 


DEATH   01     liAiailOS. 


y.i 


^arri<  )s' 
iiisclt'  a 

VU    NVilN 

nicv  at 
;a  liica 
clothed 

aragua, 
,  of  the 
r  l)i;ha]{ 
at  oiH'f. 
hy  tt'h> 
sc  three 
i,  more- 
pe(»[>h>, 
tlie  as- 
-•eiu'V  hy 
itiniis  (it 
rapheil 
at'tei- 
n,  >>t"  a 
ar  Nvas 
uuents. 
22(1  <'f 
,e,'"  and 

thu  ITtli  " 

tl'd,    sen',   cit 

/./.,  M'liiii'. 

,\  lictwc.u 
Vpr.  I,'.".', 
iilctin  "Ji'--, 

Iio  pU'iiiiMi- 
Salv.  (ia- 
Lfvihi'owii, 
lid  otforiii,' 
\\\n.  uni'iii 
.pjHii'tnue 

L.iiOO,  and 
J  Til  fui'i.'-'i' 

L'llt 


t(nik    active  iiieasui(.s    to    ^ivc    i 


tKct    to    the  union. 


(luateniala  on  licr  part,  and  licr  ally  Honduras,  liad 
not  hcen  slow  in  their  preparations  for  the  inipcndiiiL;' 
strife.  lieL^'ardk'ss  of  all  opposition.  J>arrios  was  still 
liriit  upon  Ids  dilhcult  task,  and  for  its  accoinpliHli- 
imnt  niarclitd  an  army  into  SaKadoi'an  tcrritor-y. 
The   eVL'iits   of   this  c;nn|)aiL;n  ai'c   ^ixcn    in   anotiur 


rll 


;ipt('r.  ni  conn 


ection   with   the   liistor\-  of  Salvador 


uli(  re  the  tiiihtiiiij^  took  iilacc.  jjct  it  sullii-c  to  s;iv 
lirre  that  the  invaders  nut  with  disaster,  and  J>arrios 
lost  his  lii'e,  fiL^litinjj;'  lieroically.  on  the  "id  of  April. 


H 


s  reniauis  \v 


ere  rescued,  it  is   said  at   the  cost  of 


Ift'Sl 


\v 


twi!nty  lives,  and  conveyed  to  ({uateniala,  where  they 
wrre  interred  with  civic  and  military  honors.  His 
widow,  Francisca  Aparicio  do  Barrios,  and  their  slacii 
ihildrcn,  being  escorted  to  the  j)ort  of  San  .lose  hy  a 
military  guard,  end)arked  for  San  {''rancisco,  accom- 
panied by  friends.  They  aftt-rwaid  transferred  them- 
sehcs  and  their  belongings  to  New  York,  Avhere 
Sriiora  Barrios  established  her  residence,  it  being  tm- 
(li  rstood  that  the  fanuly  has  bei  n  left  amply  provided 
with  })ecuniary  means.'"' 

Upon  the  news  reacliing  (Jruatemala  of  the  disasters 
wliieli  liad  bt'fallen  the  army  operating  in  Salvadoi', 
iiid  of  the  di'ath  of  the  president,  the  legislative  as- 
X  iiiltly,  and  the  provisional  president,  AK'jandro  Sini- 
iialdi,'^'  in  accord  with  it,  revoked  on  the  ."id  of  April 

I't  Sdlv.,  next  in  that  (if  ><'ii'.,  and  tliinl  in  that  of  Cdsta  K.,  or  of  suth  inr- 
sipiis  as  oiiu  or  tlio  othi'r  might  (lusii^'/i.Uc.  C'ost.i  K.,  h<i\vfvi'r,  su[i)iliiil  •_',(K(() 
men,  anil  olforLMl  to  hian  niout-y  to  Salv.  < 'o.^/^i  II.,  /ii/i)niir  Str.  liil.  Kitir., 
l.SS."i.  'M-'.i,  Mfx.  iiiiiced  ii  force  near  tlie  Oiuit.  frontior  iis  soon  as  ho.stilitio.s. 
Iifgau  in  Cent.  Am. 

^  In  an  unsuccessful  assault  against  tlu;  fortifications  of  Chulcliuaiw, 
Hi'  was  >I;iin  iK'twreii  ',(  and  10  o'eloL-k  in  the  morning.  One  of  ids  sons  also 
iirridirfl  tightiuL;  at  his  side.  Ln.  L\tnl'.ii.  ile  /'nn.,  May  It.  iSS.j;  M,.,-.,  I.n 
/Vw...'/.  sujiiil.  n[).  4.  IN.S.");  S.  F.  C/,miiirlr,  Apr.  ;{,  .'>,  l"(),  ISSo;  .V.  /■',  Al/n, 
■\[<v.  -SA,  IW.-,;  .V.   /■■.  C/,rn,iirl,;  Apr.  '-':{,   KSS,"i. 

'"' Harrios' last  will  ext'iuted  at  Ouatenjala  on  tiie  'j;id  of  .March,  IM.S."), 
"■IulIi  was  tiled  |)ec.  Till  of  said  year  in  tiie  olliee  of  the  surrogate  in  New 
^I'lk.  derlared  ins  wife  to  lie  tiie  sole  heir  of  all  his  property  and  interests. 
Ill'  had  full  contidenee  that  slu^  would  deal  fairl\  liy  eaeli  of  tlieir  scxeii  ehil- 
'Inn.  He  desired  iier  to  pay  S'i'i.OOO  to  his  neiiiiew  Luciano  Marrios  as  a 
iiii'iiunto  of  his  j;o(id  servici's.  She  Mas  also  to  continue  providio'^  for  Anto- 
iimHarriiis.  then  in  the  U.  S.   I'liii.  S/.irni,'/  ll'idbl,  Dn'.  'Ji.   isSo. 

'  Siiiihalili,  chosen  liy  the  assenddy  Aiir.  30,  1SS4,  1st  dusignado,  vice  J. 
Hi-r.  CKNT.  .\.,i,,  Vol..  ni.    'jy 


.8/       r 


■:....  ;,,li 


•»."»(» 


KFFOUTS    roll   CKNTllAJ.   AMKUICAN    UNITY. 


tlio  docrcc  of  Fdbrujuy  'JHtli,  Sul)sr(juoiitly,  throu;^!! 
the  mediation  of  tlie  tli[)loiii;iti('  corps,  prcrmuiiurics 
of  puiit'c  were  U'^rt'cd  t(\  l»ut  not  l/cforc  the  presidnit 
of  Sidvadttr  liad  siiiiiilicd  an  im\viirnit''m'ss  to  treat 
witli  Siiiihaldi  and  Hai'rios'  ministers.  The  fonm f 
then  surrendered  the  executive  olHce  to  tlie  sec<iM(l 
dosiL,nia(lt),  ^Manuel  Lisandro  ]^arillas,  and  the  minis- 
ters I'etired  with  liim. 

"^rhe  new  i^'oN'eriuniMit  on  tlie  latli  of  April  restoii d 
peace  M'ith  Salvadoi'  and  her  alliis  Nicaragua  .iikI 
Costa  ]iica.''"  All  treaty  stil)ulations  existing  hetw crii 
Guatemala  and  Salvador  on  the  '28th  of  Fchruary  last 


W( 


■re  also  restored,  to  remain   in   force   until  a  i 


lew 


treatv  should  ltt>  concluded."'  An  amnestv  was  *4rant(il 
to  all  IJruatemalans  who  took  part  in  the  late  ))resi- 
ilent's  moxement,  and  to  all  (jruatemalans  who  wnv 
absent  for  political  offi'iices  committed  six  montlis 
prior  to  the  aforesaid  date;  the  government  signify- 
ing  its   intenti(»n   of  making  the  amnesty  general  as 


soon    as    (Mrcunistances    won 


Id 


)rmit 


Witli    th 


change  of  ruler  di[)lomatic  relations  were  reestablislit d 
with  the  government  of  Mexico.®'' 


H '  I  lli 


M.  Orautes  resigned,  liad  l)een  in  charge  of  the  executive  oflicc  since  Harrius 
[irepareil  to  go  to  the  front. 

'■-On  tlie  t'oUowing  grounits:  Ist.  'I'he  (U'cree  of  Keh.  'JSth  li.iving  hr, n 
revoUeil,  and  ]>arrios  lieing  <had,  the  causes  wliieh  jihiecd  (Jiiat.  at  war-  \vi;li 
Salv.,  Nic,  anil  Costa  1\.  had  ceased  to  exist;  '_'d.  It  was  a  jiatriotic  duty  to 
promote  feelings  of  fraternity  and  concord;  'A.  Tiiat  the  governments  ol  tin' 
reiiuhlics  of  Cent.  Am.  were  jironijited  liy  tlie  same  sentiments,  ami  thosr  nt 
Salv.,  Xic,  and  Costa  H.  hail  alii  ady  made  jieaco  with  Mond.,  vliiili  li  il 
.seconded  the  iiiovenient  of  the  late  president  of  Cuat.;  4.  That  through  i1h' 
friendly  mediation  of  the  foreign  corps  an  understanding  with  S,il\'.  hid 
iieen  easily  arrived  at,  and  liouoralile  terms  agreed  upon  for  a  lirm  ami  stahK; 
peace  hetweeu  the  two  repulilies  and  Salvador's  allies. 

'■■'Salv.,  Nie.,  and  Costa  11.,  also  made  similar  declarations  in  leganl  in 
(!uat. 

'■'  Tin  .same  decret^  included  a  national  vote  of  thanUs  to  the  di[iloniatiehii  ly 
accrodited  to  the  govei-iiiuents  of  Cent.  Am.  for  their  fi'iindly  interventimi  (o 
hring  the  war  to  an  end,  and  appointed  .Sunday  the  l'.)tii  to  solemiii/'  the 
peace  thus  restored.  Countersigned  by  the  four  niinister.s,  to  wit;  Aiigt  1  M. 
Arroyo,  of  fori.'i,L;n  relations  and  puh.  instruction;  Antonio  Aguirre,  of  tr.is- 
ury  and  puh.  credit;  .Manuel  J.  l>ardon,  of  goveriini.  and  justice;  and  M. 
Martim/.  Soliral,  of  fomento.  CovAi  /,'.,  Infonnr  S<c.  Il<l.  h'rfrr..  iS-S").  •'■'  '^; 
/,'(  K<lirlla  >/r  l\ni.,  May  '-•:!,  ISS.'i;   /'-//,.  St„r  (ind  llmtbl.  May  'j:!.   IS^."). 

'■'I'res.  Diaz  also  in  a  telegram  tn  Zaldiv;ir  manifested  a  desire  to  .-co 
cordial  relations  restore^d  lietwecii  Sdv.  and  (iuat.  .I/'./.,  />A(Wo  Oyic,  Apr. 
11    1885;  La  Nmca  Era  (l*a,>io  del  Norte),  Apr.  17,  1885. 


I'KA(  K   AT   l.AST. 


».M 


,hr(»U;j,ll 

lunarifs 
ivsi<l*iit 
,n  ti'i'at 

fol'llHl' 

second 
L!  iiiiuis- 

restni'i  <l 

run     iUitl 

lary  la>t 
1  a  iK'W 
1  (f rant  id 
te  prrsi- 
■]\o   WrVr 

■j  siii'uitV- 
Hioral  as 

V'ltll     tlir 

tablislxd 


siiic(!  l?:»rrios 

..iviiiLT  '"''11 
it  w.ir  witli 
otic  duty  to 

HMllS  111  till' 
1,1,1     tllllSl!   Cll 

vliii'li  liiul 
tlirnn;;li  tliu 
S.llv.    !i:mI 
ami  staMo 


ro;;ar.l  !■ 


1( 


(vinatii'iiii'iy 

cTVcUtiilU  til 

ilciiuiiz-'  the 
t;  Aug<l  ^1- 
,.,.,.,  „t  tr-a.-i- 

tiix",  ;iii'l  ''• 

iss.'i, :;.'  "^; 
:;,  iss."). 

■sin'  to  -<'i' 
Ojic,  Ai'r. 


The  fahiiiot  <»f  Salvador  now  j)ro[)()S('(l  to  tin;  otlnT 
four  I'cpuldu's  the  meeting'  of  a  congress  of  jdeni|>oten- 
tiaries  on  tlie  loth  of  May  at  Santa  'l\'cla,  with  the 
iiKjcct  of  reconstl•uetin^•  ( 'eiitral  Anu'rica  as  one;  re- 
|iuhhe,  or  at  least  of  adojitinn'  nieasui'es  condiicivt"  to 
that  end.  I'residtMit  Zaldivar  then  sinnified  his  inten- 
lieii  of  resin'iunu'  his  ofliee  on  the  asseinltlinLi'  of  <'on- 
L;irss,  and  as  soon  as  it  sliould  ]ia\'e  arrived  at  some 
ii  sdhitioii  on  tin*  sehenie.  (jiiiatemala  deenied  it  [»re- 
iiiature.  Xiearaj^ua  declined.  llonduran  ac<'ej)ted 
tlie  })n)position.  The  i,o)vi'rnnient  «»f  ( 'osta  Jiica, 
tliiiunh  her  laa^istrato  was  elothcd  with  ample  pow- 
ers, did  not  feel  justified  in  entering'  into  such  an 
arrangement  without  first  obtain ini»'  the  assent  of  con- 
Liress,  which  was  not  then  in  .session,  and  would  not 
1(1'  for  some  time.*' 

J*cac(^  and  quiet  being  o'cner'ally  reiistablished,  mar- 
tial law  was  removed,  the  country  placed  under  the 
iiilr  of  the  constitution,  a  ^'oneral  anmesty  decrt^ed, 
and  a  constituent  congress  convoked.'''  ( 'onu!,ress  as- 
Minltled  on  the  24th  of  A  ug'ust,  the  acting  ju'csidcnt 
niaiiifestinL;'  much  confidence  in  its  wisdom  to  accom- 
plish nnjch  u'ood  to  the  countrv.  Hut  it  ilin's  not 
aj  jiear  that  after  a  long  session,  it  accomplislu'tl  any 
tiling  worth  recording."' 

T'lie  election  took  placi;  on  the  22(1  of  Xovcmber, 
IJarillas  being  chosen  pi'esident  by  a  unanimous  vote 
iif  the  electoral  collegt;.  Colonel  \'icente  ("astaheda, 
a  deputy,  was  elected  vice-])resi(lent.*''  Hai'illas  was 
<|iilti'  the  opp(»site  <»f  J^arrios  in  sonir  i'(S[»i'cts.  lie 
was  a  man  .  f  the  kindest  and  most  bfne\o]iiit  instincts, 
who  would  rather  sutler  wrong  than  do  \\i'oiig.  The 
<li>i-(>ntented  were  not  long  in  taking  ad\antage  of  liis 

'■'•  ( 'n.^ta  II.,  Jiilhniir  Sir.  U,  (.  K..f<  r..  KS.S."),  "m-T:   A"  i:MnWi  il<:  I'an.,  -May 

•-':!,  INS,-). 

'•  Uocrt'cs  of  .luiK' 'JIM  anil  *_'7tli.  All  sulisiiiirs  wito  sus[M'iiileil  lor  <iiu' 
yiiv.  llu'  inirposi,'  of  (.•ailing  a  t'lmvciitinu  was  to  v'irc'i.'t  Mdiuc  aiiifiiiliiK'iits  tu 
till-  vnnstitutioii,  ami  to  enact  .sonic  nccilc'l  laws. 

'  ■  Xolwitiistaniliii;,^  the  groat  necessity  of  allaying  tlie  excitement  still  t'X- 
i^^ting,  tlici'o  Were  riotous  scenes  on  several  occasions  in  the  clianilier.  /'"». 
Star  mill  llinit,!,  Sept.  !»:!(»,  ISS.").  jiassini. 

''•'  J  lie  prusiilcut's  inauguratiuu  was  ou  the  l.")th  of  March,  ISSti. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


/. 


/<^ 


1.0 


I.I 


28 


14^ 


11 

iiiiii 

III  2.0 


1.8 


1.25   |U    ||.6 

., 6"   

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


\ 


«^ 


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:\ 


\ 


33  WEST  MAI:4  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

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ll 


4.VJ 


KlFOUTs    FlJll   I ENTUAL  AMEUICAN    LMTV. 


rk'nicncy  to  create  distuiltanco.  A  iiuinlier  of  y'en. 
eruls  ami  othei-s  were  detected  in  a  dialxilical  pl(»t,  in- 
tended to  niurd*'r  J^arillas  and  destrt)V  tlie  foreimieis. 
The  parties  inijdicated  were  arrested,  and  surrendeii d 
to  tlio  eonrts,  the  presijlent  ref'usin;^  to  interfere. 

The  ininisttTS  were  requested  to  ro.siijfn  tlieir  poi't- 
folios,  wliicli  were  intrusted  to  the  followin*!^  persons. 
all  young  men  t)f  recoij^nized  al)ilities  and  |)ro<jfre.ssi\f 
ideas,  namely:  A.  Lazo  Arriajjca,  of  foreii^ni  relations; 
Abel  Cruz,  of  j^overnment  and  justice;  Escobar,  •' 
the  treasury  and  public  credit;  Carlos  Iferrera,  a  so,' 
of  the  late  Manuel  M.  Herrera,  one  of  l^arrios'  best 
assistants,  minister  of  formento;  and  ]\Ianuel  Vall< . 
journalist,  poet,  and  orator,  minister  of  public  iustrur- 
tion. 


• 


il 


CHAPTER  XXTl. 

HONl»l  UAS    AFi'AlUS. 

IStl'i-ISSCi. 
N\rt()NAL  Fr.Afi  .\sj>  Kscitchkiin-Okiiki!  ok  Saniw  I'.usa -Mkiuna'h  Losn 

Ul  I.K — His  ]»IKIK,I{KV<'ES  Willi  In  KN\S,  A.M»  Tlill  Mill-  \V\I:  Willi  S  VI.- 
VAIIOR  ANII  (iUATEMAI-A — MEDINA    I>r.FKATEI)  AM)  OvHliTUUOWN  — (  KLK.O 

AuiAs  SiccKKiis  Him — His  Liukkai.  I'hi.icy— Hi.  ih  IUskt  hv  tuk  Con- 
sKiivATivRS— Hi.s  Foii.MKK  Siii'oK  ri;i;.s  Dki'o.sk  Him  -  Pc'Mi.vNo  ],kivv 

IllioMKS  I'llK.SIDKST — His   «'<)II!SK    1  )1S1'LKA.SKS  HaHIiIds.    Wllo  SKTS  Mk- 

iiiNA  AiiAiNST  Hi.M  —  IIk  is  FdiicKD  fo  Uksii;s  -  M  viic  i>  AiiiKi.io  Soto 
Maiik    I'kksimknt  hv  IJAiiums  — AiiKMriKii  Ukm'i.i  hk  K.\-1'1(ksii»knt 

.\1kI>INA-Hih     ThIAI.     AM>      I',\E<  riltiN— SoTOs'     AliMI.NlsrUATION  — Hk 

Imiks  AiiiiOAD— His  t,ti  amjki,  smiii  IJakkios,  and  Kkjjiu.n.vtui.n  — ruj':.si- 
iii;sr  ItoiiUAN — FiLiiii  stkki.m;  Siiik.mkn. 


TiiKiiF.  is  very  litth'  tt>  ncord  fur  Iloiidiiriis  in  tlic 
.\f  years  troiu  IS(>5  to  IH70;  the  emiiitry  enjoyed 
«  >m])ai'ative  jK'aee  under  tlie  same  ccujservative  system 
cxistinjjf  in  Guatemala  and  Salvador.  President  ^Fc- 
iliiia  1)ein«jf  reelected  was  a<i;iin  induetid  into  office  on 
till'  1st  of  Feliruary,  18(!(),  and  a  tew  <liiys  later  the 
iiiilitarv  rank  of  lii'uteiiant-Ljeneral  was  (interred  on 
liiiii.'  On  the  lOtli  of  the  same  ujonth  eoni^ress  de- 
iii cd  ji  change  in  the  national  n»jit  of  arms  and  llag, 
ill  thr  maimer  ilescrihed  at  foot.^ 

Marly  in  18(18  Medina  and  eoii'j,ress.  with  the  nppro- 

■  F' 1>.  iHli.  Hi^  was  til  iliMW  li'iiiii  the  ]ml>.  trci.iiiry  as  pay  >'_'1I0  iiumtlily 
"'I'li  ill  actual  .scrvici;.  Xi'\,  <,\i,rln,  Al>vi\  II,  ISlili.  I.atir  lif  w  as  iiiaclo  a 
ci|it'iiii  '^ciifral. 

•  Till'  (■.sciitcliiim  was  to  ln'  the  saiiii'  m  lipniuTly,  with  tlic  »<\r  ixiuiitimi 
"I  rxhiMtiiiL;  a  rising  sun  in  luu  of  the  I'hiyiiiau  caii.  Thu  llag  was  to  li  ■  as 
li'Ui'Ws:  Two  Miic  stripis  with  a  white  mif  lirtwi'i-ii  tiit'iii,  all  thiii'  riiniiiiiK 
liiiii/iiiitally,  thri'i!  to  lour  varas  iii  hiivth,  aii'l  iiiiio  iiicJH'.s  iii  width:  with 
thf  iiitioiial  foat  ot'  anus  in  tin'  (•ciitic  ol  tiir  wliili;  strijn',  ami  a  jjmiti)  ol 
ti^'■  hill.'  stars  iii  a  srmicircli^  iiiicliT  it.  Mirihant  vissels  •vtro  to  usu  the 
xaiiR'  iliuu'iisioiis  (iinl  colors  w  itlioiit  the  cout  of  arms. 


;  ,*^5  f 


ir: 


454 


HONDUllAS  AfFAiliS. 


'i  ! 


baticm  oftho  oouirH  of  stutt',^  ivsolvod  upon  the  crea- 
tion of  an  <nd(T  of  merit  to  reward  important  civil, 
militaiv,  and  religious  services  rendered  to  the  nation, 
and  other  i)raii5e worth v  acts  of  its  citizeris.  Conyif.s.s 
then  on  the  21st  of  Fehruarv  estal)Hshed  the  Oi'- 
di-n  de  Santa  Rosa  y  de  la  ( 'ivili/.arion  de  HonduiJis.' 
The  exe<-iitive  ])i-oinnl_u;ated  the  decrees  on  the  »4tli 
with  the  siyiiaiure  aj>j»i'nded  of  Tiinidad  Ferrari,  niiii- 
isti-r  of  the  interior.  The  idi^a  met  with  the  appro\;d 
of  some,  and  e.\eite<l  the  ridicuK"  of  otlu-rs.  The  ordri- 
soon  fll  into  disci'edit,  maiiv  unworthv  persons  haxiii'-" 
ohtaiiied  it,  and  its  su[>[)ression  was  decreed.' 

^[edina  was  chosen  president  for  another  term  of 
four  years.  In  order  to  do  this,  the  clause  in  article 
o'\  of  the  national  constitution  forhiddin*^^  reclectinn 
foi'  the  next  innnediate  period  was  repealed,  which 
^[edina's  partisans  effected  throu;4h  a  constituent  as- 
seuihly  convokid  ad  hoc."  He  was  accordingly  rcin- 
augurated  Fehruary  1,  1K7<). 

Honduras  was  now  to  experience  another  aeries  of 
tiniiMis.  which  lasted  several  years.  In  the  last  days 
of   I)ecend»er  18<i'.),  di.sturhances  were  apprehended  in 

•' UiidiT  tliv  I'dtistitiitioii  of  1S(m  till' i'i>ngre»»  coTisistcil  of  ;i  stiiato  w  itli 
seven  iiu'iiiIhts,  jiikI  a  li'^islativo  asscmlily  of  elcvt'ii.  Tlio  cnuucil  of  st.ito 
wa«  coiistitiitfcl  Nvitli  tlu'  iniiiisttrs  ainl  soviii  otlior  ineinlMrs. 

'  For  tlie  Ixstowal  of  (U'coratioiis  of  tlio  ordir  was  iTuatcil  a  sciiato  of  six 
iiieiiiliiTS  to  ri'side  in  tin-  iMiiital.  This  lioils'  wa,s  also  eniiioweroil  to  dismi^i 
any  nifiiihir  of  tlio  ordiT  for  ^ood  cause.  'J'lic  jiresident  was  autiiori/rii  ti> 
fr  line  fliu  statutes  and  a|i|ioiut  tiu;  senators,  eiuilerring  jrradcs  of  the  oiihr 
before  its  installation.  The  senate,  ouee  instilled,  was  to  ^rant  deeorations. 
Tile  same  right  was  reserved  for  congress,  and  the  jiresideiit  of  the  repnMii', 
who  was  111,1  le  ex-otlieio  jiresiileut  of  the  seiiati^  of  the  order.  A  copy  ot  tlio 
dicrei'  in  .Spanish  is  given  ill  A'"-.,  (Aic'^/,  .May'JS,  1811S;  Lii/crrirn,  Dr  l',irU 
a  (I'li'i'i  iiidld,  4'_'7-8. 

'  In  eonni'etion  with  the  sulijeet  is  uieiitioneil  the  name  of  Biistelli  i'o^inl.i, 
an  au'ent  of  the  Houd.  govt,  seiiteiieeil  to  iiniirisoiuucnt  in  I'aris  for  frauilu- 
lent  transactions. 

"Tliis  liocly  was  called  by  the  regular  congress  at  the  solicitiition,  as  it  w;i.i 
made  to  aiipear,  of  the  several  niuiiicipalities,  and  was  installecl  Aug.  S,  \^u\y 
(hi  the  l:!ih  it  deeh'.reil  tliat  in  view  of  the  iiojiular  aetas  in  the  several  to«in 
proelaiiuim;  Medina  president  for  the  next  term,  lio  was  actually  eleit.'l. 
Tlie  same  day  the  'X\d  article  of  the  fuiidanieiital  law  was  aineiided  to  ri'.et 
thus:  'The  presidential  term  shall  he  of  four  years,  coniinciicing  on  the  l>t  ot 
Feb.  in  the  year  of  renewal.'  On  tiie  lOtli  the  convention  adjourned  sun  ok  ; 
Medina  having  warmly  tliankcd  it  for  the  trust  reposed  in  him,  and  aeeeptid 
it.  with  the  pledge  of  not  holding  the  otHee  a  d.iv  after  the  expiration  el  Ins 
term.  A>.,  Oaatn,  Sept.  11,  18,  1801);  Feb.  5,  1870;  Pau.  Star  ami  JlimU, 
Sept.  18,  18(50. 


TUDLBLKs;   WITH   .S.VL\  AUOli. 


48S 


Oluiicho  and  Paraiso,  in  connivaiioe  with  Xicarajiifuan 
.  xilos,  for  which  rca.suii  tlioso  rot'iiLi^oes  weiv  cfiiu'eii- 
tnitcd  in  Comaya^im.  Sonic  seditious  attempts  were 
made  in  the  followinpf  year,  but  were  easily  put  down. 
Early  in  1871,  serious  ditierer.ees  existed  between 
til''  "governments  of  Honduras  and  Salvador,  or,  to  he 
more  exact,  between  i)resident>  3[edina  and  ])utnas, 
(HI  several  points.  The  causes,  as  well  as  the  fruit- 
less efforts  made  l)y  Honduran  coniniissioners  in  San 
Salvador  to  eH'ect  a  peaceabk-  settlement  ot'  loiiLf- 
rxistiiii^  ditferences,  are  fully  explaiind  elsewhen-." 
Medina,  on  the  7th  of  February,  dcclarod  all  trea- 
ties between  the*  two  repui»lics  .susjuiide^l,  and  wa»* 
soon  broke  «»ut.  A  Salvadojan  army,  under  (len- 
( I al  Xatrucli,  invaded  Honduras  and  took  C'oma- 
yai,nia,  that  eomniander  stvlinn"  himself  pn>visional 
|>resident.  The  Honduran  ^oveniiiieiit  had  eiitei'ed 
into  a  correspondence  with  tin;  I'liited  States  minis- 
ters resident  at  Te!i>;-uciiL;alpa  and  San  Salvador,  callinj^ 
tlu'ir  attention  to  the  14th  article  of  the  treatvof  .fulv 
4,  18(14,  between  their  nation  and  Honduras,  under 
which  the  former  recot^iiized  the  rights  of  tin'iier-hij) 
and  soverei'-iitv  of  tin'  latter  in  the  line  ot"  the  J  Ion- 
diuas  interoceanic  laiKvay,  the  works  (»n  which,  it  said, 
Were  in  dau'jer  of  interruption  hv  the  Salvadoran  in- 
vaders.  From  the  tenor  of  its  notes,  it  \\i>uld  seem 
as  if  it  expected  the  I'nited  States  to  hoi>t  their  tlauf 
over  Comava«4ua,  which  mi<«ht  have  hindered  the  o|»- 
eiations  of  Xatruch.  Medina's  i>i'etension  was  unteii- 
ahlo,  the  understand  in  LT  bi'inij;'  that  the  obligation  of 
the  United  States  did  not  attach  till  after  the  coni[ile- 
ti(jn  of  the  work.**     Moreover,  the  Honduran  govern- 

'  1  will,  liowevtT,  rt'jieat  liiro  in  a  Irw  wonli  the  causes  allogcil  l>y  Uiniil, 
Silviuliir  hail  violatcil  tin:  truaty  ol  Santa  Kosii  nl  Martli '.'."),  iMiL',  in  retu.siiig 
tci  Mirrcinler  the  pcriiutrators  <it  twoatroi'ious  iiiiiriliT.s.  .Sho  lunl  alwtltMl  the 
rif'ugyfs  who,  ill  the  hist  six  years,  iiail  lieeii  taiiuing  the  liaine  of  discnril  in 
lliiiul.;  had  refused  to  heed  tiie  roinonstrances  of  the  luttvr:  ami  on  tin;  imi- 
tiary,  )iad  placed  a  fnree  on  the  frontier,  aiid  generally  asuuniud  a  hoHtile 
attitude. 

""Tho  guaranty  was  given  as  a  consiileration  for  certain  advantages,  whicii 
i'«iuld  not  accrue  till  after  the  road  wa»  lini!<ho<l.  The  Am.  ^!•<\■.  could  utit 
tlitrufore  be  required  to  repel  an  invasion  of  the  route  from  ahroiwi.     The 


itji 


4S0 


11UNI>UUAS   AFKAIUS. 


iiu'iit  could  not  r(uso?ial)ly  expect  that  tliose  iiiinisteiN 
Lad  nn  ai-med  force  at  tlieir  coiniiiand.  Tlic  Unilid 
Stat*  s  had  i.o  Uf(  (1,  evcTi  if  williiii,^  to  su'eej)t  tlic  dutv 
of  protect  it i<4"  tlio.se  Works,  t<t  a(h>i>t  catiy  ineasures,  h. 
iiiH'  assured  hy  tlie  Salvadoraii  ujoverimieiit  that  the 
iieiitiality  of  the  Iloiuhiras  railway  would  not  he  in 
terfored  with  in  any  manner. 

j\Tedinawus  not  idle  in  devisinj.^  means  to  injure  the 
enemy.  He  occujtied  Sensuntepr«jue  on  March  I  7th, 
and  next  Ilohas<'o.  J)u»'rias'  forces  under  CJiiural 
Tonuis  Alaitinez  attacked  the  latter  jtlace  on  the  r.'tli. 
and  heiiin'  I'epulsed  i-etn^ated  t(»  ( 'ojuteprcpic.  ( leneral 
Santia^'o  (ionzalez  with  llondurans  and  disath'ct.il 
Sahadorans  occupied  San  X'iceiite  on  the  lOth.  the 
reserve  i-emainini;'  in  Sensuntej»e(|ue,  which  ie\i>he(l 
a!:;ainst  Duehas."  Theeampai^n  in  Sahador iiided  at 
Santa  Ana,  where  the  fate  of  Ducnas'  ijcovermuent 
was  decided.'"  IV-ace  was  then  concluded  hetwem 
the  new  government  of  Salvador  and  that  of  Ijoii 
duras.  Medina  started  after  Xatruch,  who  then  liml 
ahout  700  men  in  Gracias;  hut  the  news  of  the  result 
at  Santa  Ana  reachinii^  there  his  troops  (h-serted  him. 
The  war  was  soou  over,  Xatnich  himself  in  a  pioc- 
lamation  of  ^lav  1  Ith  si«>nifvinu:  his  intention  U> 
leave  the  country.  After  this  the  politic-al  situation 
was  for  a  while  satisfactory.  Still  Medina  deeniecl  it 
I'Xjtedient  to  invite  a  plehiscit,  and  ascertain  if  the 
people  wished  him  to  continue?  at  tlie  head  of  allhii- 
the  rest  of  his  term."     Tlu;  result  was  as  he<U'siri'd  it. 

A  ufreat  conunotion  was  ♦•au.sed  in  Auuust  hv  .mo 
or  400   Indians  and  ri'volutioni.sts,  aejiinst  whom  tli" 
jirovernment  forces    never    ohtained    hut  partial    sur 
cesses.     The  diatui'hance  lasted  until  an  under.standinu 

corivspoiiiluiicc  bi'twc'i'ii  ministers  liaxter  (lud  Tcirheit  witli  llu>  >;ovts  oi 
lliuiil.  aiiil  Salv.,  ;iii(l  with  tlifir  own,  appears  in  I'.  ,S.  ii'urt  J>uc.,  W.  V.\.  I'l'i., 
C'on^'.  42,  Sfss.  'J,  i.  no.  I,  pt  1,  r)75-8.  tih.VlKi 

»//(»«</.,  Chrii,  Ojir.,  .March  !.'(),  1871;  Sic,  Oaahi,  Apr.  22,  2!t,  M.iv  13. 
1871. 

'"Particulars  in  Salv.  historical  chapter. 

"This  course  w.is  ilo\il)tlcs8  ailoptcil  liccause  of  t lie  dissatisfaction  ;i)i|"  ir- 
in^',  aii'l  of  a  rcv4iluti(iii  which  was  attempted  during  the  last  war.  Fl  I'm- 
ttw//' (/c  *V*V.,  Oct.  1,  1S71 


rKKl'KTUAL    WAR, 


m 


WAS  arrived  at  witli  tho  rolu'l   KacK^rs  on  tlu-   l:)tli  of 
l)(  rcmlnr.'" 

Fiirtlit-r  troul)!*'  was  iiiijKiidiiiijf,  tliis  tiin<>  liftwciMi 
Nfctliiia  aii<l  tlir  lihrral  ^oviTiiiiunts  liit<Iy  tstaMishcd 
ill  Sahador  and  ( iiiatfiuala.  I  !»•  rlainnil  of  Sal\  adnr 
.III  iMdciiinity  for  liis  sir\icfs  in  o\\  rtliiowinL,^  ])uefias, 
wKicli  that  j^ovt'iniiicnt  (U'luu'd  |irrj)o.st(M'ou.s  and  dis- 
allowi'd.  Tlif  two  i>'oVt!»'niiicnts.  wliicli  had  entered 
into  an  alliance  otlciisiNt'  and  drt'rnsive,  on  the  otiirr 


halitl    acen.Ncd 


w 


>[.-di 


.f    1 


ina  ot    iia\  in>4'  lornu-d    a  coa 


diti 


oil 


ith  tlic  olio^arehs  U*  restore  tlic  latter  to  powt  i. '•' 
Mt'dina  closed  otHcial  ichitions  wiih  Salvadoi'  March 
'Jjtli;  and  this  act,  hi'injj;  looked  upon  hy  tSalvador 
■iiid  ( iiiatcniala  as  a  declaration  of  war,  thev  invaded 
1  huiduras.  and  soon  after  a  victory  ovei-  Medina's  j^cii- 
1  ral.  \'ele/,  occupied  the  princijial  towns,  all  of  which 
re\oltt(l  aeainst  Aredina.  and  a  ])rovisional  i^overninent 
\va>  >(  t  n[>'^  with  ( 'eleo  Arias  at  tho  head  of  ailairs. 
Medina    had    ti'mjiorarily   placed   the  executive  (»fH(e 


111  ciiai'_;i'  or  I  reseencK*  <  <>)ine/.,  an( 


(, 


tak 


en  eonnniiiK 


if  his  troops  in  the  tieid.      Foon  Comavaiiua  l)ein»>' 
•iijiied  l»y  the  Salvadorans,  ( ioniez  an<l  his  otticials 


(IC( 


tied   to  Graoias.      Medina  attempted,   May   'jrtli,  to 


recajiture  ( 'oinaya^'ua. 


but 


was  re])u 


Ised. 


Onioa  had  heen  eiven  up  July  "iOth  to  JUan  /\nto- 
nio  Medina,  a  Salvadoran  geneial,  for  Arias'  govern 
ment.     Medina,  tho  presitleiit,  suffered  a  defeat  on  the 
>anio  day  at   L*otrerillos,  and  a  crushing  one  on  tlio 


»  r 


m 

■■•■  i 

■  i 


i    ':''"■;!'' 


It 


tU 


Kx.  l».i 


A  lull  aiiinosty  »:i.><  jrrjiutcii  u>  all  the  inaur^'unt.s.    i'.  S.  U 


/>, 


II. 


("on 


1 


4-_'.  Su.-*s.  ;{,  i.  :ioit 


I'lli.  ;i,  1872;  AY  J'ornnlr  ih  Mr.    Oct.   I  to  Nov 


<;iirr/,t,   Srpt.  •_'  to    N,,v.  4,     1,^71 


III. 


IS7-J 


Il0> 


'Convention  .sigiiecl  at  I.,ioii  \Uc.  \H,  1S71.  'ly  M.inucl  ( 'olmiires,  on 
li.ilf  ol'  Meilina,  K.x-pns.    M.iitiiu/  ot    Nii.'..    MiijiH'l   \'i  If/..  Nictasio  ilelCis- 


tillo,  lUwalio  Corte.s,  R.  AliL'na,  I5iu  iia\ .  .S,l\.i.  .SilViiiio  •  oiii/.,ili /,  and  t 


Ihuo 


Otlli 


s.     Tl 


lis  (Inc.  at  lii'st  was  coii.^hIiii  il  ,i|ioui'yiilial,  liiit  jHdvi'il  to  In-  i;iii- 


orriiiir  < 


/,'  \. 


El  />. 


'  With  the  avowed  oh 


liiiii' 

I'tol 


I'iiiuMi-  lion. I.  iiiidt'i' 


•M.iv  :!(),  1.S72. 


./.■  ^^, 


A 


is  to  AUL'.    I  I, 


I'lmhliciii  iii^titntioiis. 


1'' 


AV  .S, 


a  .V, 


AtiiT  tliis  victory  till!  nresi.lfiit.s  of  Ouat.  and  .Salv.  hail  an  inti  ivicw 


,ti' 


til  Alias,  anil  rrturiifd  with  tluir  tioopH  to  thi'ir  I'lspfctivc  couiitrii  -,  h;av 


iiii;  ,MM)  men  to  aid  .Aria.s  in   n'ori.',iiii/.ni)j  th miitry 


The 


oaiiiji  iiL'ii 


h.ul 


lasti'd  'J4  day."*  from  tho  date  on  which  ijanguo  on  the  liond.  .iii.li;  ol   tiie  fron- 


tiir  was  oeci 


ipie 


d. 


4.-.S 


H<)XI>UKAS   AFFAIKS. 


20th,  ill  Saiitji  IJurharu,  at  the  hands  of  tin-  alll«  il 
forces  of  Arias,  (Amtciiuila,  and  Salvador,  osoajiiii- 
^vith  only  six  otiicers  to  Onu)a,'*'  wliere  he  joined  tin 
othrr  man  of  the  same  surname,  who  had  a  few  days 
)ir('vi(»usly  ac<'e|>ted  tlie  extcutivf  otiiet',  transfmi  d 
to  liim  by  Creseeneio  Gomez,  jtroehiiminLC  himsi  It* 
])rovisi<)nal  )>resident,  and  ajipointini;'  a  eabiiut.  lUit 
a  revolt  of  the  trooj»s  put  an  end  to  this  arraiii^^emenl. 
Jost!  ^1.  Medina,  his  substitute  Gomez,  and  otlit  ts 
briiiir  made  la'isoners,  and  sent  at  once  to»Coniavamia, 
where  thev  arrived  on  or  about  Aui'ust  9th.''  Arias' 
jjovernment  now  had  l»ut  little  dillicultv  to  secure  its 
tenure  of  power.  Kx-president  ^Medina  was  held  in 
confinement  to  answer  such  charu;es  as  would  be  \n\  - 
feri'ed  aL^ainst  him  bt'fore  tlu;  next  national  eon^'ress.  " 
A  full  amnesty  was  decreed  for  all  political  oH'enci  s 
committed  from  Man-h  5,  1^7l,  to  November  I,  1^72. 
the  oidy  persons  excluded  from  its  beni'tits  beini;'  Jest' 
!^^arfa  Medina,  and  his  ministers,  ^Manuel  Colindre^ 
and  Kafael  I'adilla,  who  were  also  to  abide  the  action 
of  cony;ress.'^ 

The  constitution  of  18G5  havinif  become  a  dead  It  t- 
tei-,  the  provisional  cfovernment,  in  a  decree  of  Xovem- 
ber  Ijth,  I'ecoo-nized  as  existing  in  their  full  force  all 
the  ri_iL,dits  of  citizens  undir  republican  institutions,  ' 
though  reserving  the  privilege  of  suspending  sonic  ut' 
them  in  the  event  of  public  disturbance.     This  decree 

'"/</.,  Aug.  1,  1872!  Own..,  hWim.  /.<,/.,  Goh.  Ihmoc,  i.  IKJ-IT. 

''.Juan  A.  Muilin.'t,  fluii.  Mimmla,  ami  a  few  friemls  succeeded  in  escap- 
ing. Xi>-.,  El  SiiiiKHiil  Sn:,  AuL'.  .S,  '-".•,  IST'i. 

''Furtlier  ilctails  inav  lie  found  iu  Va^tn  R.,  /iij'ornin  S<r.  Rtl,  1S73,  7-S; 
/;/  IWi:i,ir  </,■  Xic,  Ma'v  'Jd.  .Juiu'  •_',  1S7'-';  L'.  s'.  Gor.  J),j,:,  H.  Kx.  Pr., 
Cuij.'.  42,  Si'.sx.  .S,  i.  »>;{-(;;  A>.,  a<ir,f>i,  June  1.^  to  Nov.  :W,  1S72;  /■/.,  <  il 
J)<r.  1/  Anitrilioi.  Ks7l.',  .">0-l;  .l/'.c,  7>/((W<i  OyiV.,  Aug.  9,  187'J.  Circular  oi  Nic. 
Min.  of  For.  Kcl.,  Si^jit.  .").  |S7(1.  ri'lcrriug  to  liis  govurniiieni,'s  fruitless  tllTts 
at  mediation  hctwfcii  tlie  l)illigerent.-<,  adds  that  it  finally  accepted  acroiu- 
IilL-ihed  facta,  ami  o]ieued  relations  with  Ariaa'  govt.  Siili:,  (iacrUi  !>/•<'■<  ^-*'-''- 
2(1,  KS70. 

"'Creseeneio  (Jomez,  Max.  Ai-ai  jo,  Casto  Alvarado,  Jesiis  luestrosa.  aii'l 
a  few  otiiers  were  also  pardoned,  hut  rc-quired  to  st^iy  away  from  Homl.  luitil 
after  the  pronnilgation  of  a  n<  w  constitution.  \ir.,  (iocftii,  Nov.  ."in,  IsT'J; 
Id.,  Sfimtnul  Xu\,  Nov.  20,  1^'('2. 

*•  Life,  liberty,  eciuality,  security,  property,  inviolability  of  domicile  '>"■' 
correspondence,  and  writings,  freedom  of  transit,  of  pcaceahle  a.ssenilil) -C, 
and  of  the  press,  rights  of  petition,  and  of  preferring  against  public  otiicuds. 


COMlNf;   OF  COXSERVATIVKS. 


4:.9 


wu.s  (•ountt'rsi<''iu'cl  l>v  tho  throe  iuiui.>ters  of  staU'.*^' 
Tliu  ju'itpir  wore  on  the  17th  of  March,  187o,  coii- 
vtiked  to  choose  deputiesj  lo  a  convention  which  was 
tc  frame  a  n<'W  constitution.  Tlic  last  Sunday  of  the 
t'olliiwin^  April  was  nanu'd  for  the  elrctions." 

(Juatcniala  was  experiencing,^  trouhles  in  her  cast- 
(111  dcjiartUKints.  An  ex])edition  of  conservatives 
Liiided  at  Trujillo  from  the  shiji  (kiural  Kilunnan, 
iiuiiaciiiL!^  the  j^overnmtiit  of  Arias,  and  at  the  same 
time  aiding;"  the  fiction  wjiich  was  trviniT  to  overthrow 
that  of  (iuatcmala."''  The  latter  and  Sahador  attrlh- 
uiinLT  the  scheme  to  President  (luardia  of  Costa  llica, 


jointly  accre< 
of  \\\ 


lited 


II  nninster  ni  rMicaiai^ua,  the  n 


•suit 


ose  mission  was  a  tripartite  dtteiisive  alliance. 
Arias  decret-d  martial  law.  and  rea>sunied  the  dicta- 
toishlp  which  the  j)eople  conferred  on  him  the  })revious 


VI  ar 


The  revolutionary  forces  under  Mii-anda  were  siiif- 
iially  defeated  hy  the  (iuatemalan  commander,  8ol;;res. 
en  the  north  side  of  the  C'hamelecon  ]ii\"eron  the  I'tli 


Al 


I 


(if  Auiu^ust,  with  j^reat  loss,  (leneral  ( 'asto  .Vlvai-ado 
ami  Coh)nel  A.  !Muhoz  heing  killed,  and  a  lar^•e  «jiian- 


'  Juan  X.  Vcnern,  of  treas.  ami  for.  affairs:  Miguel  del  C'iil,  of  justice, 
giivt,  anil  jiuli.  worshij):  Ainlros  N'an  Sovenn.  of  w;ir. 

•Any  lionilurau  in  full  iicpssussinn  of  liis  civil  rights,  li^ivin;;  licsiilps  prnp- 
erty  worth  c^l.OH),  or  upwanls,  or  luin:,'  a  liirutiato,  cmiM  lie  dionin.  Tiie 
only  fxceptions  were  the  president  of  the  reiiuU.,  auil  the  military  in  active 
service. 

■'That  expedition  sailed  from  Colon,  and  was  led  l»y  Knriiiue  Palaci()>i, 
Ci.sro  Alvaraiio,  Miranda  Ikiraona,  and  otlnr>i.  It  landed  at  L'tda,  one  of 
the  Hay  Islands,  and  organized  a  guvt  lor  Hond.,  t'oliu'lres  and  I'addla,  niin- 
isti  i-.>  of  Medina,  assuming  the  executive  under  art.  SO  of  the  constitution  of 
iMi'),  iu  view  of  tiio  events  of  .July  isT'J  at  Omoa,  From  I'til.i  the  expe'l. 
pre.-eeded  to  Trujillo,  which  was  surrendered  .lune  'Jth.  That  part  of  tlio 
jiliu  tailed,  ami  tlie  expedition  th'ii  went  to  I'uerto  Cortes.  The  invailt  rs 
Ii.id  an  unilerstanding  with  lietancourt,  the  otlieir  in  commaml  at  Omoa,  who 
towanl  the  en<l  of  June  rebelled  m  ith  the  garrison  of  l.'iit  men;  ])Ut  he  was 
att.ieked  and  defeated  hy  Streber,  of  Ariiw'  govt.  It  was  duriii:,'  this  trouMu 
thit  St reber's  troops  pillaged,  in  July,  the  mercantile  houses  <ii  Onioa,  fnreigu 
as  Well  aa  native,  wliich  culminated  in  the  bombardment  afterward  of  tlio 
port  by  a  British  liian-<if-war,  of  which  I  g:'.ve  the  details  elsewhere.  The 
lidiise  of  the  Am.  consul  having  1)een  likewise  iuvadeil,  the  government  had 
to  yive  satisfaction,  saluting  the  U.  S.  tlag  March  '2'2,  1S74,  in  the  plaza  of 
Ciiiiiayagua,  in  tlie  presence  of  their  representative,  troops,  tlie  ministers  of 
state,  and  others. 

•'  Xi<:,  Semanal  Xic,  June  28,  July  17,  1872. 


I'f  ■ 


i!  i 


480 


IIONDUIIA.S   AFFAIRS. 


tiiy  of  wiir  matorial  fuirmt^  into  the  victor's  liaiwls.' 
The  i)rL;^>idc'iits  of  (iuutcmalii  and  Sulviulor,  after  tin 
iusuiTeetioii  in  the  runner  repulthe  had  bee-ii  (juelled. 
lield  eoiifcreiiccs  at  ('Iiiiii^^o  on  the  situation  in  Hon 
<hiras,  and  came  to  th(!  coiu  lusion  that  Ar'ias'  yovcrn 
nient,  l)eiiii4'  un[»opular,  could  not  sustain  itself  wilhor.i 
their  niat(;rial  as  W(;ll  as  moral  sni>[)ort,  which  woulil 
lie  a  heav}'  hurden.      He  was  then   asked   in   a  joini 
note  to  j^ive  u])  the  executive  ottiee  to  some  one  njor« 
in  the  confidence  of  ♦In;  |)eo[)le.       1  le  I'efused  to  accedi 
to    the    demand,    and    the    allied    trt»o|i,s    approaehril 
C'omayaij'ua  to  carry  out  their  suL;',L;estion.      The  fust 
notice  of  their  intent  was  the  jtroclamation  in  the  town 
of  A<T^uan(|ueteri(jue,  of  l*onciano  Jjeiva  as  provisional 
]»resident,  who  oru^anized  his  administration  at  diolii 
teea  on  the  2;id  of  Xovemher,  and  on  the  Sth  of  !)■ 
CHMuher  declared  all  the  acts  of  Arias  null."*' 

The  allied  forces  of  Leiva  undi-r  his  minister  el' 
war,  General  Juan  Lojk-z,  of  Guatemala  under  Solare-. 
and  of  Salvador  under  JCspinosa,  laid  sie^e  to  Coma 
yaij^ua  on  the  (Jth  of  January,  1874,  and  after  seveii 
days'  resistance,  Arias,  to.ufether  with  his  ministers  and 
chief  sui)porters,  had  to  capitulate  on  the  l:)th.  Ex 
l)resident  ^Medina  was  released  from  continement,  and 
eventually,  having  recognized  the  new  ruler,  was  set 
free,  when  he  went  to  live  in  La  Paz.^^ 

Leiva's  i^ovurnment   was  soon   recoLirnizcd    bv  tl.i 
other  states.     It  was  of  course  expected  to  pursue  a 
policy  in  accord  with  the  governments  that  gave  it 
existence.      I^ut  it  seems  that  Leiv.a  preferred  to  fol- 
low an  independent  course,-'^  and  in  a  short  time  tht' 

'^■'Thu  rcuiuuuta  of  the  Lusurgouta  llutl  liy  tlie  railroail.  A/.,  Aug.  7,  21,  'JS, 
.Sui.t.  18,  1S7;{. 

'■"'Tlic  t'liiistitiient  congress,  ctiUuil  liy  Arias,  a.sscmblcil  l)i'o.  14th,  ami  ii  • 
fused  ti)  acioiit  hi.s  rosii,'iiatinii.  It  also  a(lii]>ti'(l  other  measures,  wliicli  it  is 
UHuece.ssary  to  recite  here,  a.s  they  luvertodk  etl'eet. 

■■''A  circular  of  the  Nic.  minister  of  foreign  alliiirs  of  Sept.  5,  ISTti,  allu'le;* 
to  these  events.  Further  particulars  apjiear  in  Ari(i.\  Mrihtaje,  Dee.  14,  IhiH; 
I '.  S.  (lort.  iJois.,  II.  Ex.  Doe.,  ( 'om,'.  4:5,  Sess.  '2,  i.  141 ;  />(n-/<o.f,  MiiiKiijc,  Sejit. 
II,  ISKi;  jV>.,  Scmawil  ^'l^■.,  .lau.'^KS,  'J4,  Fel)  ID,  1S74:  S<ili\,  OncUi  Ojir.. 
Oct.  '_'(>,  lS7(i. 

'^^  Leiva  seemid  to  he  a uon-partisau,  a  man  of  intelligent  aiul  liberal  vitwn, 
and  a  popular  favorite. 


1  i  ,-| 


LKIVA   SU(iKi;i»s   AlilAS 


m 


twii  |)<)\V('rs  tluit  so  clrvjitc*!   liiiii  \v«'H'  in  niitationism, 
<  iiiiitciiiala  usiiii^'  licr  iiitliitiicc  ai,''jiiust  uiul  SjiKjkIiii- 


•I    him,   its  will    Itf  scrii    lii-icjit'lti', 


(•((iistittinit 


(•iMi'j;n'ss  coiivokcd  Ity  Lriva  adjuunu'd  in  May,  artn- 
ail'i|»tiii«jj  tlii'fc  iinpoitjiiit  iiu-asiiics;  iiniiirly,  coMlinii- 
iiii;  Lciva  a.s  jirovisioiial  |H'('sitlciit,  rt'stoiMii;^  tin'  con 
>titnti<)ii  (»t'  I^Cf),  and  (»!•<!» 'lin^i;  Alias  into  cxilo  for 
fivi'  yoais."'  'I'lic  political  state  of  alfairs  was  not 
saiistactoi'V  to  (iuatcniala.  The  »Jt'ctions  hud  \  ii  Idi.l 
a  majority  i)f  conservatives  and  reactit)nist.s  in  mn- 
^icss,  and  many  if  n»tt  most  of  the  |>uhlic  ollices  had 
;,'une  into  the  hands  of  men  of  that  party,  one  of  the 
most  prominent  heinj^-  ManiU'l  ("olindiis.  The  lej^ii- 
lar  ((Mijjcross  was  installed  on  tlie  "JOtli  of  .laimaiy, 
ls75,  and  the  next  day  the  executive  sent  in  his  mes- 
sii!4('.  i<'^''"K  J'l  detail  tln.^  condition  of  puMic  alfairs. 
Kchinary  1st  lie  took  the  oath  of  otlice  as  consti- 
tutional jU'esident,  liavin»if  heeli  elected  hy  the  [)eopK'.'"' 
A  full  aimiestv  for  iiolitical  oH'ences  was  y-ranted  l»v 
cuiiifress  February  Dtli,  aiul  promuljj^ated  the  sauu' 
(lay  hy  the  jirt'sident  and  his  minister  of  relatioiih  ami 
justice,  Adolfo  Znniina. 

The  pe()|»le  of  Honduras  were  not  all(»wi'd,  however, 
to  ciijity  the  benefits  of  ])cace  but  for  a  short  time: 
for  Kx-[)resident  ^ledina  iiistijj^ated,  as  it  was  o-emrally 
hrlieved,  by  Presidc'iit  Barrios  of  (xuatemala,  raised 
at  (jiracias,  on  the  2lst  of  Di'ceiiiber,  the  standard  of 
revolution,  proclaimiiii;  himself  j)rovisional  presiileiit."'' 

'•'Ouiit.  (ilijocteil  to  tlio  troiitiiu'iit  .iwarded  Ari.iH,  .'iiul  Hciit  KaiiHui  Husa 
a^  riiiilidi'iitial  agt'iit  to  l^civa  to  rt'iircscnt  that  Arias  liail  lucri  Kdloiiiiily 
lilrilui'd  .security  fur  liis  liU;  and  liln'rty,  and  n'sjiict  lor  Ids  liiuli  oliarai  ti  r 
ami  iirrsoiial  liu'rit.s;  agaiiint  wldi'li  jilccliic  Arias  liad  licuii  ki'pt  in  iiri.-.iin  and 
siiliirctcd  to  prosi'cutioii.  The  giiv.  ol  IJnat.  lirhivrd  tliat  the  nii  ii  ooniinn- 
iiiji  that  assi;inl)ly  were  not  coniiicti'tit  to  try  Arias,  tor  tlity  \\<ro  reactioiii  t.- 


>t'  tlio  truest  lilicrals  in  (  int.  Am.     Liiva  ; 


■red,  .InlyMth,  tiiat 


111'  had  exerted  Idniself  in  Arias'  t.ixnr,  and  tiiat  tlie  exile  he  u as  sentenied 
til  111' Wiiiild  iiave  undergone  lit'  his  ow  n  aeeord;  lor  he  eniild  not  li\ein  the 
'iimilry  for  some  time.  It  'vjis  tor  his  own  lienelit  that  the  terms  oi  tin; 
■^uriiiid'r  had  been  nuwlilied.  ('.  S. 'I'lir.  J  )<»■■<.,  II.  K.x.  Doe.,  For.  Uel.,  (  ...ig. 
4;!.  Sess.  2,  Doe.  I,  iiti.  ITit  .S<.>. 

"S^'lr.,   DinrioOjii:,  Feb.  5,   1'2.   Mareh   :<,   11,  Apr.  4,    ls7.'>:   M< 


Mill.  I.'' I.,  IS 


(.),  annex 


:},  Doi 


-Vl. 


:<]'■ 


10. 


/,  l>. 


Mr 


/,'</.  /;./.,  1^7 


Ihe  grouuiLs  alleged  for  tlie  revolt  were:   1st,  that  the  liliirties  et  llond. 


r    ! 


'i    * 


L)     1 


\-  i 

.iiP 


i: 


:■  I 


1^'  i 
.1  I 


1 

i 

! 

J 

1 

i 

i :« 

ii 

HONDUK^S  AFFAIRS. 


\{v  afttnvard  suffon-d  f(»r  liis  lack  of  wisdom.  Tlio 
j^ovfiimiciit  at  oiKH'  j)r('j)aro«l  to  iiictt  tin,'  rmcri^ciKy. 
Salva«l<»r  oij^aiiizid  a  force  to  .support  it,  and  (Jiiatc- 
iiiala  n.solvfd  to  .sustain  ^[c'«liiia,  wlio.se  rt-al  plan  wa.s 
to  liiirl  (lonzidr/  from  tlu!  oxi'cutive  chair  of  Salvador, 
as  Well  as  Lciva  I'rom  that  of  Honduras. 

The  rovohition  assumed  proporti(.ns,  and  Medina 
liad  come  to  lu-lieve  himself  master  of  tiie  situation. 
The  jiresidents  of  Snlva«lor  and  (iuateinala  arraui;! d 
at  (  'hinj;o,  on  the  1  oth  of  Fehruary,  iy7(),  to  intervtnt; 
in  Honduras  and  stop  the  revolution.  At  this  time 
it  was  tjjou^ht  that  Leiva  could  n(»t  hold  his  own,  his 
forces  liaviiiL,^  heen  routed  at  Intihucii,  and  hiwautlidi- 
ity  bein«4  filt  only  in  the  eastern  departments.  Tln! 
relu'ls  had  captured  the  capital,  Comayaijua,  and  de- 
livered it  to  the  horrors  of  an  exterminating^  war. 
l>ut  the  hattle  of  Xaran jo  changed  the  aspect  of  aH'airs, 
Lciva's  ti'oops  gaining  there  a  ilecisive  victory,  which 
restored  his  authority  over  almost  the  whole  extent  of 
the  repuMic.'"'  There  was  no  further  need  i>f  (iuate- 
niala  and  Salvador  pacifyino-  Honduras;  peaci'  had 
licen  vii'tually  restored,  and  only  a  few  scattered  jiai'- 
ties  of  rehels  in  the  (iepartnients  of  ( 'opan  and  ( irucias 


had  to  he  (.'liininated, 


:w 


But 


th 


soon  alter  an(»tlier  con- 
testant for  the  picsidential  ottice  a[)peared  on  tlio 
field,  namely,  ^[arco  .\urelio  Soto,  ex-minister  of  for- 
eign relations  of  ( Juatemala,'''  whom  a  (luatemalaii 
force  su[)ported.  A  tri-aty  of  peace  was  e(.)nchi(l<  il, 
liowever,  with  the  mediation  of  Salvador,  at  Los  (A- 

wtTP  iimlcr  tlir.iMoiii  to  Salv.,  wliii-h  had  failed  to  carry  out  tlu-  olijuct*  nf 
till-  ri'\  uliitioii  lit  ls7l;  -d,  tlio  di'iiloralilc  stati-of  the  liiianci's,  bocaiiM'  Aiii.i- 
|ia!a  had.  Iiccii  iiiadi-  a  live  port;  .Sd,  that  tlif  dif  of  Hoiid.  hid  huiil  iiiviii  to 
.Salvador.  Suh:,  I Ihirio  <>jii:,  .Jan.  4,  ."),  "Jl,  .'{(>,  March  •_»(>,  1>S7(J;  La  /I'l ;/< /"/•"- 
(•(■(.//.  Oct.  it.  IsTtt. 

^- Furtlicr  i>iiticulars  in  run.  Slur  lunl  Jhrnld,  March  12  to  June  1,  I^Ti', 
l>ii.ssini;  Sdi:,  i;,i,;lfi  nji,\,  ,hinc  S,  Oct.  'Jti,   IS7(i. 

^^  At  this  tiiiio  war  liroko  out  Iivtwccu  ( iuat.  and  Salvador,  and  the  funiicr 
sent  au  army  u.idir  Solarcs  thronuh  Uondura.s  to  opi'rate  agaiu.^it  Salvailei  s 
cistiTu  dcpartnitiits.  JX'taiU  on  those  invents  aro  given  in  other  eha]iteri  i>ii 
troatiuL!  of  the  relations  hotwcen  the  two  hellif,'crontM.  At  the  conclusiini  "I 
Itoacc.  Uond.  joined  them  in  a  tn^aty  of  alliance. 

•'  He  resigneil  his  jmrtfolio  Feb.  'Jlith,  with  the  undcrstuuling  that  he  was 
to  l>o  jiresideut  of  Honduru.i. 


PRESIDKXT  SOTO  4g§ 

(IroH  June  8,  187G/''an(l  the  oxooutivc  offico  went  into 
tlic  liiiiuls  of  Crcscviicio  (Joiiiez  by  transfer  from  Mar- 
(dino  Mcjfa,  to  whom  tlio  treaty  liad  given  it.  (vniic?. 
(Iicned  August  llitli  to  turn  over  the  otiic*;  to  Medina, 
who  declined  accepting  it;  hut  as  tlie  repuhhe  was 
th»  rehy  left  without  a  chier  luagistrate,  he  concluded 
(•n  the  IHth  to  call  Marco  Aurelio  Soto  to  till  the 
position/"  denying  in  a  nianifisto  that  (iuatemala  pur- 
ptised  controlling  the  aH'airs  of  Honduras.^' 

Soto  amiounccd  August  -JTth  from  Amapala''^  his 
assumpti(jn  of  tlic  executive  duties,  declaring  tl' it  his 
[toiicy  would  bu  fair  and  friendly  at  home  and  tov.';ird 
the  other  Central  American  states,  and  that  he  was 
free  from  internal  or  foreign  entanglements.  ie  \\.".3 
soon  aft(>r  i-ecognized  by  other  governments  as  the 
Irgitinuite  clii<  *'  magistrate  of  Honduras.'"'  Under  his 
aihninistration  the  peoi)le  were  once  more  enabled  to 
(.lev(  V  themselves  to  peaceful  pursuits.  On  the  27 th 
of  May,  1877,  in  an  extensive  message  to  congress,  he 
s.t  forth  the  condition  of  public  afi'airs,  and  what  his 
government  had  done  in  every  branch  of  the  [)ublic 
s(  rvice  duiing  the  last  nine  months.  He  assured  the 
rt]iresentatives  that  no  branch  had  been  neglected; 
and  expressed  the  hope  that  if  ])ea(x*  and  order  were 
incserved,  the  country  would  erelong  begin  to  reap 
the  benefits  of  his  nu'asures.*"  He  had  been  ch(<sen 
hy  tlie  people,  on  A}»ril  "J'Jd,  constitutional  president, 
and  the  extraordinary  conorcss  acknowledued  him  as 

'■'XuL'otiatcd  l>y  (Vuz  Lozano,  on  l)flialf  of  liotli  Salvador  and  Meilina, 
and  M.  Vigil  and  Luis  Bogran  tor  Lciva,  l)otli  cnutostants  f^iviiig  n[t  their 
(.1  aims,  and  aKi'L'i'ing  to  recognize  Mareelino  Mejia  as  tliu  provisional  prcsi- 
(lout,  wliieli  was  done.  /'/.,  .lune  'J4,  ISTt). 

^" It  was  said  tliat  Soto  liail  liei'ii  jiroclainicd  in  several  places,  and  that  ho 
eiijovid  tlie  contidence  of  the  governments  of  (!iiat.,  Salv.,  and  Costa  It. 

''■  Another  version  is  tliat  Roderieo  Toledo  arrived  at  Coinayagua,  as  eoni- 
liiis-iouer  from  (luat.  and  Salv.,  and  deinandiHl  of  (ioinez  the  surrender  of 
tiu'  (Xeeutive  to  Soto,  which  is  (piito  possible,  (ioniez  atl'ecting  the  surre^der 
tln(piiL:li  his  former  chief,  Medina. 

""  TIk'  garrison  ha'l  declared  in  his  favor  ou  the  '21st,  the  coiuaudante  Col 
Salvailor  Kerrandis  losing  his  life. 

■■'l-:i  Ponri.ir  </<'  .V/c, March  IS,  187(5;  Pnn.  Star  niid  HernU,  Apr.  4,  1876; 
''.  >'.  ilor.  Dnc,  H.  K.\.  Doc,  44th  Cong.,  "Jd  Sess.,  i.  30-9;  (W<i  Ji.  In'oriM 
-'//».  />/.,  187(),  11-14. 

'•'.Voto,  MciMije,  May  27,  1877;  Salv.,  Gaceta  Ojic,  ,lune  22,  1877. 


■^ 


'i  I 


464 


liONDUUAS   AFI  Alio 


sut  li  on  tlio  21)tli  of  ]\ray.      He  was  formally  "mauou- 
v.xti'i]  on  the  following  day. 

Ex-})rt'si(l('nt  Meilina,  and  the  Salvadoran  general 
Eze([uiel  ^larin,  together  with  two  colonels  and  .sev- 
eral t)ther  otHcers  of  less  rank,  and  a  number  of  ei\il- 
ians,  for  an  attempted  rehellion  in  the  latter  end  of 
KS77,  were  subjcscted  to  the  action  of  a  court-martial 
at  Santa  liosa,  on  the  charge  of  high  treason  and 
other  ofi'ences,"  and  sentenced  to  death.  The  cause 
l>eing  taken,  for  revision,  to  the  su])renie  council  of 
war,  the  sentence  auainst  ^Eedinaand  ^[arin  was  con- 
finned,  the  court  having  found  no  exti'uuating  cir- 
cumstances; one  lieutenant  and  one  sergeant  obtaim d 
a  commutation  to  ten  years'  confinement  in  the  fortnss 
at  Onioa.  The  other  prisoners  were  set  at  liberty, 
but  with  a  warninjjf  never  ay;ain  to  enuaj^e  in  siiii:- 
lar  conspiracies,  or  the  sentence  of  the  court-martial 
against  them  would  be  enforced.  Medina  and  Marin 
were  sliot  at  Santa  llosa  at  8  o'clock  in  the  morning 
of  February  8,  1878.^"^  The  other  two  men  were  at 
once  despatched  to  their  prison  at  Omoa. 

Jose  Maria  Medina  has  been  styled  a  genuine  iil»- 
eral,  and  his  friends  gave  him  credit  as  a  coimuandt  r 
of  resources,  and  an  able  administrator.  His  military 
record  showed  that  he  surrendered    tke  fortress  <>f 

*' Till!  ortler  for  their  trial  was  issued  by  the  comanilante  general  of  ilu' 
ic[)ul)lii;  l)eo.  l'2th,  the  executive  having  first,  on  the  lOtli,  askeil  tlio  ailvi  ■!■ 
<>t  the  supreme  cr)urt  of  justice,  which  was  given  on  the  next  ilay.  The 
crimes  prcferi'cd  against  the  prisoners  were  conspiracy,  instigation  to  rein:!- 
lion,  liigli  treason,  ami  concealnu'nt  of  government  arms.  The  oliiccrs  fnnn- 
iiig  tjic  court-martial  were  (Jen.  Kiiiilio  Dclgado,  presiileiit,  generals  Kusel'in 
T'oro  and  Luis  IJogran,  colonels  inocente  Soils,  Belisario  \  illela,  Manu'l 
lionilla,  Antonio  Cerro;  auditor  de  gucrra,  Juste  Ccili/;  prosecuting  ofiiii  r, 
lien.  Agustin  Aguilar.  Siilr.,  Diiirio  <  Ijic,  suppl.,  Feb.  28,  1878;  I'oz  dc  AI<.i., 
July  17,  1878. 

*■"  U.  S.  Minister  Oeo.  Williamson,  in  reporting  these  execution*  to  iiis 
gov.,  Feb.  It),  1878,  uses  tlicse  words:  '  Medinas  lack  of  wisdom  iu  yiuLiiii,' 
to  tiio  selection  (as  president)  ri  a  man  wlio  from  the  dictates  of  a  cowar.lly 
or  cruel  policy  tiiought  it  necessary  to  select  so  ilhistrious  a  victim  as  hinist  If, 
has  led  to  this  deplorable  event. . .  .It  is  said  neither  the  victims  nor  any  one 
else  belit'ved  the  sentence  of  tlu^  council  oi  war  would  lie  either  approval  .ir 
exe'cuted.'  11.  S.  dor.  Jhr.,  H.  Ex.  J)oc.,  ('ong.  4.'),  Sess.  'A,  i.  70  80.  It  lias 
been  saiil  that  the  execution  of  Medina,  luiw  aged  and  intirm,  Wiw  in  obedi- 
ence to  orders  from  Barrios.   L'n  Guafiinalhco,  L'urt(ii>,  '2o. 


AX   INFAMOUS  KULEK, 


4(>r» 


( )ni<>a  to  General  Carrera,  and  fi)llt)\vecl  liiiu  to  Guate- 
mala, where  he  was  rewarded  for  that  service  witli  a 
lirutenant-coloneley.  He  never  won  any  action  «>!' 
iiii}iortanoe.  Durin<^  the  insurrection  of  Olancho  in 
18(14,  he  never  went  heyond  Yoro  until  informed  that 
the  affair  was  over.  He  issued  the  order  of  I)ec(Mnlter 
2.").  1804,  countersijj^ned  b}'  his  minister,  Franciscc* 
CVnz,  empowering  all  his  officers  to  put  prisom  rs  to 
drath,^''  and  that  in  the  face  of  several  constitutional 
clauses  aholishing  the  death  penalty,  and  f<»rl>iddinj^ 
tin:  trial  of  citizcjis  by  military  courts  He  was  als(» 
guilty  of  incendiarism  in  burning  many  towns  and 
haciendas,  and  of  confiscation.  lie  made  himself  and 
his  satellites  wealthy  at  the  expense  of  his  country 
and  his  victims.  He  reached  the  presidency  by  the 
favor  of  the  oliuarchs  of  Guatemala.  As  a  ruler  Ik; 
was  an  umjiitiuatcd  tvrant;  as  an  administrator  he 
1(  It  nothing  to  entitle  him  to  a  [>lace  among  the  bene- 
factors of  his  nation — no  schools,  no  material  improve- 
iiuiits  of  any  kind.  In  lieu  thereof  he  left  the 
national  name  dishonored  abroad,  the  national  charac- 
ter degraded,  financial  ruin,  corruption,  immorality, 
pnvt'ity,  bitter  animosities,  and  almost  every  misfor- 
tune that  could  have  befallen  hapless  Honduras. 

Xothing  worthy  of  particular  mention  occurred 
from  this  time  on  till  Xovend)er  "i,  ISSO,  when  the 
national  capital  was  removed  to  Tegucigalpa.  In 
Dfccmber  of  the  same  year  ^larco  Aurclio  Soto  was 
reelected  president,^*  and  the  [)eople  continued  enjoy- 
ing the  benefits  of  peace.  The  national  assembly  met  at 
T(giicigali)a  on  the  !  !)th  of  Fi'bruary,  18H;}.  Doctor 
Siitd  was  again  instalU'd  as  presi<lent  by  virtue  of  a 
reelection,  and  in  an  able  and  lucid  address  congratu- 
lated the  representatives  of  the  people  tliat  since  their 

"  H.i  '  t;'ener;ils  Juan  Ijopez  and  J.  A.  Medina  carrieil  out  the  order  to  the 
litter,  L  e.^  !.. habitant  of  Olanclio  wouhl  liave  been  annihdateil.  As  it  was, 
'.'•"I  iiu'u  were  shot  and  500  hanged,  all  without  trial.  El  J'ontnir  ilc  Xic, 
N"V.  -.'li,  IHTI. 

"  I'nirlnCaU.  A.  ,.,  Dec.  27,  1880. 
llisi.  (JK.NT.  AM.,  Vol.  ni.    30 


400 


UONDUUAS  AFFAIRS. 


ii    ! 


m!  !: 


last  meeting  in  1881  quiet  had  reigned,  and  the  hb- 
eral  constitution  framed  in  1877  liad  worked  succesjs- 
fully.  Relations  with  Costa  Rica,  interrupted  in 
1878,  were  renewed  on  the  lyth  of  last  October;  and 
those  with  the  rest  of  the  Central  American  states,  as 
well  as  with  other  powers,  were  on  the  most  friendly 
footing.  Tlie  long-})ending  boundary  <juestion  witli 
Salvador  had  been  referred  to  the  arbitration  of  Pres- 
ident Zavala  of  Nicaragua.  The  government  had,  on 
the  15th  of  Scptend)er,  1882,  sanctioned  the  plan  nt" 
Central  American  unitication.  Finances  were  in  a 
satisfactory  state,  large  payments  having  relieved  tliu 
treasury  of  heaw  burdens.  The  administration  of 
justice  had  become  im})roved,  and  public  education 
advanced.  Agriculture  was  progressing,  trade  on  tin; 
increase  with  tlie  facilities  afforded  it;  and  mining  li.ul 
engaged  the  attention  of  capitalists  both  at  home  and 
abroad.^' 

President  Soto  sent  in  his  resiffnation  to  coni>ns.s 
on  March  lOtli,  pleading  ill  health.  It  was  not  ac- 
ce[)ted,  and  instead  a  leave  of  absence  was  granted 
him  with  a  liberal  pecuniary  allowance  for  expenses. 
Congress  thought  pro[)er,  however,  to  utilize  his  in- 
tended visit  to  JMiro[)e  to  [>lace  on  a  better  footing  tin' 
financial  affairs  of  the  ri'public.'"  i^efore  taking  iii^ 
departure,  Soto  [)laced,  ou  the  i>th  of  May,  the  exicu- 
tive  ofhci'  in  charge  of  the  council  of  ministers,  nan\e1y. 
Enriijue  (lutierrez,  Luis  Hogran,  and  Rafael  Alvaradc 

*''T1r'  I'xliiliit  of  tilt!  Mtiitu  (if  Jifl'airs,  linth  pri'soiit  ami  jirnsjit'otivc,  m  i- 
C'nco\ir:igiii^',  ami  aiijicaivil  to  l)u  will  fouiuLil.  A  synopsis  of  tho  a(lll^^■^»  is 
^'ivi.:ii  ill  y'((//.  Jt'iili/  ('(iiiiil,   Mai'cli  20,   18S:{;  I'ttn.   iStar  and  HcraU,   Mai\li 

*''Hc  was  periiiittod  to  visit  tiiu  U.  S.  ami  Kiirojio,  wlioro,  as  the  majority 
of  tlio  conimittcf  to  whom  tli*  siiliject  luul  lici'ii  ri'lrrrt'il  saiil,  frci'  from  miIi- 
(.■ialiai'fs  he  might  jilaoo  hiiiisflf  uiick'r  mcclioal  troatmi'iit,  if  lu'ccssaiy.  Smiiii' 
iiiomi  rs  of  the  coinmittei'  favoreil  the  ad'eptaiu'e,  olaimiiig  it  as  a  mattii'  "I 
justice,  Imt  tiie  majority  thought  it  wouM  cause  iuooiivenieiices  in  tlu'  oiiliily 
inarch  of  all'air><  A  jo\irnal,  l.n  /'nz  of  Tegucii,'al|ia,  remarked:  '  Kriiii.ls 
ami  enemies  of  I)r  Soto,  men  and  i>artii's  the  n>"st  oiijxisite  in  icU'as,  join  m 
eonsidering  tiiat  tiie  witlidrawal  of  l)r  Soto  woidd  hi^  the  precursor  of  |iiihti 
val  misfortunes  and  catastroplies.'  /(/.,  Apr.  18,  ISS.'l. 

"To  adjust  llondni'as'  share  of  tiie  old  federal  thiht,  which  was  still  mi 
paid;  and  to  make  some  st'ttlcnunt  respecting  the  loans  coutractcd  iu  Loml'H 
uiul  I'aris  fur  cuustructiug  the  inturocuauio  railway. 


48 


SOTO  AND  BAR11I0.S. 


m 


This  was  in  accordance  with  the  constitution.  In 
hi(l(Ung  good  by  to  liis  fellow-citizens,  S(>t()  congratu- 
lated tliem  upon  the  reign  of  peace  at  honie,*'^  and  the 
cordiality  existing  with  other  n.ations.  He  promised 
to  come  luick  as  soon  as  possible  to  complete  his  term, 
and  to  surrender  the  trust  to  his  suecessor/'' 

A  serious  (juarrel  occurretl  soon  after,  while  Soto 
was  in  San  Francisco,  California,  betweiii  him  and 
liarrios.  He  received,  as  he  considered  it,  from  a 
reliable  source,  information  that  Barrios,  being  dis- 
|>kasetl  with  his  government,  had  ri'solved  to  promote 
a  revolution  in  Honduras  as  an  excuse  for  war  and 
tor  (•verthrowintjf  that  jjrovermnent.  Ife  wrote  l^arrios 
oil  Julv  T),  1883,  that  his  jjovernmeiit  havinu:  been 
t'Vtr  loyal  and  friendly  t»>  and  fultilltd  its  treaty  obli- 
gations with  Guatemala,  he  nuist  attribute  to  personal 
motives  Barrios'  intended  course.  He  was  not,  ho 
said,  disposed  to  give  the  latter  an  oi>portunity  to  sow 
distraetion  in  his  own  country,  and  to  let  loose  again 
the  dogs  of  war  in  all  Ci'utral  America.  To  avert 
those  calamities  he  was  ready  to  bi-ing  about  a  h-g.d 
transfer  of  his  office,  and  would  lay  his  thial  resigna- 
tion before  couiifress.  J^ut  he  wished  l^arrios  to  know 
that  he  did  so  actuated  by  patriotic  motives,  and  not 
by  fear,  for  he  had  sufficient  power  in  Jlonduras  to 
sustain  liimself,  and  to  defend  lier  against  unjust  ag- 
uression.  Barrios  returned  a  scathful  answt^r  (»n 
August  ;Ul.  After  denvino-  Soto's  accusations,  he  at- 
tiil)utes  his  resignation  to  a  jinvoneeived  resolve  to 
desert  by  actual  flight  liis  post,  and  lead  alu'oad  a  life 
of  ease  and  luxury  upon  his  ill-gotten  wealth;  and 
iK'w  was  using  his,  ]:)arrios',  name  as  a  pretext  to 
justify  his  conduct.  He  asserts  that  Soto  left  Hon- 
duras with  the  intention  of  not  returning,  and  indeed, 
with  a  full  knowle(lg<>  that  the  Hondurans  would  never 

'"A  little  lator  B-irrios  of  (Jiuit.  cliiiiiUMl  that  it  wa.s  (Iiik.  to  his  own  crii- 
st.int  suiiport  rather  tha!i  to  Soto's  ailiniiii.stratii>ii,  wliioh  he  (leelared  to  have 
liiM'ii  had  ami  niiiiou.s  to  llmicl. 

"  in  his  journey  lie  was  aecoiiipanieil  hy  his  kinsman  and  fnrnier  minister 
III  relations,  Ramon  Kosa. 


m 


466 


HONDURAS  Al'FAlRS. 


permit  his  return.^  The  writer  in  the  plainest  lan- 
guage accuses  him  of  having  enriched  himself  at  the 
expense  of  a  country  which  he  had  ruined,  and  of  pri- 
vate parties  alike.  As  to  Soto's  hrave  words,  tluy 
are  taken,  he  says,  at  their  true  worth  in  (jruatemahi, 
where  he  is  well  known.  It  would  he  easier  and  less 
costly  to  hurl  him  from  power,  than  it  was  to  raise; 
him  to  and  keep  him  at  the  head  of  the  government. 

Barrios  concluded  that  he  would  take  no  further 
notice  of  Soto's  remarks,  as  there  was  a  hroad  sea  he- 
tween  them.  His  charges  about  Soto's  incom[)etency, 
disloyalty,  and  general  dishonesty  are  certainly  exag- 
gerated. Soto  sent  his  resignation  from  Sun  Francisco, 
and  congress  unanimously  accepted  it  on  the  3d  of 
Septcmher.^^ 

General  Luis  Bogran  was  spontaneously  and  almost 
by  unanimit}'  chosen  by  tlie  people  president  of  the 
republic,'"'"  and  assumed  the  duties  on  the  30th  of  No- 
vember, soon  after  organizing  his  cabinet  with  the 
minist  rs  named  below.''^ 

The  country  continued  at  peace,  and  there  was  m* 
reason  to  apprehend  any  innnediate  disturbance.  Jii 
the  attempt  made  by  (Guatemala  to  reorganize  Central 
America  bv  force  of  arms,  in  the  earlv  part  of  188;"), 
Honduras  pledged  her  cooperation,  but  had  little  op- 
portunity to  take  an  active  part.  Upon  hearing  of 
the  Guatemalan  defeat,  and  of  the  death  of  President 
Barrios  on  the  2d  of  April,  she  wavered,  but  finally 
made  peace  with  Salvador,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Kica. 

^  '  Hasta  el  punto  de  valerse  do  iu(,  como  del  pretesto  mejor  para  justili- 
car  cl  paso  de  fuga  y  dcserciou  <juo  ha  dadoy  se  propone  consiuiiar;  nopiciiM' 
nuc  oso  plan  tan  ruin  se  oculta  A  ningiuio. '  Botli  letters  are  given  in  full  iii 
Pan.,  El  Crnnistd,  Aug.  2."),  LMI,  ISSli;  Lc  Repiililka  {H.  F.),  Sept.  1,  8,  ISKV 

•"/'<JH.  Still- itml  llemlil,  Nov.  17,  1H8.3;  Ln  /{qmhlici  (S.  F.),  Sept.  15,  'Jl, 
188;i;  Diaz,  Mixcl.,  no.  12,  .3. 

•'•'Bogran  was  ([uite  young,  energetic,  and  frank  in  his  mannsrs,  opoii- 
hearted  and  unpretentious.  His  character  was  in  keeping  with  his  appearand'. 
Ho  was  master  of  the  political  situation. 

'^Rafael  Alvarado,  of  war,  education,  and  justice;  Jerdniino Zelaya,  of  for- 
eign affairs;  Creseeucio  fJoniez,  of  govt;  Alujlanlo  Zelaya,  of  treasury  ami 
puhlic  credit;  and  Francisco  Planas,  of  pulilie  works.  Oiiat.,  Mem.  Scr.  A''/. 
KrI.,  1884,  8;  Ca'<f,i  If.,  Afnii.  Mm.  liii,  1884,  3;  El  GtuitemaUeco,  Jan.  lit, 
1884;  /\iH.  AV((r<(W  y/mrW,  Jan.  18,  1884. 


PEACE  UE.STORED. 


409 


About  the  middle  of  1885  there  were  near  Trujillo 
some  sHght  disturbances,  but  quiet  was  restored.  A 
filibustering  expedition  was  expected  at  Trujillo  on  the 
uliip  Dorian,  said  to  have  been  fitted  out  by  Ex-presi- 
(k'lit  Soto,  with  the  view  of  recovering  power.  The 
government  of  Belize,  at  the  request  of  the  Honduran 
authorities,  despatched  the  gun-boat  Lily  to  Trujillo, 
wlnre  she  arrived  September  2i)tli,  and  made  known 
the  object  of  her  visit."  No  such  expedition  came  to 
create  disturbance.  Still  later,  in  188G,  a  similar  at- 
tempt was  made  but  failed,  the  shiji  supposed  to  have 
been  engaged  for  the  purpose  being  captured  at  sea 
by  an  American  cruiser. 

^'  So  said  La  HejiubUca,  of  Tegucigalpa,  official  orgau.  Pan,  Star  and  Her- 
„ll,  Si'pt.  10,  1885. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS  IN  NICARAGUA. 

1807-1885. 

PKKstDENT  Fernando  Guzman — Insurrection— Misroxnucr  of  Priests- 
Defeats  OF  the  Insi'roents — FoREicN  Mediation — Generosity  or 
THE  Government— 1'resiuent  Vicente  Qkadra— Inception  of  iiik 
Jesuits — Aims  of  Parties — Internal  and  Forekin  Compli(;ations— 
Costa  Rica's  Hostility  and  Tinoco's  Invasion— Presidents  (ma- 
MoRRo  AND  Zavala— More  Political  Trourles — .Tesuits  the  I'imi- 
MOTERs— Their  Expulsion  —  Peace  Restored— I'roijress  of  iiik 
Country — President  Adan  Cardenas — Resistance  to  Presiuknt 
Barkios'  Plan  of  Forced  Reconstruction 


m 


;i  I 


» 
»- 


The  administration  of  President  Fernando  Guzman 
entered  upon  its  duties  on  tlie  1st  of  Marcli,  18()7, 
under  good  auspices.  Peace  reigned,  the  country  was 
prosperous,  and  the  public  treasury  equall}^  so.*  Tliis 
was  the  first  time  that  the  government  could  lay  s( 
flattering  a  picture  before  the  nation.  Guzman  pled^- 
himself  to  use  his  best  endeavors  to  consolidate  repii 
lican  institutions."  He  promised  further  to  pursue  a 
conciliatory  policy,  and  this  was  received  with  joy 
throughout  the  land,  a  policy  which  was  initiated  on 
the  same  day  of  his  inauguration  with  an  amnesty  to 
all  citizens  undergohig  prosecution  or  {)unishnieiit  for 
political  offences.  Those  in  exile  were  invited  to 
return  to  their  homes;  among  them  was  Maximo 
Jerez,  who  had  been  sojourning  in  Costa  Rica,  and 

'  All  appropriations  had  been  covered,  and  a  portion  of  the  foreign  (Ubt 
paid.  Premd.  Martinez'  Menu.,  in  Nic,  Gaceta,  Jan.  19,  18()7. 

" '  Donde  la  libertad,  la  segurioad,  y  el  drdeu  no  scan  una  quimera.'  u\>., 
Manif.,  1867,  1-7. 

( 470 ) 


KE  VOLITION  AH  Y    MOVKMHNT. 


471 


a< copted  the  pardon.  The  bishop  of  the  diocese  was 
apprised  of  the  president's  desire  for  continued  har- 
mony between  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  jurisdictions, 
which  was  responded  to  in  the  same  spirit  by  the  prel- 
ate. There  was  then  every  prospect  of  a  lon<r  peace. 
At  the  opening  of  the  cotiirressional  session,  January 
25,  1869,  the  president  made  a  cheering  report,  and  it 
was  believed  that  the  course  of  the  government  was 
generally  well  received;  but  when  it  was  proposed  in 
congress  to  vote  an  approval  of  it,  some  remarks  were 
iiiiide  in  the  senate  which  the  president  was  displeased 
at,  and  he  tendered  his  resignation  of  the  executive 
(ttfice  on  the  lOtli  of  ]\rarch."  Congress  unanimously 
n  fused  to  accept  it.  The  session  lasted  fifty-seven 
(lays,  coming  t(»  an  end  March  22d,  and  in  the  course 
of  it  several  laws  were  enacted  to  benefit  aijriculture 
and  commerce;  l)ut  on  the  other  hand,  congress  was 
accused  of  having  too  lavishly  voted  pensions  to  mili- 
tary men. 

The  public  peace  was  disturbed  by  a  revolutionary 
movement  June  2Gth,  when  a  party  of  men  calling 
themselves  liberals  assaulted  and  captured  the  bar- 
racks at  Leon.  The  chief  leaders  of  this  revolution 
were  Maximo  Jerez,  Ex-president  ^[artinez,*  Hilario 
OHva,  and    Pascasio    J:5ermudez."     On  the  following 

Xu\,  Deerelos,  180i)-7O,  3,  20.  It  will  ho  well  to  mention  hero  that  fin  the 
4tli  of  Jan.  an  attempt  had  lieeu  made  to  pfiison  tlie  jire.sidcnt  witli  arsiMiic 
jihicLil  in  pino-applc  preserve,  of  which  he,  together  with  his  son  and  two  or 
tliiti'  otliers,  partook. 

*  It  was  remarkable  that  Martinez,  an  old  c»^nscr\-ativc,  should  he  acting 
in  1(111  junction  with  and  iinilcr  Jerez,  the  contirmcd  radical  democrat. 

Tlie  grounds  alleged  l>y  the  insurgents  were:  1st.  Violation  by  (lUzman 
<if  tlie  pledges  given  at  his  inauguration.  It  was  said  that  as  lie  had  detaciied 
himself  from  the  party  which  raise<l  him  to  tiu-  presidential  cliair,  and  on  the 
ether  hand,  had  not  shown  any  predilection  for  the  ohl  conservatives,  who 
liuil  tried  to  surround  him,  the  true  liberals  had  repos<'d  faitli  in  him,  but  he 
liail  not  realize<l  their  expectations.  Jerez  and  his  associates,  on  their  return 
fiiini  Costa  Rica,  had  awaited  an  invitation  to  effect  a  fusion  of  parties,  in 
iii'iler  that  the  people  should  see  tlic  govt  pursuing  a  liberal  and  generous 
Imlicy.  Jerez'  advances  had  been  coldly,  and  even  disdainftdly,  7net.  Hence 
Ills  letter  to  Guzuuin  of  Juno  '2Gth,  telling  him  that  while  he  liad  pretended 
sympathy  for  the  liberal  cause,  its  friends  had  never  seen  any  tangil)le  proof 
iif  it.  '  Muchas  vecea  V.  ha  manifestado  simpatias  por  las  causas  liberales; 
Jiti'o  no  las  hemos  visto  eficaces.'  Other  charges  were:  usurpation  of  powers, 
iiii'trieiency,  illegal  expenditures  of  public  moneys,  nepotism,  encourage- 
ment to  smugglers,  etc.     At  a  subsi.  lueut  date,  after  his  arms  had  proved 


0 


419 


I'OLITIL'AL  AFFAIUS  IN    MCAUACIU 


day  tlicy  or^anizitl  a  provisional  govoriiiiicnt,  Jcrc/ 
being  its  cliiuf,  with  unlimited  powers  to  t»vertliro\v 
the  existini^  authorities,  and  implant  the  liberal  princi- 
ples set  forth  in  the  plan  aeeonipanyinj^  his  j)roelama- 
tion  of  the  same  date."  The  next  stej)  was  to  levy  a 
contribution  of  $r)'J,000  in  Leon,  and  tlujn  to  occupy 
tlie  port  of  Realejo.  Jerez  installed  the  i;()Vernintnt 
on  tlie  2Dth  witli  Buenaventura  Selva  as  minister-ijfeii- 
oral,  but  on  the  same  day  transferred  the  supreme 
iiutliority  to  Francisco  J^aca,  retaining  himself  the 
chief  command  of  the  forces." 

The  government  at  Managua  adopted  stringent 
measures  to  quell  the  revolt'*  A  number  of  tlic 
clergy  having  taken  a  prominent  part  in  it,  promoting 
discord  and  animosity  against  the  government,  some 
parish  priests  abandoning  their  Hocks  and  taking  uj) 


victorious,  ( Juzinaii  ilunied  that  he  had  done  any  of  the  things  iniputcil  to 
him,  proudly  asHcrting  that  no  governnieut  had  in  these  latter  days  respectfit 
tlie  riglits  of  all  citizens  as  his  administration  liad  done,  and  he  chalk-ngcil 
one  and  all  to  hring  forward  proofs  that  he  had  before  tiio  revolution  bmki' 
out  deprived  any  citizen  of  his  life,  liberty,  or  property.  Faults  may  have 
Leen  coininitted  by  the  govt,  but  it  was  folly  to  deny  that  republicanism  liad 
not  become  a  reality  under  it.  The  knowledge  of  this  by  the  people  conliiUMl 
the  revolution  within  narrow  bounds,  and  gave  victory  to  Guzman;  and  it 
was  by  his  generosity  that  the  promoters  of  the  rebellion  escaped  the  conse- 
quences of  their  ill-atlvised  step. 

"1.  Special  attention  to  primary  instruction  supported  by  the  gov.;  'J. 
Freedom  to  teach;  3.  Suppression  of  monopolies,  and  establishment  of  a.  sin- 
gle tax;  4.  Protection  to  industry  and  traile;  5.  Americanism,  or  unity  on  the 
American  continent,  for  the  support  and  progress  of  republican  liberty;  •>. 
Kcstoration  of  the  Cent.  Am.  union,  by  force  of  arms  if  necessary;  7.  Kii- 
couragement  of  immigration  by  liberal  measures;  8.  Liberal  principles  in 
religious  matters,  as  far  as  willingly  accepted  by  the  gen.  convictions  of  the 
people;  9.  Abolition  of  the  death  penalty;  10.  Trial  by  jury;  11.  Direct  elcc- 
titnis.  This  jdan  was  signed  by  .M.  Jerez,  T.  Martinez,  Bueuav.  Selva,  ami 
Francisco  Baca.  \k:,  Bolctiii  Goli.  (Leon),  July  1,  18G9. 

•  Holding  it  till  Aug.  11th,  when  for  ill  health,  as  was  made  to  appear,  he 
turned  it  over  to  Martinez.  /(/.,  July  30,  Aug.  4,  ISOl).  The  latter  in  joining 
the  revolution  said  that  he  had  left  his  retirement  'para  ponerme  i  cubicrto 
<le  las  demasias  y  violencias  de  la  administracion.  It  appears,  iioweviT, 
that  the  govt  of  (ruzman  had  tendered  him  the  position  of  minister  pleni[ii.- 
tcntiary  in  London.  Xic,  GarHd,  June  8,  1807. 

"*  Martial  law  established  throughout  the  republic;  passports  were  required 
to  leave  the  same,  and  to  go  from  one  department  to  another;  a  forced  loan 
of  §100,  OOi);  and  aboard  created  to  procure  resources  for  the  army.  Kic, 
Ganttt,  July  .3,  1800.  A  number  of  citizens  known  or  suspected  to  favor  tlie 
rebellion  were  arrested  and  their  property  seized.  Their  friends  accused  the 
government  of  having  confined  the  prisoners  'en  calabozos  inmundos,  oscuro.s, 
y  malsaiios,'  which  is  not  uulikely.  Others  tied,  among  them  being  (ici-o- 
niinu  Perez. 


CHURCH  AND  STATE. 


m 


arms,  and  even  uphoklinj;  principles  not  acceptftMo  t() 
their  oliurch,"  superadddod  to  which  were  their  coii- 
sortinj;'  with  gamblers  and  drunkards,  and  sheddinj^ 
Mood,  the  bifcihop's  attention  was  called  to  all  that  on 
the  r2th  of  August,  with  a  re(|uest  that  he  whould 
clu'ck  such  violations  of  the  constitution  of  the  coun- 
Iry,  of  canonical  law,  and  of  the  concordat  with  the 
pope.'"  But  he  returned  no  answer.  ]:{oth  he  and 
ills  vicar-< general  were  in  Leon  and  could  not  be  i*'- 
uorant  of  such  doinf^s,  antl  yet,  whether  from  aj)athy, 
iR'U^ligence,  or  comi)licity,  tolerated  them." 

(,'onnnissioners  from  Honduras,  Salvador,  and  Costa 
Kica  exertetl  themselves  to  bring  about  a  friendly  set- 
tlement of  the  differences,  but  their  efforts  i)roved 
unavailing,'"'  and  the  forces  of  the  opposing  govern- 
ments soon  came  to  blows.  The  insurgents  obtained 
some  advantage  in  tlie  unsuccessful  attacks  made  in 
( ,'orrevientos  and  Chocoya  or  Metapa,  on  the  28th  of 
July,  by  General  Urtecho.^^  They  claimed  to  have 
again  repulsed  the  enemy's  attack  under  Medina 
against  Nagarote  on  the  30th  of  August,  infficting 
heavy  loss  of  men,  arms,  and  ammunition.'*  The  offi- 
cial organ  of  the  government  at  Managua  makes  no 
mention  of  this  affair. 

"  ■  Proclainar  con  los  revolucionarios  la  libertad  <le  cultos,  la  hcparacion  <le 
l:i  Iglesia  y  el  Eiitado,  la  eiiHenanza  librc'  A'ir.,  1^/'.  Min.  AV;/.  LVIim.,  1S70,  8. 

'"Text  of  Miu.  Delgailillo's  note  in  Nic.,  GarHn,  Aug.  14,  18»i!(. 

"  At  any  rate,  no  stop  waa  taken  to  cheek  them,  nor  effort  made  on  behalf 
of  jiuaco.  When  the  govern,  won  a  signal  victory,  and  was  on  the  point  of 
attacking  Leon,  the  bishop  went  off  to  Rome,  leaving  his  Hock  in  trii>uIation. 
At  the  end  of  the  war  the  vicar  .acknowledged  the  guilt  of  the  jiarish  priests, 
and  by  his  edict  of  Nov.  (Jth  suspended  them.  IJut  after  a  while  lie  allowecl 
tliiiiii  one  third  of  the  parochial  fees,  ami  tlie  privilege  of  exercising  priestly 
tuiiotiiins.  The  consequence  was  that  they  kept  up  their  disorderly  beliavior, 
as  well  as  their  hostility  to  the  govt. 

'^  Once  because  the  terms  jiroposed  by  the  insurgents  were  declared  by  tlie 
gnvornment  inadmissible;  again  a  convention  was  signed  Sept.  Uoth  at  Ma- 
saya,  which  had  no  effect  because  the  authorities  at  Leon  insisted  on  aincnd- 
iiiints.  A'ic,  Boletin  Oob.  (Leon),  Aug.  4,  l'.>,  28,  Sept.  4,  18ti!t;  /</.,  InJ'nrnie 
Mm.  Go^ierH,,  Doc.  no.  iv.  S-O;  Id.,  Doc.  Alvdiacinn,  1-32;  /(/.,  (luntit,  Aug. 
2S-()ct.  23,  nassim;  Nov.  6,  18()9. 

'■'They  claimed  a  signal  victory,  for  which  their  commander,  Seferiiio 
(Jonzidez,  wounded  in  the  tight,  was  promoted  to  gen.  of  division.  Nic,  liolttin 
<•'(>''.  (Leon),  July  30,  Aug.  4,  180<»;  /(/.,  (Jurrtd,  Aug.  28,  18()9. 

"According  to  (ien.  Jerez'  report  of  Aug.  Slst,  the  tight  lasted  from  3 
o'clock  till  dark;  Medina's  defeat  was  complete,  losing  3()0  rifles  and  4  pieces 
of  artillery.  Tlie  victors  also  ha<l  several  prominent  officers  killed  aud 
MouiKled.  Nic,  liolitiaflo}.  (Leon),  Aug.  31,  18G9. 


l^^il 


^    '\ 


I , 


1'  "4 


474 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS  IN   NICAKACiUA. 


i> 


President  Guzman  took  command  of  tlie  forces  in 
the  field,'*  leaving  the  executive  ottice  temporarily  in 
charge  of  Senator  Pedro  Joaquin  Cluimorro.  Thu 
insurjjents  took  Jinotepo,  and  about  the  middle  of 
Se[)teml)er  were  concentrated  iii  Masatcpe,  surrounded 
from  north  to  south  by  the  veil-fortified  and  garrisoned 
towns  of  Managua,  Granada,  Rivas,  and  Nandamio. 
An  attempt  made  by  them  October  l;Jth  against  ^Vluta- 
galpa  })rovod  disastrous,  and  they  had  to  retreat  to 
Leon.  On  the  14tli  they  were  utterly  undone  l)y 
Guzman  at  Niquinohomo.  Their  force,  1,500  strong, 
attacked  (Guzman  at  a  little  past  one  o'clock,  and  was 
repulsed  with  heavy  losses.  The  next  morning  Guz- 
man went  in  pursuit,  and  on  approaching  Jinoti-pe 
the  enemy  dispersed  in  all  directions,  abandoning 
the  western  department.'"  Guzman  reached  Pueblo 
Nuevo  on  the  21st,  and  sent  a  proclamation  on  tliu 
2*J<1  to  the  Leonese,  assunng  them  that  he  had  no 
desire  of  doing  them  any  injury,  but  he  must  punisli 
the  men  who  had  so  unreasonably  caused  the  desola- 
tion and  misery  of  the  past  four  months.'"  Howevir, 
u]>on  a  mediation  being  offered  by  General  Charles  N. 
Kiotte,  United  States  minister  resident,  at  the  re(juest 
of  the  insurgent  leaders,  for  a  settlement  of  the  diffi- 
culties without  further  bloodshed,  Guzman  accepttnl 
it,  and  the  war  teruiinated  with  the  surrender  of  the 


re 


bel 


18 


'■'Sept.  12th.  The  former  gen. -in-chief,  J.  D.  Estrada,  an  officer  who  ilis- 
tiiigiii.shed  himself  in  the  campaign  against  Walker,  had  died  Aug.  rjth. 
A'«\,  Oticeta,  Sept.  18,  18(59. 

^'' Nic,  IitJ'ovmc  Mill.  Oolnrii.,  1870,  Doc.  iv.  6,  14-15. 

"  He  also  asked  them  to  forsake  the  cause  of  those  men.  Tlic  govt  had  ou 
the  "2 1st,  decreed  a  full  pardon  to  all  who  should  voluntarily  surrender.  A7f., 
GdcHd,  Oct.  '23,  1800. 

"*  Convention  of  Oct.  24th,  between  Guzman  and  Riotte,  associated  with 
Francisco  Zamora,  the  representative  of  the  insurgent  chiefs.  1.  Full  am- 
nesty. 2.  Gen.  Sebastian  ( Uitierrez,  one  of  the  two  officers  asked  for  by  the 
revolutionists,  was  to  be  made  military  governor  of  the  dcpt  of  Leon.  3.  A 
constituent  congress  to  be  convoked  within  six  months,  or  earlier,  if  possible. 
4.  The  constituent  congress  to  resolve  upon  the  recognition  and  payment  of 
the  debt  contracted  by  the  revolution,  the  govt  being  willing  to  place  it  on 
the  same  footing  with  that  incurred  by  it  since  Juno  25th.  5.  Tlie  insurgents 
■were  to  surrender  all  public  arms  and  war  material  of  every  kind  to  the  per- 
son appointed  by  Guzniiin  to  receive  them.  Riotte  was  autliorized  to  do  so. 
6.  Perfect  freedom  in  the  elections  about  to  be  njade.     7.  The  govemmtut 


I'EACK  AGAIN. 


475 


The  acting  president,  on  tlie  29th  of  October,  gave 
( iuzman  a  vote  of  thanks  for  his  services,  and  conferred 
oil  liini  the  rank  of  general  of  division.  After  a  short 
\  i-it  l)y  the  government  and  Guzman  to  Granada,  ami 
jH'iice  being  fully  restored,  CJuzman  resumed  at  that 
|)l;ice  the  presidential  office  on  November  ^jth.'"  On 
t\\c  I7th  of  December  he  decreed  the  reestablishmeiit 
of  the  constitution  from  the  Ist  of  January,  1870.  Tiu; 
national  congress  was  installed  on  the  20tli  following, 
and  on  the  22d  gave  vote  of  thanks  to  Guzman.'" 
Xotliing  worthy  of  particular  noticu  occurred  this 
yt'ur,  except  the  election  of  president  Ibi-  the  next 
t(  rin,  \'^icente  Quadra  having  been  the  candidate  fa- 
vored with  the  requisite  majority  of  votes.  He  took 
}»ossL'Ssion  of  the  office  on  the  Jst  of  March,  1871  "' 
ToM^ress  bcin*;  about  tt)  close  its  session,  the  executive 
ill  a  special  message,  March  30tli,  called  its  attention 
to  important  aflairs  demanding  prompt  measures.  Tlit; 
treasury  was  exhausted,  and  the  govermnent  neede<l 
resources  to  meet  its  obligations.  It  also  should  be 
(•]( (tiled  with  powers  and  Jieans  to  face  the  complica- 
tions that  might  arise  from  the  disturbed  relations  of 
Salvador  with  Honduras.  But  congress  suspended 
the  session  for  twenty  days,  though  not  without  hav- 

tii  lilaue  at  the  hwul  of  the  departments  only  peaceably  tlisi)0(«'(l  men,  to  pro- 
iiiiit(!  and  maiittain  eoneiliation  between  political  j)artiea.  8.  Tlie  eoiiventinn 
til  tie  definitive  from  the  moment  of  its  being  .>(igned,  liiotte  promising  that 
till'  delivery  of  arms  by  tiie  insurgents  slionld  bej;in  on  tile  'Jtitli.  Tiiis  con- 
vi'iitinn  was  ratilied  at  Managua  Oct.  l2utli  by  Acting  Pres.  t'lianiorro,  coun- 
ti  r-igned  by  Antonio  Falla,  see.  of  govt  and  war.  N'lC,  0(tcelii,  Jan.  8,  March 
V.K  1S70;  AVi'.,  SeiiKtwil  yic.,  Jan.  2,  ISTJi;  Xir.,  Iii/nnuc  Miii.  (•'nlxru.,  1870, 
i>iic.  iv.  In  1870  congress  rejected  the  'M  clause  and  a]i]iroved  the  4th. 
I'uring  the.se  troubles  the  rigiits  of  foreign  residents  were  protected  by  Min. 
Ui'itte.  /(/.,  I)ijhriiie  Mill.  Jiil.,  1870,  1-'J4.  Credit  is  also  due  to  the  ett'orts 
nt'  the  commissioners  from  the  other  Cent.  Am.  states  to  bring  aliout  peace. 
Till-  revolutionists  began  the  surrender  of  arms  on  the  27th,  placing  at  liiotte 's 
cinMiiiaud  20  pieces  of  artillery,  2,2*.*2  other  tire-arms,  etc. 

'^V/V.,  OaceUi,  Oct.  .30,  Nov.  20,  Dec.  4,  1S()<>. 

-'"  '  I'or  el  tino,  tirine/a,  y  energla  que  supo  desplegar  en  la  emergencia  por- 
(jiie  ucaba  de  pasar  Nicaragua.'  /(/.,  Jan.  2!),  1870;  A'»V.,  Decreton  Lvijisl.,  1809- 
7(t,  <t4. 

-'  In  his  inaugural  speech,  he  promised  to  follow  in  the  footsteps  of  his 
predecessor,  whose  policy  he  extolled,  expressing  his  acknowledgments.  His 
Miirds  were:  '  Dejando  en  prActica  principios  politicos,  y  mejoras  matcriales, 
quo  antes  de  el  apenas  se  habijin  ensayado.'  Id.,  March  4,  11,  1871;  Id., 
Man{f.  Disc.  Iimwj.,  no.  ix.;  Id.,  Mensaje,  March  1,  1871,  1-10. 


1 

f   1 


m 


■'V* 

*i.i 


47<) 


POLITICAL   AFFAIRS  IN   NUAHAIJUA. 


\'li' 


iii«(  first  authorized  the  jiresident  to  raise  loans  tor 
c'overin«ij  tlie  more  pressiiij^  needs  of  the  treasury,  and 
einjM>w«'red  him  to  act  as  ho  mij^ht  think  best  on  l>e- 
hair  of  the  honor  and  interests  of  tlie  country  duriniLj 
tlie  recess.'-'  In  tlie  war  between  the  al)ovenaiii(  d 
states,  Nicara<i[ua  maintained  the;  strictest  neutrality, 
and  liad  tlio  <;ood  fortune  to  escape  hein^  mixed  ui)  in 
tliat  trouble. 

The  country  being  at  peace,  both  at  home  ainl 
abroad,  the  j^overnment  was  enabled  to  devote  its 
whok;  attention  to  the  finances,  which  were  in  an  un- 
satisfactory state,  owinjj;  to  a  marked  decrease  of  tlir 
revenues  in  the  two  last  fiscal  years. ■^'  The  j,^eneral 
situation,  if  not  <>'ood,  was  nevertheless  far  from  dis- 
courayfinj?.  But  a  new  element  was  now  ushered  in, 
whidi  was  destined  to  become  erelonj;  an  aj^ent  nt 
disturbance.  I  refer  to  the  coming  of  seventy  mem- 
bers of  the  society  of  Jesus,  who  on  their  expulsion 
from  Guatemala  landed  unopposed  at  Kealejo,  and 
journeyed  to  J^eon,  where  a  portion  of  the  inhabitants 
gave  them  a  warm  reception.  Discussions  ensued; 
some  were  in  favor  of  giving  the  new-comers  convents. 
turning  over  to  them  public  education,  and  allowing 
them  every  privilege  as  they  had  had  at  their  late 
field ;  others  demanded  that  they  should  be  sent  away. 
The  government  took  no  action,  other  than  permitting,' 
them  to  remain,  and  they  soon  ingratiated  themselvts 
with  the  masses.'-^ 

Toward  the  end  of  the  year  rumors  of  an  impend- 
ing revolution  were  i  fe.  There  was  no  cause  for  it. 
Quadra's  administra^  )n  certainly  was  deserving  ot" 
public  su[)port."'     Bu    it  seemed  the  fashion  of  Xiia- 

-^  Message  ami  reply  in  Nic,    'acetn,  Apr.  8,  I87L 

'^^Tlie  Kov.  encountered  inuci  lifiiculty  to  effect  a  loan,  except  on  ruin<iMs 
terms.  Meantime,  the  utmost  ei  lomy  was  observed;  nearly  all  public  works 
were  at  a  stand-still. 

"Their  supporters  believed  .lat  their  example  would  be  beneficial  to  tlie 
morals  of  the  native  clergy,  which  made  a  writer  remark:  'Debe  hacerle 
mucha  cosquilla  &  nuestros  clerigos.  que  casi  todos  son  doblemente  padns. ' 
El  Pon-etitr  de  Sic,  Dec.  3,  1871. 

^•'  Its  opponents  abused  Quadra  for  doing  wliat  the  condition  of  the  coun- 
try required.     E)asing  the  treasury,  reforming  the  administrative  system,  and 


PARTIES   AND   I'RINl  Il'LKH. 


«J7 


rairua  oithcr  to  1)0  on  the  eve  of  or  in  tlio  thro«'.s  of 
nvnlutioii,  <»rat  least  to  talk  of  one.-"  At  tlie  present 
time  there  were  three  political  parties,  and  a  eluh  as- 
jiiriii;;"  to  tliat  rank.  T\\r,  party  in  power  was  ealled  hy 
siiiiie  of  its  nieniiters  lihcral  eonservador,  and  l>y  others 
repuhlicano.  This  party  had  n  larLje  followinLj  of  well- 
ti»-(lt»  and  sedate  eitizens.  It  had  no  nionareliieal,  aris- 
toeratie,  or  theoeratie  tendeiieits;  (»n  tiie  contrary,  its 
j)rin(i[)les  were  liheral  and  pr(»tjressive,  hut  it  moved 
slowly,  from  fear  of  distuiltinn'  [H'aei-  ami  order. 
Another  party  was  formed,  of  nu-n  \vli(»  at  oiu'  time 
used  to  ciill  themselves  demoeiats,  hut  had  lately  taki'ii 
a  cruiservative  for  a  leader,  heeonie  associated  with 
the  cleriify,  and  adopted  div.  name  of  moderado.  The 
third  l)arty,  hardly  entitled  to  the  rank,  was  made  up 
of  younjif  men  anxious  for  the  o;ivatest  developmi-nt  of 
lilicrtyand  proi^ress.  Its  memhers  wen'  scattn-ed,  or 
atliliated  with  other  parties.  Then  there  was  the  eluh, 
coinposed  of  a  few  hot-heads  who  insisted  on  hein*^ 
the  mountain,  and  parodyinj^  the  French  Jacohins  of 
iru:].  The  fears  of  revolution  were  on  the  increase 
in  the  first  part  of  1872.  The  self-styled  moderados 
of  the  five  states  \\cre  workin<^  together  in  Loon,  the 
native  clergy  and  the  Jesuits  heing  the  common  een- 
tiv  of  the  revolutionary  propagaiula,  and  the  govern- 
iiiciit  of  President  Medina  of  Honduras  encouraging 
them. 

The  congressional  elections  took  place  in  Octoher 
with  nmch  aijitation  and  disturhanee  in  several  locali- 
tk'S."'      There  was  considerahle  independence  exhibited 

rostnring  pulilic  creilit.  For  tliiii  tliuy  called  liim  a  retrogressionist,  a  desiMit, 
:iiiil  ,1  foul;  for  being  a  rcs^iccter  of  tl'e  laws  they  claiineil  he  .should  lie  ccii- 

SlU'ril. 

■''  It  was  insinuated  tlifit  the  Pan.  R.  R.  L'o.  might  he  underhandedly 
I'liiiridtiiij,'  discord,  to  throw  obstacles  in  tiie  way  of  an  interoeeanio  cinal 
tiiiii;^'  made  in  Nic.  The  company  had  been  ahso  suspected  of  doing  so  in  tlie 
late  War  between  Salv.  and  Hond..  to  prevent,  or  at  least  retiird,  tlie  con^•  iiic- 
tinii  (it  an  interoceanic  railway  in  the  latter  .state.  Such  reports  proli.ibly 
liiiil  IK)  foundation  in  fact. 

■'  lu  Subtiava,  dept  of  Leon,  there  was  a  sedition  of  Indians,  accoinpanied 
with  irnirders,  and  finally  tlie  authorities  had  to  resort  to  foire.  Siil/H'lo, 
.'/<-//..  I  -IS;  X:r.,  GitreUi,  Oct.  12,  li),  187'2.  Tliere  were  scandalous  pro- 
tTi'dings  in  Rivas,  Chinandega,  Chichigalpa,  island  of  Oinetepe,  Matagalpa, 
and  elsewhere.     In  some  places  the  priests  headed  the  drunken  rabble,  armed 


t  •  ■. ', 


W- 


3    I 


m- 


it 


,?. 


mm 


hi 


I, 


i 


!MU| 
!„  1  I 
i;;  1; 


M.I  I 


!   1 


!    :    |., 


478 


POLITICAL    AFFAIRS  IN  NICARAGUA. 


by  the  voters.  The  liberal  conservatives  obtained  a 
working  majority,  and  high  hopes  were  entertained 
from  the  congress  which  was  to  sit  on  the  1st  of  Janu- 
ary, 1873. 

The  year  1872  was  a  happy  one  for  Nicaragua. 
Not  only  was  peace  consolidated,  but  party  animositj^ 
greatly  decreased.  Trade  and  agriculture  yielded 
go(Hl  results;  the  public  administration  was  niuHi 
improved  ;  the  treasury  also  felt  easy,  and  public  credit 
was  restored.  Congress  assembled  on  tlie  appointed 
day,  and  the  president's  mes.sagc  contained  an  en- 
couraging report.  He  said  that  the  rights  of  citizens 
had  l)een  respected,  and  an  asylum  allowed  to  tliu 
refugees  of  other  states,  including  the  Jesuits."'^  He 
labored  to  impress  upon  the  representatives  the  neces- 
sity of  providing  means  to  increase  the  revenue;  but 
nothing  had  been  done  at  the  end  of  February,  and 
the  president  saw,  besides,  that  notv/ithstanding  Jiis 
moderate,  impartial,  and  conciliatory  policy,  a  consider- 
abl<^  portion  of  the  citizens  refused  to  lend  him  their 
(•oo[)oration.  In  \iew  of  all  tiiis,  and  of  liis  advanced 
age  and  ill  liealth,  he  tendereil  his  resignation  on  tlio 
1st  of  ]\Iarch,  setting  forth  the  reasons  for  his  doing 
so;  but  the  chambers  refused  to  accept  it."''  Congress 
adjourned  on  the  20th  of  March,  to  continue  its  lal)nrs 
in  1S74.  S(>veral  inij)ortant  lawsliad  been  passed,  for 
wliich  tlie  legislatures  deserv(Hl  credit.  On  the  othtr 
liand,  it  was  blamed  for  a  lavish  l)estowal  of  pensions, 
ami  foi-  an  excessive  nund)er  of  pardons  and  other 
favors  to  criminals.  The  Jesuit  cjuestion  was  resoKtii 
February  Titli  in  favor  of  permitting  the  priests  to 
remain.^'' 

with  olul)t<  iiiul  cryiii),' \'iv;i  !a  relii,'i()iil  ^h^t'^llIl  los  lii'ivji'.sl  To  the  iiativt! 
in'iosts  .iiul  joiHuits  wore  iiiumtud  iiU  tlio  troulilcs.  Kl  /'onriiir  ile  Xic,  (Kt. 
'20,  l>S7'2. 

-'*  Ho  spoki!  (if  I'l'rtiiiii  exiles,  '  individuoa  de  drdeiies  iiiondsticas,  cnyo 
e.Hta!)leuiini(^nt(i  dcli'iit  ivo  eii  »1  jiiiiH  no  iieriiiiten  las  leyes,  j)uroijuc  poriiiani'i'iii 
aiiiii  asiladoN.'  A/.,  .Ian.  I'i,  1S73;  Sic,  (laaia,  Jan.  11,  ISTIi;  Id.,  Sfintwd 
Mr.,  .Ian.  '2,  IST.H. 

'^"Several  nit'niiii'rs  visited  liim  to  congratidato  him  on  thoBccoml  anniv.  r- 
sary  of  his  aocessioii  to  tiie  executive  olliee.  Xir.,  Ri'iiuurhr,  1-.3;  Iil.,  Ilivrtu, 
MaVcli  8,  l,S..». 

•'"  Hv  a  vote  of  10  against  ."•  in  the  e]iand)er  of  deputies.  El  Porirnir  dc  -ViV., 
Feb.  10,  1873;  Sic,  (hwvUi,  Apr.  \'2,  \i>l\\. 


■tS:trK 


PRESIDENT  gUADKA. 


470 


The  relations  with  Costa  Rica  were  most  unsutis- 
factory,  and  the  government  took  action  to  meet  any 
possible  emergency.  l*ursuant  to  its  tlecree  of  Au- 
gust 28th,  congress  assemhlcd  September  KJth,  when 
President  Quadra's  messtige  made  known  that  events 
had  taken  place  calling  for  an  abandonment  of  tlie 
jiolicy  he  had  liitherto  pursued  of  absolute  abstontimi 
iVom  interference  in  the  affairs  of  the  other  Central 
American  states.'^'  His  administration  rej)orted  the 
intrigues  of  President  Guardia  of  Costa  Kica  witli 
discontented  Xicarr.guans  for  its  overthrow.  It  was 
generally  believed  that  a  disturbance  of  the  public 
peace  was  impending,  and  that  C\)sta  Rican  money  had 
circulated  among  the  men  concerned  in  the  ])lot.^'" 
Tliese  men,  Sf)me  of  whom  were  officers  in  the  service 
of  Nicaragua,  concealetl  themselves,  and  a  nund)cr  of 
tlu-ni  went  to  Costa  Rica  to  tendi'r  tlieir  services  to 
tlic  enemy  of  their  country.  jMeantime  a  body  of 
armed  men  raised  by  the  reactionary  party  of  Central 
Aiiu'rica  made  its  appearance  in  Hon<luras,  which 
alainied  the  li'overnments  of  Guatemala  and  Salvador. 
Tli(>se  powers:,  re})rcs(!nted  to  Nicaragua  the  move- 
liients  to  be  unquestionably  the  work  of  (\»sta  Rica, 
ltio[)osing  an  allia)ice  against  the  latti-r.^  A  defensive 
alliance  M'as  concludi'd  on  the  2(»th  of  August,  the 
|)Kni[K)tentiaries  being  Anselmo  H.  Rivas  and  B.  (^a- 
razo.  This  treaty  was  approved  by  the  three  govei'u- 
iiK'iits,''*  It  contained,  l)esides,  two  otJier  clauses; 
namely,  tlie  allied  powers  were  to  i-ndeavor  to  bring 

"Congress  iickiKiwlcdijcil  tliiit  Nio.  cotilil  not  niiiaiu  a  jiiiMsivo  spectator 
111  tlioNc  Jvi'iitH.  yir.,  MiiiiKJi',  IS;  y.'r.,  SriiiiiMil  Xir..  Aiij,'.  'JS,  I.ST.S;  A7 
i'l'irniirdc  Nil-.,  Sept.  7,  \X1'M  A/c,  f/i-rA/,  S(i>t.  "JT,  Oct.  4,   IS,   1S7.'!. 

■'-'riio  CVtsta  Ricaii  otllcir  Jxa.ucm  'J'iiKu  o  \\a.s  iiiiiilicaUil.  TIr' iiidiu  y — 
KDiiii'  .*'Jl!,000 — was  l)riiuj;lit  l)y  I'.  .Salaiiiaiu'ii,  aiiparoiitly  tor  the  pun  liaso  of 
cattle,  liiit  ri'ally  for  rcvoliitionaiy  j.iui>os<".s.  \M\\  iSalanianca  ami  'I'inoco, 
wlcii  their  plan  beeanio  known,  tseapriL   Xif.,  &iii<tii(ii  Aii\,  Anjr.  'JS,   IS'i'A. 

"'Tliu  intnioranduni  of  \i.  Cara/o,  niiiiistcr  of  (iiiatcinala  ami  Salvador, 
liail  for  its  in.aiu  objects  the  overthrow  of  tlie  existing  govt  of  Costa  H.,  and 
the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  from  Nicaragnan  territory.  After  a  diseussiim 
I'M  the  latter  point,  Carazo  no  longer  insistod  on  tiiat  action.  A'/'c.,  /n/omir 
Mi'i.  It'll.,  in  A7c,  Oiur/n,  Oct.  IS,  1S7-.  In  the  last  preeeiling  chapter  this 
Nidijeet  was  also  mentioned. 

'^Oiint.,  J{,'co)<.  Lni.,  (M.  Dniioc.,  i.  108-200;  U.  S.  Oovt  Doc,  H.  Ex. 
!'"<;.,  Cong.  43,  Sess.  'i,  112,  117,  Vl'.\. 


uiiii 


VOLITK'AL  AFFAIRS  IN   NICAUAOUA. 


!  ! 


t    1 


tn 


aljoiit  a  sottlomtMit  of  the  bouiulary  (jucstioii  l)otwc'<M 
NicurajjfUJi  and  Costa  Kica,  and  coo[H'rate  toward  tin; 
I'coriiaiiization  of  (  V;iitial  Anu'r'u'a  under  a  sinjjfk!  «;o\- 
erimicnt,"''' 

(\>iii,aesH  dosed  the  session  on  the  ir)th  of  Octolx'?-, 
and  shoitly  after  the  u^overnnuuit  was  appriseil  of  tlui 
di|iaiture  from  J?untarenas,  Costa  Kica,  on  i\\v  vessel 
named  Tii/rc,  of  an  expedition  of  Nieara^iians  under 
1'inoeo  hound  to  Nicaragua.'"'  Tlie  expedition  lan<led  on 
tiie  'Ad  of  Novemher,  not  in  Nieara^uan  territory,  hut 
in  San  Bernardo,  a  small  port  of  llonchiras.  Niciini- 
nna  at  onee  sent  a  I'oree  to  tlie  fi'ontier,  and  Minister 
I  )els4a«hno  starti'd  for  Honduias  to  ohtain  permission 
from  the  ^-ox'ernment  to  pursue  the  invaders  uitliin 
lier  limits,  which  bi'inj»-  ;;rantt'd,  tlu^  NicarayuiMis 
marched  from  Somotillo  into  Honduras,  an<l  acting- 
in  accord  with  another  I'orce  from  Salvador,  the  in- 
vaders ahandoned  Corpus,  and  i'e[>aired  to  Tejuuci- 
ijfal[)a,  where  Tinooo  capitulated."''  'i'lu;  Nicaran'uan 
•government's  force  then  returnetl  liome/'^ 

T\\v  elections  lor  president  and  mend>ers  of  con- 
i^ress  took  ))lace  within  the  last  three  months  of  I  S7  t 
under  no  hindrance,  and  without  any  seiious  distuih- 


ance  o 


f  th 


peac 


Quad 


las  messau'i'  o 


f   .1, 


inuarv 


115,   I  S7A,  announc(>d  that  jtuhlic  confidence  in  a  ceii- 

■'■' Miixinio  .It'i'i'/.,  tli()U^;li  a  ('liiiiii|ii(iii  of  unity,  opiiosod  tlio  trt'iity  dm  tlu' 
gi'duiul  tli;it  it  vidlatt'il  that  of  iVieiiilHliii)  witli  Costa  llicii,  wliiTcin  it  was 
.sliliulati'il  that  iicithir  jiait  v  slioiilil  wa^i'  wac  against  thi!  otlicr,  nor  filter  into 
olU'nsivo  alliaritoM  witliout  lirst  having  askiil  for<ixjiIanations;  wliicli  tornialit  y 
\\c  fhiinifd  had  not  yet  bi'iMi  ('oMi|>lu'il  witli.   j\V.,  (litciin,  Oct.   IS,   Nov.  N, 


IS?."'.     'I'hi'  trruty  was  ajiprovcil  in  tlio  si'iiatii  l>y  vino  votes  against  t\ 
two  nays  liiing  those  ot  .lerez  and  Selerino  ( <on/ulu>..   Xii\,  Seiiiiiiinl  Aii 


.,  th.- 
.  (K't. 


!t.  IS7:<;  Kl  I 


(iriiiiir  I 


Iv  S, 


Oct.  I -J,  isTa. 


'1  ho  h)yal  jiooide  of  Nie.  at  oneo  nianifostod  thoir  rosolvo  to  sustain  the 
Mr./SnmniiU  Mc,  Nov. 'JO,  'JK,   Doe.  4,  (i,    II,  I'D,    187.'J;  Jan.   :«,    111, 


ivt.   A' 


1S7». 


|)ee.  (ith,  totien.  V.  I'lsjiinosa,  tiio  Salvadoraii  eonmiandor.   Xir.,  M' 


Mill.  (I'iiliirii,  liSTi"),  \\  ■">;  A/.,  Sf 


III  Air.,  Nt>v.  (»  'JO,  LS7;<;  A/.,  Uitcvtti,  Nov. 


I.'>,  Dee.  L'O,  1S7:{;   Pun.  S/,ir,iiiil  Hirolil,  Dee.  Mi,   IS7.S. 

•'"TIk!  troops  wero  tongratulatod  on  tiu'ir  good  fortune  in  not  I)oing  used 
as  '  instruinontoa  inooonfes  do  vengan/.as  y  pasionus  ajonas,'  as  so  niMiy 
hoforo  them  had  licen.  A'/V.,  Sciiniiiiil  Xir.,  >lan.  HI,  1874.  The  proprieter 
and  editor  of  this  journal  was  A.  II.  Rivas,  the  niin.  of  foreign  all'airs. 

''"Thero  wore  ii  fi^w  local  riots,  uiul  the  govcrnnioiit  was  made  tlio  suliject 
of  violent  aliuso  in  llying  shoots.  Xic,  Mem.  Min.  tfobent.,  1875,  7-I'2;  A/., 
(hurtii,  Oot.  10,  Nov.  I'l,  1874. 


PUESIUENT  LHAMOUKO. 


m 


tiiiucd  peace  was  not  yet  fully  restored;  but  a  dispo- 
sitioii  to  work  and  maintain  order  was  taking  deep 
i(K)t  among  the  nijisses.'"' 

iV<lro  Joa«iuin  Cliamorro,  the  elect  of  the  people 
Utr  the  next  [)residential  term,  was  inducted  into  oHii'c 
oil  tiie  1st  of  ^rarcii,  IH7a."  Quadra  returt»('<l  with 
alacrity  to  jirivate  Wi'c.  Tiie  new  administration  soon 
had  to  deal  with  seditious  attem[tts  which  had  heen 
|>n|tiired  duiing  (^uadia's  rule.  One  of  Chamorro's 
iiist  acts  was  to  issue  an  unconditional  pardon  to'thi' 
|iarties  implicated,  hoi)ingthat  it  would  hring  thegov- 
ciiiiiient's  opjKdients  to  a  better  feeling.  Hut  the  re- 
sult was  <juit(!  different;  for  they  began  a  series  of 
|tliits,  and  it  then  became  necessaiy  to  issue,  on  the 
I71I1  of  Novembei-,  1875,  a  decree  of  ex[»ulsion  antl  of 
|iaitial  banishments.  This  'luieted  the  country,  and 
|)(  ace  w<Mdd  have  become  consolidatcsd  but  for  the 
(•|i|M))tunities  attbnlcd  the  agitators  in  tlu^  neighboring 
states  to  start  another  conflagration,  ('osta  llica  lu'- 
caiiie  the  asylum  of  the  discontt^nted  of  Nicaragua, 
who  took  advantag<!  of  tlu;  intt>rru[>ti'd  relations  be- 
tween the  two  governments  to  promote  a  war  that 
iiiiglit  give  them  the  contiol  f)f  affairs  in  their  country. 

( "nsta.  J^ica  suspended  di|)lomati(r  and  commercial 
nlations  with  Nicaragua;  buttlu;  latter  concludi'd  not 
to  tlccree  a  suspension  of  trade,  with  the  view  of  not 
injuring  imiocent  persons.  No  actual  war  existt^b 
liiit  it  might  break  out  at  any  moment,  in  view  «>f 
Costa  {{icii's  menacing  attitude.^"  vVt  last  the  gov- 
t  nniient  found  itself  threatened  fr(»m  various  (piartiTs. 
It  then  called  on  all  patriotic  citizens  for  new  sacri- 


"'A/''.,  Jltns'tjc  f/i'l  /'ri'sid.,  Ill;  A/.,  ('i)iitcf(fiir!iiii,  1-2;  fan.  Sfur  ami 
Unuil.  F,.l).  :<,  187.'.. 

"  Nil  policy  was  laid  down  Iiy  him  to  tu'  imrsucil  witluiiit  deviation,  cxctjif 
tli;it  111  m'lii'ral  tiTins  hi'  a.ssuri'il  c<iii>{n'.s.s  and  liic  pcoiilc  of  his  disposition  t* 
ii-|iii  I  till'  laws,  maintain  puair,  and  ilo  his  hi'st  for  the  happmcss  and  pros- 
I'l Illy  lit  his  country.  Sulr.,  Diunn  Ojic,  Apr.  10,  II,  1H7.">. 

'■>>lii'  placed  a  largi;  force  in  ( J uanacfiste,  and  Nic.  had  io  station  another 
"II  ilie  Irontier  under Oen.  .loaqiiin  Zavala.  A  plot  was  discovered  in  March 
iJ^iii,  .111(1  iihout  'J()  prominent  persons  concerned  in  it  were  expelled,  some 
K'UMt,'  to  Costii  K.,  and  otliers  t«  lloiid.  Salv.,  JJiario  UJic,  March  IW. 
20,  KS7(i.  •'    '  •• 

Hist.  Cknt.  Am.,  Vol.  UI.    31 


V  '  \: 


482 


POUTICAL  AFFAIRS  IN  NICARAGUA. 


if. 

I8i|i| 

I-  ; 

!   ; 


!     i_ 


.;  ki 


m 


jfi 


Wi 


l1 

i 

I 

f  1 

i 

1 

t 

1 

I      ■ 

',(■ 

(■(' 


fices,    to  which   they   responded   with    enthusiasm." 
Martial  law  was  proclaimed,  and  the  president  assumed 

Eersonal  conmiand  of  the  forces,  the  executive  ofti 
eing  temporarily  placed  in  charge  of  Senator  Pech' 
Balladares.  When  the  danger  of  war  had  passed,  i\\v 
decree  of  martial  law  was  repealed."  Elections  for 
.supreme  and  local  authorities  took  place  without  liiii- 
drance  and  in  good  order.  But  the  country  suftored 
.severely  from  natural  causes, ^'^ 

Peace  reigned  during  the  last  two  years  of  Cliu- 
morro's  rule,  which  enabled  him  to  devote  his  attention 
to  the  advancement  of  the  country's  interests.  Not- 
withstanding the  past  difficulties,  the  national  finances 
Jiad  attained  a  better  organization,  and  the  national 
credit  was  on  a  higher  plane.  The  people  showed  a 
growing  disposition  to  employ  themselves  in  the  aits 
of  peace,  their  civil  and  i)olitical  rights  being  fully 
lespected  by  the  authorities.  Friendly  relations  ex- 
isted with  foreign  powers,  and  no  complications  wnv 
a})prehend(>d  with  the  neighbors.^"  The  elections  foi' 
president,  deputies,  and  senators  were  effected  at  the 
usual  time,  the  government  abstaining  from  all  inter- 
ference. General  Joaijuin  Zavala,  luiAing  been  the 
popular  choice  for  chief  magistrate,  took  possession  ot" 
liis  office  witli  the  customary  formalities  on  tlie  1st  of 
j\[arch,  187D,  promising  to  follow  the  conciliatoiv 
policy  of  his  predecessor.  He  congratulated  the  icp- 
resentatives  on  the  stability  which  the  republic  was 
evidently  arriving  at.^' 

*''Tlie  govt  liail  fiuU'avored  to  niaintaiii  and  ilcvdo])  the  liariiioiiy  wliii'h 
(Quadra  liad  cstalilislied  with  tlie  ooolowiastical  authnritifs.  'I'lic  lii,sliii|i  ami 
his  ch'i'gy  L'(Iicai'i<iiisly  iiiipi'OH.scd  on  tho  liiassi's  lusjioct  Ini'  |)ul(.  authority, 
love  for  their  institutions,  and  a  spirit  of  inch'pi'iuluiicf.  Xir.,  Miii-<>i<'  il'l 
Prexiil.,  Jan.  '24.  1877. 

■•'Nov.  1."),  IS7ti.  I,at«!r  on  the  govts  of  Gnat,  and  iSalv.  united  tlK'iiillcrts 
to  restore  a  friendly  feeling  hetw.  Nic,  aiul  l,'osta  U.,  and  finally  siieeeedid  ni 
their  )nii'['oso.  Salr.,  (lacvta  (>ji<\,  June  7,  1-,  JS77.  Relations  Vere  lenpeiinl 
in  June  1878. 

*•■  A  visitation  of  locusts  did  great  havoc  in  the  corns;  and  a  succession  <it 
gales  from  the  'AA  to  the  .^th  of  Octolier  caused  heavy  tlaniages  in  the  city  aiiil 
(lepartnient  of  Managua,  in  (iranada,  Rivas,  and  otiier  part.'j,  includnig  a 
Jarge  portion  of  Mosipiitia,  ruining  !>!;iny  valuable  estates. 

*'^L'haniorro,  DUcur.in  in  d  niio  ilc  i-utnijo,  March  1,  lS7it. 

*'  He  based  his  conclusion  on  this  ground:  'La  trasniision  legal  y  tran(|iiihi 


PEACE  AND  PRCXiRESS. 


483 


Congress  closed  the  session  on  the  1st  of  April. 
Tie  results  of  its  three  months'  lahors  were  quite  im- 
portant/'* Though  acting  with  independence,  the  ut- 
most harmony  prevailed  in  its  relations  witli  the  execu- 
tive. At  the  oi)ening  of  tlie  next  legislative  session 
ill  January  1881,  the  president  made  known  that 
poai-c  had  been  undisturbed  both  at  home  and  abroad, 
and  there  was  no  cause  to  apprehend  any  innnediate 
(liange.  As  far  as  the  government's  scanty  means 
|u  riiiitted,  works  of  public  utility  had  been  fostered.'"' 
Tultlic  education  made  considerable  j)rogress.  The 
finances  were  duly  attended  to,  and  a  few  reforms  in- 
troduced.^" The  president  congratulated  the  nation 
on  the  fact  that  all  had  been  accom})lislied  with  the 
ordinary  revenues.  The  public  credit  stood  higher 
than  ever.  The  fonign  del)t  had  been  cancelled,  and 
the  internal,  which  amounted  to  $1,000,000,  reduced 
ti » one  half  this  sum.'^  Congress  adjourned  ^larch  Gth. 
Several  important  measures  were  introduced  and  dis- 
cussed, but  left  for  completion  in  the  following  year.''" 

lU  1  Mamlo  Supreiiio,  que  vicno  rciiltit'iulose  desdo  tantos  afins  tii  Nicaragua.' 
.Mr.,  Ditifiirtio  Imnu/.tlil  I'rtml.  Ziwiiht,  March  1,  ISTll;  Sclr.,  /)iiirii>  Oji<\, 
S,  i,t.  '.'S,  Nov.  12,  Dec.  ]'2,  '22,  1878;  Jan.  '2'2,  March  la,  KS7'.»;  To;  ilc  MeJ., 
May  li,  IST'.t. 

""I'lie  tiiUowiiig  nieasurea  were  pa.sscil:  law  of  civil  registration;  punal 
mile;  mode  of  jiroceduro  iu  eriuiiiial  cases;  eieatiou  of  justices  of  the  jieaco, 
and  military  courts  of  first  resort,  to  take  the  jilace  of  the  governors  of  de- 
[iirtmcTits,  wliere  for  greater  economy  it  lias  lieen  deemed  exiiedicnt  to  sup- 
(iiiss  these  ofHecrs,  a.s  M'ell  as  tlie  respective  military  garrison.-;;  restoration 
ni  the  \inivcrsitie.s;  and  the  a[ijiroiiriations  for  the  current  fiscal  hiennial  term. 
It  al-o  sanctioned  the  treaty  concluded  with  (iuat.  and  Salv.  in  1877,  and  tho 
tri.aties  and  conventions  lately  entered  into  with  llond. ;  namely,  amity,  com- 
iiK'rce,  extradition,  exportation  of  cattle,  postal,  and  telegraphic. 

'■'Those  on  the  railway  deereetl  liy  tiie  assendily  of  IS7(),  and  hegun  by  tho 
inrnier  achninistration,  wei'c  progressing.  Two  important  contracts  Mere 
MiaiK-,  one  for  navigation  on  the  laUe  hy  fair-si/cd  steam  vessels,  and  another 
I'll'  tlie  construction  of  a  railroad  from  C'hinandega  to  Modhitaor  Jicon  N'icjo, 
and  tiience  to(Jrauada.  'I"he  section  lietween  Corinto  .iiid  Chinandcga  went 
into  operation  Jan.  1st.  Telegraphic  lines  \\  ere  in  working  oi'der.  A  contract 
liail  also  heeu  concluded  to  lay  a  suliiuarinc  cahle  to  connect  w  ith  tlie  Mtxi- 
caii  telegraphs. 

'"  llxciso  tiix  oil  real  estates,  export  duties,  and  certain  monopolies  wi'ri' 
aliolisheil. 

'■'/*.(/(.  Star  ami  flnnltf,  Mardi  5,  1881. 

•"'■^Anionu  them  were  one  for  timendiiig  tho  constitution,  and  for  aholi.sh- 
iiig  judicial  ft^es,  in  order  to  have  gratuitous  a<lnunistration  of  justice.  An 
uit  to  seize  private  lands,  hy  paying  for  it,  for  facilitating  the  construction  of 
I'lilroads,  was  pa.sseil.   IiL.  Apr.  I,  1881. 


Pi 

1 

liiJ. 

1 

I 


u^ 


'. 


■'  I 


ruLITICAL  AFFAliiS  IN  NlCARAtlUA 

The  apprehensions  felt  by  a  la'.;^e  number  of  citiz(?ns 
of  serious  troubles  from  the  presence  of  the  Jesuits 
were  realized  in  May  1881.  On  the  Gtli  there  was  an 
Indian  insurrection  in  Matagalpa,  accompanied  "vvith 
considerable  bloodshed,  and  the  Jesuits  were  said  to  oe 
the  instij^ators/^  Twenty  members  of  the  order  resid- 
injjf  in  that  i)lace  were  arrested  and  taken  under  guard 
to  (Iranada.  A  still  more  alarming  revolt  took  placi' 
in  Leon.  At  the  opening  of  the  Instituto  de  Occi- 
dente,  an  educational  establi>,hnient  under  the  special 
protection  of  the  national  authorities.  Professor  .). 
Leonard,  from  Spain,  made  certain  remarks,  at  whicli 
the  Jesuit  fathers  took  umbrage."'*  l'b'-'y»  together 
with  a  certain  Apolonio  Orozco,  accused  Leonard  and 
Calderon  of  being  free-thinkers  and  assailants  of  reli- 
gion. The  forty  or  fifty  fathers  living  in  Leon  took 
the  matter  in  hand  eneroeticallv,  and  in  two  davs 
there  was  hardly  a  person  in  the  place  who  had  not 
been  told  that  the  religion  of  their  fathers  was  imjn  r- 
illed  by  the  propaganda  of  the  free-thinkers  of  tlir 
instituto.  Relying  on  the  support  of  a  fanatical  rabhli . 
they  assumed  a  bold  attitude,  and  demanded  prompt 
action  on  the  part  of  Bishop  Ulloa  y  Larios.  But  tliu 
latter  would  not  uphold  them.  This  greatly  exasper- 
ated them.  Meantime  the  rabble  became  seditious. 
Parties  of  armed  men  intrenched  themselves  in  the 
old  Recoleccion  convent,  and  laboring  under  the  excite- 
ment produced  by  the  speeches  of  their  leaders  and 
the  free  use  of  rum,  they  resisted  the  troops  engaged 
in  an  eflbrt  to  preserve  order,  eight  or  ten  being  kilk-d, 
and  many  more  wounded.  The  mob  retreated  to  the 
Recoleccion,  resolved  to  continue  the  fight,  defvinu 
the  local  authorities,  who,  in  fact,  did  not  show  mueli 
disposition  to  put  them  down,  the  prefect  being  a 

*^  It  was  iiroveil  buyoiul  a  iloubt.  El  Porreiiir  <ln  Nlc,  May  28,  1881. 

**Iii  exhorting  the  young  to  avail  theiiiai;lves  of  the  advantages  the  insti- 
tute would  atl'ord  them,  lie  said  that  Christianity  wiis  tlie  true  basis  of  ediu:i- 
tion,  and  added  that  liberty  of  conscience  and  of  speech  was  necessary  un' 
the  perfect  education  of  free  lueu. 


JESUIT   DISTURBANCES. 


m 


fViund  of  the  Jesuits.  The  commander  of  the  forces 
was  an  aged  soldier,  who  could  not  do  much  active 
service.  However,  he  captured  the  two  chief  leaders, 
Htrnmdez  and  Duvon,  and  sent  them  to  Managua, 
wliere  they  were  imprisoned.  The  supreme  govern- 
ment adopted  prompt  measures,  despatched  troops  to 
Leon,  who  brouglit  the  rebels  under  subjection,  and 
tlien  expelled  the  Jesuits  from  the  country."'^  It  was 
believed  that  the  real  object  of  those  movements  was 
to  overthrow  Zavala  and  place  Pedro  Balladares  in 
the  executive  chair.  The  question  for  a  time  seemed 
to  be  who  should  rule — the  government  or  the  Jesuits. 
Zavala's  energy  settled  it. 

In  July  1882  there  was  a  slight  rebellion  in  Gracias 
;'i  i  )ios,  and  later  disturbances  in  Matagalpa,  Telica, 
and  Subtiaba;  but  though  causing  some  expense, 
l)ocause  the  ffovertiment  had  to  station  a  strontj:  force 
there  during  a  considerable  time,  public  works  were 
not  thereby  interrupted.  The  president,  in  his  mes- 
sage to  congress  at  the  inception  of  1883,  expressed 
liiniself  as  gratified  with  the  report  he  had  to  make, 
and  retained  the  most  perfect  confidence  in  the  future 
j)rogress  and  ])rospcrity  of  the  republic.  His  suc- 
cessor, Adan  Ctirdenas,^  elected  by  popular  suftVage, 
was  placed  in  possession  of  the  office  on  the  1st  of 
March,  1883.^'  Congress  adjourned  on  the  12tli  of 
March.  The  new  government  issued  a  decree  pardon- 
In^jf  all  who  were  concerned  in  the  revolutionar}"^  dis- 
turbances at  Matagalpa  and  Leon  in  1881  and  1882. 


'"'■'Several  prominent  citizens,  among  wlioni  were  Ex -president  Chamorro, 
ami  Ex-minister  Rivas,  urged  the  govt  to  let  tlie  Jesuits  remain;  l)ut  tlieir 
arguments  could  not  stand  against  Zavala's  determination  to  rid  his  country 
i>f  11  dangerous  religious  and  political  liody.  Xic.,  Mem.  Mm.  Ir'nlitni.,  18.SI{, 
"i  li,  annexes  A  and  B;  Co^tn  /»'.,  June  '.t,  188.");  I'itn.  Stariuid  JJinili/,  May 
■21,  June  1()-18,  ISS.'!;  S.  /'.  Bulktin,  July  (>,  1(>,  1881. 

'"'  He  was  a  man  about  "m  years  of  age,  of  small  stiiture,  gray-haired,  and 
wearing  spectacles.  His  sharp,  intelligent  eyes  sliowed  the  man  of  cultuie 
aiul  slirewdness. 

'''  Ho  organized  his  ealnnet  with  tlie  following  ministers:  Teodoro  Dclga- 
<lillo,  ot  justice  and  religion;  Francisco  Castellon,  of  foreign  atlairs  and  puh. 
instruction;  Jost''  Chamorro,  of  pub.  works;  Joaquin  Elizondo,  of  war  and 
niaiine.  A'(c.,  Mem.  Mm.  HeL,  1884,  8;  Fan.  Star  atui  Herakl,  Oct.  20,  Dec. 
1.  1882;  March  20,  Apr.  17,  18S;5. 


u    i'rt 


8 


48ti 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS  IN   NK'ARAliUA. 


il!  I'  i 


ta  I! 


The  question  of  reconstructing  the  repubhc  of  Cen- 
tral America  was  now  being  considered  by  the  five 
govcriHiients.''^  Nicaragua  was  at  peace  and  progresfs- 
ing  both  morally  and  materially.  It  must  be  con- 
fessed, however,  that  priestcraft  and  bigotry  still 
reigned  almost  supreme.  The  country  had  suffend, 
however,  during  the  last  two  years  from  epidemics 
and  other  causes.'" 

On  the  receipt  at  Managua  in  March  1885  of  in- 
formation respecting  the  resolution  of  the  assembly  of 
(Guatemala  to  efl'ect  the  reconstruction  of  Centra! 
America  l)y  force,  and  tlie  order  of  President  J.  Kufiiiu 
Barrios,  stvlhifj  himself  "•enorai-in-chief  of  the  Central 
American  forces,  the  people  became  greatly  excited, 
manifesting  a  resolution  to  oppose  Barrios'  schemes 
witli  all  their  might.  The  government  entered  into 
an  alliance  offensive  and  defensive  with  Salvador  and 
Costa  Rica  to  provide  for  their  nmtual  defence  against 
Barrios,  and  troops  were  organized.  President  C;ir- 
denas  taking  command  of  the  Nicaraguan  forces  in 
the  field,  first  calling  Pedro  Joaquin  Chamorro  to 
temporarily  occupy  the  executive  ofHce.**  Nicaragua 
at  once  despatched  500  men  to  the  aid  of  Salvador, 
and  prepared  500  or  GOO  more."'  After  the  defeat  and 
death  of  Barrios,  the  scheme  of  forcible  reconstruc- 
tion was  abandoned  by  Guatemala,  and  peace  being 
restored,  Nicaragua  returned  to  her  normal  condition. 
In  the  latter  part  of  1885,  however,  a  movement  was 

*"  Vicente  Naviis,  Enrique  Guzman,  (Jillierto  Tiiirios,  an<l  Lailislao  Arnuclln 
were  appointed  to  represent  Nic.  at  the  cout'erenoe  of  delegates  of  tlie  ti\o 
republics. 

*' Small-pox  and  dysentery  broke  out  in  several  districts,  destroying,'  iiiimy 
lives.  The  town  of  San  Carlos  was  burned  down;  and  the  eruption  of  Ouicti'iio 
volcano  drove  the  inhabitants  of  that  island  from  their  homes.  Tiie  govt 
afforded  relief  to  the  sufferers.  Otlier  places  have  been  lately  injurcil  by 
earthquakes.  Nic,  J/cd.svyf  PriM.  CiirdcwM,  Jan.  15,  1885;  Conta  U.,  Gucl", 
Feb.  3,  4,  1885. 

**0n  the  13vh  and  14th  of  March  they  issued  manifestos  to  Central 
Americans  in  general,  as  well  <aa  to  tlieir  own  people,  inviting  them  to  n-i-it 
Barrios,  who,  as  they  said,  claiming  to  seek  the  reconstruction  of  tiw  ultl 
union,  really  was  bent  on  conquest  for  his  own  aggrandizement.  Co'^fo  I!-, 
Bnlrfii,  Otic,  Mareli  13,  U.3,  2<.>,  Apr.  2,  1885;  U.  .">'.  6m\  Dm:,  Sen  Jonv . 
1884-.'>,  imi\:  S.  /•'.  <\ill,  March  1.3,  1885;  S.  F.  Chronkk,  March  13,  1885. 

«'  Costa  R.,  Oacetii,  June  2,  1886. 


ii  !■ 


DISCOMFITED  REVOLUTIONISTS. 


487 


made  with  the  view  of  overthrow  in*;  Cdrdcnas.  A 
party  of  revolutionists,  calhiig  themselves  liberals, 
landed  at  Nancital ;  but  being  unable  to  effect  their 
purpose,  took  refuge  in  Honduras,  where  they  were 
(lisarnied.^^ 

""  They  Hed  in  disorder  on  tlie  .approach  of  govt  troops.  Costu  R.  and 
lliind.  liad  placed  forces  on  the  frontiers  to  secure  theirneutrality.  /(/.,  Nov, 
4,  S,  10,  Dec.  4,  1885;  Pan.  Slur  and  Herald,  Dec  29,  1886. 


Ill 


f 


CHAPTER  XXTV. 

INBEPENDENX'K  OF  THK   ISTIBEUS, 

1801- 1S22. 

Administration  rNDKu  Spain— iNFLrKNcK  of  Events  tn  El'ropf.  ant>  Si-an- 

ISll  AmKIUCA  l)N  TIIK  IsTHMIS — HoSTIMII  KS  IN  NlKV  V  (  ilANAKA— CoN- 
.srni'TIONAl,  (ioVKKNMKNT— (rKN'ERAI,  lloKKS  MKASt:i{KS  TO  H()I,I)  TIIK 
IsinMUS  FOR  Sl'AIN  —  Ma(;(!KK(10R's  InsIROKNI'  Exi'KDiriON  AT  PoUTO- 
HELLO — llKKSl'AItLISUMF.NT     OF     TIIK      t'oNSTlTrTION  — CAVTAIN-CiENKKAL 

M'.iroeon's  Hri.F.  -Tiik  Istiimis  is  Dkclareh  Indki'endent — Irs 
Incorporation  with  I'olomiua — .Tosk  FAitRE<iA  in  Temporary  Com- 
mand—Jose MauIa  Carreno  Appointed  Intendentk  and  C'OiMAs- 
DANTE  General — Aiiolition  of  African  .Slavery. 

The  intimate  relations  of  tlie  Pananul  Isthmus  with 
Central  America,  and  indeed  witli  the  wliole  Pacific 
coast,  led  me  in  the  first  instance  to  give  its  history; 
and  in  continuation  of  that  purpose,  I  herewith  carry 
on  the  narrative  of  events  in  that  quarter,  althouoli 
in  the  later  political  partition  Pananul  is  not  classed 
among  the  Central  American  states. 

We  have  seen  in  a  preceding  volume  how  Panama, 
formerly  the  entrepot  for  the  trade  of  Spain  with  her 
South  American  colonies  on  the  Pacific,  in  the  course 
of  the  eighteenth  century  descended  froui  her  lofty 
position,  and  became  veiled  in  obscurity,  until  the 
name  of  the  once  famous  Castilla  del  Oro  is  well- 
nigh  consigned  to  the  pages  of  modern  mythology. 
The  events  of  the  following  century,  which  so  bene- 
ficially changed  the  political  condition  of  most  of  the 
American  provinces,  only  tended  to  impoverish  the 
Isthmus.     However,  its  important  geographical  posi- 

(488) 


i  A 

n 


UNDER  THE  VICEROYS 


489 


tion,  making  it  a  bridjj^e  hetwoeii  tlie  two  throat  oceans, 
l>n>uij.l»t  back  for  a  time  the  oUl  prosperity,  notubly  by 
icastdi  of  tlio  discovery  of  jjfold  in  California,  the  builcl- 
in;4  of  a  railway,  and  the  niueh-diseussed  j)roject  of  an 
iiiteroceanie  ship  canal. 

The  Isthmus  was  enjoying  in  1801  its  usual  tran- 
(|uilliiy  under  the  rule  of  the  Spanish  viceroy  at  Santa 
Kc  de  l^o<,'ota,  Piulro  de  Mendinueta  y  Muzcjuiz,  as 
well  as  under  the  more  inuncdiate  one  of  Jirij»^adier 
Antonio  Narvaez  y  la  Torre,  the  jj^overnor  and  eo- 
iiiandante  jrcMieral.  J[e  was  in  180:5  [)romotetl  to  ma- 
riscal  de  canipo,  and  relieved  on  the  1  Jth  (»f  ]\rarch  the 
>anie  year,  by  Colonel  Juan  de  IMiircos  Uibina,  who  at 
his  death  in  180;")  was  succeeded  '  by  l^rii^adier  ifuan 
A.  de  la  Mata.  The  latter  is  r(>presentetl  to  have  Ixien 
a  niaii  of  estimable  character,  and  as  he  was  both  re- 
spected and  liked,  he  found  durin«j;  his  term  but  little 
dilliculty  to  rule  the  three  provinces  of  J'ortobollo, 
\'t  iai;ua,  and  ])arien,  and  the  i»artidos  of  Xatii  and 
Alann'e,  into  which  this  region  had  been  divided." 
rursuant  to  the  customary  policy  of  Spain,  an  asesor, 
<»!'  legal  adviser,  was  appointi'd  tt>  consult  with  him, 
while  the  military  functions  of  the  governor,  in  case 
of  his  being  })revented,  were  assumed  by  another  sub- 
stitute, also  nominated  beforeliaud,  with  the  title  of 
teniente  de  rey. 

'  UrliiiiJi  was  iiiiitk^  a  hrigadier  a  few  iiioiiths  after  he  became  jjiivenior, 
ami  ilifil  Feb.  '2'2,  1X0.'),  on  whieli  day  tlie  tenieiitc  rey  .Mata  took  tlie  f^ovt. 
/'.-//.  Shn-oiiil  IliniH,  Oct.  .S,  KSG8. 

-  Miieli  province  was  ruled  liy  a  j,'overiior  and  coniandante  de  arnias,  and 
till!  partidos  by  alcaldes  inayores,  all  being,  liowi'ver,  under  the  governor  at 
ilir  c.iiiital,  in  wlio.se  hands  were  the  superior  civil  goveriinieiit,  the  real 
putronato,  and  the  sujierintendency  of  the  treasury'.  /*"«.  Jtoci,,  ill  Pan., 
<'ol.  I)(ir>.,  MS.,  no.  'M>,  (i;  AruKcinoKi,  A]iiiiil.  Hist.,  .'(4;  lil .,  in  Pun.  /lot. 
'>fn'.,  Feb.  'J,'),  |8(>8;  A rnxememt,  Mitritiiio,  Ai»nitiniiiiiiliis  //l.i/iiriro.iro>i  re.UtHon 
"l  Isliiii)  ill'  Panama,  Pan.,  18(18,  8vo,  48  ])p.  'I'lio  authoi-,  one  of  the  prond- 
Miiit  citizens  who  took  an  active  part  in  the  atlairs  related  by  him,  an<l  M-a« 
<iMi'  of  the  signers  of  tlus  indepcndc.ice,  kept  a  diary  of  events  occurring  on 
the  Jsthinus  during  many  years,  ami  in  18(')8,  as  he  tells  us,  piirposeil  the 
imblication  of  his  memoramla  from  ISOl  to  1840.  I  have  sueeeedccl  in  ob- 
taining a  portion  of  his  writings,  and  liud  them  importiint  for  the  period 
<  inhiM('cd.  Mariano  Aroseniena  died  at  I'anamit  on  the  .Slstof  May,  1808. 
II''  had  several  sons  anil  daughters,  one  of  the  fornu-r  being  the  distinguished 
Ciildiiibiau  statesman,  Justo  Arosemcna,  who  has  held  high  diplomatic  posi- 
timis  in  Europe,  the  United  States,  and  South  American  republics,  besides 
aiiine  of  the  most  important  offices  in  his  own  country. 


f       % 


400 


INDKPKNDENCE  OF  THE  ISTHMUS. 


r    I" 


iil    li! 


I  I 


ThcjuJicial  (trguiiizatioii  was  oqual  to  tliosc  of  other 
Spanish  colonies;    matters  o(  httle  importance  were 
decided  by  the  ordinary  alcakles  or  the  city  council.s, 
and  only  Jippeals  were  hrouj^ht  before  the  courts  of 
]^oufot;i.'     There  was  also  an  extensive  financial  de- 
partment,  comprisiii}^    the    custom-houses    of  l*orto- 
l)ello,  Cha*;res,  and  Panannl,  a  <jfeneral  treasury  with 
its  dependent  ofHc^iS  and  the  dltterent  administrations 
of  customs  and  motiopolies  beloni^ing  to  the  crown. 
]^ut  their  product  was  not  sufficient  to  cover  the  ex 
penses  of  the  provinces,  with  their  numerous  ofHcials 
an<l  a  permanent  military  force,*  required  as  garrisons 
for  Portol)ello,  Chagres,  and  Panamd,  all   of  whicli 
places  were   then  fortified,  and  temporarily  Hnanciiil 
subventions  from  l*eru  became  necessary.     The  reason 
was  the  decline  of  commerce  which  involved  a  coii"  - 
sponding  neglect  of  husbandry,  and  other  branches, 
agriculture    producing   only  what    was   required    fnr 
home  consumption.      Stock-raising,  for  which  the  s(til 
of  Veragua  was  so  well  adapted,  decreased;  and  min- 
ing in  l*ortobello  and  Darien  was  scarcely  worthy  nl" 
mention.     Such  a  depressing  state  of  affairs  could  but 
liave    a   dejifeneratins:    influence    on    the   inhabitants, 
which,  if  not  fostered  by  the  government,  at  least  m  as 
allowed  to  i^o  on  without  an  effort  to  check  it.     Edu- 
cation  was  at  a  low  ebb  everywhere;  in  the  capital 
there    was   one   primary  school   and   a    Latin    class. 
Nearly  all  books  not  of  a  certain  religious  character ' 
were  forbidden,  intercourse  with  foreigners  was  liin- 
dered,  and  the  diffusion  of  liberal  id'  as  was  effectually 
repressed.     The  facility  of  obtaining  the  few  means  of 

■^  Arweiiieiid,  ApiiiiL,  5;  Jiol.  Of.  (18(»8),  '.i2.  For  the  district  of  raiKiiiiii 
proper,  tlare  was,  iiioroovor,  a  liij;li  justicu,  •  justicia  mayor  do  cruces, '  wlm 
(111  oiituriiig  tlie  city  had  power  to  take  cognizance  of  all  affairs  laid  before  tlio 
alcaldes. 

*  In  aildition  to  the  regular  troops  of  one  company  of  artillery  and  one  hat- 
talion  of  infantry,  distributed  in  various  places,  there  were  militia  forces  cum- 
prising  one  battalion  of  white  and  one  of  colored  soldiers  at  I'anama,  an  CiHiiil 
force  at  Nata,  one  battiilion  of  whites  in  Veragua,  and  seven  companies  in 
fantry  and  artillery  scattered  in  different  places.  Bol.  Of.  (18G8),  .32. 

'  Arosemena,  Apiiiit,  10-11,  gives  several  titles  of  such  books,  of  which  aa 
specimens  may  be  mentioaed  Las  Fdbulas  de  Samankyo  El  Alio  CriMiinio, 
El  iSemuiumo  Santo. 


HAPPY    1>\Y.S. 


401 


suDsistonce  required  in  such  a  climate  contributed  to 
produce  that  state  of  indolence  which  cliaractcrized 
tliu  inhabitants  at  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth 
crntury.  Most  of  their  time  was  spent  in  bull-fights, 
gambling,  and  religious  performances,  thero  being  more 
tliun  one  hundred  holidays  in  the  year.  The  n-gular 
clergy,  as  in  otiier  parts  of  Spanish  America,  had  al- 
ways been  powerful  in  Panamil,  and  possessed,  not- 
withstanding the  decadence  of  the  country,  a  nuuiber 
of  establishments  independent  frcmi  those  belonging 
to  the  bishopric." 

Thus  all  was  lethargy  in  Panamil  while  the  new 
viceroy  of  New  Granada,  Antonio  Amar  y  l^orbon, 
quietly  assumed  the  government  at  J^ogotu.  Few  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Isthmus  had  a  clear  understand- 
ing of  the  political  conviusions  that  had  taken  place 
in  France  and  in  the  United  States.  The  masses 
were  totally  indifferent  to  and  sufl'ered  little  from  the 
policy  of  the  government,  which  carefully  suppressed 
all  information  about  the  countries  where  anti-mo- 
narchical principles  prevailetl.  The  course  pursued 
by  the  crown  in  this  respect  was  as  fruitless  as  was 
another  effort  made  at  the  time  to  revive  trade  bv 
ncstablishing  on  January  20,  1803,  the  casa  de  con- 
tiatacion  de  Indias.  The  hope  of  Panamil  again  be- 
ooining  the  great  entrepot  for  all  ports  on  the  Pacific 
was  not  realized.  Not  a  sinule  vessel  came  from 
Spam  during  the  year;  and  open  trade  with  foreign 
countries  being  unlawful,  smuggling  was  resorted  to 
1)V  the  merchants  of  Panama  and  Jamaica,  their 
rendezvous  being  generally  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Chagres,  where  English  vessels  transferred  their  car- 
goes to  small  boats,  which  took  the  goods  on  shore." 

^ There  was  a  college  de  propaganda  fide  of  Franciscans;  convents  of  harc- 
fiinted  Augustinians,  IJoniinicans,  and  the  order  of  Mercy;  nunneries  of  la 
t-'oiicepcion  and  Sau  7.\\^a\  do  Dios;  moreover  a  hospital,  and  a  cliaritable  in- 
stitution, dedicated  to  Suuto  Tonias  de  Villanueva,  for  poor  women.  Hos- 
pitals helonging  to  the  order  of  San  Juan  de  Dios  existed  likewise  at  NatA 
and  Portobetlo.  Bnl  Of.  (1808),  32. 

'  The  transportation  int--  town  was  eflfected  at  night,  and  generally  ia 
packages,  similar  in  size  and  shape  to  those  used  for  carrying  country  pro- 
ducts to  market.  Arosemenn,  Apinit,  8. 


■^ 


ill 


;}  i 


492 


JM>Ei'KNl)EN('K  OF  THE   ISTHMUS. 


Tliis  trade  was  continued,  even  in  l'i04,  after  Spain 
liad  declared  war  against  England,  an  event  which 
otherwise  caused  much  excitement  on  the  Isthmus. 
But  the  people,  instead  of  preparin^^  for  defence,  con- 
t(Mited  themselvis  with  invokinjj;  the  Lord  of  liosts 
for  favor  to  the  Spanish  arms,  and  for  relief  of  their 
own  distress,  or  in  other  words,  their  laziness. '^ 

The  government  and  priesthood,  acting  in  accord, 
thus  kept  most  of  the  population  under  control;  and 
it  was  only  in  1808  that  liberal  ideas  began  to  hav(! 
expression  in  the  province,  and  this  was  due  altogetiu  r 
to  foreign  influence.  The  government  of  the  niotlu  r 
country,  having  declared  the  American  possessions  to 
be  no  longer  colonies,  but  integral  parts  of  the  mon- 
archy, their  people  having  the  same  rights  as  tin; 
j)eo|)le  of  Si)ain" — although  the  declaration  of  the 
c(')rtes  to  this  eflect  was  not  generally  known  or  ajt- 
preciated,  to  the  intelligent,  its  significance  was  fully 
understood.  The  movements  for  independence  made  in 
other  provinces  could  no  longer  be  concealed  from  tJie 
people,  and  the  idea  rapidly  gained  ground  that  Sj)aii- 
ish  dt)minati(»n  of  America  was  approaching  its  end, 
This  iireatlv  exacerbated  the  ill  feelinu'  ahvavs  exi^t- 
injx,  thou<>h  onlv  to  a  linnted  extent  on  the  Isthmus, 
between  the  Spaniards  and  the  native  Panamenos.'" 

In  comiection  vvith  it,  a  system  of  espionage  was 
established  by  the  rulers,  the  discussion  of  politics 
was  discountenanced,  and  the  holding  of  meetings  foi - 
bidden.  But  this  policy  was  witiiout  effect;  the  lib- 
erty to  trade  with  Jamaica,  granted  in  1809  with  a 
view  to  api)ease  the  disconti'ut  of  the  Isthmians,  in- 
vigorated not  only  their  conunercial  but  also  tht  ir 
political  life."     Newspapers  from  Jamaica  were  occa- 

'' Proiiiiiteil  l)y  thu  Francisciuis,  jiildic  in-ocessioiis  wore  held,  iit  wliuli 
some  iiersoiis  wore  Cmwiis  of  tliorns,  others  eariied  heavy  crosses  on  tin  ir 
shoulifers,  or  ropes  round  tiieir  neeks,  etc. 

*  Full  particulars  on  tiiis  point  have  liecn  given  in  connection  with  tlie 
histories  of  Mexico  and  (iuateniala  £('•  that  period. 

'''  iiistinctions  of  classes,  resulting  from  diti'ercnces  of  color,  were  natiinil 
enough;  but  tiie  rivalry  was  now  intense  between  natives  of  Spain,  ami 
Americans  of  pure  Spanish  descent. 

"The  permission  was  granted  by  tlie  governor  of  Panumd,  ami  never  re- 


KKVOLUTIOXAKY  WAR. 


4^9 


sioiially  it'ceivcd,  and  the  contract  with  an  enhgh toned 
j)t()[)le  <>ave  rise  to  new  ideas. 

Ill  New  Granada  the  first  resistance  occurred  at 
Cartagena,  where  the  governor,  Francisco  Alontes, 
opposed  the  estabhshnient  of  a  diputacion  p»rovincial, 
1111(1  assmn'xl  an  attitude  hostile  to  the  hheral  cabildo. 
JIc  made  liis  report  to  the  viceroy,  but  before  any  re- 
dress could  be  made  he  was  arrestetl  on  June  14, 
1810,  and  sent  away  t(j  Hal»ana.''  Hardly  one 
month  later  a  similar  niovement  broke  out  at  Bo- 
^titi'i,  where  several  pievi(jus  plans  to  overthrow  the 
vict'iH'gal  authority  had  failed;'"'  but  the  agitation  be- 
ing continued,  on  the  '20th  of  July  a  trifling  incident  '* 
outHccd  to  cause  an  outbreak.  Three  days  later  the 
viceroy  was  im|)rist)ned  and  the  government  placed  in 
( liaigc  of  a  junta.''  The  revolutionary  movemt  nt  in 
]ingota  as  in  Cartagena  did  not  at  the  time  purj)ose 
to  break  wholly  with  KS[)am ;  its  real  object  was  to 
olitain  an  autonon)ic  o-overmnent  without  i<;norin«i;  the 
(supremacy  of  that  of  the  mother  country.'"     It  was 

1  V  t' 

with  such  intent  that  both  juntas  extended  invitati(ms 
to  all  the  provinces  of  Xew  Granada  to  meet  in  con- 
gress and  discuss  tiie  form  of  government  to  be 
a(lo[)ted.  The  governor  of  Pananiil  declined  to  take 
piut,  and  endeavored  to  persuade  the  people  of  the 
Isthmus  that  there  was  no  neea  for  such  a  revolu- 
tion.'' That  the  absence  of  the  I'anamehos  from  tlu' 
congress,  which  met  early  in  IH'  I,  hati  not  been  «>f 

viikiil  even  thougli  its  iu'litii-al  intliience  'kh';iiiii'  aiiicirei.t,  lueause  of  tlie 
iiuiiase  of  revenue  resulting  from  that  traili .    Jinl.  Of'.  (1,S()S),  7-. 

'- A  iletaileil  aceouiit  of  the  oucurreiices  at  Cartagena  is  given  in  liiKtiU'iHi, 
III'/.  CnL,  ii.  lti,")-8. 

"Tile  governor  of  I'anaina  had  hastened  to  send  an  auxiliary  force  of  sev- 
eral iiiiiidred  men,  hut  it  arrived  too  late.   Arn-.i'ini-itii,  .tpuiif.,  I'J. 

"  ■  Una  esiiresioii  indisureta  (jue  el  usiiafiol  l)on  .lose  Jjloreiite  dijo  a  Don 
Framiseo  Morales.  ..  .por  la  ijuu  despreeiaha  a  los  amerieanos.'  Ji'ixlKjio, 
III:.!.  (\.l.,  ii.  174. 

'ill  August  ti.  le  junta  obliged  the  viceroy  to  goto  (.-'artaj.ena,  and 

thfiu.'  t.i  Snaiii.   Id.,  M»l. 

"Miiileed,  the  authority  of  the  Spanish  ctirtes  was  formally  reeogni/td  liy 
till'  several  provinces  as  late  as  1811,  and  it  was  only  afterward  that  thoiglits 
111  ahsolute  independence  were  expre.ised. 

''  The  Spanish  party  ridiculed  the  aspirations  of  tlu?  patriots,  lucaiuse  of 
oortain  dissensions  already  croiiping  out  among  them.  Bol.  (>ji<-.,  ISOS,  7  >. 


5!  1' 


Mm., 


'•■i|''l 


lm\ 


m 


INDEPENDENCE  OF  THE  ISTHMUS. 


■;;Mi' 


i ; 


II 


their  own  choice,  was  not  a  secret  to  that  body;  and 
when  tlie  fundamental  act  of  the  federation  was  passed, 
it  containea  a  clause  bindinj.^  all  those  represented  in 
the  congress  to  labor  for  the  freedom  of  the  othur 
provinces  which  were  still  under  Spanish  control.''' 

It  seemed,  however,  as  if  Panamd  was  more  distant 
than  ever  from  gaining  her  independence.  Early  in 
1812  a  new  viceroy,  Benito  Perez,  arrived,  and  being 
unable  to  get  to  Pogotii,  established  his  residence  on 
the  Isthnms,'"  where  the  audiencia  and  other  offices 
were  also  established.  Thus  Pananui  became  tempo- 
rarily the  capital  of  New  Granada,  an  honor  little 
cherished  at  that  time  by  the  friends  of  independence. 
Perceiving  the  unsafe  condition  of  the  government, 
the  new  viceroy  took  .steps  to  increase  his  military 
force.  Upon  his  request,  three  men-of-war  were  smt 
from  Cuba  and  a  battalion  of  soldiers  from  Spain, 
part  of  whicli  reenforcements  were  despatched  to  Santa 
Marta,  then  at  war  with  Cartaginia,  The  latter  place 
was  l)lockaded,  and  being  hard  pressed  for  su[)plies, 
the  iiisurgents  despatched  two  conunissioners  with  the 
avowed  object  of  treating  with  the  viceroy  for  an  ar- 
mistice. The  ])roje('t  was  favored  by  the  vice-admiral 
of  the  English  scpiadron  at  Jamaica,  Charles  Sterling, 
who  guaranteed  the  conunissioners  a  safe  I'etuiii. 
They  arrived  at  Panama  in  October  18112,  and  at  oiicc 
began  pri'tended  negotiations,  their  n-al  purpose  being 
to  gain  time  for  the  besieged  town,  obtain  if  ])ossilile 
a  suspension  of  hostilities,  and  ascertain  the  feeling  mI' 
the  population.  Put  some  corre.sjxtndence  interceptid 
by  tin'  governor  of  Santa  Malta,'"  and  forwaj'ded  tn 
to  \"icer(»y  Perez,  apjjrisetl  the  latter,  who  at  once  luid 
the  connnissioneis  arrested  and  brought  to  trial.     Tlicv 

'"  '  ]  >i'l»'ii  sir  el  pi'iiiior  oliji'td  (1(!  I;i  dcii'iisa  y  de  l,i  tioi'iia  sulii'ituil  liil 
t'oiifrroso.  .  .vtMliiiiii'iidd  Ills  Mi'^iiiiida:  (111  liis  cadi'iuis  ijiio  liny  las  (ipriimii. 
Ar(i.fi'iiiniii,  Ajiiiiif.,  tl'2:   l!i>l.  Ojir.,  KSdS,  7."). 

'"Ill"  assuiiii'il  tilt'  UdViiMiiiii'iit  at  I'ortnliilln,  1<V1).  l".)t]i,  and  soiiiiulial 
latiT  transforroil  hiitisilr  to  I'aiiaiiiii.    UiK/njH),  IIM.  Vol.,  viii.  'JS,  follnwnl  In 

rclfZ,   ./»'0;/,,    I0<». 

'^'' A  IfttiT  from  tlic  vict'-iirc'siilctit  (if  tlii'  junta  ffiihernativa  at  Caitnguiia 
to  ('(iniiuaiidant  llibon  at  MomiJiis  let  out  tho  object  of  the  mission.  Amse- 
mvna,  Ajiuiit.,  '24.. 


THE  VICEREGAL   PARTY. 


498 


woukl  have  been  severely  dealt  with  but  for  the  timely 
interference  of  Stcrlinj^-,  who  energetically  demanded 
their  release,  which  the  viceroy  at  last  acceded  to, 
It  turning  them  to  Cartagena.  They  had  meantime 
l)fcome  satisfied  that  the  intelligent  part  of  the  jjopu- 
lation  strongly  favored  the  emancipation,  and  that  the 
lu'W  governor,  Carh^s  Mej'ner,''  could  not  prevent 
any  effort  for  independence.  The  only  opposition  to 
!»(•  feared  would  be  from  the  vicerf)V  and  the  chief 
ollicers  of  the  garrison,  most  of  whom  were  loyal  and 
energetic.  But  fortune  seemed  to  smile  on  the  revo- 
lutionary party;  several  vessels  with  troops  and  mili- 
^vi  ■-  sup])lies  despatched  by  l^erez  to  the  relief  of 
r  !  i  ^larta,  then  beseiged  bv  the  insuryj'ents,  fell 
ii'f.e  the  hands  of  the  latter,  and  the  viceroy  himself 
was  removed  from  his  position  by  the  government  in 
S[)ain."  His  successor  was  the  mariseal  do  campo, 
l'';ancisco  Montalvo,  who  with  some  reenf«>rcements 
f'uiiiislied  by  the  gt)vernnmcnt  of  Cuba  proceeded  from 
liabiina  directly  to  Santa  ^Farta,  where  he  arrived  in 
May  IHKJ,  and  forthwith  l)egan  to  push  the  military 
o|)erations  against  the  revolutionists  of  Cartagena. 

The  natives  of  J*anania  rejoiced  on  hearing  of  the 
rstablishment  of  the  vicercjgal  seat  at  Santa  AEarta, 
and  '';)r  obvioas  reasons.  The  danger  was  removed 
that  l*an:imii  miuht  become  the  theatre  of  a  bloodv 
wai,  awu  >n  ti.e  other  hand,  there  would  be  less  difh- 
<uhy  u  v\  il'iiig  for  the  emancipation  of  the  province. 
Tilt'  eai'se  <  !  i(tdepcn('<!nce  gained  more  and  nit»re 
>viii[)athy;  ...  '!  when  toward  tlie  close  (»f  I  S  I ;}  it  was 
|iiiiposed  to  form  a  confederation,  comprising  New 
<ir,uia(hi,  (^uito,  Venezuela,  and  Tieria  l^'irnie,  tlie 
iilia  was  eagerly  eml)i'aced  by  tlie  patriotic  pai'tv  on 
till'  Istluuus.  The  fi'iends  of  independence  gradually 
hciaiiie  holder;  they  o[>eidy  manifesti'd   their  dislike 

'<lti>  Matii  hiiil  ilit'il  ill  ISl'J,  .soon  afti-'r  Ium  iinniKitiiui  to  iiiariscnl  ilc 
laiinMi.      ',':■    w;i3  siU'cecilcil  l>y  Bri>,'ailii'r  Victor  Siiiuuilo,  wiio  riiliitl  mily  a 

IfU   illl_\    . 

'I'lui  I.,!  ,'.iis  'H (satisfaction  of  the  rtjgoncy  at  Ciiili/  lit'fau.sf  lu'  hail 
iriii  uiiL'il  in  i  aiiaiiiu  iiLstcatl  ,)f  sulcctiiig  some  tithur  jilace  from  whicii  ho 
nil. lit  liavu  reached  Bogotii. 


:■■■  i  ;'t  'l^riif;  fll 


496 


INDEPENDENCE  OF  THE  ISTHMUS, 


of  Spanish  rule  at  parties  and  in  })iil)lic  songs,  and 
induced  the  cabildo  to  demand  and  obtain  from  t\w 
j^overnment  at  Cadiz  tlie  removal  of  the  bishop,'-^  and 
the  transfer  of  the  officials  of  the  audencia,  then  iu 
Panama,  to  other  places.  But  the  latter  met  with 
opposition  from  the  senior  oidor,  Joaquin  Carrion,  who 
well  understood  the  workings  of  the  patriotic  party, 
and  disregarding  the  protestations  of  the  city  council, 
contiimed  alone  to  exercise  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
audiencia  till  181(".  Strange  though  it  may  appear, 
and  perhaps  owin-  '"  the  listlessness  Panama  had 
thus  far  exhibited,  w  revolution  jtrevailcd  every- 

where else,  the  city  can  i  to  be  looked  upon  by  the 
government  in  Spain  as  most  loyal;  whereupon  the 
cortes  resolved  to  reward  it,  establishing  there  a  dipu- 
tacion  provincial,-*  which  did  not  then  come  to  pass, 
for  only  one  month  Liter  King  Fernando  suppressed 
all  such  bodies,  together  with  the  constitution  of 
1812.-' 

Unwilling  to  relinquish  her  hold  on  the  American 
colonies,  Spain,  early  in  1815,  fitted  out  an  expedition 
comprising  sixty-live  large  and  several  smaller  trans- 
port vessels,  convoyed  by  the  line-of-battle  ship  Sdn 
Pedro  AJcantara  of  sev^enty-four  guns  and  several  frig- 
ates; the  total  number  of  sailors,  soldiers,  and  mariiu-s 
being  15,000,-"  all  well  provided  with  artillery  and 
supplies,  the  soldiers  being  veterans  of  the  war  against 
Xapoleon's  army. 

The  original  plan  had  been  to  send  both  Meet  and 


^  '  Arrancdel  ayuntamiento  do  Panainilcon  inaidiomts  manejos  lU'l  j^oliiir- 
lio  tie  Catliz  fl  docroto  <lo  (jue  fuesc  I'l  U.  OI>isi)(t  removido  de  su  silla. '  Tnrnn'i . 
Hist.  Iivi\,  ii.  ()l>.  Tliu  name  of  the  bishop  was  .loaijiiin  Gonzalez,  who  dii  il 
in  Jtily  ISl.'i.  His  successor  was  .roso  Hijinio  Uiirau  y  Martel,  nientioiicil 
as  hisiiop  for  the  first  time  in  1814,  who  was  one  of  the  signers  of  tlie  indc- 
pendenee  Hot.  O/'.  (18(18),  88 — iind  still  in  office  iu  18'J1.  See  also  Pan.  (.'id. 
I>,»:,  no.  ll'.j,  MS. 

'-'Other  distinctions,  among  which  an  addition  to  the  coat  of  arms,  wcix' 
also  resolved  in  the  same  session,   ('mii'.i,  Acliin  Ord.  (1814),  ii.  'J(H). 

'-■'His  decree  of  May -1,  1814,  was  carried  out  on  the  Isthnnis  in  Augiist 
of  tlie  same  year.   I'au.,  Doc.  Hint.,  in  Pnit.,  Col.  Doc,  no.  IM\,  MS.,  8-li). 

-'" IJustamante,  (^innl.  lfi.it.,  iv.  l(il-.S,  gives  the  numlier  as  1(),47H,  wliiili 
agri'es  with  the  figures  y;iven  by  Restrepo,  JIi.sl.  Col.,  vi.  49;  but  this  author- 
ity refers  only  to  the  troops. 


(iOVEUNOK    IIDUK. 


4U4 


iiruiy  to  Montevideo,  but  subse(juently  it  was  consid- 
ered more  urgent  to  regain  possession  of  Venezuela 
and  New  Granada,  and  to  strengthen  the  forces  (»ii 
the  Istlinius.""'  The  general-in-ehief  was  Mai'iscal  do 
canipo  Pabh)  MoriHo,  a  brave  num  of  firm  character, 
wlio,  in  nine  years,  hail  risen  from  sergeant  to  gen- 
eral. Soon  afterward  more  forces  weiv  si-nt  out  from 
Spain  to  cooi)erate  with  those  of  ^Forillo,  after  which 
they  were  to  be  stationed  at  ]?anama.  Their  com- 
mander, Alejandro  do  Hore,  was  api)ointed  governor. 
Military  supplies  were  al;  o  sent  to  ecjuip  troops  for  a 
canipaign  in  Peru.  The  f^^'ectations  of  the  Isthmi- 
ans were  now  almost  beyond  the  possibility  v)f  realiza- 
tion. It  made  but  little  ditfen-nce  that  a  part  of 
Here's  force  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  insuro-cnts  of 
(  artagena,""  and  that  Hore  himself  barely  esca))ed 
witli  the  auxiliaries  that  Morillo  could  furnish  almost 
at  any  time ;  he  was  always  able  to  maintain  the  Span- 
ish regime  on  the  Isthmus.  No  s<H)ner,  indi-ed,  had  he 
arrived  at  Pananul  and  establislied  the  government 
on  a  military  basis,"*^  than  he  displayed  his  harsh,  de- 
spotic character."*"  An  oxtensive  system  of  espionage 
was  organized,  and  it  is  said  that  Hore  treated  the 
Hunibers  of  the  patriotic  party  "according  to  tlu'ir 
proclivities  for  independence',  always  availing  himself 
(if  some  false  })retext  to  strike."  Much  as  the  Isth- 
mians sufl'ered  under  his  iron  rule,  tlu'ir  anxietv  \n- 
lame   greater  when   it  was  said  that  Morillo  was  oii/ 

■'  riiis  was  tlic  priiRMpal  objuct;  '  asegurar  csto  istiiio  eii  sugoeiou  pcrpi'tua  . 
a  111  Ksiiafia,  fut'ra  ciial  fuesi?  ul  oesito  tiiial  (li>  la  giiena  tie  la  iiidciifUilf luia 
'li' l;is  ooldiiias  do  S,  M.  C.  en  el  Niiovo  Muiuld;"  wliicli  is  cDiiliriiifil  liy  tlic 
woiils  of  X\w.  royal  order  of  May  9,  IS!."),  .siuakiiig  of  the  exitedition  as  made 
111  view  of  'la  iiiiportancia  de  poller  en  el  respetalile  pie  de  <lefeiisa  (jue  eoii- 
vii'iii,  al  Istiiio  de  Panama,  Have  de  aiiibas  Aiiierieas."    .t  msniiciid,   Aviinl.. 

■•'The  vessel  carrying  Hore  and  part  of  his  force  wan  captured  near  C'ar- 
tii^i'Ui  liy  two  small  ships  helongiiiif  to  the  revolutionists,  livstirim,  JJiM.  ( \ti, 
vi,  li:.  (i;'  Tomiifc,  Hist.  Jier.,  ii.  178-9. 

■Mt  had  been  held  ad  interim  by  .Fuau  Poiningo  Iturraldo,  Aro.9fwemi, 
Apuiil.,  ;<0-l,  who  was  the  governor  of  Veragua  and  adjoining  districts. 
I'll,..  Doc.  /list.,  in  /'nil..  Col.  J)n<:,  no.  3t'>,  MS.,  8. 

*' Aroseinena,  Ajmnf.,  .11,  speaks  of  his  'detestacion  de  los  principios  de 
i:"liitniii  representativo,'  and  says  ou  page  4'2  that  ho  was  the  uiau  employed 
I'V  F'Tiiando  VII.  to  dissolve  in  1814  the  Spanish  cdrtes. 
Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  Vol.  HI.    32 


1     li  "!l 


iifi 

I.] 

111 


408 


IXDEPENDENCK  OF  THE  ISTHMUS. 


i'i 


his  way  to  Panama  to  place  the  city  in  a  state  (»t' 
defence;  fortunately  it  prcved  to  be  a  false  alarm. 

Hore  was  a  partisan  of  absolute  authority;  hut 
when  it  suited  liis  purposes  he  would  support  liberal 
ideas  and  policies.  Thus  we  see  him  cooperatiiiLj 
with  the  people  of  Panama  in  o[)posing  the  reinstate- 
ment of  the  Jesuits. ^^  He  did  not  like  priestly  intci- 
ference  in  state  affairs.  The  governor  also  man  fested 
a  strong  inclination  to  foster  trade  with  forei'^ners, 
and  it  is  said  that  he  never  refused  to  honor,  with  Iiis 
acceptance,  such  gifts  as  the  smugglers  awarded  him. 

Early  in  1819,  news  arrived  that  a  formidable  ex- 
pedition had  been  prepared  in  England  by  friends  of 
the  insurgent  cause,  and  was  on  its  way  to  America, 
intended  to  wrest  the  Isthmus  from  S[)anish  domina- 
tion. The  ruiuor  piovcd  well  founded.  A  formtr 
officer  of  the  revolutionists,  one  Grejifor  MacGrcooi, 
together  with  Jose  Marfa  del  Real,  the  agent  in  Lon- 
don of  the  "United  Provinces  of  New  Granada,"  had, 
with  the  aid  of  some  English  merchants,  fitted  out  an 
expedition,^'"  which,  consisting  of  three  sliips,  carryiiiL; 
417  fiiihtinu'  men,  sailed  from  Gravesend  on  the  iMli 
ijf  December,  1818,  and  in  the  following  February  cast 
anchor  oft"  Aux  Cayes  in  Hayti.  Here  they  \V(  iv 
joined  by  two  other  vessels,  and  together  they  coiitin- 
ui'd  the  vovat>e  to  San  Andres,  the  rendezvous,  of 
wliich,  on  the  4th  of  April,  1811),  they  took  fornia! 
possession  in  the  name  of  the  United  J*rovinces.  Four 
'days  after,  the  scjuadron  aj^peared  off  Portobello  and 
i'aptured  the  place,  meeting  with  scarcely  any  resist- 
ance, (governor  Hore  had  expected  the  landing  at 
Chagres,  and  made  preparation  to  meet  the  invaders."' 

^'Thc  king  hail  tlcerced  the  rci'stahlishmeiit  of  the  order  in  Sjianish  Aiiilt- 
iea,  '  t  it  was  not  carried  out  on  the  Istlunus,  there  being  no  nu'iiilurs  of 
the  i.  .ety  here,  nor  any  one  M'illing  to  join  it.  'Audabanios  ya  al^'o  dis- 
lireooujjadoa,"  says  an  authority.  Tlie  society  was  already  looke<l  ou  as  an 
agent  of  despotism  and  perpetual  state  of  vas.salage.  Bol.  (ijic,  liSdS,  1 1'J. 

'^''  'Prometit'udoles  ganancias  eiiornies,  pero  propias  di!  las  circunstaiicias. 
i'l'.HlrcjK),  Ifkt.   Vol.,  vii.  lt)8. 

^•'  While  tlie  as.sailants  had  all  their  attention  centred  on  Portobello,  a 
Spanish  vessel,  with  §70,000  on  board,  passed  the  port  unperceived.  Wo^lli- 
eriii/iid's  Diirieii,  29. 


ENGUSH   EXPEDITION. 


499 


Most  of  the  troops  wore  forthwith  landed,  and  the 
town  having  been  ahnost  entirely  deserted,  the  sol- 
diers found  ready  quarters,  and  garrisons  were  placed 
ill  the  forts,  and  the  batteries  were  manned.  Mac- 
Oregor  issued  a  high-sounding  bulletin,  in  which  he 
srt  forth  that  "the  first  division  of  the  army  of  New 
Granada  had  won  immarcescible  glory."  Detachnlents 
^\('l■e  sent  out  to  reconnoitre,  and  no  hostih^  force  be- 
ing discovered,  the  march  to  Chagres  and  Panamd, 
w  as  spoken  of  as  if  neither  nature  nor  the  Spaniards 
would  offer  any  obstacles.^*  Two  exiles  from  New 
( iianada,  Jose  Elfas  Lopez  and  Joaquin  Vargas  Besga, 
who  liad  accompanied  the  expedition,  were  made  gov- 
ernor and  vice-governor  respectively.  After  a  to 
ileum,  and  a  few  days  time,  the  inhabitants  of  the  town 
wlio  had  returned  to  their  homes  wer-e  harangued  to 
induce  them  to  take  up  arms  against  the  Spanisli 
yoke.  About  100  men,  mostly  colored,  responded 
t<i  tlie  appeal  and  enlisted,  forming  the  nucleus  of  a 
regiment  called  America  Libre,  which,  under  the 
cDiiimand  of  some  foreign  officers,  was  to  be  the  ad- 
\aiiced  guard  (m  the  march  to  Pananul.  The  scheme 
inoved  a  failure,  for  soon  these  same  free  Americans 
ilishanded  or  deserted,  most  of  them  joining  the  enemy. 
The  condition  and  general  discipline  of  the  invading 
lni((>  were  far  from  satisfactory.  The  men  clamored 
tor  their  pay,  and  there  being  no  money  hi  the  niili- 
taiy  cliest,  the  people  wore  called  upon  to  furnish 
funds,  which  caused  them  to  again  leave  the  place. 
"Sickness  also  broke  out  among  the  troo[)s,  several  of 
the  officers  and  men  becominiif  victim.^  of  the  climate. 
Discipline  was  neglected,  and  all  semblance  of  order 
<h-ap[H'ared.  The  soldiers  sold  their  ammunition  and 
etl'ects  for  liquor. '''^     This  same  carelessness  prevailed 


I    ! 


'il 


u 


''  MacGregor  had  probably  uever  read  the  adventures  of  Vasco  Nufles  do 

l!;illM,a. 

''  Wcatherlicad,  Dorini,  4.3,  says  that  Siianish  olHocrs  in  disywi.so  foarUtssly 
walkcil  tlio  streets,  and  eiitiTed  the  fort  to  drink  with  tlie  men.  Tiu'v  liad 
I'i>^lMiits  issned  by  tliu  fdnmr  ah'aMi',  whn  had  returned  after  the  oecupatioii 
111  tliii  city,  and  in  whom  MaeGregor  foolishly  plaeed  eontiilenee. 


500 


INDKrENDKNCE  OF  THE  ISTHMUS. 


even  wlieii  toward  tlie  end  of  vXpril  news  ciunc  of  the 
near  approach  of  S[)anis]i  forces  from  Panama.  It 
seems  that  as  soon  as  1  lore  lieard  of  tlie  loss  ol'  INtrto- 
hello  lie  concentrated  his  forces,  and  with  about  AOO 
nuMj  marched  across  the  Isthmus,  hent  ujion  expellino; 
the  invaders.  Taking  a  route  different  from  the  usual 
one,  and  favored  by  the  carelessness  of  the  English 
and  the  thick  forests  surroundint>'  Portobello,  Hore 
arrived  near  the  town  unperceived  on  the  L'Dth  of 
Aj.ril. 

On  the  same  day  a  vessel  with  su])plies  and  provis- 
ions for  the  invaders  had  arrived  from  Jamaica,  an 
event  which  was  o-ayly  celel)rat(Ml  in  the  town.     In  tlir 
evcMiing  the  alcalde  and  somc^  pj'iests  took  j)art  in  the 
carousals,  which  were  kept  up  to  a  late  hour,  with  a 
C()mi)lete  nejj^lect  of  duty  on  the  pai't  of  the  officers. 
At  six  o'clock  next  mornini^  one  division  of  Hores 
troo[)s,  under  the  conunand  of  Lieutenant-colonel  Ji^sv 
de  Santa  Cruz,  surprised  the  soldiers  and  took  the  town, 
killiuij^  all  wlio  came  in  their  way.     Among  the  sliiin 
were  the  newly  appointed  governor,  Lopez,  and  many 
of  the  officers,  who  perished  either  at  their  quarters 
(►r  while  attempting  to  reacsh  the  fort.     Mac(jireg(ir 
lea})ed  over  the  balcony  of  the  government  house,  ran 
to  the   beach,  and  thence  swam  to  one  of  his  vessels. 
Unsuccessful  attaclis  were  made  on  the  forts,  though 
the  bi'seiged  were  unable  to  use  the  unwieldy  guns, 
unsupj)orted  as  they  were  l)y  the  vessels,  which  made 
no  pi'c})aration  to  aid  them.     The  Spaniards  were  not 
disposed  to  storm  the  forts,  but  knowing  that  the  gar- 
risons had  suffered  severely,  they  demanded  their  sur- 
render.    This  was  refused;  and  notwithstanding  tlie 
cowardly  conduct  of  some  of  the  officers,  the  negotia- 
tions might  have  been  broken  off,  but  the  soldiers 
declined  further  to  fight.     A  capitulation  was  th»  ii 
entered  into,  under  whicfi  the  invaders,  after  deliver 
ing  up  their  arms,  were  to  retain  their  baggage  and 
reembark  to  go  whither  they  chose.     At  this  juncture, 
orders  came  from  MacGregor  not  to  surrender,  giving 


FAILURE  OF  THE  EXPEDITION. 


501 


assurance  that  tlio  ships  would  soon  ho  ready  to  open 
ii|)()U  tlie  Spaniards.  But  the  surrender  liad  ah'eady 
\h'v,i\  made,  anil  the  men,  about  340  in  all,  hud  been  dis- 
aiiiied  and  marched  to  the  main  plaza,  where,  instead 
of  heini;-  permitted  to  go  their  way,  they  were  declared 
|ii  isoners,  to  be  convtsyed  as  convicts  to  J'anamil.'*"  On 
IciU'ning  the  result,  the  gallant  MacCJregor,  from  whose 
(•(iniing  the  New  (iranadinos  hail  expecti'd  so  much 
j)ut  to  sea,  leaving  his  com[)anions  to  their  fate.'' 

The  matter  did  not  end  at  Port<»l)ello,  however. 
Jlore  despatched  his  prisoners  to  Panama  on  the  2d 
nl' ^fay,  and  reported  his  achievement  to  Viceroy  Sii- 
iiiaiio,  who  commanded  that  the  prisoners,  none  ex- 
cepted, should  be  sliot.^**  Put  for  some  reason  Horc 
(lid  not  carry  out  the  order.  The  [)risoners  were,  iiev- 
citlieless,  subjected  to  cruel  treatment,  being  kept  in 
cliain-gangs  at  work  on  the  fortifications,  n tails,  and 
streets,  which,  added  to  tlu^  ravages  of  the  deadly 
climate,  soon  reduced  their  nundx;rs.  Several  of  the 
dtlicers  were  shot  afterward  at  Cana  in  j)arien  on  the 
pretext  of  their  having  attempted  to  escape.^*^  Wiien 
atU'r  seventeen  months  of  suti'ering  the  release  of  the 
suivivors  was  ordered  on  September  20,  1820,  only 
]'2[  remained,^"  who  were  at  an  early  day  taken  to 
Cliagres,  whence  they  enibarked  for  Jamaica. 

•"'Such  is  Weiitlierliead's  vi'r.sion.  Jinrien,  57-(i2.  Jloro  denicsd  havinjj 
auirril  to  till)  oaiiitiilatioii,  addiiij^  tiiat  liu  ri'gardi.'d  the  iiu'ii  as  liandits;  and 
hail  clfiiiamlod  tlioir  sdrrendiT  at  disciH'tion.  llostroiio,  giving;  no  crt'dciice  to 
llmx"s  u.sserlion,  declares  his  proooedinj;  'accioii  vd,  dij,'iia  do  los  j^ofi's  uspa- 
fiiilcs  dc  Anu'rica.'  Arosoiiioua  says:  '  Hajo  caiiitulaoioii,  (i  sin  idla,  jiui-s  I'sto 
iiii  ts  del  todi)  eonocido,  so  sindioron."  Ajniii/.,  .'IS  ',(.  Santa  Cruz,  who  was 
iii.iijc  govornor  of  Portohollo,  shortly  at'tor  lloio  wont  to  I'anania  capturi.'d 
two  vessels  wliich  had  on  hoard  ahout  101)  nion  lirouglit  from  England  to  ro- 
I'liiiiicc  Mao(.trogor;  hut  it  is  unknown  what  houaniu  of  tho  prisonors.  Jit-n- 
//■';.o,  JliM.  Vol.,  vii.  173-4,  17G. 

' '  ''ioriniuo  por  la  ineptitud  del  gefoesta  (isjmdicion  (juo  hizo  inuclio  ruido,' 
(ilisirvus  Uostropo,  //int.  I'l;/.,  vii.  175.  Woatliorhoad,  Ihtrun,  ii'.i-l,  thougli 
almittiiig  the  goncral's  inconipotoncy,  trios  to  apologizo  for  his  liohavior. 

''Tills  was  pursuant  to  goinu-al  orders  from  the  king.  Tlio  .samotroat- 
iiiiiit  was  to  ho  awarded  to  persons  eaptui'od  under  similar  eireumstanees, 
'siiidar  cuenta,  ni  consultar  a  esta  superioriilad  hasta  despues  do  halieilo 
vciilirado.'  Dn,:,  in  /Mn.ijx),  Hist.  Cni,  .\.  IIM). 

'  Weatherheail,  Diiriin,  IMJ,  spo;iks  of  14,  while  Restrepo,  I/int.  f'oi,  vii. 
177  S,  mentions  (mly  10. 

'  Kestropo  says  that  only  40  had  survived,  while  Weatherhead  gives  the 
ligurcs  as  in  the  text.     1  have  in  most  eases  preferred  to  follow  the  latter 


ilili 


■  il'ijst'ji 
i  1'  'I     (I 

:  r  M 


i 


!",1 


M-2 


INDEl'ENUKNCE  OF  THE  ISTHMUS. 


Important  events  had  meantime  taken  place  in 
Spain,  by  which  constitutional  regime  was  restored, 
A  change  in  the  government  of  the  Isthmus  soon  fol- 
lowed, the  people  for  the  first  time  being  called  upon 
to  exercise  the  right  of  suffrage.'''  The  newly  organ- 
ized ayuntamiento*'-  was  composed  of  men  well  dis- 
posed toward  independence.  The  change  of  system 
curtailing  Hore's  powers  so  [)reyed  upon  his  mind  that 
he  died.^^  This  was  a  serious  loss  to  the  Spanish 
cause,  whose  interests  the  deceased  had  ever  both 
ready  to  uphold  by  fair  or  foul  means. 

Brigadier  Pedro  Ruiz  de  Porras,  who  succeedrd 
Hore  in  the  military  command,  if  not  a  partisan  of  in- 
dependence, was  a  friend  of  constitutional  government. 
The  civil  governor,  or  gefe  politico,  Pedro  Aguihir, 
showed  so  much  indifference  that  little  opposition  was 
feared  from  him.  The  new  cabildo  demanded  the  in- 
stallation of  a  iliputacion  provincial,  the  election  of  a 
deputy  to  the  Spanish  cortcs,  and  other  measui'cs 
provided  for  in  the  national  constitution.^^  Theso  de- 
mands were  not,  however,  com})lied  with.  The  indi  - 
])endent  party  saw  the  necessity  of  close  relations  with 
their  friends  outside  of  Pananul,  and  developed  them, 
without  disregarding  tlie  precautions  demanded  by  the 

authority  in  liis  An  Arcouiit  o/t/ie  Late Erpvilif.ion  ivjain.-'tthe hthvumof  nmiin, 
Loiiddu,  1S21,  \)\t.  l.'W,  map,  Ijy  \V.  D.  Weatliorheail,  as  the  work  wum  wiitiin 
uiulor  the  frcsli  impression  of  the  events  described,  and  l)y  one  wliose  p(i>itioii 
and  partieipation  in  the  expedition  as  a  surgeon  enabled  him  to  obtain  tlu' 
most  reliable  information.  This  is  furnished,  together  with  such  otiuT  liis- 
torieal  data  as  the  author,  by  means  of  slight  investigation,  could  procun-  in 
addition  to  the  narrative  of  the  expedition  and  (leseriptions  of  ditlrniit 
places  on  the  Isthmus.  Appended  is  professional  information  on  diseast'.<, 
climates,  and  state  of  medical  science  in  the  province  of  Tierra  Firme. 

*'  The  constitution  of  the  Spanish  inonarchy  was  publishe<l  on  the  Lstlumis 
about  May  1821.  Its  publication  in  Alange  took  place  in  that  month.  I'mt., 
Doc.  HM.,  in  Pan.,  Col.  Doc.,  MS.,  no.  3G,  fol.  2C. 

■•^  Alcaldes — Luis  Laso  de  la  Vega,  and  Mariano  Arosemena.  Rcgidorcs— 
Manuel  de  Arce  Delgado,  Juan  Klanuel  Berguido,  Pedro  Jimenez,  larlos 
Icaza,  Juan  Jo8«3  Calvo,  Remigio  Laso,  Jose  Pablo  Jimenez,  and  Tadeo  Wwz. 
Secretary — Manuel  Maria  Ayala.  Aroaemcna,  Apunt.,  A\-2. 

*'He  died  July  8,  1820.  Arosemeno,  Ajrnnt.,  42,  places  the  death  in  Auj.'. 
Another  trouble  was  his  inability  to  pay  the  soldiers,  who  clamored  for  tluir 
dues.    Weatherkead's  Danen,  IIG  17. 

**The  application  of  municipal  revenue  to  local  purposes;  and  that  the 
police  be  composed  of  citizens  under  the  control  of  the  cabildo;  the  military 
patrols  should  be  discontinued. 


COMING  OF  SAMANO. 


i)o;{ 


presence  of  a  strong  hostile  garrison  in  their  midst, 
Tiicy  were  now  greatly  hindered  by  the  sudden  appear- 
and' in  Panama,  of  Viciroy  Siimano,  who  came  l>y  way 
of  Jamaica.  His  object  was  to  establish  his  govern- 
ment on  the  Isthmus,  which  the  cabildo  and  constitu- 
tionalists opposed  on  the  ground  of  his  Isaving  forfeited 
the  viceregal  office  by  a  refusal  to  take  the  oath  to 
support  the  constitution.  He  had  been  detained  sev- 
eral days  at  Las  Cruces,  but  the  military  i>arty  proved 
the  stronger,  and  admitted  him  into  the  city.  His 
coining  caused  general  uneasiness,*'^  as  he  was  known 
to  be  a  man  of  bad  ti'mper.  However,  as  he  met 
with  no  further  opposition,  and  as  his  health  was  pre- 
carious, he  limited  himself  to  levying  a  forced  loan.*" 

Free  ideas  had,  however,  gained  too  strong  a  hold 
to  be  easily  supi)ressed  by  the  mere  opposition  of  the 
ruler,  and  when  in  1821  a  new  eity  council  was 
elected,  the  members*'  were  again  liberal-minded  men. 
Tlicy  repeated  the  demand  for  the  establishment  of  a 
(liputacion  provincial,  and  for  the  election  of  a  deputy 
to  the  Spanish  cortes;  but  the  viceroy  only  returned 
evasive  answers.  Fortunately,  the  province  was  soon 
relieved  of  him,  by  his  death,  on  the  3d  of  August, 
1821.*^  Then  the  press  resumed  a  bold  tone,  and 
hopes  were  revived  in  political  circles.  Soon  after 
came  to  succeed  Samano,  the  mariseal  de  cam[)()  Juan 
(le  la  Cruz  Mourgeon.*''  He  had  been  ap])ointed  as 
captain-general  of  New  Granada  only,  with  the  })rom- 
isi"  of  the  office  of  viceroy  when  he  should  have 
reconquered  two  thirds  of  New  (iranada."" 

Mourgeon  brought  from  Spain  some  troops,  adding 
to  their  number  at  Puerto  Cabello  in  Venezuela.  His 
rule  was  based  on  principles  entirely  opposite  to  those 

*■'  Many  families  abandoned  the  city  to  escape  his  persecutions. 

"'  His  intlueuce  was  to  be  seen,  nevertheles.-",.  in  the  low  tone  of  the  press, 
and  in  the  discontinnanee  of  political  meetings. 

^' Their  names  are  given  in  Bol.  Of.  (1869),  31. 

**"  Rejit7-epo,  llnst.  Vol.,  viii.  28;  Arosemena,  AputU.,  47. 

"Perez,  Jeoy.,  110,  calls  him  Murjea. 

'"'His  arriv£u  at  Chagres  is  set  down  by  Arosemena,  Aptmt.,  *7-8,  on  the 
2d  of  Aug.,  1821;  others  place  him  in  Panama  ou  the  17th.  Restreyo,  Hi$L 
Vol.,  viii.  29;  Perez,  Jtog.,  Iltt 


MS 


\'\ 


501 


INDEl'KNUKNCK  OF  THK  LSTllMUS. 


of  his  })reilecess()r,  nami'ly,  on  tlie  constitution  and 
the  now  organic  laws  oi'  the  nionurcliy.  Memluifs 
for  the  (hputacion  provincial  and  a  tU^puty  to  the 
Spanish  cortes  were  electi'd,  and  the  former  w.us 
installed  amidst  the  usual  demonstratioiis.  This  lib- 
eral policy  permeated  his  whole  administrution;  tlio 
piess  was  pn)tected,  patriotic  socii'ties  were  formed, 
and  to  strengthen  the  ties  hetween  Spaniards  and 
Americans  a  masonic  lodge  was  founded,  anil  otliccs 
of  tiust  and  honor  were  bestowed  on  mi'n  from  hoth 
branches.  Every  effort  was  mad(!  by  the  new  ruK  r 
to  do  awav  with  the  old  rivalry,  l^ut  it  all  came  ton 
late.  The  idea  of  inde[)endence  had  lu'come  deeply 
rooted,  and  could  not  be  att'ected  by  the  new  ])oli(y, 
the  duration  of  which  was  also  uncertain.  T\\c  na- 
tives of  the  Istiinms  exhibited  a  remarkable  circum- 
spection, which  deluded  the  captaiji-general  an<l  tlio 
8i)aniards.  Mourgeon  felt  confident  of  I'anannis 
loyalty,  and  still  moie  so  after  Jose  de  Fabrega,  a 
native  of  the  Isthmus,  was  appointed  temporary  co- 
mandante  of  Tierra  Firme ;  '  and  began  to  thiidv  of 
securing  his  promised  viceregal  office  by  the  rtton- 
quest  of  Quito  or  Ecuador.  He  accordingly  set 
him.self  to  make  preparations  for  that  underaking; 
but  the  im}toverished  condition  of  Isthmian  Hnanccs 
greatly  hampered  him.  Xevertheless,  though  with 
the  utmost  difficulty,"'"  he  fitted  out  a  squadron,  com- 
posed of  the  corvette  Alrjcnulro,  and  three  schooners, 
on  which  he  endjarked  two  battalions  of  infantry,  two 
tlismounted  squadrons  of  cavalry,  and  some  artillery- 
men ;  and  assuming  personal  command  of  the  force, 
set  sad  on  the  '22d  of  October,  182 J.'' 

This  was  the  most  j)ropitious  opportunity  the  friends 


"  Pornis  liiul  been  transforrcil  to  Yucatan,  uiid  his  successor,  Brigadiur 
Tonias  C'irea,  had  been  dttained  at  Puerto  Cahello.  Aronanvna,  Apiiiif.,  48. 
Fabroga  was  tho  govei'uor  of  Veragua  and adjoiuiug  districts.  Pan.,  Doc.  Jli.4., 
ill  /■•((//.,  Col.  Doc.,  MS.,  no.  30,  '25. 

''^The  church  luiit  him  some  money,  and  he  obtained  §20,000  more  from 
the  sale  of  arinaineut  to  Peru.  Bol.  Ojic,  1809,  31. 

*^  Mourgeon  ha<l  tiic  idea  of  taking  with  liim  some  persons  wliom  ho  sus- 
pected of  disloyalty,  but  desisted.  ArodciiwiM,  ApunL,  iS. 


.SUB  KEVOLUTIOX. 


COS 


of  independence  could  hope  for,  and  tlicy  lost  no  time 
ill  iiviiilinjjf  themselves  of  it.  Secret  nieotinus  were 
held,  at  wiiich  they  matured  their  plans.  While  thu8 
ciijjcaLifed  at  Pananiil,  a  revolutionary  movement  hroko 
-lit  in  the  villa  dc  Los  Santos,  which,  not  heing  the 
result  of  any  preconcerted  plan,  caused  the  greatest 
alarm  at  the  capital.  The  outbreak  had  heen,  indeed, 
one  which  merely  pioclaimed  inde|>endence,  without 
pretending  to  establish  any  form  of  government.'* 
Tiie  governor,  local  authorities,  and  other  prominent 
oilicials,  after  a  hasty  consultation,  resolved  u|)on 
nciitle  mc(ans  to  quell  the  disturbance,  and  connnis- 
sioni'rs  weie  despatched  at  once  to  Los  Santos  to 
restore  })eace  if  possible,'"'^  But  the  more  impatient 
among  the  friends  of  inde|)endence  hoped  that  their 
mission  would  fail,  and  that  the  s))irit  of  sedition, 
known  to  exist  throughout  the  Isthmus,  W(tuld  boldly 
assert  itself  as  soon  as  the  capital  should  give  the 
dniial.  But  this  signal  could  not  as  yet  be  given, 
lioth  the  cabildo  and  diputacion  countenanced  tlu; 
revolution,  and  it  was  believed  that  Fabrega  would 
not  ()pj)ose  a  movement  to  free  his  own  country;  but 
resistance  was  certain  from  the  troops  of  the  garrison. 
Any  sudden  insurrection  would,  therefore,  be  untimely, 
and  })robably  end  in  disaster. 

New  plans  were  devised,  and  it  was  finally  resolved 
to  undermine  the  military  power  by  encouraging 
desertiims,"'"  and  at  the  same  time  to  spread  ainong  tlie 
masses  the  scheme  of  indepemlence.  Four  prominent 
citizens"  undertook  the  first  task,  to  facilitate  which 
a  fund  was  raised,  and  were  very  successful.  Deser- 
tions became  frequent,  and  their  nund)er  increased 
fittni  day  to  day,  till  the  government  began  to  suspect 

•''*  'No  (leclararon  el  gohierno  quo  sedabau,  iii  cosa  alguna  soltrc  1(m  iiego- 
cioa  ilu  la  transformacioii  politica:  iiovicios,  so  conteiitaroii  coti  Uamurau  i.uilc- 
l>cii(liontu.s.'  BoL  ()/i<:,  ISO'.t,  M. 

^'Tliij  coniini»Mioiiers  wero  Jose  Maria  Chiari  ami  Juan  tie  la  Cruz  Perez. 

'"'.MoUien,  Cohinhie,  ii.  140-1,  asserts  that  the  officers  were  iiichicetl  to 
'It'scrt,  partly  by  threats,  and  partly  by  paying  them  two  months'  arrears 
lUie  tlicm  by  the  government. 

■"  Bias,  Mariano,  and  Gaspar  Arosemeua,  and  Jose  Maria  Barrientos. 


If.  f  ::* 


^r: 


!i: 


s^ — '  M''8i'^i 


606 


INDEPENDENCE  OF  THE  ISTHMUS. 


{ 


IPI 


the  cause,  but  the  independent  agents  were  reticent. 
Measures  were  adopted  which  only  partially  succeeded 
in  checking  desertions.  The  garrison  was  soon  so 
reduced  that  there  were  hardly  men  enough  to  guard 
the  jail,  ho.spital,  and  powder  magazine.  In  the  nig] it 
of  November  27,  1821,  sixty  soldiers  disappeared, 
together  with  their  muskets.^  The  government  now 
became  convinced  that  a  revolution  was  impending, 
and  took  measures  to  resist  it.  The  few  remaining 
troops  were  distributed  in  the  most  convenient  places, 
and  artillery  was  plpced  at  street-crossings. 

The  day  so  anxiously  waited  for,  the  memorable 
day  in  the  history  of  the  Isthmus,  rame  at  last.  On 
the  28th  of  November,  1821,  at  the  call  of  a  numbt-r 
of  citizens,  the  ayuntamiento  held  a  session,  and  the 
governor,  di2)utacion  provincial,  bishop,  and  other  cliicf 
officials  were  insrited  to  take  part  in  their  deliberations. 
The  meeting  was  held  with  open  doors;  people  niiglit 
come  and  go  as  the}'^  chose.  The  question  was,  Sliould 
or  should  not  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  declare  its  in- 
dependence fro  n  Spam?  A  motion  to  that  end  met 
with  approval."" 

The  next  subject  discussed  was  the  form  of  govern- 
ment to  be  ad«,)[)ted,  vhicli  resulted  in  a  voluntary 
annexation  to  the  republic  of  Colombia,**"  to  wlicsc 
general  congress  the  Isthmus  was  to  accredit  a  deputy. 
Other  resolutions  were  passed  concerning  the  military 
force  in  the  state,*"  and  the  organization  of  a  new 
government,  which  was  intrusted  to  tlie  former  ;j,'>v- 
ernor,  Jose  de  Fabrega,  who  now  assumed  the  title, 

''"  The  deserters  became  so  many  recruita  for  a  i  independent  army. 

*'  'Paaama,  eai>ontaneamentc,  y  eonfoime  al  voto  general  de  los  iniuliios  de 
mi  eomprensim,  se  dcclari  libre  e  independiente  del  Uobiurno  espafml.'  /?''/• 
Oji.:,  18()9,  32.  Tlic  anniversary  of  the  independence  has  been  ever  since 
celebrated  with  due  honors  on  the  'J8tli  of  November. 

"•Some  had  favored  abaolute  independence,  and  others  union  with  roni. 

"'The  military  were  left  free  to  stay  or  leave  the  Istlunus.  In  the  liittor 
event  tiiey  would  be  furnished  means  to  go  to  Cuba,  provided  they  pkdged 
themselves  not  to  use  arms  against  the  indepciu'ent  states  of  Americii.  Simi- 
lar provisions  were  made  for  soldiers  an  I  officers  detained  by  sickness.  An- 
otiiv,^  document  speaks  only  of  defraying  tlie  expenses  to  Chagres  or  I'^rto- 
boJ'o,  the  transfer  to  be  made  as  soon  as  the  forts  there  surrendered,  i'an. 
Doc. 


DECLARATION   AND  REOIWANIZATION. 


507 


Jefe  Superior  del  Istmo.  All  the  civil,  municipal, 
and  ecclesiastical  authorities  were  to  continue  in  office, 
and  in  the  same  manner  the  existing  laws  were  to 
remain  in  force,  when  not  conflicting  with  the  inde- 
pendence and  until  a  new  code  could  be  framed. 
Fiibrega  was  directed  to  adopt  measures  for  preserv- 
ing peace,  to  obtain  the  surrender  of  Chagres  and 
]^()rtobello,  and  to  raise  a  loan  to  meet  necessary  ex- 
penses. The  several  authorities  and  officials  of  all 
grades  were  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  and  copies 
of  the  proceedings  were  to  be  circulated,  together  with 
re(juests  for  pecuniary  contributions.  A  special  com- 
mittee then  drew  up  a  formal  minute  ^  f  the  declaration 
aiul  of  the  resolutions  passed,  and  amid  the  cheers  of 
tlie  multitude,  the  document  was  signed  by  Jose  do 
Fiibrega,  the  bishop  Jose  Higinio  Duran  y  jSIartel,  a 
number  of  other  citizens,"-  and  the  public  notary  Jose 
de  los  Santos  Correoso.  Tlius  ended  tiie  28th  of  Xo- 
veml)er,  1821.^^  Two  days  later  the  su})p()rt  of  tlie 
declaration  of  independence  was  publicly  sworn  to  with 
great  solemnity,  and  on  the  1st  of  December  a  similar 
jiicelamation  was  made  at  Santi;.igo  de  Veragua."* 

On  tlie  day,  however,  that  the  celebration  occurred 
at  Panamd,  the  inhabitants  were  thrown  into  conster- 
nation by  the  arrival  of  two  Spanish  frigates  accom- 
liaiiied  by  JVIourgeon's  transports.  It  was  at  first 
feared  that  he  had  returned  from  Ecuador,"'  till  it 
was  ascertained  that  the  war  ships  had  come  in  quest 
t)f  tlie  general,  and  the  transports  for  reenforcements. 

'-In  tlie  Bol.  Of.  (ISd'J),  ^2,  the  iiaiiu's  nf  "Jj  are  given,  whereas  a  i)rinteil 
ct.jiv  (it  tlie  act  iu  Pan.  D'K.  gives  four  nmre.  Other  copies  of  the  text  will 
W  tound  in  the  Gac,  /wp.  J/c.r.  (1821),  ii.  110-]:';  Our.,  <;wuL  (IS'Jl'),  'Mh- 
lii;  Am.  St.  P(tp.,  iv.  Sli-2-5;  J'<i,i.  Sfarnml  Herald,  Nov.  "JS,  1S83. 

'•'Xiles,  S.  Am.  awl  Me.r.,  ii.  118,  gives  the  day  as  1*"'\  IScli,  a  date  also 
vaguely  indicated  l)y  Scheflfer  iu  licvite  Amir.,  i.  183. 

'"Tlie  mi  Lion  had  been  made  hy  the  inhahitants  of  Nata,  and  was  adopted 
hy  t!ie  citizens  assembled  at  Santiago  under  the  presidency  of  Casimiro  lUl 
Kal,  Uic  political  cliief  ad  interim.  The  oath  of  imlependence  included  also 
the  eniidition  to  uphold  the  Roman  catholic  religion,  and  to  defend  the  punty 
of  the  virgin  Mary.  The  full  text  is  given  in  Venujiuw,  Aclade  Jmlijicndiwia, 
ill  P'lii.  Col.  Dor.,  no.  54,  a  certified  manue.ript  copy  of  the  original  record  in 
thr  archives  of  Sfintiago. 

' ' '  Otros  pensarou  quo  vinicra  otra  cspediciou  espafiola  sin  (juo  tuvieramog 
previo  conocimieuto  de  ella.'  Bol.  OJif.,  ISO!),  3*2. 


A% 


I 


! 


'  1)1; 

^1 


J% 


I 


' 


508 


INDEPENDENCE  OF  THE   ISTHMUS. 


The  alanii  was  well  founded,  for  the  place  had  no  means 
of  defence.  Ncvcrtheleys,  the  authorities  made  prc'pa- 
rations  for  resistance,  and  the  town  soon  assumed  a  war- 
like appearance.  The  suspense  lasted  six  days,  at  the 
end  of  which  the  connnanders  of  the  frigates  otfered 
to  surrender  to  the  new  government,  the  only  condi- 
tion required  in  return  being  that  the  latter  should 
pay  the  wages  due  the  crews.  It  will  be  a  matter  ol 
surprise  that  so  modest  a  demand  was  not  complied 
with.  It  is  true  that  the  treasury  was  empty,  but  it 
does  not  appear  that  any  efforts  wt^re  made  to  jjrocure 
the  funds.  An  agreement  was,  however,  entered  into, 
the  two  commanders  binding  themselvc v-,  not  to  assail 
the  Isthmus,  nor  afford  aid  to  ^lourgeon,  but  to  sur- 
render to  the  government  of  Peru,  which  was  done.™ 
About  the  time  that  Pananid  became  free,  other 
Spanish  colonies  also  secured  their  independence. 
Consequently,  Panamil  found  no  difficulty  to  eflect  a 
union  with  the  then  republic  of  Colombia,  whose  con- 
stitution, framed  in  the  latter  part  of  1821 ,"'  became  the 
political  groundwork  of  Tierra  Firnie.  In  January, 
1822,  Fiibrega  assured  the  people  that  there  was  no 
further  cause  to  fear  ^lourgeon's  attacks,  should  he 
attempt  them;  troops  in  sufficient  number  for  defeiuc 
had  arrived;  but  funds  for  their  support  were  at  tho 
same  time  called  for.  However,  as  late  as  October, 
1827,  there  were  apprehensions  of  a  Spanish  invasion, 
and  Polivar,  the  president  of  (Colombia,  issued  a  mih- 
tary  order  for  the  protection  (jf  the  coast."^     Early  in 


6(1.0, 

(jiic  no 


Tun  esta  clasc  do  paaaportc  zarparon  dol  pucrtn,  diciendo,  sin  oiiiliari,'ii, 
ijiiu  nil  podiaii  Ik'vaiiv  efucto  el  eouvenio, . .  .I'ero  mas  tarilo  ai;  t'litrogai-dii.  al 
liii,  al  (ii)l  iui'iio  I'fpublieaiU)  del  Peril.'  Bui.  Ojir.,  ISd'.t,  ',V2.  From  that  tiiiio, 
it  is  helieveil  no  Sjianish  war  vcs.sel  visited  the  Istlinins  till  August  \>'"', 
when,  though  Spain  iiad  not  as  yi't  rceognized  Coloird)ia'8  iiidependencr,  .. 
S(^uadron  of  that  nation  entered  PananiA  Hay.  Tins  \isit  was  ulUigithiT 
fnemlly.    /Hi/ mil's  Js/h.  J'uu.,  71 

"'Copies  of  the  various  eonstitutions  framed  from  1811  to  1821  will  ho 
found  in  Ri:i/ir]><>,  Hint.  Vol.,  i.  i;i5-t'-':  viii.  5-11),  221-44;  ix.  5-31;  x.  'M-^'i. 
A  Freneli  translation  of  the  last  of  Aug.  ."50,  1821,  appears  in  i'olomhiu  (.'oh-'., 
in  .{nrillon,  Mi'litii</<'s  Pol.,  9-120,  and  eommeuted  on  in  Nvvtie  Aini'r.,  i.  I'*'''"- 
215. 

*"  Vcrmjuiiii,  DirrHon  del  LilierUtilor  Jiolimi;  Prenkleiile  tie  Colombia,  1827 -f^i 
in  Pan.  Cnl.  Dor.i.,  MS.,  no.  (54. 


ABOLITIOM  OF  SLAVERY. 


509 


February  1822,  Jos6  Maria  Carrcuo  was  appointed 
intcndente  and  comandante  general  of  the  Isthmus, 
with  a  command  independent  from  Cartagena,  and 
Fdbrega  was  made  governor  and  comandante  general 
of  Alange,  Veragua,  and  annexes. ^^  This  same  year 
^It'xico  received  with  high  honors  a  Colombian  min- 
ister, and  formally  recognized  tlu.'  independence  of  the 
republic."" 

The  republican  government,  among  its  first  acts, 
not  only  prohibited  tiie  importation  of  African  slaves, 
but  made  provision  for  extinguishing  slavery  within 
its  limits  in  the  near  future.  Slaves  were  allowed  to 
purchase  their  own  freedom,  and  all  children  born  of 
slave  parents  after  the  21st  of  June,  1821,  were  de- 
clared free,  the  masters  being  required  to  feed,  clothe, 
and  educate  them,  in  return  for  which  tiie  children 
were  to  work  till  their  eighteenth  year  for  the  masters 
of  their  mothers.^^  In  1850  the  government  redeemed, 
by  offering  compensation  to  the  owners,  all  colored 
men  and  women  who  had  not  at  that  time  attained 
tlieir  freedom."' 

f'^AiH.  t^omand.  gen.  <hl  ixtiiw,  in  Pan.  Col.  Dor.,  MS.,  no.  30,  p.  .3-S,  1,. 
Tlic  Spanifin  cortes,  not  knowing  what  had  occurred  on  tlie  Isthmus,  aiillior- 
izi'il  the  government,  Apr.  30,  1822,  to  create  an  intendcncia  in  I'anam.i. 
<'ii}ir,i,  Diario,  1822,  v.  Apr.  ."^O,  2. 

'•*Mamii}i,llii<t.  Mi'j.,  v.  581-2:  Mfx.,  Vol.  <')nl  y  Dec,  ii.  ^8-9. 

'^SeeriKiniis  Voi/.,  L  301.  In  Verajfua  ortlers  were  issued,  July  2'A,  1S22, 
to  rcijister  in  future  aa  free  all  colored  children  born  of  slave  mothers.  In 
1847  there  were  only  about  380  slaves  in  the  province  of  Paiuima.  The  na- 
tional government  in  April  of  thai,  year  prohibited  tlie  importation  and  expor- 
titiiiii  of  slaves.  In  tlie  latter  part  of  184!)  there  won'  Idt  in  tlie  jiroviiico  of 
riiii-ii|ui  oidy  32  slaves,  and  measures  were  proposed  for  their  manuiTiissioii. 
'I'lic.  lliDrnt'sviexti.,  Sept.  1"),  1847,  in  lionodi,  Oacvta  Ojic,  Feb.  C,  1848;  /'mi. 
Col.  Ihe.,  MS.,  nos.  81,  82;  C/iiriquI,  Mvin.  ilv  .in  prim,  iiolir,  in  /(/.,  no.  8"),  p. 
10  11. 

'-Soon  after  there  were  no  slaves  in  the  country.  Jiii/welVa  hth.  Pan.,  .S2- 
3;  J'nn.,  CnUi.  Ojic,  Jan.  22,  Mari-li  2!),  Aug.  2!),  18.52;  .V.  /•'.  D.tili/  Jhral,/, 
Full.  9,  18.")2.  It  was  currently  reported,  and  ind('o<l  witli  gnod  toundation, 
tli;it  a  plot  was  carried  out  1  -  certain  parties  from  Cartagena,  in  or  abmit 
IMi'J,  who  ran  off  a  nundier  ii  colored  men  and  women  of  Panama  to  Cuba, 
wlime  they  were  sold  into  slavery.  Pan.,  Jioktin  Ojir.,  Nov.  27,  18()2. 


.!;« 


.(r^if 


I: 


CHAPTER  XXV. 


DIVERS  PHASES  OF  SELP-fiOVERNMENT. 

1819-18G3. 

Panama  Conoress — Provincial  Organizations — Alzcrc's  Rebellion 
and  exf.cution — secession  from  colombia  and  reincorporation  — 
Differences  with  Foreign  Governments — Crime  Rampant — Sim- 
MARY  Treatment  of  Criminals — Riots  and  Massacre  of  Forkicv 
Passenoers  —  ArrEMiTS  to  Rob  Treasure  Trains  —  Neutuai.itv 
Treaties — Establishment  of  Federal  System — PanamA  as  a  Staik 
— Revolutionary  Era  Begins — A  Succession  of  Governors — .Skdi- 
tious  Character  of  the  Negro  Population— Revolution  against 
Governor  Guardia  and  his  Death— Another  Political  Organiza- 
tion— ESTADO  SOBERANO  DK  PANAMA— LIBERAL  PaRTY  IN  FULL  CON- 
TROL— Stringent  Measures. 


Owing  to  its  geographical  position,  Panama  w;is 
selected  as  the  place  of  meeting  of  a  congress  of 
American  states,  called  at  the  suggestion  of  Boli'var, 
the  liberator  of  South  America,  in  1822,  for  the  pur- 
pose, as  it  was  understood,  of  devising  measures  to 
counteract  the  menacing  plans  of  the  so-called  holy 
alliance  of  European  monarchs,*  The  government  of 
the  United  States  being  invited  to  send  representati\  rs 
agreed  to  do  so,  and  did  ajipoint  plenipotentiaries,  de- 
clining, however,  to  bind  itself  to  any  course  of  actioi., 
but  to  remain  a  passive  witness  of  the  proceedings,  so 

1  It  wiis  supposed  that  France,  now  iimler  an  absolute  king,  by  the  prmnjit- 
iiig  of  the  alliance,  had  conceived  a  v  ist  plan  for  the  conquest  of  the  Spaihsh 
American  countries,  which  till  witliin  a  few  years  had  been  under  the  catln'lic 
king's  domination.  Many  eminent  men  in  Europe  and  the  U.  S.  approvcii  the 
idea  of  the  American  congress,  and  b.'stowed  high  encomiums  on  its  aiiilmr. 
Abbe  de  Prailt  championed  it  in  his  work,  (^onipr.a  dc  Panumn,  saying:  'Tlio 
congress  of  Panama  will  be  one  of  the  greatest  events  of  our  tiiui's,  lui'l 
its  etlecta  will  be  felt  to  the  remotest  posterity.'  PnuU,  Cona.  df  Pan.  (Sii. 
Tranal.),  171. 

(  .MO  I 


PANAMA  CONGRESS   OF  NATIONS. 


fill 


long  as  the  executive  and  congress  should  be  in  igno- 
rance of  the  real  aims  and  tendencies  of  that  assembly. 
Its  representatives  did  not  take  any  part  in  the  delib 
(.rations.^  England,  which  had  recognized  the  inde- 
pendence of  Colombia  in  1824,  and  Holland,  having 
been  likewise  invited  to  be  present  by  commissioners, 
partly  complied,  but  refrained  from  participating  in 
the  work  of  the  congress.^ 

The  congress  assembled  on  the  22d  of  June,  182G, 
the  only  American  nations  therein  represented  being 
Colombia,  Central  America,  Peru,  and  Mexico.*  Chile 
had  reluctantly  promised  her  attendance,  but  failed 
to  comply,  owing  to  civil  war.  Buenos  Aires  refusetl 
her  cooperation.  Without  waiting  for  further  ariuvals, 
the  commissioners  present  entered  into  certain  cove- 
nants, establishing  the  contingent  of  land  and  naval 
forces  each  nation  was  to  contribute  to  the  projected 
league ;  and  likewise  agreeing  upon  the  points  to  be 


-  The  plenipotentiaries  of  the  U.  S.  were  R.  G.  Anderson,  then  minister  to 
1?ngcita,  and  J.  Sergeant.  Anderson  died  at  Cartagena  while  on  his  journey 
to  tlio  Istliinuti.  Sergeant  arrived  too  late,  but  afterward  proceeded  to  Mox- 
ioii  fur  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  his  instructions.  Full  particulars  oi'  th 
ciiurse  of  tlie  U.  S.  government  will  be  found  in  Xik.^'  li<<j.,  xxviii.  l,Si-2; 
xxix.  index  '  Fanaina '  and  'Congress,'  sul)head  'Pan.;'  xxx.  index,  p.  iv., 
11.  vii.,  r)4-172,  passim,  248;  xxxi.  index  'Rsn.,'  2<).3,  S18,  400,  10,  38,  44-7,  65, 
l'2!l,  312-10:  xxxii.  214,  282,  308;  xxxvi.  in<lex  'Pan.',  \).  iii.,  '23-80,  passim; 
lindims  Thirty  Tttf/vv,  i.  O'l-O;  Am.  St.  Pap.,  For.  Uel,  v.  834-40,  81)9-90."), 
illi;  20;  vi.  (new  set)  3.j0-05,  383-4,  5"),");  tl.  S.  Con;/.  DiMtex,  1825-0,  i.  in- 
ilix,  p.  ii.  iii.  viii.  x.;  ii.,  app.  p.  43-105;  /</.,  1828-9,  Index,  p.  i. ;  U.  S.  Oov. 
Ihr.,  Cong.  19,  Sess.  1,  H.  IJoc,  740;  hi,  H.  Ex,  Doc.  144,  viii.;  /(/.,  Cr.ng. 
I'.l,  Si.ss.  2,  II.  Ex.  Doc.  23,  ii.  St.  Pap.;  L/.,  Cong.  19,  Sess.  2,  Sen.  Doc, 
i  i'.  9,  vol.  i. ;  Id.,  Ccig.  19,  Sess.  1,  Sen.  Jour.,  411-70;  /(/.,  Cong.  19,  Sess. 
1,  llcpt  Commit.,  u.  L)oc.  137,  app.  nos.  3(!— tl;  Piui.  J//.«.  SiMi'r/ic.i;  John- 
/od'.i  Spcer/i  on  I'un.  Miss.;  Haynex  Sjmr/i  on  Pan.  Minx.,  Maycr'x  Mij\  nx  it 
ii'iix,  etc.,  308;  Per.  Annr.,  111-25,  542-8;  Dim.  Per.,  i.  489;  Ymiw/'x  Am. 
SbUnxman,  352-01;  Lojmd,  Toy.,  i.  bk.  i.  289-90;  K.  Am.  P<r.,  xxi. 'lO'2-7G; 
Aw.  Annual  P,;/.,  18'25-(),  79-120;  Piih.  Doc.  49,  103. 

^Dawkins,  tlie  British  commissioner,  iiccording  to  Restrepo,  Jfixt.  Pi'vol. 
('I'lmiilii'i,  acted  with  commendable  frankness.  He  limited  himsi-lf  to  impart- 
ing ;f(iod  advice,  assuring  the  Sp.  Ami.  i>li'uipotentiarics  tluit  liis  gcivernment 
^^"Ul.l  assuredly  mediate  with  Spain;  meantime  they  should  avoid  all  cause 
iif  iili'i'iice  to  European  powers.  Col  Van  V(^cr,  the  gentleman  from  Hollancl, 
lii'M  no  public  capacity;  his  mission  was  a  private  one,  confined  to  tlie  expres- 
sidii  (if  his  sovereign's  warm  wislies  for  the  happiness  of  the  American  repul)- 
lirs.   /i/<//n/r.t /•<<//.  Pan.,  \SCy-W. 

'Tht^ir  representatives  were;  for  Colombia,  Pedro  Gual  and  Pedro Briceflo 
Miinlcz;  for  Central  America,  Pedro  Molina  and  Antonio  Larrazabal;  for 
'''•ru,  Manuel  de  Vidaurre  and  Manuel  Pen/,  de  Tudela;  and  for  Mexico, 
•'"MJ  Mariano  Michclena  and  Jose  Dominguez,  Suntawjelo,  Comj.  Pan,,  1-16G. 


DIVERS  PHASES  OF  SELF-GOVERNMENT. 


submitted  to  the  acceptance  of  the  several  alhes. 
Some  not  very  practical  propositions  were  agreed  to.' 
Bolivar  was  displeased  at  the  course  of  affairs,  and 
(lisapj)ointed  at  the  fuilure  of  a  plan  which,  if  realized, 
would  have  been  his  crown  of  glory."  He  thereupon 
turned  his  attention  to  other  objects. 

The  congress  then  adjourned  to  meet  again  at 
Tacubaya  in  Mexico.  This  step  was  attributed  to 
the  inHuence  of  the  Mexican  plenipotentiary  jMichel- 
ena,  who,  it  has  been  said,  had  in  view  to  secure  his 
country's  predominance  in  America."  It  was  also 
resolved  at  the  adjournment  that  the  legations  should 
divide  themselves,  one  member  from  each  going  to 
report  to  his  government  what  had  been  done,  and 
the  others  repairing  at  once  to  Mexico.  The  minis- 
ters of  Colombia  and  Central  America,  after  waiting 
two  years  in  vain  for  the  ratification  by  Mexico  of 
the  treaties,  had  finally  to  depart,  deeply  regretting 
the  dissolution  of  a  body  upon  which  Spanish  America 
had  centred  her  hopes,  and  the  enlightened  world  had 
so  loniT  fixed  its  attention.^ 


*  In  proof  of  the  assertion,  Colombia  was  to  furnish  15,250  men  of  the 
tliree  arms,  one  line -of -battle  ship  of  70  to  80  guns,  one  frigate  of  04,  and  two 
of  44.  '1  hese  vessels  would  cost  her  nearly  two  and  a  quarter  million  dollars, 
besides  the  expense  to  maintain  them  armed,  manned,  and  otlierwisu 
thoroughly  equipped.  Where  was  Colombia,  already  burdened  with  a  cou- 
siderablo  aimual  deticit,  to  get  the  means  for  supporting  such  an  army  and 
navy  ? 

"On  the  8tli  of  Aug.,  1826,  lie  wrote  to  Oeu.  Pacz  from  Lima:  'The  con- 
gress of  Panama,  an  admirable  institution  were  it  more  etHcacious,  resendjles 
tlie  Oreck  lunatic  that  wanted  to  direct  from  a  rock  tlie  sailing  of  ships.  Its 
power  will  be  but  a  sliadow,  and  its  decrees  mere  counsels.'  Cdurdo,  Union 
Lut.  Am.,  33-40,  97-110. 

'  There  were  doubtless  other  reasons,  such  as  the  agitations  menacing 
C()loiid)ia,  fear  of  an  invasion  by  France  in  the  name  of  the  lioly  alliance;  (ir 
the  bad  climate  and  lack  of  facilities  in  Panama.  Mi'-x.,  El  Sol,  no.  I'JO.'i; 
Otiat.,  Redditor  C'cii.,  suppl.  to  no.  27;  Mdruri;  Boxq.  Hist.  Cmt.  Am.,  i.  K!8  'J. 

'*The  enemies  of  Bolivar  accused  him  of  aiming,  through  an  Ameriwm 
league,  at  the  control  of  all  Spanish  America  to  make  himself  its  ruler.  Tlie 
fdllowing  authorities  have  also  treated  more  or  less  fully  of  the  Panamd  con- 
gress: j\f(yru,  lievol.  Mej.,  i.  354-8;  La  Palanca,  Sept.  14,  Oct.  2t>,  1S2G; 
Zai'aln,  L'nml.  Mex.,  i.  389-90;  Cucm.s,  Poi-vcnir,  387-497;  Mt.v.,  Mem.  IM., 
1827,  Doc.  2,  11-13;  BmUimante,  Voz  de  la  Patria,  ii.  no.  15,  2-3;  Ami<jf>del 
I'liehlo,  ii.  no.  5,  132-3;  iii.  395-419;  iv.  223-4;  Cor.  Fed.  Mex.,  Nov.  28, 
1S2(J;  Rivera,  Hist.  Jnlnpa,  ii.  395-6;  Tornel,  Brene  Renena,  48-50;  Om.  Mcj: 
E.itraord.,  182G,  i.  uo.  5;  Max.,  Oac.  de  Oob.,  July  4-Scpt.  21,  1820,  passim; 
Tucker's  Monroe  Doctrine,  23-3G. 


PAXAMA   AND  VEKA«tUA. 


r.i;t 


A  congress  hold  in  Anij^ostura,"  in  DcccmUer  IS  I*), 
uucler  the  in'osiclency  of  Simon  Bolivar,  constituteil 
the  re[)ublic  of  Colombia,  with  the  former  viceroyalty 
of  Nueva  Granada,  includino-  Ecuador,  and  the  cap- 
tain-Ljcneralcv  of  Caracas  or  Venezuela.  One  of  it^< 
d<|)artments  was  the  Isthmus  divided  inti)  two  prov- 
inces, namely,  Panama,  which  end)raced  the  region  of 
Darien,  antl  Veragua/" 

The  secession  of  Venezuela  after  some  years  having 
hiouo'lit  on  the  disruption  of  Colond)ia,  a  convention 
assembled  at  Bogota"  in  18J31  organized  the  Estado 
de  la  Xueva  (Jranada  with  the  central  provinces,  those 
(if  the  Isthnnis  forming  a  section  of  the  new  organiza- 
tidu.^ "  The  new  state  was  divided  into  })rovinces,  under 
governors  who  received  their  appointments  from  tlu; 
;4«ii('ral  government/'*  The  decree  was  dated  Xovem- 
Ixr  21,  18;n.  The  new  constitution,  sanctioned  by 
tln'  convention  on  the  'I'Mh  of  February,  IH.'Vi,  was 
]iiiblished  in  l^inama  on  the  28th  of  April."  Each 
jtii)\ince was  subdivided  into  departments.^"' 

■'TIr'  Ciiiiitiil  of  S[i;iiiisli  (iiiiaii;!,  uvtiv  tlic  Oriiioco  ami  Old  (luiana. 

''  Aiiiiiiij^  the  govuniors  of  Wiauiia  wtii',  in  Jan.  IS'JH,  .lose  M.  Cjiiari; 
in  .luMi'  lSi.';{,  .MijjiK'l  A.  Figiiurcdo;  in  IS'J4  ."i,  I'oilro  (Juilloii;  and  in  IN'JS, 
I'.  Ia!n\';.;a.  (iov.  of  I'anama,  iS'Jti,  .1.  .1.  Ai't;oti'.  Intendonte  and  conian- 
ilaiiti'  LiiMieral  of  tliu  dfpartni.  of  thu  l.stliinus  in  IS'JT,  Col  Man.  Miino/;  in 
JiMiu  ISL'S,  ,).  Sardii.  Vinujioi",  (Joh.,  in  Phmrt,  /'mi.  Col.  Doi-.,  MS.,  no.  •J!>, 
34;  l'hi«rt,  Pan.  Col.  />oc.,'  MS.,  no.  '_',  80.  ct  .simi. 

".lose  N'allarino  of  I'anaina  va.s  ono  of  its  nieniliurH,  and  soon  after  wa.s 
iiiU'lc  viee-piuisident,  and  a  little  later  eoiineillor  of  .state.  A  iiojudar  man  in 
his  section,  lie  wa.s  at  one  time  tlioiiglit  of  for  .a  senatorslii[i,  and  at  another 
for  the  presideney  of  tile,  repnldie.  In  ISUi  lie  had  lieen  tho  royal  treasurer, 
an  olliee  conferred  on  him  as  a  reward  of  his  own  past  .services,  as  well  as  of 
tiuKi'  of  ids  father,  Bernardo,  and  his  uncle,  ]5rnno,  who  had  heen  a  nicmher 
<if  tlie  louncil  of  the  Indies.  At  the  se|iar.iti(in  finm  the  mother  eountiy  he 
juiii.  d  tho  independent  movement,  afteiward  holding  stiveral  honorable  po- 
sitions.    His  descendants  live  on  the  Isthmus.   ///.,  no.  1,  IS. 

'-Since  18'Jl)  Xueva  ( iranada  lia<t  heen  divided  inti)  departments  with  ii 
pnfi(  t  at  tho  liead  of  each.  Tiic  prefect  of  J'ananui  was  J.  Sanla.  His  rule 
was  ilrspotic,  involving  the  abuse  of  prominent  citizens,  and  h'vying  a  forced 
liiaii  tor  pretended  d(^fence  of  the  Isthmus.  .Sun/'i,  ./.,  Ihrri/i),  ^lay  _V),  IS'J9. 
Hi'  w  as  executecl  at  Bogota  in  ISIi.S  under  sentence  of  tlie  law  for  a  plot  tf» 
iiuu'iKr  the  president.   SWrnloJia,  in  El  ConslihicidiKil  del  /■■'fiiio. 

''I'lieir  functions  were  tiiose  of  the  former  prefect.  /'■  .;irf.,  Pan.  Coll.  Dor., 
Ms.,  nil.  G'J. 

"Tlie  constitution  ol  18.S0,  of  tlie  old  ropulilic,  had  been  in  force  till  now. 
(il«nii/n,  ./.  Jif.,  Jkrrr/o,  in  Piiiaii,  I'mi.  Coll.  Mi.trill.  Puj).,  no.  14;  Kl  Co)i.'<ti- 
Oi'iiwil,/rlJMiiio,Jun.  14,28;  Apr. 'Jl,  :May  7,  14,  '28,  18;VJ;  Vem>jiia,-<,  /><  r„jK 
'>rilniiiiizii.s,  20. 

'Tlie  following  authorities  appear  in  oflicial  documents:  Proviuce  of 
Hist.  Cent.  .Vm.,  Vor,.  ni.    S.'? 


L  4 


514 


WVERS  PHASES  OF  SELF-GOVERNMENT. 


Civil  war  broke  out  in  1831.  Colonel  Alzuru, 
who  had  arrived  from  Guayaquil  with  troops,  by  tlie 
instigation  of  some  prominent  men,  rose  in  arms  in 
Pananul  to  detach  the  provinces  from  Xueva  Granada. 
On  the  news  reaching  Bogotil,  the  national  govt-in- 
nient  despatched  Colonel  Tomds  Hcrrera  with  a  force 
to  quell  the  rebellion;  and  upon  his  approaching  tlit> 
city,  the  more  prominent  families  fled  to  the  island  of 
Tabogd,.  Those  who  had  prompted  Alzuru's  act  now 
forsook  him,  and  rendered  aid  to  Herrera,  with  all  the 
information  they  possessed.  The  rebels  were  attacked 
on  their  way  to  La  Chorrera,  while  crossing  marshy 
ground,  and  defeated.  Alzuru  was  taken  prisoner, 
tried  by  court-martial,  and  shot  in  the  cathedral  plaza 
of  Pananiii. 

General  Jose  Fiibrega  restored  order  in  Veragua. 
and  made  it  known  to  the  general  government  on  the 
80th  of  August.^''  The  garrison  at  Panamd,  together 
with  Tonuls  Herrera,  the  comandantc  general,  assured 
the  president  of  the  Nueva  Granada  convention  of 
their  unswerving  fealty.^'  Later,  in  March  1832,  an 
utteni])t  was  made  by  two  subalterns ^"^  to  induce  tlie 
sergeants  of  their  battalion  to  join  them  in  a  conspir- 
acy for  upsetting  the  government.  The  two  othccrs 
were  tried  and  executed,  and  two  of  the  sergeants 
sent  into  exile.  Chaos  reigned  throughout  the  re- 
public in  1840  ;  then  came  revolution.  The  chief  men 
of  Panamil  met  in  a  junta  and  resolved  to  detach  tlie 
Isthnms  and  form  an  independent  republic.  Carles 
Icaza,  the  governor,  who  was  a  Panameho,  signified 
his   acquiescence,  and  the  proclamation  of  indepon- 

Panaina,  18H'2-3,  Oov.  Juan  Jose  Argote;  in  IS.'M,  acting  gov.,  M.  A.  Hur- 
tailo;  in  lS!5()-8,  (lov.  Pedro  Obarrio.  Prov.  of  Veragua,  m  1874,  Gov.  M.  .1. 
Guisado;  in  1S35-7,  Gov.  Manuel  de  Ayala.  In  183G  Veragua  had  a  jiroviii- 
oial  legislature.  Piiiart,,  Pan.  Col.  Doc,  MS.,  no.  2r>,  no.  31,  p.  4,  12,  18,  ."i.S, 
40,  7"),  Ul;  nos.  51),  05,  78,  104;  El  Con.stitnciomd  dd  htmo,  May  7,  14,  IS.'VJ; 
Oct.  30,  1824;  Aug.  30,  183();  lieiiklro  Ojic,  X.  Oraiu,  8;  Venvjuas,  Ei-imic-. 
in  Pinart,  Pun.  Col.  Doc,  MS.,  no.  76. 

"*  For  whicli  he  was  awarded  thanks.  El  Constitucional  del  htmo,  Doc.  -8. 
1831. 

I'Dec.  3,  1831.  Id.,  Dec.  21,  1831. 

•"Lieut  Melchor  Duran,  and  Brevet  Sub-lieutenant  F.  Casana  of  tlu' 
battalion  No.  9.   Id.,  March  14,  1832. 


REPUBLIC  OF  PANAMX. 


515 


clciico  was  made,  Toinds  Herrora  assuming  by  appoint- 
iiicnt  of  the  junta  the  office  of  jefe  superior,  on  the 
I  Stli  of  November,  1840.^*  On  the  21st  the  oovernor 
of  Yeragua,  Cdrlos-  Fdljrega,  was  asked  to  join  the 
movement;  but  he  answered  from  Santiago  on  the 
•29th  dechning;""  whereupon  Herrora  issued  addresses, 
oil  the  5th  and  llth  of  December,  announcing  his 
inarch  with  troops  to  Yeragua.'^  The  expedition, 
liowever,  marched  only  a  ])art  of  the  distance,  the 
people  of  Yeragua  submitting  to  the  force  of  neces- 
sity. The  independence  existed  de  facto  nearly  two 
years.  In  1841  Tomds  Herrera  and  Cdrlos  de  Icaza 
were  chosen  president  and  vice-president,  respectively, 
of  the  ephemeral  republic.  Mariano  Arosemena,  sec- 
retary of  foreign  affairs,  despatched  Pedro  de  Obarrio 
;is  a  special  commissioner  to  the  government  of  Costa 
Kica  to  notify  it  of  the  organization  of  tlie  state  of 
the  Isthmus,  and  apply  for  its  formal  recognition."'^ 
During  this  period  of  inde[)endence,  persons  and  prop- 
erty were  protected,  and  commerce  was  liberally 
encouraged.""* 

The  government  had  carefully  avoided  the  commis- 
sion of  any  act  of  hostility  against  Nueva  Granada ; 
Imt  the  time  came  when  news  reached  Panamd  that 
tlu!  ijovernment  of  Bogotit  was  fitting  out  a  force  to 
liiing  the  Isthmus  into  subjection.      Whereupon  the 

"During  the  past  nine  years  the  Isthmus  seems  to  have  enjoyed  compara- 
tive (|uiet.  In  Sept.  18.'?;i,  the  provincial  legislature  chose  Agustin  Talhi- 
lerro  deputy  to  the  national  congress,  and  Juan  de  la  Cruz  Perez  his 
supIiMite.  /(/.,  Sept.  15,  1833. 

■'"  Ho  accompanied  resolutions  of  the  officials,  heads  of  families,  and  other 
citiziMis  of  Santiago  to  remain  under  the  national  authority,  and  lend  no  aid 
t(i  any  attempt  to  soever  the  connection  or  promote  public  disturbance.  El 
('i>ii-i/i/i(cioii(il  de.  ('uii(/iiMmarc(t,  March  '27,  1S4'2. 

^'lle  said:  'Marchare  hasta  dondc  sea  necesario  para  arreglamoa  con 
ViTaf,'ua3  deHnitivamente.'  Though  hoping  that  for  the  common  interest, 
tiio  voice  of  peace  will  be  heeded,  '  la  fiicrza  alcanzara  lo  que  se  Ic  ha  negado 
ii  latratcrnidad  y  ci,  los  principios. '  (iitaiailcl /Mmo,  Heitt.  15.1840,  ii'  "imtr/. 
I'lin.  Coll.  Doc,  no.  3;  Jfenrra,  Dern'fo,  in  Pinart,  Miircll.  Pup.,  no.  13. 

"Costa  Rica  recognized  the  independence  of  the  Isthnnis,  and  eiitered 
with  Uharrio  into  a  convention  of  amity  and  trade.  The  boundary  (piestion 
Wiis  Uift  open  for  future  settlement.  (Uurtn  del  htiiio,  Oct.  20,  1841 ;  Contii  P., 
''oL  U,/.,  vii.  234-(). 

■■'Tliis  was  acknowledged  on  the  Kith  of  October,  1841,  by  F.  W.  Byrne, 
noting  IJrit.  consul,  in  a  nt)te  to  Sec.  Arosemena. 


m 


^\:i 


r>i(> 


IUVKIIS    I'HASKS  OF  SELF-OOVKHNMKNl. 


! 


officers  of  the  British  charjjfe  d'aftaires  at  l^ogota  weic 
asked  to  oijtaiii  tlie  consent  of  Nueva  (iraiiada  to  re- 
ceive a  commissioner  in  the  interest  of  peace."^  Hut 
the  other  parts  of  Nueva  Granada  liavinjjf  hecoiiie 
j)a('ified  in  the  course  of  1841,  two  conunissioners  came 
from  the  general  government,  and  the  people  of 
Panamii,  beino;  convinced  of  the  follv  of  resistance, 
peacefully  suhniitted."''  Herrera  so  maiiagc^d  that  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  the  restored  province.'-" 
The  constitutional  reforms  of  I  842  and  I  .S4.S  tended 
to  reestablish  good  understanding  l)etween  tlu^  prov- 
inces, and  Panama  again  ap[)eare(l  satisfied  with  the 
connection.-^ 

The  Canton  de  Alange,  di-tached  from  Veragua. 
and  the  districts  of  David,  J)olega,  San  Pahlo,  and 
Alange,  were  on  the  24tli  of  July,  1H41),  formed  iiit 
a  separate  province  under  the  nann^  of  Provincia 


-'  .Mc.iiitiiiio  .Tdsu  Agiistiu  Aniiigo,  .sue.  of  war,  had  l)uoii  uiij^aycil  in  n  fil- 
iating thc!  national  guard.   A/.,  St'i.t.  "20,  IMl. 

■-'  It  is  understood  that  thc  oiunniissioiurs  wore  not  vvtm  clotliod  with  >ui- 
tii-icnt  powers;  hut  tiio  oiiiof  nuui  .surniidei'oil  thi;  Isthnuis  to  tlioni.  1'1>' 
niiiM  of  till'  revolution,  .lost'  Ohaldia,  I'cdro  do  Oharrio.  Mariano  Arosouitiii, 
Carlos  do  Jca/u,  .Tose  Agustin  Arango,  anil  others,  now  left  Herrora  to  tli'' 
eonse((ueni'es. 

-''(ien.  Uern'ra  fell  in  battle,  not  in  tiie  state  of  Panama,  on  the  4th  ef 
Dee.,  IS.-)4,  in  defence  of  liheral  institutions.  The  legislature  of  I'an.,  Sept. 
'22,  IS.-),-),  deereeil  that  several  of  his  portraits  .should  he  placed  inoflici.d  liill-i. 
In  Oct.  lS.-)7  it  approi)riated  S^S.OOi)  to  bring  his  remains  to  I'ananiii;  in  May 
18(i.S  a  monument  w.is  de(^re<'d.  A  statues  of  t)\e  general  was  placed  iu  the 
catliedi'al  pla/a  of  the  citj'  of  I'anama.  /'mi.,  (!iii-<fii  ilil  K.4.,  S(^pt.  211.  IS'i.-i: 
lit.,  Oct.   1"),  l!S->7;  run.,  linktiii  Oji<:,  .fan.  S,  May  12,  IMIlS, 

■•''(Icn.  Toiii:ts  C.  Mosipicra,  commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  on  tlu!  coast, 
Aug.  I,  I.S42,  at  I'anama,  grantecl  in  thc  name  of  his  government  an  ainnesty 
to  the  revolutionists.  Again,  March  1.'),  1S4.-),  congress  i)asseil  a  geiiei'al  airi- 
nestv  law,  including  all  persons  wlio  partieijiated  in  the  rehelliou  from  I. Mi!) 
to  1.S42.  I'iiKii-f,  /'(III.  Col.  Jhir.,  MS.,  no.  .SI,  KS.'?--);  K.  Onni.,  Liii.  //  />..-., 
1-2;  iS<riiiii}iii'.'<  J/M.  /.■<tli.  I'nii.,  in  /'<iii.  S/nronil  llcntld,  May  ]4,  ISIJ.S.  'I'lic 
ndcrs  of  the  provinces  of  Panama  and  Veragua  in  the  following  yeais  aio 
given  in  continuation:  (lov.  of  I'anama  in  IS4Ii,  Miguel  Cliiari;  in  KS44  ."i.  Cnl 
Ansi'mo  I'ineila;  in  1845,  .loaquin  .M.  liarriga,  with  Jose  Agustin  Aiaiiu'":n 
government  secretary.  Intendeiite  gen.  de  hacienda  iu  1848,  Mariano  ,\ ruse- 
mena.  (!ov.  of  Veragua  in  184l)-2,  I'iirlos  Fiihrega;  acting-gov.  in  I84i).  .hi.^e 
Falircga  IJarrera;  in  184:{-t->,  Antonio  del  Kio;  iu  1845-!),  Escolastico  Hoiiirro; 
ill  June  184!),  Diego  (larcia;  in  Aug.  I84!t,  Uicardo  de  la  I'arra;  iu  l.s."iii  2, 
J.  Fiihrega  Jiarrcra;  in  1S52,  Francisco  de  Fiihrega;  in  Oct.  185;t,  iMista.sio 
Fdhrcgii;  ill  lS.-)5,  Agustin  Lopez;  May  15,  I8,-)5,  Francisco  Fiihrega.  .\]i- 
pointeii  gov.  Aug.  18.55,  Agustin  Lopez.  I'iiiait,  /'m:.  Cnl.  iJor.i.,  MS.,  nos.  17, 
21,  31,  58,  57-8,  ()8 -75,  7!),  105;  El  Morimiciito,  Dec.  2!),  1844;  Vn-niiim.^.  I!'- 
mp.  Oiilenanzas,  2-GG;  Pun.,  Oaceta  del  Eiit. ,  Aug.  28,  1855;  jV.  Gran.,  I."!.;: 
Dec,  1-3. 


riiiri 
iiii'iiil 

tllOUu 

i'';il>rL 
it  j'csi 

tnrv  w 
(4'  '\'e 
three 
ture;  i 
ix'W  ar 

t]\r  pi'( 

TUq 
<lrl  Tor 
-'iThir 
l)iit  a  1 
district 
-^hutin. 
(^'I'jiier  ( 


Ou 


III! 


•"Aug.  I 

\  lllerns,   aM( 

•ii'l  lii.-i  su],< 
■Ti  ''Miwl  nui 
lilM  local  h. 
"I't.       Fldiii 

.l>il,\  24  to  1 
-"^liii.  (;;dl 
ii.ilael    .Nil, 
'Vpt.  ls.-)_> 
'^'Mi.li.a.  a.M 
/'■',/.  r.,/i,  7y, 

-.  House 

'■'  T)u.  (i,,, 

•it  tile  i^r.n-, 

"''liiri(|Mi 

■^'llltliS.        'I 
l>"m  tile    ,n,.„ 

11...  .|;;.  '^ 
'  -^imcxei 

]«.-). 

,    '-■  I'.ded  ,J 

';■■•  •^'■^-  uo 

'''"'■'"''III,    in 

''n,el,„.,.i 
'""il  lint  tax 


I'UOVIN'tK  OF  C'HIKll^Lf. 


m 


riiiriqu(,  with  its  governor  and  a.ssenibly  of  seven 
iiii'inlK'rs,'""*  This  or-^anization  eoiitinued  several  years, 
tliDib^li  the  province  subse(|iiently  took  tlie  name  of 
F;il>i'ega,  and  so  continued  until  Au;L,nist  1851,  when 
il  resumed  tlie  former  name  of  Cliiricjuf.'"'  The  terri- 
t<irv  wliich  in  early  days  was  embraced  in  the  province 
dt'  W'ragua  ai)peared  in  August  1851  <livi(led  into 
tlirco  provinces,  cai-h  luivin^'  a  governor  and  legisla- 
tuiv;  namely,  Chiri(jui,  Veragua,  and  Azuero."'"'  This 
luw  arrangement  lasted  oidy  till  A[)ril  ;](),  1855,  when 
tilt'  province  of  Azuero  was  suppressed.'" 

Tlu!  district,  or  as  it  was  called,  (Linton  de  J^ocas 
(li  1  Toro,  was  organized  l)y  decree  of  the  govi'rmnent 
(  r  ( 'liiri<pu'  (>!•  i^'iibrega,  with  a  jefe  politico  at  its  head. 
1)111  ;i  law  of  the  repul)lic '"  formed  into  a  canton  or 
distiict  the  territories  of  San  Andres,  Darien,  and  San 
Martin,  Anothei'  law  of  April  I'l,  185  I,  applied  the 
t  liner  one  to  i^ocas  del  Toi'o.''' 

Owing   to  grievances  comi)lained  of  by   foreigners 

-'"  Aii;^.  1,  ISt'.t,  the  t'lcctnral  jiiiita  iliuso  diio  proi)riitary  sciic'itor,  Aiitdiiio 
\  ilU  Ids,  ami  Ills  .suiiK'iiif,  NitdUis  Lupr/;  (nu,' doputy,  1  •oiiiiii;^<i  Ai'dst'iiitiia, 
iinl  his  suli-tituto,  (ialpi'iil  Uiiv.,  to  tliu  iiiitimial  ciiiii.'ri'ss;  .si'Vcii  ik'imtics  ami 
a  1  1  i|ual  muiihii'  of  suplc'iiti's,  to  t'oiistitnto  tlif  [provincial  legislature.  Tlic 
tiisl  leeal  le_L;i.-latiiro  met  Se[(t.   ITitli,  ami   iliised  the  serisioll  <iU  tlio  i.'4th  <it 

(  )('|  I'riilit    ^lii^    ftliiii    t1w>    lii>\l'    1  ii'i  i\- 1  III -i  •    li;lil    till'    1 1  tl  If  |\1'1  >|  I  r   iriWHr   iiii'U     1iniiii>1\'< 


'J,  llii\ise  V.K.  Doc,  vi.  41,  p.  .")!•;  J'oii.,  (I'lurtii  ild  h'st.,  I)ue.  1,  1,S.V>. 

'•'•'iiie  tirst  ollicial  doe.  1  liave  toimd  witii  tlie  iiaiue  of  I'Yilirega  in  a  decree 
(il  the  Liov.  of  July'J.'),  JSoO.    I'lii'irf,  /'■in.  Call.  Dor.,  MS.,  no.  811,  ji.  ."i'J  (iO. 

'< 'hiri((iii's  eapital,  David;  N'eragua'.s,  Santiago;  Azuero's,  Villa  Av  los 
■""iiitos.  TIk'  lirst  gov.  of  Azuero,  receiving  like  the  re.st  his  aiipointinent 
ii'iiii  the  gen.  government,  was  .liia.n  Aroseniena,  in  KS."il.  Antonio  ]{araya, 
I'laiiiegov.  in  April  \S7yl.   (I'nhn.  l''\ir.  Azin ro,  in  J'iiiui/,  I'lui.  Cull.  Ihtc,  .MS., 

11".  t:;. 

'Annexed  to  Veragua.  Sac.  Jhiili/  IJ'nioii,  May  IJS,  185");  Viniiiwi",  Onl. 
■J  A''-./.,  ill  I'iinu-f,  /'nil.   Cull.   ]>(>!•.,  no.  0;  /'nn.,  Cii<->f'i  ihl  L\/.,'  Sept.    ].">. 

ls,"i.">. 

ted  June   '22,  IS.")!).    C/iirii/iii,  < ijic   <li'  li   dolm.,  in   /'iiiart,  /'(in.   Coll 
S.,  no.  84;  C/iirii/ni,  Jhi'iHot,  in  IiL,  MS.,  iio.  8'J;  l.'/iiriqiii,   /)(/'.  (itn 

.111      ill     /./         M's         II..      A\ 


Is.V 
-Da 

■I'i  <'■!„/, m.  in  A/.,' MS.,  no.' 41. 


ii'i'in.  111  /il.,  MS.,  no.  41. 

The  local  authorities  were  paid  out  of  the  national  treasury.     Chii'iqui 

'111  1  not  ta.\  the  iuliabitants. 


518 


DIVEU.S  niAtSKS  Of  SELF-OOVEUNMENT 


■ 


.u 


against  acts  of  the  officials  on  the  Isthmus,  the  rola- 
ti(>ns  or  the  national  «^overnnient  with  foreij^'ii  powers 
have  been  at  times  com}>licatcd.  The  first  difficulty 
arose  from  the  arrest  in  1830  of  liussell,  the  British 
vice-consul,  and  led  to  the  blockade  of  the  wliolo 
Atlantic  coast  of  the  republic,  which  finally  com- 
pelled Xueva  Granada  to  submit  to  such  terms  as 
the  British  commander  chose  to  impose."'*  Another 
trouble  with  the  British  government  resulted  from  a 
certain  claim  of  one  Mackintosh,  which  for  a  time  in- 
terrupted dii)lomatic  relations  in  1850."'"' 

On  the  2()th  of  January,  1854,  the  consuls  of  tlic 
United  States,  France,  (ireat  ]^ritain,  J^razil,  l\)itii- 
gal,  Denmark,  I'eru,  and  Ecuador  addressed  a  protest 
to  the  <>;overn«n'  of  Bananiil  ai^ainst  the  neulect  of  liis 
government  to  afford  protection  to  ])ass;'ngers  cross- 
ing the  Isthnms,  notwithstanding  that  each  passenger 
was  made  to  pay  tlie  sum  of  two  dollars  '')r  the  ])ri\  i- 
lei>e  of  landing"  and  uoinu'  from  one  sea  to  the  other. " 
(Governor  Urrutia  Anino,  on  the  14th  of  February, 
denied  the  alleged  neglect,  as  well  as  the  right  of 
tliose  officials  who  had  no  reeoiinition  from  the  Xtw 
(iranadan  gov(;rnment  to  address  him  in  such  a  man- 
ner. He  pointed  to  the  public  jail,  which  was  fuH  et' 
}>risoners,  some  already  undergoing  punishment,  and 
others  beinu:  tried  or  awaitiuLj  trial.  He  also  reminded 
the  consuls  tliat  only  a  short  time  had  elapsed  since 
three  men  were  executed  for  crimes.'"''      It  was  a  fact. 


^*  Tlio  vice-oonsurs  release;  restoration  with  all  resi)ect  and  pulilicily  to 
tlie  consulate  of  its  archives  and  otlicr  etlocts,  togellier  with  satisfactidii  to 
the  British  government,  and  a  compensation  of  £1,000  to  Russell.  I'li'i"  ,'/ 
I'vi'id,  I'nirtiat  Forcmc,  iii.  375-94;  Scarlett's  S.  Am.,  ii.  257-9;  Miii'<iij', 
Pre4(L  N.  Oraii.,  1837. 

^•^  British  war  vessels  made  a  demonstration  at  Panamd  the  following;  year. 
S.  F.  Attn  Viil.,  Dec.  1,  185fi;  S.  F.  Em,.  Bulletin,  Jan.  2,  May  10,  1S57. 

^"'  They  said  it  was  notorious  that  no  passenger  arrived  .at  either  eml  nf  tiif 
route  without  l)eing  abused,  robl>ed,  or  otherwise  maltreated;  many  hail  hn'ii 
wounded,  and  not  a  few  murdered;  hardly  a  party  passed  without  tht'li-Iiii,'- 
gage  being  plundered;  women  were  insulted,  and  even  outraged.  No  iH'irt 
had  been  made  by  the  authorities  to  ferret  out  the  perpetrators  ol'  siieh 
crimes.  Pan.,  La  Crdiiica  OJir.,  March  1,  1854. 

'' The  gf)vernor did  not  fail  to  mention  that  in  several  instances  his  ticmlM 
had  done  valuable  service  in  protecting  treasure  and  recovering  stf)lt'n  iirop- 
erty,  without  claiming  or  receiving  pay. 


]'\$i   RUNNELS'  I.STH.Ml'S  (iUAUU 


.•)H» 


ufVirtlicless,  that  tlic  ^overiimtiit  could  not  t'op»>  with 
thi"  situation — tlio  Istirmus  Ininj^^  infestt'd  witli  crinii- 
ii.ils  from  all  parts  of  the  earth,  that  had  \)vvn  drawn 
tlicrc'to  by  the  prospect  of  plunder— in  view  of  wiiich 
a  number  of  eitizcns  and  resju'ctable  forei«jjiu>rs  eom- 
liiiied  in  organizing  the  Istlnnus  guard,  whoso  chief 
was  Kan  Runnels,  charged  with  the  duty  of  guard- 
ing tile  route  between  l*anam;i  and  Colon,  and  em- 
powered to  jmnish  even  with  death  all  persons  guilty 
(»r  '  imes.  LJrrutia  Ahino,  the  governor,  unhesitut- 
iiigiy  acquiesced  in  the  arrangement.'"^ 

Americans  had  occasional  misunderstandings  with 
the  authorities,  a  notable  one  occurring  in  1855,  when 
the  local  governor  of  Pananni  returned  miopentid  an 
oHicial  letter  from  the  consul  of  the  United  States, 
wlio  at  once  threatened  to  strike  his  Hag;  but  the 
matter  was  settled  amicably  by  tlu;  chief  officers  of 
the  Istl  urns.'"  A  more  serious  affair  was  tlu^  demand 
ol  Ji'  -tate  government  that  steamships  arriving  at 
raiiama  or  Colon  should  i)av  tonnaue  monev-^"     This 

I       •'  ~  t'' 

raised  the  protest  of  the  American  consul  and  the 
railway  and  steamship  agents.  The  controversy  was 
tiiially  terminated  by  the  executive  of  the  republic  de- 
ilaiiiig  that  the  law  under  which  tlie  toimage  momy 
was  claimed  had  been  enacted  by  the  state  of  l*anama, 
without  any  riglit  to  li'gislate  on  such  matters,  as  they 
Were  of  the  exclusive  province  of  the  general  govern- 
ment." 

""  Runnels  acted  with  characteristic  (uiurgy.  Without  scandal  or  noise, 
lit'  laptureil  one  hy  one  the  handitti  tiiat  infested  the  roads,  and  out  of  sij^ht 
uiid  witiidut  witnesses,  otiier  tiian  his  own  men,  had  tliu  crindnals  hanged 
and  l)uried.  Tiiose  of  this  chiss  that  did  not  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  Isthmus 
guard  made  haste  to  leave  tlie  country,  which  soon  was  cleared  of  foreign 
evil-doers.  This  oltject  being  accomplished,  the  guard  was  dissolved,  its  val- 
uaMe  services  bei-.g  fully  aiipreciated.  The  governor  liad  no  authority  for 
his  action,  but  no  fault  -vas  found  with  him.  Tho  measure  had  been  one  of 
alisdhite  necessity;  '  f uiT;  redentora. '  Maldonndo,  Asuntos  PoUt.  Pun.,  !>.  Rnn- 
ii<  Is  ill  after  years  lived  in  Nicaragua,  and  died  of  consumption  in  Rivas,  July 
T,  18S2,  aged  52.  Pan.  Star  and  Htmld,  July  22,  1882. 

^'•' Jcfe  Superior  Justo  Arosemeua  wrote  Consul  Ward  a  courteous  letter  of 
1  xplanation  on  the  29th  of  Sept.  Pan.,  OaceUi  del  Est.,  Oct.  'A,  1855. 

*"  Ships  and  passengers  had  been  paying  a  moderate  sum,  and  when  the 
otiiciid's  greed  was  aroused  to  levy  a  burdensome  tax,  formal  objection  to  it 
Was  made. 

''  It  added  that  the  policy  of  demanding  such  a  tax  would  be  detrimental 


11  ri 

El  t'\ 

m 


,t  i:^ 


ll^^ 


iM 


DIVERS  PHASES  OF  Si:LF-(;()\EliXMENT. 

The  lack  of  proper  protection,  as  well  as  a  marked 
spirit  of  hostility  <>n  the  part  of  the  lower  class  tow- 
ard foreiofiicrs/-  was  inn'^le  furtJier  evident  in  tlio 
riot  of  tlie  fifteenth  of  April,  185(5,  when  a  considerable 
number  of  American  })assenL,^ers  were  killed,  and  others 
womided,  nmcli  ])roporty  being  also  appropriated." 

to  the  interests  of  the  I.sthinus.  The  whole  oorrespoudeuee  ajipcars  iii  Pan. 
r'riUi.  Ojlc,  March  10,  Aim-.  10,  M:iy  *A  ISoJ:  l'<i„.,  (Inreladil  ExI.,  Nov.  ,S, 
10,  18,  18").");  III.,  JX'o.  II,  IS.")));  ,S'  /-'.  Altn,  Suiii.  "20,  1850;  Snr.  Ihiion.  Sqit. 
'22,  IS.IC;  ,S'.  F.  Biilli'tiii,  Si'pt.  30,  l.S.")(!;  Minister  lluirnu  to  Sec  iSIarcy,  Dec. 
8,  ]S,")(>,  in  Pini.,  dmutn  (hi  L'"/.,  M:inh  2S,  1857. 

*-It  iiiu.st  lio  ciinfcsMod  thai  thi!  iiiipre.s.sidii  caii.sed  liy  the  influx  of  foreign- 
ers, iiarailing  the  «treots,  many  of  ihcin  armed  with  l)owie-knives  and  re\iilv- 
ers,  often  incited  hy  into.xication  anil  ^ainhling  to  acts  of  lawlessness,  was  not 
a  favorable  one.  Tliey  often  ajipeared  to  the  natives  as  lawless  invaders, 
'i'hc  laws  were  not  framed  for  the  emergency,  and  the  authorities  were  jKiwer- 
less  to  stoj)  tlie  scandals  occurring  every  day  in  the  strei'ts.  l{ol)I)erics  aii'l 
otiier  crimes  among  the  foreigners  themselves  were  common,  (iamliling- 
liouscs,  in  violation  of  law,  were  puhlicly  kipt,  exliihiting  strange  signs,  .such 
as  Card  Room,  Owls'  Cuh,  etc.  Once  a  crowd  of  Americans  fell  niion  tlie 
small  gnanl  of  tint  jail,  di.sarmed  it,  and  set  free  some  of  tlieir  eountrvnien. 
MiililoiKiiln,  Ax-iiii/iM  J'dlit.  /'(in.,  ISIS.,  2,  5-l>.  A  writer  relates  that  he  saw 
rullians  in  1850  throw  liltli  on  religious  processions.  Once  an  American 
rode  a  inn..c  into  the  cathedral,  and  tried  to  make  it  ilriidi.  fi'om  tlie  haptisiii.d 
f."!'.t.  tortuiiately  Thellcr,  an  American  resident,  interfered.  'Often  tlu^ 
dirty  red-shirted  fellows  wonhl  .striile  into  the  chapels  and  light  their  cigar* 
at  the  altar.'  C-//.  C/ironirli;  :SIay 'JO,  1850. 

"Th(  trouhli'  oi'i,L:iiiatcd  in  the  act  of  a  drunken  man  named  Jack  Oliver, 
wlio  seized  a  slice  of  watermelon  from  a  fruit  stall,  and  refused  to  pay  for  it. 
Simultaneously  and  without  iireeoiicerlioii,  lights  occurred  between  parties  of 

ulation  ill  various  iiarts  of  the  town.     The  citv 


ji.isseligers  ai 


d  th 


iloli'(l 


was  soon  in  eoiiimotioii.     Residents  retired  to  tlieir  homes 


d  h 


th 


Mi'lves  in. 
driven   in 


Th 


Hull 


ts   lasted  about  three   h 


th 


to   the   depot.      The   neu 


siibiiussive 


to   th 


ihiti 


loreiguers  ^^■eru 
;i'oes,  who  liad  formeily  been  humble  ami 
biivd  on   that  da\-  the   abusive   treatment 


ol'ten  reeeivi'd  by  them  at  the  haiiils  of  transient  foreigners;  but  did  not  conliiie 
their  expressions  of  liatred  to  foreigners  only,  for  they  transversed  the  ntrci^t-; 


erym- 
to  the  1' 


Mueran  los   lilaiicos 
d. 


Hey  wi're  now  ungovernable 


Tl 


ley  iHi 


<licd 


mania  depot — at  a  moment  mIu'ii  troin  2M)  to  .100  jiassengers  ot  Imtll 


.sexes  and  all  ages,  landed  at  Colon  from  the  stivimship  Jlli 


wci'e  iiroenrim; 


tl 


leir  tickets  for  Nan  Fianci 


.d  U 


;an  liriii''  at  the  b 


1 

hitti 


man.     The  doors  were  then  closed,  and  some  of  the  pas.seiigers  armed  tin 


selves.      It  has  111 


stated  by  eye-witl 


that! 


><  th 


1': 


■Went  out  and  discharged  th  -ir  arms  at  the  black  mob  before  any  shot  had 
been  lired  at  the  buildiu'';  bn 


t  the  weight  of  tesLii 


iuy 


IS  agains 


t  th 


tion.  U.  S.  Consul  Ward  came  on  luirscbaek,  .saying  that  tht:  government  at 
hii  reipu'st  would  soon  send  a  f  rec  to  (piell  the  disturbance.  The  force  ilid 
come,  but  instead  of  allordiiig  protection  to  the  passengers  hnddkid  in  the 
depot,  lired  a  volley  of  musketry  in  their  midst,  ami  followed  it  by  others,  be- 


lies str 


ays 


hot.-! 


Th 


assigned  for  this  conduct  of  the  force 


were  that  it  syuipathi/eil  wim  the  mob,  or  was  awed  liy  it.     The  latter  was 
the  real  cause.     Tht^  active  liriug  from  the  outside  continued  about  one  and  a 


rom  tlie  msK 


le.     Tl 


ic  moi 


1)  fc 


a  tniie 


half  hours  even  after  it  had  ceased 

did  not  succeed  in  entering  the  building,  but  linall)'  broke  into  the  bagg'.go- 


kiU 


ing  and  woiiin 


di 


several  persons.     Fortunately,  the  rabbh 


was 


Iieiit  more  on  plunder  tiian  slaughter.     It  is  said  that  even  the  wounded  li  ul 
their  boots  pulled  '"roui  their  feet  and  curj'ied  away.     .Many  i-obbcries  had 


I'ANA.MA    KIOT. 


5-21 


As  might  have  beencxjjcctcd,  exaggerated  accounts 
(if  this  affray  flew  far  and  wide.  Tlie  official  report, 
jiowever,  sliowed.  smaller  figures,  though  bad  enough 
of  foreigners,  15  slain  and  IG  wounded,  of  wlioni 
(iiie  died  aftcrwf'id;  of  natives,  2  killed  and  13 
wounded.  The  conduct  of  the  j)olice  and  people  was 
certainly  most  blanuible.  The  affair  might,  perhaps, 
liavc  beei-.  averted  if  t);e  authorities  had  shown  proi)or 
tiiergy.  I  will  admit,  however,  that  there  was  cause 
of  provocation." 

Conse(|uent  on  this  aftair,  the  city  of  Panama, 
wliich,  owing  to  the  misgovernmont  of  previous  yeai-s, 
was  alreadv  on  tlie  dcx-linc,  had  to  suffer  still  more, 
^[any  business  houses  closed  theii-  doors,  because  tlie 
American  transient  jtassengers,  wlio  <hiring  tlieir  stay 
were  wont  to  scatter  gold,  tlienceforth  ri'inained  on 
shore  only  a  few  minutes.''  ^Tucli  di]>loiiiatic  corri'- 
spondeneo  passed  between  tlie  American  and  Xew 
<  Jiaiiadan  governments  on  the  snbject,  the  former  seiid- 
iiig  a  connnissioner  to  l*anamii  to  invi'stigate  the  cii- 
( :imstanc(,'s,"' and  finallv  clainiiii'j,-  a  laru'e  indeumitN". 

aUii  lieon  ooimiu'iLod  liy  tlu'  iicijrooM  in  the  city,  priiicipallv  in  wl.ops  ;iiiil  liai- 
iMouis.  S.  I'.  liiilhthi.''S\\\.\  1-a,  17,  Aug.  ."ilt,  Oct.  U,  W-X-.  17,  IS.")!);  CiL 
t'hmiiirk,  May  L'U,  KSnO;  Sac.  riiion,   May  5,  l.S,  l!S."i(i;  S.  /'.  AUn,  May-,  :{, 

i>.  isr>(i. 

^'Tdttcn,  cliii'f  ongiiioi'r  of  tiic  i-ailiciail.  and  Ward,  in  their  iimtests  hehl 
l''iiliriL,.i's  govcrnuient  rcsjionsilph',  ami  elainifi)  da.niages.  They  al^o  ih'- 
111  nided  prdtcutiiiii  tor  thi^  passengers  and  treasure  then  exjieeted  from  C'ali- 
f'lniia  on  the  dulldi  (!iii  .  I'Yilu'ei^a,  ujioii  the  hitter  j'oiiit,  gave  the  refjuired 
Ji>siiraiiees,  reefimnu'iidiiig  that  the  ladrnad  olHei.ils  slionhl  aUo  adojit  pre- 
(■•lutiuiiaiy  measures.  In  his  report  to  tlie  .supi'eiin' governiiu  lit  on  the  liL'd 
I'f  April,  l.S.")!'),  JM!  denied  tin;  ehai;;e.s  ]iieferred  a-ainst  him  liyToit^n  and 
Ward,  teelariiig  that  tlie  whole  atlair  had  lieeii  .siidileii  ai  il  niipremed  tated; 
and  lie,  as  McU  as  the  gens  il'armes  had  the  he  t  intentions  to  jiroleet  the  pas- 
sengers, iiiid  the  tiring  upon  tlieiii  liail  heeii  iinaiitliori/ed,  11ioiiL;h  lesnlting 
liiim  the  faet  that  the  passungi'is  had  continued  .shooting,  lie  kept  to  liim- 
^  h',  however,  that  fear  for  the  lives  of  iiiiiiself  and  the  few  other  white  peo- 
I'l''  of  the  city,  Avhieli  were  in  great  pi  ril  from  the  infuriated  lilaeks,  jiad 
tleti'iTeil  him  from  attacking  the  iiioh.  Tlie  latter  was  calmed  and  dispersed 
"nly  tliro>igli  the  good  olliees,  called  for  hy  Kaorega,  of  the  intliiential  men 
Hineiig  the  negro  po[iulation.  I'mi.,  (,'iiritn  tkl  K"!..  Apr.  'Jti,  May  .'{,  10.  'S], 
IV)(!. 

*'On  their  landing  at  Colon,  the  other  .steainshij)  WiiH  rer.dy  ai  I'aiiama  to 
I'leeive  them  and  put  oil' as  soon  as  they  were  on  lioaril.  They  traversed  the 
l^lhiiiiis  without  scarcely  setting  foot  on  the  soil.  Mitbkrnuhi,  Axiiiilit.-<  I'obt. 
I'"ii.,  MS.,  ll-li'. 

"'('iinrlnv'fi  /iVj).  a)iil  foil,  of  JCrh/oirr,  l-(>9;  /.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  'M, 
■■^ess,  I,  Vol.  xi.,  H.  Kx.  ])oe.,  iio.  KCi,  l.")4-7(>. 


H( 


i  IM 


5T2 


DIVERS   PHASES  OF  SELF-COVERNMENT. 


hi 


l!  *  I 


IM;:l  ir'. 


At  last  a  convention  was  concluded  on  the  10th  of 
Se}>teniber,  1857,  between  Secretary  Cass,  and  Gen 
eral  P.  A.  Herran,  minister  of  New  Granada,  for  the 
settlement  of  all  claims,  the  latter  having  acknowl- 
etl<j:ed  thc!  responsibility  of  his  government  for  tlic 
injuries  and  damages  caused  by  the  riot.*'^ 

The  relations  with  Americans  on  the  Isthmus  con- 
tinued to  be  unsatisfactory  for  some  time  longer. 
Notwithstanding  that  New  Granada  was  apparently 
inclined  to  cordiality,  cases  of  injustice  or  ill  treatment 
to  American  citizens  often  occurring,  at  last  the  presi- 
dent of  tiie  United  States  asked  congress,  on  the  18tli 
of  February,  1859,  for  power  to  protect  Americans  on 
the  Isthmus/'^  In  later  years  Americans  have  seldom 
had  any  serious  cause  of  complaint. 

The  (juestiou  of  neutrality  of  the  Isthmus  has  occa- 
sionally been  on  the  tapis.  A  case  in  point  occurred 
ill  I  8()4,  during  the  sectional  war  in  the  United  States, 
when  a  nund)er  of  southern  confederates  went  on 
boartl  the  American  steamer  Salvador  at  I'anaiii;!. 
with  the  purpose  of  seizing  her  at  sea,  and  turning 
her — as  she  had  guns  on  board  -  into  a  confederate 
cruiser,  to  be  usi'd  in  capturing  the  first  treasure 
steamer  from  (\difornia.  The  men  engaged  in  tlu^ 
enterprise  weie  themselves  arrested  at  sea  on  the 
Salrador,^'^  by  an  American  war  vessel.  The  admiral. 
l*earson,  asked  the  government  of  Pananul  for  per- 


I'ri' 


I  .'.. 


'■  It  .sti])ulatt'(l  IX  hoard  of  arl>itratioii  eonipoHod  of  foiiiiiiLssioners  of  Imtli 
govt'riimi'iits  to  award  ui)oiiflaiiii>>  profioiitcd  i)rior  to  Sipt.  1,  lS,")!t.  Tlif  total 
aiMoiiiit  f)f  awardis  N.  (iranada  woidd  jiay  in  c'((tial  Hiniiianiiual  iii^laliin'iits,  t'lu 
lirst,  six  Miontlm  after  i\w  tcriiiination  of  tliu  comiiiissioii;  ai;.l  the  wliolc  jiay- 
iiR'iit  to  h(!  coiiiidtti'd  within  ciglit  years;  I'acii  of  the  hui'.s  hearing  interest  at 
()  |)er  cent  i)er  annuiu.  To  seeuro  waid  payments,  N.  (J.  govt  aii[iroj)riateil 
one  halt  of  thi'  eonipensation  aeenring  to  I'.'.'r  from  the  Panama  raih'oad  cuiii- 
jiany;  if  such  fund  shoidd  jirove  insnihcieiit,  it  waa  then  to  proviih;  f  m- llio 
(h'lieit  from  its  oilier  sonreis  of  revenne.  IT.  S.  (!orf  Doc,  Cong.  '.U'>,  Sess.  •_', 
Sen.  .Miseell.,  in,.  \'A,  17.  Af* 'r  the  riot  the  federal  govornmeiU  en- 
deavored to  have  a  force  on  the  Isthmus  to  proteet  foreign  interests,  wliicli 
it  Hhould  have  done  hefore.    M(ililiiiii((/o,  AtKiiltm  I'olil.  I'nii.,  MS.,  10   II. 

^^  r.  S.  dortJhr.,  Cong.  :C),  Sess.  '_',  11.  Ex.  Dec.,  no.  2,  '2\,  '2'2,  vol.  ii.  \>i 
i.;   III.,  Id.,  Sen.  Doc,  no.  31',  x.  1   It. 

*" Thomas  Savage,  U.  S.  acting  consul-general  at  liahana,  iiad  sent  tiiinly 
notice  of  tli'iir  plans.  Tliey  were  taken  with  arms,  inuuitioiiH  of  war,  .iiul 
written  proof  of  tiieir  intent. 


ISTHMUS  llOBBKUIES. 


S2S 


111  ssioii  to  send  the  prisoners  overland  to  Colon,  where 
tlicy  might  he  oinharked  for  New  York.  The  request 
was  refused;'^'  in  consequence  of  which  the  prisoners 
were  sent  to  San  Francisco.''^ 

At  th'^  commencement  of  the  French  intervention 
in  Mexico,  the  legislature  of  Panam;!  asked  the  gen- 
eral government  of  Coionihia  to  allow  no  French 
troops  to  pass  over  the  Isthmus,  The  United  States 
government  was  not  called  upon  to  aid  this  policy. 
In  the  autunni  of  18G4  a  body  of  French  marines 
ari'ived  at  ( j)lon  to  cross  to  the  Pacific  and  replace 
invalids  of  the  fleet  on  the  Mexican  coast.  The  presi- 
dent of  l?anamii  refused  them  a  pass,  and  asked  the 
railroad  company  not  to  transport  tlu'T^i.  The  French 
(tflicers  argued  that  American  and  English  troops  had 
on  several  occasions  been  allowed  to  cross.  It  so 
liajipeiied  that  at  this  time  some  American  soldiers 
ai'rived  and  crossed  over  to  the  Pacific  under  a  permit 
jirt'viously  granted  by  the  former  president  of  the 
state.  The  French  then  alleging  the  so-called  'most- 
HiNored-nation'  clause  alst)  crossed  over. '" 

With  other  nations  occasional  misunderstandings 
have  taken  place,  hut  in  no  instance  did  they  lead  to 
serious  coni[)lications.''''  Minor  riots,  attended  with 
imtre  or  less  killing  and  wounding  of  foreigners,  had 
oeeurred  in  I. s 50  and  in  18r)l,l)c»th  on  the  Atlantic 
and   Pacific  sides.'*     The  gold-dust  train  from  Cali- 

"("alanelia,  prcsiileut  of  Panama,  ^iluadcil  tliat  lie  had  no  aiitliority  ti> 
alliiw  it;  till!  national  constitution  ri'si'ix  inj;  to  tlio  ^i  iicial  govt  rnincnt  of 
Colnniliia  the  control  of  tlio  foreijin  relations.    Iiiilii'<li.<  I'mi.  Islh.,  "JOT   1 1. 

'  They  wi'ro  si'ntoni'od  hy  (Uiurt-inar'tial,  thi'ir  ohicf  to  dfath,  and  tht! 
iithirs  to  iinpri.sonniunt  at  hard  labor;  the  .scntiin'c  n  the  lirst  was  I'onuiiuti'd, 
and  all  were  ri'leased  at  or  Iirforc  the  terniination  of  the  war.  //o'/i/  (/.  nl.  v. 
r.  .S'.,  1  '_>•_';  S.  t\  Call,  Nov.  '2(1,  I.S()4:  Mav  "J.")  :il,  .lime  (•  N,  .Inly  (i.'Ui,  IWm; 
fs.  /•'.  /i„llr/in,  Nov.  'JS,  •_".»,  Dee.  7,  KSI)4;  Slay '_'•-',  l«r..-). 

'-'I'liis  ailair  took  place  ahoiit  one  month  "in'or  to  that  of  the  prisoners 
arrested  on  the  Siilrii</oi:    lihlinWn  I'liii.  l.-'th.,  '_'<)(!. 

'■■'(,hiustion.s  of  neutrality  with  Spain  during  the  Cuban  revolution  in 
hTI  "J;  and  in  hSSO,  at  the  time  of  tin;  war  of  Clnle  against  I'eruanil  Bolivia, 
en  the  sulijeet  of  Contraband  of  war  passing  through  for  the  uses  of  cither 
li'lliKcrent.  Oiicfta  ,le  Pan.,  Sept.  21,  1871;  Apr.  VI,  187'-';  July  4,  1"),  Sept. 
•-'.  Ml,  Nov.  7,  1880. 

"  /•"».  Shtv,  March  20,  18."iO;  Pohimsinn,  vii.  42,  ')(»;  Il„lii,ski,,  I.a  CiU- 
Joniir,  X\;  S.  /'.  Altd,  Mar.  22,  Apr.  :i,  hSol;  S.  /•'.  A'rirv,  Apr.  :t,  iS.-.l.  The 
most  serious  Olio  wan  on  the  22d  ami  '2'M  of  Oct.,  IS.'il,  .it  Ciiagi'es,  among 


5'J4 


DIVERS   PHASES  OF  SELF-GU\EKNMENT. 


m 


\i-.i 


1-'  I' 


fornia  was  tlirico  assailed  by  robbers,  while  crossing 
fi'oni  sea  to  sea,  without  success.  The  last  attempt 
was  in  September  1851,  by  Americans,  several  of 
whom  were  cai)tured."''' 

Whilst  the  Isthmus  was  under  the  direct  rule  of  the 
national  government,  peace  and  fjuiet  reigned.  Thu 
few  })olitical  commotions  that  occurred  at  long  intei'- 
xhIh  had  no  eflt'ct  detrimental  to  [)ublic  morals,  nor  to 
the  obedience  paid  by  the  i)eo})h'  to  tlie  authorities. 
It  is  a  fact  that  when,  upon  the  discovery  of  the  gold 
placers  in  California,  the  large  influx  of  foi'eigncrs  tiist 
arrived,  they  were  surpi'iscd  at  tlu'  i-xtraoi'diiuny 
lU'cstige  the  authorities  enjoyed,  atid  at  the  blind 
obedience  })i>id  to  tlieir  mandates.'"  ]:)ayontts  were; 
not  necessary  to  enfoico  oi'der.  This  was  (jwinv;  to 
tlu'  havni(M)v  then  existiniif  hctwccii   tlic  '•■oNcrmnnit 

*■'  _ 

and  thecli'i'ixy.'"  And  throuu'hout  tlic  land  for  sixteen 
yea)-s  from  1840,  peace  ]»i-evai]ed,  save  certain  dis- 
tuibai'ices  in  the  provinces  of  A/uero  and  A'eragua  in 
July  Ks.")4.'' 

liciiitinen  .'iinl  pussenguvs,  in  'wiiich  .st'vural  livi  :<  were  lout,  and  tlu;  tovn  m.is 
iiiiiiOi  il:inia,i;iiil.  /',ni.  Shir,  O.'t.  'J,s,  Is.")!;  S.  /■'.  Mhi,  Nov.  I,S,  'JO,  is,-)]; 
S.  t'.  l>"ilii  Jlciiidl,  Xdv,  IS,  l,s.*i|.  'I'lic  (idkial  rtjioit  of  tlio  jcfi:  jicilitiio  oii 
tlic;  :{il  lit  \()V.  wiiil  tliL't'c  wi'iv  two  (ir  tlirtc  Uill(<l  and  a  nuiiiln  r  Wdiiiidcil. 
/{iiijii/ii,  (luritd  <>ii(\,  Due.  \\,  rs,")l.  '\'\\v,  vigilants  (if  tin;  Jstliiims  liail  a  tliicf 
well  lliiL'^i'l  at  < 'liagrts  in  I.S.")1.  .'.  /'.  (.'iiitriir,  .Ian.  'Jl,  IS.'il.  AncitlHi'  c.ho 
<il  l\nrli  law  iici'urrc'(l  (in  the  islaiil  of  iahti^a  in  IN.").").  Tin^  cariiciiti  r  nf 
tin:  Anicrican  steanisliiii  f()iii)iany  m  a.s  imi;  moi'ning  draL't'cil  out  of  lu-l  and 
nuii(lcr«'d.  As  tlicfc  was  no  iiolicc  ,in  the  island,  i\w  cniiihiyi's  of  tlic  coin- 
|iany  captnird  IIk^  niindcii  is,  uno  of  whom  made  full  conUssiou,  and  tin  ir 
caiifoi's  Mitliont  nmi't!  ado  hant;i'd  them.  'J'ln;  staft;  anthoritU's  took  im  not,ii(! 
(if  the  mattci',  otlnr  than  issuing,  sonic  lime  after,  a  full  pardon  to  the  cxi- 
iiitioncrs.    />:,.' inlf.t  l^lli.  i<J'  P'lii.,  'JUi;  /'"/(.,   '.'■tahiildK'^t.,  Sijit.  l.".l,  KSiV), 

■'■' This  occiirrt'd  mi  the  ( 'riioi's  route.  Tin'  esooi't  Mas  linil  mioii,  two 
anieros  were  niojtally  wounded.  The  lianditti  emleavored  to  run  oil'  om  of 
the  laden  nudes,  lint  weri'  ]ii'eventeJ  hy  the  eseoit  and  passeiigos.  J/dliii-^li, 
/..I  ('i,r,h,niir,  K\  4;  .V.  /■'.  Jlt<\  Oct.  IS,  IS.")];  S.  F.  Dn.hi  IlinibU  Oct.  Is, 
1851. 

'"'A  mere  alealdi^  met  wit'i  no  ditlieiilty  whatever  to  have  his  orders  earii'  \ 
out. 

■'' .ludges  an  1  aleahies  were  not  only  eivil  ollieials,  hut  also  agents  of  llic 
eeelesiastieal  anthoiities.  Their  doulile  role  iiisureil  tJiem  great  inlluiiui) 
V  itii  a  jieoplo   '  barhari/ado  por  la  ignoraneia  y  el  fanatisnio.'    M(ilili>iiii'!i>, 

A.^II„li>.-<  /'nil/.   Pill,.,   MS.,  X 

■""  i'niilie  doenineiits  sjieak  in  general  tei'iiis  of  outrages  eoininitted  by  th'J 
revolutionists.  They  marched  from  \'era;.;ua  a;^ainst  Jjos  Santos  in  A/neio, 
and  were  defeated.   Pin.  (rulnrii.,  in  /'inn,/,  Pmi.  Cull.  iJuc,  -MS,,  no.  ■].'<,  J- 


I'ANAMA  A   STATE. 


BUS 


Nevertheless,  the  wliite  population  of  Pai)anul  liad 
been  for  some  time  past  discontented  with  the  ^cner.d 
L';<>vernmcnt,  and  a  desire  had  sprung  up  to  get  rid  of 
a  yoke  which  was  deemed  op[)ressive.  The  su[>i'eine 
MUtlioritii'S  at  Bogota  were  not  unaware  of  tliis,  and 
whether  proni[)ted  by  the  fear  of  losing  the  territi)ry, 
or  by  a  sentiment  of  justic(>,  or  by  botli,  eoiieluded  to 
allow  the  Istlimians  the  privilege  of  controlling  their 
l(t<al  aH'airs,  which  was  hailed  with  Joy  by  all  classes. 
An  Jidditional  clause  to  the  national  constitution  was 
then  enacted  by  the  New  (jrranadan  congress,  on  tiui 
27th  of  February,  ISoS,  by  which  l^mania  was  made 
a  state,  and  a  member  of  the  confederation  with  the 
four  provinces  of  Pananui,  Azuero,  ('hiri(jui,  and  \"e- 
ragua,"^  its  western  boundary  being  such  as  might 
come  to  be  fixed  upon  by  treatv  with  ( "o.sta  Hica.""  A 
constituent  assi'mbly  of  ;{ I  members  was  convoked 
March  l;5th  by  tlu;  national  executive,  to  meet  at 
Panama  on  the   latli  of  -Inly  to  constitute  the  state. 

'.I.  All  iimncsty  was  (lci;roe<l  in  I'avdr  nf  tlic  rcvohitioiiists  Srpt.  '_".),  I.S,")(), 
(  \ri|itiiij;  a  tew  Icaili'i's,  wlio  wuie  tiiially  ]ia:'(l(iii(il  in  a  1  iter  oiui  ot'  Si[)t.  ll', 
l^.'iT.  /'nil.,  (I'dcifd  i/cl  Est.,  Si'pt.  ll),  "J."!,  |S,')7.  Tile  I'dllciwinfi  autlidiitics  a[)- 
1"  ar-  ill  pill).  (Iocs.  .Inly  ■_'."{,  1S.")'_',  (icii.  Maniii'l  M.  I'r.mcd,  aii|Miiiitt<l  from 
JMii^iita,  coiiiaiiilaiit(!  j^ciicral,  in  ]ilai'f  cit  (Jiii.  Antuiiid  Mdialcs,  iltccastii. 
Auj.  t),  I.S.V_',  (i(jv.  Maiiiul  M.  I  >iaz  sniniiidiiod  tlie  pi(i\  iiicial  Iti^islatiiic  to 
linlil  its  yearly  Hcs.sioii.  Sf[it.  I,  \S7i\\,  Mci'iianlo  Anc  Mala  took  [idsscssioii 
111  \\\v.  dtlii'i'  ol  gov.  .Ian.  1,  l.S.")4,  .lose  Maria  I'rnitia  Anino,  who  liail  liucn 
clidscn  j^dv.  of  tin:  pfdv.,  assniiUMl  lii.s  ilutiu.s.  I'nii.,  ('ran.  Ojic,  Ailj,'.  --,  -'.•• 
IVVJ;  ,s,.].t.  4,  IS.")."!;  .Ian.  4,  IS.Vt;  n.ni.  iluhcni.,  in  I'hiiirl,  (nil.  J>„r.,  Ms.. 
111'.  Hi,  1  I,  This  gdvi  riidr  seems  td  lia\e  lieeii  eleeteil  wildlly  liy  Votes  ol'  tho 
iiitiiior  (lejiartiiients,  Mhieli  greatly  ilisjileaseil  the  citizens  ol'  thi'  cqiital, 
^hiihad  hitherto  ('diitr<ille(l  atlairs.  Afiino  was  an  lidiioralile  ami  jnst  man, 
aiiil  lairly  intelligent;  Imt  was  inaile  tlu;  oliji'ct  ot  ungenerous  hostility  anil 
nliiiile,  ami  on  one  ocua.sion,  at  least,  his  life  was  in  danger.  In  |,S,"i."i,  lunicr 
Ihi-  |)ret(!xt  of  an  ollieial  visit  in  tho  interior,  ho  went  to  his  homo  and  iie\rr 
ri  (iiiiied.  Miililiiiiiu/i),  Aoni/ii.i  I'liUt,  I'mi.,  MS.,  10.  'i'lie  vice-gov.,  .Mainii  1 
M.  I>ia/,  took  th(^  e.xooutivo  ehair  on  the  llUli  of  May,  and  oceii]iieil  it  till  the 
iMhdf.luly.    I'll)!.,  <!nri'tail,l  l-:.<l.,  ,\u\y'>>^,  |,S."m. 

''  This  arraiigoinont  seeiii.s  to  have  heen  against  the  wishes  of  tlic  thri'i' 
li-l  iiained.  The  nation.d  ooiigross  having  asked  the  iiroviiioos  for  their 
ii|iiiiidn,  the  leeislatiire  of  l'hirii)Ui,  on  the  IHtli  of  Oef  ,  IM.VJ,  aiiprovod  .>  ii  ■ 
liiiil  di  Nicolas  J.,i,[)e/.  to  tlu!  clli'(;t  that  \'eraj;ua,  Chii  |iii,  and  A/iiero  shdiil.l 
:iiil  he  harucssoil  to  tiio  oar  of  I'auainii.  C/nrii/ni,  Ori/cmiiizns,  iw  I'iinnl,  I'm. 
'■■'/.  /'.I'-.,  MS.,  no.  I'li,  p.  (i4. 

'"' Ihe  gen.  govt  ceded  to  l'aiiani;i  tho  Imiidings  that  had  hei'ii  ii.sed  a;  eiis- 
t'liii-hou.ses  till  I.S4iHn  I'oitoliello  and  I'anainii;  also  twoolhi'rs  in  liie  pla/iiela 
'1'  iiiiias  and  ralle  do  .lirardot  in  I'.iii. ;  and  likewise  the  lortressis  of  I'aiiaiiia, 
'  lii'-ires,  and  I N  ir  tdhelld,  excepting  the  osplaiiadus  and  artillery.  J'dit.,  ii-icchi 
'/■//•.v.,  July -JO,  \Sm. 


vlH 


'    'ril 


.      ll 


'I  ■    ]    ■  '. 


'im 


M   ;;Si 


liJi.ljSJ 

Ml 


620 


DIVERS  PHASES  OF  SELF-GOVERNMENT. 


'111. 


hi  '    /  I  • 


\l 


The  assembly  was  presided  over  by  Francisco  I  u'oicufi, 
and  on  the  18th  passed  an  act  for  tlie  provisional 
organization  of  the  state.  Justo  Aroseniena,  being 
cliosen  jefe  superior  provisorio,  took  possession  of  ojHice 
at  once,  and  appointed  Carlos  Icaza  Aroseniena  gov- 
erinnent  secretary."'  The  city  of  Panama  was  declared 
to  be  tlie  capital,  and  residence  of  the  superior  author- 
ities of  the  state. 

The  constitution  of  the  now  entitled  Estado  dc 
Panama  was  promulgated  on  the  L7th  of  JSej)tembi'r, 
1855.  It  was  a  liberal  instrument,  includini''  freedom 
of  religion.  The  executive  authority  was  vested  in 
a  governor,  who  was  to  assume  the  office  on  the  Ist 
of  ()ctol)er  of  the  following  year,  and  hold  it  two 
years.  A  vice-governor  and  two  designados  were  alsd 
to  be  elected  by  popular  vote,  to  take  charge  of  affairs 
should  tlie  <j;overnor  die  or  be  otherwise  disenabled  t(» 
discharge  his  duties.  In  the  absence  or  inability  of 
all  the  elect,  then  the  superior  civil  authority  of  tlu' 
ca})ital  Avas  to  act  as  governor."'  A  misunderstanding 
having  occurnMl  between  the  jefe  superior  and  the 
assembly,  the  fornuu'  resigned  liis  office  on  the  2sth 
of  Septend»er,  and  having  insisted  on  his  resignation 
being    accepted,   Francisco    Fabrega,   who  had    been 

"'  Tlio  governor's  salary  wiis  fixed  at  $400  per  month.  The  new  ordci-  of 
things  v;is  fornially  coinniunicatetl  to  the  foreign  consuls,  all  of  whom  otl'tiwl 
their  congratulations,  etc.  I</.,  July  '28,  Aug.  4,  1855;  VeriKjtitix,  (h-tlfiinii'ji-i 
y  h'c.fol.,  in  I'iiKirf,  I'ni>  Coll.  J)ocn.,  MS.,  no.  G8,  p.  (38;  Correo/io,  li.,  Stult'ini, 
MS.,  .'?;  /fcraldo  lie  '.jima,  Oct.  10,  1855.  A  decree  of  the  assend)ly  of  Sci't 
\'2,  18r>."),  divideil  the  state  into  seven  departments:  Colon,  Panama,  C'oclt'. 
lierrera,  Los  Santos,  Fabrega,  and  t'hirimil.  Their  respective  chief  towns 
were  to  lie  Colon,  Panama,  Nata,  I'ese,  Los  Santos,  Santiago,  ind  l);i\iil. 
(Jovernors  were  appointed  1)y  the  executive,  to  enter  upon  tlieir  duties  on  tlic 
1st  of  Aug.   Pitii.,  (luci'tn  < hi  I'll/.,  Sept.  15,  1855. 

''^Tliis  assembly  was  tlio  most  able  and  responsible  body  of  men  that  tvtr 
came  togethi'r  in  Panama,  excepting  oidy  that  which  proclaimed  tlie  iiulo- 
pendence  from  Spain.  Mnldniuido,  A.'<iinton  PnlU.  I'an.,  MS.,  l'2-l.'l.  'I'lio 
otlieer.s  on  the  day  the  constitution  was  signed  were:  Alariaiu*  Aroseiiu  m;i, 
president;  Dionisio  Faeio,  vice-president;  Santiago  de  la  (Uiardia,  dosigiiailo; 
Alanuel  Morro.  deputy  for  Panama,  secretiiry.  Among  the  other  sit;mrs 
Were  Bernardo  Aree  M?,*-n.  Josti  .Vrosemena,  Bartolome  Calvo,  Jil  Coluiijc, 
Fermin  Jovaue,  Jose  de  Obalilia,  Ramon  Vallarino,  four  Fabregas,  nearly  ill 
of  whom  have  since  held  high  office  in  the  republic  .and  the  state.  A  gcmia! 
aiimesty  was  also  decreed  on  the  Gth  of  Oct..  for  all  political  offences  to  Srpt. 
.'iOth,  whether  the  persons  were  sentenced  or  not.  This  included  some  wlu) 
h:i(l  in  July  last  disturbed  the  peace  in  Azuero.  Pan,,  Gaceta  del  Estado,  fscpt. 
•JO,  Oct.  13,  1855. 


DLSrUTED  ELECTION. 


fi37 


elected  vice-governor  on  the   2"2tl,  was  inducted  into 
the  executive  office  on  the  4th  of  October."'' 

Notwithstanding-  the  lio{)es  of  a  bright  future,  IVoni 
this  time  the  Isthmus  was  the  theatre  of  ahnost 
perpetual  political  trouble,  and  revolution  becnnu; 
chronic,  preventing  any  possible  advancement.  In 
185G  there  was  a  stormy  electoral  campaign,*"  that 
culminated  in  a  coup  d'etat,  for  which  the  responsibility 
nmst  be  about  ecpially  divided  between  the  executive, 
francisco  Fjibrega,  and  the  demagogues."'^ 

The  election  for  governor  took  place  on  tlie  loth  of 
August,  185G.  The  white  element  claimed  Bartolome 
Calvo,  a  colored  man  from  Cartagena,  and  a  conserva 
tivo  in  politics,  to  have  been  elected  by  4,000  majority. 
The  negroes  insisted  that  ^Manuel  M.  Diaz,  a  white 
man,  had  been  chosen.  The  declaration  by  the  legis- 
lature as  to  who  was  the  elect  had  not  been  made,  as 
ve(juired  by  law,  by  the  loth  of  September.  The 
radicals  then  demanded  that  the  vice-governor,  who 
was  in  their  interest,  should  assume  the  executive. 
On  the  loth  of  September  trouble  was  expected 
against  the  white  men,  many  t>f  whom  took  refuge 
on  the  American  sloop  of  war  ^Y  }[arys.'^"  Calvo  was 
tiually  declared  by  the  legislature  on  the  18th  of  Sep- 
tond)er  to  have  been  constitutionally  chosen  for  two 
years;  and  Francisco  Fiibrega  the  vice-governor."'' 
If  not  a  man  of  high  order  of  talent,  Calvo  possessed 
,»;'()od  judgment,  and  he  eventually  succeeded  in  mak- 
ing himself  respected,  oven  by  those  who  opposed  his 

'■'It  is  understood  tliat  Fiibrega  accei>te<l  the  jofatura  .sm)urior  oidy  oii 
coiidition  that  liartoloiiu^  (."alvo  should  assume  the  govermiieut  suei-etarysliip, 
wlik'h  had  been  tlirowu  up  by  Icaza  Arosenieua.  Calvo  bocaino  the  secretary. 
III.,  Oct.  3,  10,  27,  ISuo;  Corrcoso,  Sfntoiit,  MS.,  X 

''  I'revious  to  it  the  executive  had  to  go  with  troops  to  quell  a  disobedience 
to  tlie  autiiorities  iu  Los  Santos.  No  opposition  being  cncountcreil,  sunic 
lirisoners  were  made,  wlio  afterward  received  a  pardon  on  the  (itli  of  .MmmIi. 
I'tiih,  aaccla  ikl  Est.,  Feb.  2,  '2'),  March  24,  ISoG. 

''•'Sonic  deputies  of  the  opposition  were  arrested  in  the  legislative  I'hani- 
lier,  and  despotically  exiled. 

'■"This  vessel  hauled  into  shore  and  lauded  lier  marines  to  protect  the 
«iiitcs.  S.  F.  AlUt,  0<it.  2,  14,  1850. 

'  ■  Pan.  Stiir,  Sept.  IC,  Oct.  1,  185C;  Pan.,  Gaceta  del  Est.,  Nov.  20,  1856; 
Cornof^o,  SttUemt,  MS.,  3^. 


■'-HHI' 


■'!   'S 


y 


DIVKKS    I'ICASES  OF  SELF-GOVKRNMKNT 

election.  His  course  was  moderate,  and  it  may  Itc 
said  of  liini  that  he  was  an  honest  man,  and  his  ad- 
ministration a  successful  one.  The  finances  were 
improved,  and  public  education  was  eiicouraujeil.""* 
After  serviiiij;'  niiietei-n  months  he  resi<i^ned  office  and 
left  the  state."'^  Kamon  (}andtoa,  as  tirst  desigiiadi), 
succeeded  him  for  the  ri'st  of  the  term. 

Jose  de  Ohaldia  was  chosen  by  [)opular  vote  om  r 
.r.  }>[.  Hurtado,  the  government  condidate,  amiil  a 
great  political  commotion,  his  election  being  recog- 
nized by  the  legislature  at  midnight.  His  term  began 
on  the  1st  of  October,  ISaS.  Obakh'a  was  one  of  the 
most  talented  and  best  informed  men  in  the  republic, 
ai  d  an  ehxjuent  orator.  However,  though  a  jtowi  r 
in  the  tribune,  he  proved  himself  unfitted  for  a  ruler.  ' 
])uring  his  term,  on  the  17th  of  April,  IS.")'.),  the  cnl^ 
ored  pojiulation  attempted  to  assail  tlu'  wliites,  and 
aftiu'  some  violcMice  were  dis[)ersed  by  a  force  sent 
against  them.''  Another  outbreak  of  the  negroes 
against  the  whites  took  })lace  the  27th  of  September, 
ISdO,  necessitating  the  landing  of  an  armed  force  from 
the  J^ritish  ship  (V/o,  which,  after  order  was  restored, 
retiu'ued  on  board.'" 

(xovernor  Obaldia  was  succeeded  by  Santiayo  di'  1 1 
( fuardia,"''  elecU'd  against  the  opj)osition  of  tlie  libcir,! 

''"■ '  l)i'j(i  cl  |iiK'sti>  sill  lial»  r  iiii'n'i'iilo  iiiiputacioii  (Umiuo  liuliiose  tiuiuuli) 
ili'l  tesoro  jiiililk'ti  otni  cosa  mas  ijiio  siis  siU'ldos.'  MitliloiHtdo,  J. v««/os /'(■///. 
/'nil..  MS.,  14. 

'■'•'  IK'  liacl  Ikl'ii  iiuMutiuiu  olct'tud  ;ittoriu'y-j;eiu'r;il  of  tlu'  rf[)iilplif,  anil  lii^ 
losiik'iu'u  liail  to  lir  in  15oj;ota.   Pmi.,  (liurtit  del  f.'st..  May  "JO,  IS.")S. 

'"Hi'  showed  weakiu'ss  during  lii.s  short  occupancy  of  tho  jircsidciitiul 
soat  at  Bogota,  and  afterward  as  governor  of  I'ananiii.  He  was  aUo  la/y  ami 
negligent. 

' '  I'apt  Xavarro  and  one  soldier  were  killed,  and  two  others  wounded.  Tiiu 
governor  liiMi.self  was  struck  on  the  head  with  a  stone.  An  Am.  force  of 
inariues  landed  from  their  shiji,  but  had  no  occasion  to  use  their  arms.  Xo 
ilamago  wa.s  done  to-  projicrty.      /<!.,  Apr.  'J4,  IS,")'.!;  .'i.  /•'.  Alhi,  May  S,  lS.V.t. 

•-On  tho  "JlHli  it  I leing  feared  that  there  would  he  another  distnihaiKC, 
the  nioi'o  timid  of  the  citi/.i'iis  sought  refuge  in  the  foreign  consulates,  ilio 
inteudaute  general,  .T.  M.  Hurtado,  then  asked  the  conunauders  of  the  <'lio, 
anil  U.  S.  sloop  of  war  .S'('  Ao;//,--,  to  huul  UK)  men.  It  was  done,  and  the  trnulilo 
was  warde<l  oil  for  the  time.  S.  /•'.  BiiUithi,  Oct.  21),  Nov.  14,  ISt'.O;  C.  S.  (■''•d 
J>or.,  Cong.  .*?(),  Scss.  '2,  Sen.  Doe.,  1,  p.  K"),  iii;  pt.  1;  Poii  Sfrtip-:,  81. 

'■'  Mend)er  of  a  respectahle  family  in  the  interior;  he  was  an  honoralil-j 
man,  and  much  respected  hy  the  whites.  He  was  conservative,  ami  hrcnine 
the  victim  of  politics  when  exerting  himself  to  develop  every  hrancl'  of  his 


ESTADO  .SOHKUANO   Dt:   PANAMA. 


">'.".» 


Iituil 
I  aiul 

■  lit 
No 

N.V.I. 
llUCl.', 

•nie 
luMo. 

!(,■.'■( 


ncijro  vote.  In  Soptemher  18G0  the  states  of  Caiua 
aiul  Bolivar  seceded  from  Nueva  Granada,  and  formed 
;i  confederation  under  the  name  of  Estados  Unidos  do 
Colombia,  with  General  T.  ('.  ^Tosquera  at  the  head. 
By  a  clause  of  their  agreement  any  other  state  oj)|>os- 
iiiL;'  them  was  to  be  conciuered  and  aimexed.  Wishing 
to  keep  Panama  neutral  iu  the  horrible  struggle  going 
(HI  in  the  rest  of  the  republic,  Guardia  entered  into  a 
nmvention  on  the  (Ith  of  September,  18(»1,  with  Manuel 
^lurillo  Toro,  who  represented  those  states,  by  which 
Panama  was  to  join  the  confederacy,  but  to  take  no 
active  part  in  the  familv  quarrel."*  Eailv  in  Julv 
18()2  the  state  assumed  the  official  name  of  Estado 
Sdberano  de  Panamii,  wliich  it  has  retained  to  the 
present  time. 

This  contest,  out  of  which  the  liberal  party  came 
tiiumphant  throuijhout  the  countrv,  was  known  as 
'la  revolucion  de  Mosquera.'  The  minister  of  Nueva 
(iiaiiada  in  Washingtt)n,  on  the  plea  that  a  mere 
naval  force  could  not  afford  securitv  to  the  Isthmus 
tiaiisit,  asked  the  United  States  to  provide  also  a 
land  force  of  800  cavalry,  but  the  request  was  not 
L;'i'anted."''' 

ocmiitrv's  resources.  BkUt'vll'it  iMh.  of'Pdii.,  '200-2;  Maldonado,  Amnios  PoUt. 
hn,..  MS.,  ]5-l(). 

■•Tlio  gov.  WHS  authorized  by  the  legislature  on  the  15th  of  Oct.,  ISO],  to 
jciiii  tliu  state  to  tlie  new  confederacy.  The  state  was  therefore  tiuis  annexed, 
and  tlie  toreiyn  consuls  were  formally  a^iprised  of  it.  Justo  Aroseniena  was 
aiUKiinti'd  on  the  Stli  of  Jan.,  18(i'J,  its  [ilenipotentiary  to  the  convention. 
I'm,.,  (nicc/tidrl  h^t.,  Sci...  '21,  1S()1;  Fcli.  'Jo,  March  8,  lS(i2. 

"''I'lie  Am.  government,  thougli  willing  to  interiiosc  ils  ai<l  for  the  ()eMc(it 
"t  all  nations  in  the  execution  of  the  neutrality  treaty  of  1S4(),  feareil  to  he- 
rnnit'  involved  in  the  revolutionary  strife  going  on  iu  Xueva  Oranada,  besides 
luiiining  danger  of  misrej)resentation  by  other  jioweis  if  it  should  act  without 
cnnsulting  tlieni.  The  3.')th  art.  of  the  treaty  of  Dccendier  \2,  llS4(i,  says: 
Ainl  in  order  to  secure  to  themselves  the  ti'ant|uil  and  constant  enjoyment 
I'i  thise  ailvantagt's,  and  as  an  especial  conniensatioii  for  .said  advantages,  and 
I'lrtlic  favors  they  have  acquircil  by  the  4th,  Tith,  and  (ith  art.  of  this  trejity, 
tilt'  U.  S.  guarantee  positivelj' and  etlicacioiisly  to  N.  (ii'anada,  by  the  iirescrit 
^■.i|nil  iiion,  the  perfect  neutrality  of  the  i)efore-mentioned  Isthmus,  witli  the 
viiw  that  the  free  transit  from  the  one  to  the  other  sea  may  not  be  intcr- 
^"pteil  or  embarrassed  in  any  future  time  while  this  treaty  exists;  and  in 
("iisiiincnce,  the  U.  S.  also  guarantee  iu  the  same  manner  the  rigiits  of  sover- 
iiguty  and  property  which  N.  (Iraiiada  has  and  possesses  over  the  said  ter- 
ritory.' .See.  Seward  laid  the  request  of  Gen.  Herran  before  the  British 
iiiiil  French  governments  to  ascertain  their  views.  Earl  Russell  thought 
tliere  was  no  occasion  as  yet  for  armed  intervention.  Siiouhl  it  occur,  nis 
lliM.  Ckst.  Am.,  Vol..  III.    31 


I'i  r 


m 


UIVERS  PIIASKS  OP  SELl'-CiOVERNMKNT. 


Tho  efforts  of  Guardia  to  keep  the  IstlnnuH  out  of 
the  general  turmoil  were  of  no  avail.  A  force  of  about 
150  or  2'0  iiieu  under  General  Santa  Coloma  caint- 
from  Cartagena  to  Colon,  with  the  apparent  purpose 
of  enabling  tlie  governor  to  cariv  out  certain  lihcial 
measures.  The  latter  protested  against  such  a  viola- 
tion of  a  solenm  agreement;  hut  the  force  insisted  mi 
i;()ming  across  to  Panamjl,  and  there  was  no  way  of 
])revcnting  it.  In  the  course  of  n,  few  weeks  Guai'dia, 
being  convinced  that  he  was  being  employed  as  a  pii|»- 
pct,  removed  himself  and  the  capital  to  Santiago  de 
Veragua.  As  soon  as  he  was  gone,  with  tlie  conniv- 
ance of  Santa  Coloma,  a  party  of  men,  all  but  one  of 
whom  were  of  the  colored  race,  assembled  at  the  town 
hall  and  deposed  Guardia,  naming  one  of  their  own 
party,  Manuel  M.  Diaz,  provisional  governor.  "  V 
few  days  after,  on  the  IDth  of  August,  in  a  skirmish 
between  forces  of  the  two  factions.  Governor  (Juardia 
and  two  or  three  others  were  killed."  The  govern- 
ment continued  with  J)iaz  at  the  head,'*^  till  imder  tin' 
national  constitution  framed  by  the  conventit)n  of  liio 

Kovernment  would  coiiporato  with  tho  U.  S.  Thouvonel,  Frencli  iiiiiiititcr  mi' 
('(iroigii  uU'airs,  said  it  tho  railway  should  ho  in  daugi-T  of  iiitormiitioii,  lii> 
Would  not  doom  it  iiiipioiior  for  tin;  l'.  S.  to  iiitorfore.  C^.  S.  (toH  />«c.,  I'm- 
oign  Affairs,  18ti'2,  pp.  J:W,  l(i4,  880- 1. 

'"This  occurroil  on  the  '_'.")th  of  Jidy,  1802.  Pan.,  Itolctin  < >(!<■.,  ,hdv  .7. 
],S(V_>;   Arf  I'o2(/rJ/0'.,  Aug.  titi,  ISIJ'J. 

'•  At  Paso  do  las  oapoUanias  dol  llio  Chico,  or  Matapalo.  Towns  were 
•slianiofully  sackod  hy  tho  viotorious  lihorals,  and  sevoral  fannlios,  osipooially 
tliose  of  (JuanHa  and  Fahri'ga,  wore  ruiuod.  Maldinuulo,  AminUis  I'nlil.  J'un., 
MS.,  10;  (I'arclii,  ile  I'm).,  Aug.  11,  1870.  Santiago  do  Vcragiiawas  phnKlcicI 
.Vug.  *J'J.  Pint.,  lioliihiOjlc,  Sept.  0,  1SC2.  The  oonstituont  assonilily  of  tlio 
stato,  sitting  Aug.  0,  ISO;"),  passed  an  act  rooognizing  tliatduardia  had  lost  liis 
life  in  dofonco  of  right,  ami  honoring  ins  memory.  ///.,  Sept.  11,  ISli,").  Cui- 
rooso,  who  strved  among  hi.s  opponents,  spoaks  of  (iuardia  in  tho  liii;ln>t 
terms  of  commendation,  and  hewail.s  the  h)ss  I'anania,  suffered  witli  tiis  death. 
Ski'i'.sok  tie  /'nil.,  3. 

'•^  A  decree  was  issued  in  Sept.  for  oloction  of  deputies;  another  ealliiiL;  to 
ariniJ,  for  the  defence  of  tho  state,  all  citi/ons  hotwoon  tho  ages  of  18  and  till. 
rananiii  was  on  the  2d  of  tliat  month  <k;clared  tho  provisional  capital  oi  ilif 
state.  On  tho  20th  of  Oct.  was  convoked  a  constitutional  as.sondily  wlinh 
met  on  tho  28th  of  Nov.,  on  which  date  the  governor,  in  a  message,  made  a 
statement  of  events.  On  Oct.  28th  was  is.suod  an  amnesty  exooiitiiie  oiily 
such  persons  as  still  refused  to  recognize  the  provisional  government.  /'/  . 
Sept.  0,  19,  Oct.  1,  22,  Nov.  3,  10,  Dec.  11,  1802;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Sept.  17, 
Nov.  26,  1862. 


(JOVKRNOR   1>IA/. 


Xi\ 


Xc^sjfro/"  which  c<)nstltut(!(l  the  nation  undor  tho  ntmio 
of  Estatlos  IJnidos  do  Col()nil)ia,  the  Isthmus  becanu! 
oiu!  of  tho  federal  and  sovcreijL^n  states.  To  (jrovernor 
Diaz  was  assiijfned  tho  duty  of  canyini^  out  Mos(|uera's 
striui^cnt  decrees  against  tlie  deriicy,  an  account  of 
wliicli  is  given  in  the  next  cliapter. 

'"May  8,  1803.  Riitified  the  samo  day,  by  tho  representatives  of  I'auaniii. 
wliK  wc^ro  Justo  Aroaenu'iiii,  (tiiillerino  Figuenia,  U.  Neira,  .1.  K.  liranilan, 
(liiiUeriiio  Lynch,  and  Biiunavoutura  (Jorruoso.   Volomliid,  Cond.  /'olit.,  1- 
4J;  Correoso'd  Stateml,  MS.,  2-3;  Pan,,  BokttnOjic,  June '25,  18G3. 


;j5f 


fiiS 


;'~ 

Bh 

'm 

1 

1 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 


]li: 


FURTHER  WARS  AND  RK VOLUTIONS. 

Ksoa-iss'). 

I'uKsiDKNTs  <!(>rnA,  Santa  CuMiMA,  and  Cai.anciia — Unimk  Intkufkhem  i: 
OK  Kkdkhai,  Okkiciai.s — Cui.in.ik's  Admimstkatiiin     I'iiksidknt  Oi.ai: 
te's  Enkkhy — Enmity  of  thk  Aukahai.'.s  NKdiioKs-  Siiokt  and  Dis- 

TtHHKD  RlLKS  OK  DiAZ  AND  ToNCK— PUKSIDKNT  ( 'OUKK.OSO— NkcKii 
El.K.MENT  IN  'IlIK.  AsCKNDKNT  —  CONSEKVATI VK.S  ReBEL,  AND  AUK  Dls- 
f  OMKIIED   -AUMKD    I'eacE    KOR    A    TiME— FEVERISH    RlLKS    OK    NeIRA, 

MiR(^,  Ai/i'i  Rr,  C'oRREo.:'>.  and  Casorla — (,'ekvera's  Lono  Tenirk 
Temi'okakv  Rri.E  of  Vives  Li:oN — 1'hesidknt  SANmDo.MiN(;o  Vila 
Obtains  Leave  ok  Absence — Is   S'c'ceeded   «v   Pablo   Arosemena 
AiziTRi's  Revoli'tion^Ahosemena  Flees  and  Ri«suiNs~OuTRA(ii  ■< 
AT  Colon  —  American   Forces  PRoTECi'  Panama — Collapse  ok    iiik 
Revolction — Aizi'URU  and  Correoso  Imi-risoned — Chief  Causes  (u 
Disturbances  on  the  Isthmus. 

A  CONSTITUKNT  asscinbly  installed  on  the  Gth  of 
May,  18()3/  clecroed  a  constitution  to  conform  witli 
the  national  one."  Pedro  (jroitia,  who  lor  some  time 
past  had  heen  president  of  the  constituent  assembly, 
was  chosen  presid(!nt  of  tlic  state,  to  hold  the  position 
till  the  1st  of  .October,  on  which  date  the  elect  of 
the  people  was  to  assume  the  executive    authority.' 

'  Its  oIlicLTs  were:  Pal)lo  E.  lc;iz:i,  picsidciit;  .ruiiii  Mondoza,  vice-pivsi- 
dent;  .F.  .J.  Maitiii,  desigiiado;  (juiiitiii  Miranda,  .sec.  liy  appoint.  /(/.,  M.iv 
11,  1S(J3. 

-Dated  July  4,  1815.3,  anil  piiMislied  tlie  (itli  of  tlie  same  month.  It  enn- 
tained'21  titles  covering  112  articles,  and  was  a  most  lil)eral  fumlamental  l.iw, 
intending  to  give,  if  honestly  administered,  every  possible  guaranty  of  lili , 
liberty,  property,  and  political  riglits.  Tiie  deatli  penalty,  toiture,  and  otlic  r 
cruel  punishments  were  done  away  with.  < 'orporal  puni.^hmimt  in  no  i-.isr 
was  to  exceed  ten  years.  Nearly  all  tlic  public  functionaries,  rv!presentatiM', 
executive,  and  judicial,  were  made  elective  by  popular  vote.  /(/.,  July  11, 
186S;  /ii(lirell'.i  Mi.  Pun.,  3(i4-88. 

^Goitia  took  the  presidency  on  the  .'>th  of  .fuly,  and  soon  ufter  rocoi\iil 
the  congratulations  of  soveralforcign  consuls.  Pan.,  HolH'tn  0/;c.,  July  17,  ISI'''- 

(r);i2) 


"Ry 

Ijinty  ii, 

c'liinivam 

t"  tlio  pi 

Siiiiic  tiin 

a  Inrce  fr( 

J..IS  ( Vuc( 

'('•"•te,  ai 

^•■ria  l)t.i, 

'"■■'I-  Xatii 

•■i'-'"  taken 

«itli   otl„. 

''■nil  Is.     y 

'A  col, 

Jiositions  ii 

^■'■'•.  of  i,„ 

that  Were  i 

•^■"iitnlmtio 

iiiatcrially 

■^"1'  'inly  t] 

'■^''■■'.     i-Jve) 

''■lyiiehadf 

"'•^'i-  nccoiJ 

'■"y  M,irran( 

""  ''Ukt  friJ 

,     "nieasfl 

"■■'■III,  (tjirl 


KAril>  SUO'KS.SION   OK   UULKUS. 


.■).•{:  1 


After  this,  the  statf  boiiitr  tramjuil,  the  militaiy  force 
was  phiced  on  a  pi-ace  footiii*!^.  But  Ooitia  was  lutt 
permitted  to  complete  oven  the  sliort  term  for  wliicli 
lie  had  been  ajipointed.  He  liad  to  resign  tlie  jtosition, 
(ieneral  Peregrino  Santa  Coloma  IxMiiif  cliosen  hy  the 
leujishitive  asseml)ly  to  fill  it,  and  lu;  took  possession  of 
the  oflfieeonthe  l.'Uh  of  August."  Santa  Coloma,  l)cinL!: 
afterward  as  was  made  tt)  a})pear  eli'cted  prcsidt'ut, 
held  the  executive  office  n  short  time;  only,  for  the 
nuison  that  he  was  chosen  a  representative  in  the 
national  congress  at  ]^oi(otii.''  Joso  Leonardo  ( 'alan- 
<'ha,  as  vice-president,  now  took  chai-ge  of  tlu'  execu- 
tive, which  he  was  allowed  to  hold  only  till  the  Dth  of 
March,  18(55,  wlu'U  he  was  deposed." 

Jil  Colunje'  was  placed  at  the  head  of  aft'airs  hy 
tlie  revolution,  and  a  convention  called  on  the  Sth  of 
April  to  meet  on  the  1st  of  July,  and  reconstruct  the 
state.*^     Colunje  was  appointed  president  for  the  term 

*  Correspond,  with  foreign  consuls  ami  others.   A/.,  Aug.  150,  180.'{. 

''C<)rn'n.t(>'ti  S/iiU'iiir,  MS.,  4. 

"Hy  the  battalion  Tirailor"!.,  of  national  troops,  ('alancha  hail  no  jtopu- 
Liiity  in  the  ccmntry.  lie  has  heen  accuscil  ot  scaiuhilous  corruption  and 
(iiniiivance  at  rohlicry.  However,  lie  seems  to  liavo  ccmtiueil  his  iieeiilatinu 
to  tile  pulilic  revenue,  a  practice  wliicli  was  not  new  since  (luanlia's  fall. 
Siiiiic  time  after,  C'alanclia  togctiier  with  ( lahriel  Neira  invadeil  the  state  with 
a  I'lirce  from  Cauca;  hut  while  crossing  tlie  river  Santa  ^laria  in  the  hacienda 
Las  Cruces,  they  were  nict  hy  the  government  troops  under  Col  Vicente 
Olarte,  and  routed  with  the  loss  of  many  killed,  wounded,  and  jtrisoncrs, 
Nciia  being  one  of  the  latter.  Calancha  was  aj,Min  defeated  at  San  Francisco 
near  \ata,  and  delivered  by  his  men  to  the  victors.  His  brotlier  Francisco  was 
alsii  taken.  It  is  recorded  tiiat  Mrs  .lane  White  Ball,  an  American,  together 
M  ith  other  M'omen,  provided  a  hospital  and  mirsecl  tlie  wounded  of  both 
liiimls.  Pun.,  Boletin  Oji<:,  Apr.  '2'2,  .June  7,  Sept.  IS,  Oct.  10,  ISG");  Cor- 
rro<(i.-<  SMO'iii.,  MS.,  4;  BhlirdCt  iMh.  P<iii.,  LMl. 

'A  colored  man  of  good  political  ability,  as  he  proved  in  the  high  olKcial 
positions  filled  under  the  national  government.  He  has  been  accused,  liow- 
ever,  of  immoral  practices.  His  administration  was  peaceable,  but  left  evils 
that  were  never  eradicated.  He  iiuiiigurated  the  corrupt  system  of  extorting 
cuntriliutions  from  political  opponents,  whereby,  as  tlie  latter  averred,  he 
iiiatirially  improved  his  own  huancial  condition,  tiiou>,'li  he  had  dccriH'd  iiim- 
>i'll  cmly  the  modest  sahiry  of  $'J00  per  month.  /'"//..  Unit  fin  <  {lie,  Apr.  1, 
l"^!'').  Every  citizen  who  had  a  competency  was  niaile  to  contribute.  One 
ilay  lie  liad  all  the  respectable  citizens  arrested  to  extort  money,  for  wliich  lie 
iiivrr  accounted.  The  majority  of  the  public  employes  had  to  sell  their  sal- 
ary warrants  for  one  half  or  one  fourth  of  tiieir  value.  The  country  deiivi-d 
no  otiier  fruit  from  his  administration  than  poverty. 

''llie  asseml)ly  met,  and  its  first  act  was  to  confirm  all  that  Colunji'  Iiad 
done.  A  jiardon  was  decreed  to  jiolitical  ofl'enilers  on  the  "JSth  of  Nov.  /'mi., 
liubtin  Ojir,,  Apr.  20,  22,  July  20,  '_'.">,  Dec.  0,  1805;  J'aii.,  Jn/orme  Sec.  Est., 
IMW,  1-4. 


!     ,1, 


IM 


i 


C^M 


FURTHKR   AVARS   AND   REVOLUTIONS. 


mi 


from  August  9,  18G5,  to  September  30,  186(5.'^  At 
tlie  expiration  of  tliat  term  Vicente  Olarte  Galiiulo, 
who  liad  been  apparently  elected,  became  president 
on  tlie  1st  of  October,  IBHO,  and  a}H)()inted  Jose  M. 
Bernmdcz  liis  secretary  of  state. 

Olarte's  election  is  represented  as  an  enthusiastic 
01K-,  and  intended  as  a  reward  for  the  services  he  ren- 
dered to  the  Itetter  portion  of  the  Isthmian  coni- 
nnmitv,    with  his  defeat  of  the   Caucano   invaders.'" 

He  found  himself  in  a  constant  disagreement  witli 
the  legislature  of  the  state,  v/hich  he  forced  to  submit 
to  liis  dictation.'^  Tlie  vv^holo  negro  party  of  the 
arrabal  was  his  mortal  eneinv,  l>ut  he  manaj.i'ed  to 
keel)  it  under  bv  mahinijf  it  feel  occasioiiallv  the  efiect 
of  his  battalion's  bullets.  In  the  last  attempt  against 
his  power,  the  negroes  were  severely  punislietl,  and 
they  never  tried  again  to  measure  strength  with  him.'' 
His  ]>o\ver  was  now  more  secure  than  ever,  and  liis 
way  i)t;came  plain  +<>  procure  the  election  as  his  suc- 
cessor to  the  presidency  of  his  brother,  then  residing 
ill  ( 'hiriqui. 

The  negroes  wei'e  in  despair,  as  they  could  find  H" 
imans  of  seizing  tlie  government.  From  the  time  nf 
(Tuai'din's  deposal  tliey  had  l)een  enjoying  the  pul)lli' 
spoils,  and  could  not  licpr  tiie  idea  of  being  kept  out 
of  them,  wlieii  tlieir  nundtei-  was  four  or  five  times 
larger  than   that   ttf  tlie  whiti'   men.      The  success  <it 

'•An  .itt(Mniitt'<l  outiiif.ik  in  March  at  rauama,  ami  uu  in  Aigiist  at 
David,  were  (iiu'IUmI,  I'dii.,  Minxiijc  l^ris'nl.  KkI.,  18()t),  1-3;  (titpfta  Xii\,  .\\>\\ 
7.   ISCili;   /'ill!  tiiii/  Sii'iiiiinii  1  J>iiHiiiii'<,  1-11. 

'"H(M)el(iii]L;eil  to  the  liheral  party;  a  wcU-cliHposi'il  in;  i,  anil  a  fririi'l  nf 
jicaoo,  wliiih  lie  I'ndi'avdi'cil  to  foster,  by  tryiiij;  to  lie:  i  di.-*.sensioiis.  Ih' 
made  himselt'  ])o[)ular  among  tlie  lietter  elass  of  the  eoi  inunit;,  by  his  just 
jiroeeedinys,  ami  eifnrt.s  to  ln'tter  the  condition  of  the  coutry,  though  nut  a 
native  of  the  Lstiinius.  Maihwul,,,  .\.sfMiitaf  I'vlit.  Pun.,  MS.,  'JO.  It.  lias 
been,  however,  sa'd  of  him  tliat  he  aii]iro)iriate(l  considerable  amounts  Iroiii 
tile  public  treasury,  and  plai-ed  tbeni  in  ijondon  thriiugb  tlie  ai''Uicy  nt  ii 
Jamaican  who  lived  in  Coldii. 

"  '  Ante  la  impoiieiite  aiitoridad  de  su  sable  a  la  cabeza  del  batallou  'lira- 
ilores.'  III. 

'- They  lilotted  an  assault  fin  the  battaliun  in  its  barr^  ck.s,  but  ver^'  ili- 
tected  by  Ol.irle.  The  assault  was  made  at  inidliiuht,  ami  a  tigllt  I'nsiiiil.  m 
wliieli  the  negnies  lust  heavily,  including  almost  all  tlieir  leadens,  iind  aiimiig 
them  (iregorio  Sigiuviii.    ///. ,  L'O-I, 


JiLAl'K    riilK'KEI  )IN«  iS. 


535 


Olarte's  plans  would  be  the  death  of  their  aspirations, 
wliieh  were  the  control  of  public  attairs,  hy  ousting' 
tiie  whites,  who  were  mostly  conservatives.'''  It  he- 
(anie,  therefore,  a  necessitv  to  rid  the  country  of  that 
(iL;i'e;  and  as  this  could  not  Ik;  done  hy  force  of  arms, 
poison  was  resorted  to.  The  ]ilan  was  well  matured. 
inid   carried   out   in    San    ]\I.iLj:uel,  one   of  the    Peail 


Islands,  where    Olai'te    went 


ui 


K)n   an    o 


tK.  i.il 


yisit. 


Olarte's  death  o^-curred  on  the  l\d  of  March,  18(»8, 
without  his  knowin^^that  he  had  been  poisoned.  This 
nimr  'v,\s  not  the  act  of  onv.  man,  but  of  a  whole 
]>olitiv  i'.  party,  which  took  care  to  have  the  death 
;iitributed  to  a  malin'iiaut  fever.  It  became  public, 
Imwcvor,  through  the  family  of  another  man,  who 
also  became  a  victim.^'  Xo  ofhci  il  or  j)ost-iriortem 
examination  was  made,  and  the  matter  was  hushed 
up. 

Olarte's  death  was  uix-atlv  de])lore(l  by  the  bci^ter 
class  of  the  community,  and  high  honors  were  paid  to 
his  remains,'^  by  the  legislature  and  the  connnunity, 
the  foreign  consuls  and  their  countrymen  joining.  In 
the  absence  of  the  first  designado,  flannel  Amador 
(iuerrero,  the  second,  ffuan  Jose  Diaz,  took  the  reins 

'It  must  lie  lionie  in  uiiuil  tliat  wi  tevor  tlu.'  words  liliural  ami  oimsiiva- 
ilnr  may  moan  in  other  Spauisli  AiiiciK.  ii  countries,  in  I'ananiii  tlie  tdnrier 
Ins  licen  ajipropriated  hy  the  cc^loioil  ^lortion  of  tiio  inlial)iiants,  wiio  liavu 
1'  ■  II  jiiiiieil  Ijy  a  few  whites  fur  tiieu-  own  [mlitieal  and  jieeuniary  aims.  Tin- 
i"USLrva<lor  party  was  made  lu  mostly  of  whiti^  men  and  (irojierty  holders, 
iiiiil  they  have  often  been  vietiniizeil  iiy  the  j.'anie'iales,  or  leaders  ot  tiie  otiier 
I'lily,  whenever  the  latter  has  lieen  in  jiower. 

'  Tiieeireuinstances  conneete  I  witli  tliesiekness  and  deatii  of  (leii.  Olaite 
;ui  I  Manuel  M.  MorroaHi  ''d  jii-esumiitive  evideiiee  of  foul  play.  .After  a  lian- 
H'li  t  in  San  Miyuel,  on  tlu'  last  day  Olarte  was  to  he  there,  wine  prepared 
^^  h  hsli  poison  was  served  him  ami  his  si'cretaiy,  .lose  M.  liernnuh'z.  Tho 
litter,  liy  aeeident,  escaped  tiie  fate  )irepariMl  for  him,  and  Morro,  lieiiig  in- 
\ited  hy  Olarte  to  join  him,  iiartook  of  the  wine.  Olarte.  haviiin  his  stomadi 
full  of  food  and  wine,  imniediately  threw  up  all.  Moiro,  on  feeliiij,'  the  ef- 
t'  '  t-i.  took  two  doses  of  ipeeaeuapha,  and  snceeediil  in  voiiiitinj^.  I5ut  neither 
M'Uin  saved  him.self.  Koth  were  taken  to  fanamii,  wlu^re  Olarte  died  in 
live  ilays,  and  .Moi'ro  in  al  out  eleven.  'I'he  faeis  liave  hei'ii  strenuously 
li' icied.  t'orreoso,  S/'iliiti.,  MS.,  "),  asserts  that  Olarte  contracted  a  fever  in 
Ills  \  isit  to  l)arien.  Tin;  tir.it  diagnosis  of  the  physicians,  it  is  niiderst<'od, 
w  Is  that  the  patients  were  .uiU'eriii^'  from  yellow  fin-er,  or  some  other  nialij;- 
iiiiit  diseii.se.  Morro  was  a  talented  young  man  belonging  to  one  of  tho 
piiiiniiiciit  families  of  the  I'ity,  and  nnu'h  liked  by  all. 

''  i'etails  on  his  funeral  in  /'nn.,  MfrciintUc  Chronicle,  March  4,  !.S(»H;  I'mi. 
:<!■<,■  iiwl  lliinlil,  March  :>,  7,  1'-',  ISllS;  J>,tn.,  Boletin  OJlc,  March  7,  1S158 


,     ! 


' 

if 

'1% 

i.  1  ,■ 

!i 

■     li'i       1 

i 

.IL 

PANAMA   ANI>   ('lllRlCi:i. 


m 


iii<^  liotwcoii  tlio  state  Itattaliou  '  l*auain;l '  and  the 
•  Saiitandi'iV  ^^'l'i<-"^i  1*-'<1  to  a  secoiul  revolution  on  the 
il'.Uli  of  Au<j;'ust,  and  Ponce  reHi|L,nied  the  picsidency 
to  Huenaventura  Correoso,'"'  wlio  received  it  on  the 
next  day.  Carlos  Ica/a  Aroseniena  was  aj)|)ointed 
■i-etaiy  of  s<a,te.      ( 'orreoso '"  was  not  jx'i'initted   to 


set 


.fri 


eniov  his  ottice  iteacealilv 


hh 


He  lisi'd   Ills  best  endea\ 


ors  to  that  end;  hut  was  erelonL;;  sununoned  to  crush 
a  I'evolt  of  the  conservatives  in  (MHri(|ui,  at  the  head 
of  which  wei'c  the  prefect  of  that  de[»artinent,  and 
Colonel  Arfstitles  Ohaldia,  a  son   of  the  ex-president. 


le  ct>nser\atives  desu'iM 


1   cl 


lanne 


'I 


o  acconii>lisJi 


<> 


this,  the  peo[)le  of  the  interior  armed  ti.enisel\-es  t 
line  to  the  capital    and  cru.- h   tJie   ne^i'o  element."'^ 


('(ureoso   saili'd  with    a   considt  ral»le    foi 


Cl! 


IIOVK 


led 


with    superior  ai'uis  on  the  steanihoat   Moiil/jo,'-^  and 
li-)(|  the  i;'ood  I'ortune  to   I'eturn  ti'iuniphant  with    'M){) 


111'  r 


:in;iiii:i  assai 


k'll  til 


larivii'k.s  of  the  ntlnT  tr< 


[IS,  and  <'a[pturi(l   it, 
Caiitaii)    I'.    Mr/.a   litiiig    Uilliil,  ami    Alcjainlri)    Aicu  ami    Jlafail   Ai/iumi 


itiv   Wiiiiiiili 


r 


as  st'i/.i'(l   ainl   canii'il   to   tin-    1 


)aira(K.s,    \\  liui'C! 

iiiiK  h  I'lithusia.sm  for  liiiii,  it  is  saiil,  was  iiianilfstcil;  Imt  lie  was  iKit  satisli('il 
uiili  llu'  ciiiMliliHii  of  atlairs,  i-csigii('(l,  aiul  li'lt  tlii'  state  /'mi.,  linlilin  ojic, 
Sriil.  "),   ISCi.S;   Cirri o.'^o's  S/iifciiini/,  MS.,  5;  A/f.,  (.'nn/n,  Sept.  1!),  ISdS;   /'uii. 


.Vir 


<i/  Ihrnil,  Sfi.t.   1,   10.   KSdS;   Mablmiaih),  Asiiiilns  l',,lil.  /',(».,  MS.,  L'l. 


Hi  ;  iiiiiilic  lil'f  lic;;aii  win  ii  he 

if  tlu'  state,  held  every  otlji 
,1  -  ■ 


IS  v( 


.1.1, 


<l  lie  I 


las,  ill  tilt'  civil 


ilii  alileriiiaii  to  Jiiesidiiit  (irgovi.'liinr, 
111    iiieliisivc.      Ill    tlie    judieiary,    lie    lias    served    as    district   jiidjie    and 


|s:>t,  an 

tiii'i 


ol  tlu!  sujicriiir  eoiir 


t.      Ill  till 


to  ll 


if  d 


le  military  service  lie 


l..-;, 


liciit 


ivisioii.      He  was  a  dejillty  of  tin;  state  Icj 


lit  I 


ind  a  senator  in  the  national  eonj^ress,  and  also  tor  a  while  viee-presi- 
if  the  relPillilie,  liesides  liciiii;  a  nu'iiilier  of  si'Veral  coiiveiitions.  He 
ir|iriNriitcil  his  country  as  iniiiislcr  ]ileni[iotentiary  near  the  live  re])iil)lics  of 
Criitral  America,  anil  always  lieloiii,'ed  to  the  liheral  party,  and  foii;,'lit  for  it. 
('i!rr<ii.ii)'s  ,Sf<iti'iii.,  -MS.,  \  '2. 

-'In  assiiiniiin  tlii^  cxi'cutivc  otiice,  ( 'orrenso  found  no  inoiiey  in  the  tnas- 


H. 


it  oiu 


resorted  to  the  d 


c\  ici^  c'llililovec 


IV  1 


lis  liredi'ccssor  (  ' 


aiiislinf,'  the  iironiiiicnt  eiti/c 


>i  Ih 


innje 


tjiital,  wlioni   he  kipt  in  eoiilinc 


't  till  tlic\   paid  the  a  moll  11  ts  several  Iv  dmiaiidcil.      The  same  oiitraL'e  \\  as 


■ll 


•tised 


111  the  interior. 


I  he   icsll 


It 


was  an   increase  o 


tiniii  (lav  to  dav. 


'I'll 
M 


.;ovciniiic 


lit  w 


as  l.'ft    for  tl 


transaction  of 


111 


ocai  aiiairs  in  cliaruc  o 


'   I" 
h; 


■rly 


if 


indo/a,  governor  of  the  eapild.  /''/■(.,  linli  I'm  <  >lu\,  {)>■{.  '.I,  JMIS.  |)iir- 
iiii;  this  revolution,  the  I'.  S.  consul  was  direited  hy  his  govcrninent  to  warn 
.\iii.  citi/cns  fromtakiiii;  [lart  in  the  liroils  of  the  coiiiitry.  He  was  also  to  see 
til  it  iiUMtl'emlinjf  .Viiicricaiis  were  not  coiniielled  to  do  military  service,  or  to 
ii'iii  nliiite  ill  the  form  of  torced  loans  or  oilierwise.  S.  /■'.  Cull,  l>ec,  4,  JStiS; 
>'.  /'.  TiiiiiK,  i>ec.  4,  ISIiiS.  Xeverthcless,  (he  govcrninent  doulilcil  the  eoiii- 
iM'  I  i  d  tax  agjiinst  the  solemn  protests  of  foreign  consuls,  mid  miii'li  foreign 
I'lepi  rty  was  sei/iil.  Pun.  Star  iiii'f  lli  nihl,  Oct.  '24,  18G8;  I'nn.,  lioliiin  Ojic, 
N.-..  14,  KS()8. 


yi 


r,'AH 


KURTHKR  WARS   AND   K INVOLUTIONS. 


iim 


Pi        'i^: 


Difii  oil  till!  Kith  of  Nov(!iul)f'r.  The  consurvativcs, 
ahoiiu  400  strong',  uikIct  Ohiihh'a,  attacked  Corrcoso's 
force  of  ahout  ecjiial  iminhor,  at  the  llatillo,  near  San- 
tiago, and  wvvv.  defeated,"' after  wliicli,  tlie  ujovcriinicnt 
of  t]i(i  2I)tli  of  August  hciiij^  proclaimed,  })risoners  were; 
Hv.t  at  liherty.  The  revolution  was  at  an  end.  Cor- 
reoso  then  sununoncul  a  constituent  ass(^nil>ly,  whicli 
elected  hini  constitutional  presidiiiit  for  the;  term  of 
four  years  (uidinr  Septemher  'M),  lH7-'{.  With  occa- 
sional attempts  at  disturhance,  which  were  successfully 
(juelltd  or  })eaceahly  adjusted,  ( 'ori'eoso  ludd  the  oflico 
till  tlie  1st  of  Octoltei',  IH7'2,  when  he  resigned  it,  and 
was  succeeded  hy  Ga])riel  Neira  to  fdl  the  rest  of  the 
t(!rm.  Neira  was  not  p(!rmitted  to  hold  the  position 
]on!i,",  for  a  little  before  eleven  o'clock  in  the  forenoon 
of  A[>ril  [),  187."5,  the  revolutionary  l><"ii'ty  <>f  the  aiia- 
hal,  headed  hy  llafael  Aizpuru,  commander  of  the  state 
troo])S,  and  fourth  desigiiado,  revolted  against  the 
goNivrnmcnt,  marched  into  the  city,  and  made  pris 
oiicis  President  Xeira  and  Si;cretar\"  i'^Iadio  Jh'ieei'io. 
I  )amaso  ( 'ervera,  as  fifth  designado,  was  called  hy  tlir 
sui»(.'iior  court  to  the  jtresideiicy.''" 

The  Pichincha     hattalion  of  national  troops — intei' 
fered    to  restore    Neira.     vXfter   some    firing,  it  w.is 
agreed    that  (Jervera  should    continue  in   [)ower,  and 
Neira  remain   in  the  custody  of  the  national   force.  ' 


■■'•'Till'  lif^litiiiK  tiMik  ]il;ic(' lictwiMin  !•  ami  I'J  o'clock  of  tlio  l'2tll  of  Nov. 
IJotli  sides  liclwivcil  Well,  lint  ( 'oitiiwo'h  men,  liaviiig  lielter  ariiiH,  were  victn- 
rioiis.  Aeeoi'iliiiif  to  ( 'ori'eosoH  aecoiiiit  there  \V(M(!  in  all  about  2(H)  killed  .iiid 
Wounded,  (iiMi.  1'.  <Joitia  hcini.;  aniiinL,'  the  latter.  ('Diri-oso'.i  Sfiiliiiif,  .MS,  li. 
J'lie  nej^rocH  with  ri'leritles.s  feroi'ity  gave  no  (|uarlerH  to  the  jfrealcr  part  el' 
(he  [irisoniTM,  who  Were  shrit.  Thi'.v  also  jiIimkIiti^iI  to  their  luNirt'.s  content. 
Mdliloiintlii.  Aiiiiifos  I'dlil.  /'nil.,  .MS.,  'J").  Arlstidi's  Ohaldia  was  slain  ami 
liis  untimely  end  was  much  rei,'retteil.  ||(^  was  severely  wounclu<l  earlv  'ii 
tlu!  action,  and  his  fi'iends  took  him  out  of  harm's  way;  hut  during  the  roiilc! 
Home  of  ( 'orreoso's  men  discovered  and  put  him  to  deiith.  His  remains  wwr 
interred  with  military  honors  hy  ('orreoso's  orders,  /'(in.  S/ir  aiid  J/iral'l, 
^'ov.  I'.t,  IStiS;  /••iii.,'.U<ir,iii/il<''c/imiiirlr,  Nov.  17,  ISliS;  S.  /■'  Tunes,  |)ec,  I, 
II,  ISttS;   A!i:,(;ii<rfii,  Nov.  'JS,   ISCiS. 

-'"('ervera  ajipointed  .1.  M.  IJeras  his  H(H'retary  of  static,  and  on  the  Haiin' 
day  called  several  ollieers  of  the  militia  to  active  service,  the  chief,  ( "ol  Kalarl 
Aiz]iuru,  lieing  made;  eomandante  gen.  of  the  forces  of  the  state.  Wnrila  ili' 
J'oiL,  Ai)r.   !!»,  IS7:{. 

-'Till'  larce  was  ]ierformcil  to  have  Neira  chosen  jiresident,  and  ( 'orreeM' 
1st  (k'sigiuulo;  and  then  it  was  expeete<l  that  the  former  wouhl  after  a  w  li'.lt! 


1ST  1 1 M  i;s   UKCONSTRUCTION. 


539 


Tliu  Ucitional  force  liaviiij^  tiik(!ii  j)art  in  tlic  troubles, 
its  eftieieiicv  tf )  j)rot(!et  tlie  transit  was  reiidcrcd  (loul»t- 
I'ul,  for  wliicli  reason  troo[)s  wvre  landed  from  tlie 
United  States  slii})s  of  war  Ity  order  of  ]|ear-adnural 
Stc^ednian."**  Finally,  terms  of  peace  were  arran«^ed 
ill  the  evening  of  Alny  !)tli,  based  on  the  conditions 
iliut  Neira's  government  should  he;  reostahlished. 
TIh!  stat(^  militia  surrenderi'd  tluui' arms  to  the  foreign 
cniisuls  the  next  day,  the  J*icliinclia  performing  the 
(hities  of  the  state  force.  AFeantime,  till  Neira's  re- 
turn, Cf)lonel  duan  l\'rnett  was  to  act  as  |»i»jsid(.'nt  " 
\eira  jieard  of  tli(!  <'hang(!  at  i-Jarr'aiKjuilla,  on  tlnj  l.'JtIi 
of  May,  and  returned  at  once.  On  the  "J  1st  he  made 
.lose  Maria  l^ermudez  secretary  of  state,  and  ( 'olon<'l 
IVrnett  comandante  general.'"'  'i'he  \dt"s  for  senators 
and  re[)resentatives  to  the  national  congress  were 
counted  on  till!  lath  of  -July,  and  the  i.anu;s  of  tlii; 
I  j'ct  were  published. ■" 

The  ])eopleof  the  arrabal  made  aiiotJier' distuibance 
ell  the  2  1th  of  8ei>tember,  attacking  the  government 
oiit[)osts  at  Playa  Prieta.  Ilostilities  were  continued 
during  twelve  oi'  tbui'teen  days,  when  the  rebels,  uiidet 
( 'i)cr<'oso,  abandoned  their  ground,  and  were  aftei-- 
wanl  defeated  in  the  country.  Meantime  an  Ameri- 
<;iii  f)rcc  of  nearly  200  men,  sent  on  shore  by 
loiir-admiral  Alony,  a  second  time  within  four  months, 

I '  ml;ii,  iiiKl  t"ii;il)lo  tile  l.iltiT  to  agiiiii  assiiiiu!  tliu  ]ire«iili!iiry  witlumt  vii)liitiii;^ 
till'  loiistitution.  'I"ln'  rlcctioiis  toiik  |)la<'(^  as  (Icsirod.  /'mi.  S/nr  itml  Uiralil, 
.\|.r    H,    l,S7:f. 

'One  IiuiuIi'imI  null  (n:i'U[ii((l  tiit!  railway  statimi,  ami  UH»  wt-n:  Htaliiiiii(1 
i.i  till'  town  hall.  Cajit.  Kcnnnly,  ol'  tlic  ISiit.  war  .ship  I'liinliir,  otlcrfil  his 
iii(.|](ralion  it'  Jici'ilcil. 

M'his  arran;4i'nunt  was  ariivi^d  at  through  coiiiniissidiHrs;  iiaimly,  (in- 
;;"ii(i  Mini  anil  I'rancisco  Anlila  for  tin- I'ichincha  no.  S;  .Iom'  Agustin  Aianj^o 
.iiiil  i'lorcntino  I)iitaii,  for  < 'irvcra.  I'<iii.  S/'ir  (iin/  Ihiiilil,  May  10,  i;i,  l.sT.'t. 
(  HI  icdso  I'laiins  that  upon  luarinj.;  in  fosta  Uica,  \\  ln-n-  he  was  tluMi  ai'rri'ilitiil 
ii-- eiiJiinLliian  minister,  of  tin  iivohition  a;.;ain-t  Niira,  in' rctniin  4  in  liasti; 
I'l  i'aiiani.i,  and  liy  his  inllniMu-o  imlnciil  tin'  ri  volnl  ioiii--ls  to  ri|ila<t'  Niira. 
^"t,, II.  1,1,  MS.,  (i;  ,S'.  /*.  /iiill'thi.  May  lit,  L'li.  .Inno  (i,  |.S7;f;  ,s'.  /''.  Jl/n,  May 
.'II,  In7:{;  .V.  /■'.  C/inxir/..  May'JO,  -Jti"  .Innu  7,  is,  IS7:i. 

"The  latt«Jl'  rusii'SK'il  thi'  loniniand  .hni''  "JIM  (Inndt  ilr  Pmi.,  .lunu  7, 
I'lily.'i,  liS7;}.     Aiz]>uru,  uhohaii  hccii  kept  a  jirisoin:r%vas  afterward  rchascd. 

'  Senators:  T'l  io  AroN»inena,  |{.  Correoso,  and  A^^ustin  Arias.  Ke])rc- 
si:iilali\cs:  1-Vriiando  ('.■»s,■lnov.■^  Man.  d(  .1.  Hernnnlez,  .Inan  < '.  <  arrau/.a, 
Maivelino  Villiila/.,  and  >.i.se  «k'  la  Uosa-lnrado.  .\  corre'.spdnding  nnnilier  of 
.siiplrntes  or  Huhrttittites  W118  »l»o  cliosen.   (liictii  ill  /'ii/i.,  .Inly  III,  IS7;i. 


(■:•( 


|f'        !  ^""R 


'^  .Irjr  i; 


,M 


FUinilKIl   \V.\JtS    AM)    MKVOH  TIMNS. 


()('(;n])i('.<l  tlu>  I'iiiKvny  station  a,iul  the  c-atliodral  ]>lazji."" 
The  iiiinistcr  rosidtMit  of  tlio  United  States,  A\'illi;iiii 
L.  Seru<_;nK,  on  tlie  l!>tli  of  ])ecen»l)er,  lis?.".,  laid  Im- 
I'lnv,  the  ('olonihiaii  n'oNcrnnieiit,  ofwliieh  ("oluiije  \v;is 
;iecfetaiy  tor  loi-eiL^n  a,irairs,  a,  ]>r'otest  of"  tlic;  J'aiianii't 
railway  conijjaiiy  nnon  the  recent  disturbances  ol'  the 
Isthmus,  anil  a  demand  thattlie  transit  sliould  in  future 
he  under  the  inuni'diate  protection  of  tlie  ('olomhiim 
<j;'ovcriunent  aj^ainst  the  acts  of  \  iohiice  of  local  fac- 
tion.s.''''  The  latter-  acknowied^i'd  the  justice  of  this 
demand  on  the  'JOth  of  .Decemher,  ))ledi4in<j;'  that  in 
future  there  would  he  a  national  force  stationed  in 
Pananul  ior  the  ])ur|K»se  of  protecting'  tli<'  transit. 

On  tlu!  1st  (jf  ( )ctoher  the  constitut'iit  asscanhly, 
which  liad  heen  summoned  on  tli((  1st  of  August,  as- 
s"nd)led.  Xoii'a  sc^nt  in  his  resignation,  re(juestiii^- 
the  a,]»pointnK!nt  of  a,  chief  of  the  executive  who  could 
secure  peace.  "^I'Im!  assenhjy  ap])ointe(l  Neii'a  provi-;- 
ional  ])i'esident,  and  a  nuinher  of  desit;iiados.'"  After- 
ward the  assend)ly  passed  an  act  reducing'  tlu^  ]uesi- 
dential  term  to  two  yeais.''''  A  new  constitution  in 
seven  titles.  coinprisiiiL;'  144  articles,  was  issued  <»ii  tlie 
I  L'th  of  \o\-emiter.  and  nine  transitory  ai'ticles  on  llic 
followiu!^  ''".y-'"  ^^  geiu'i'id  anmesty  to  |)olitic;d  el- 
fenders  was  decreed  on  the  I. 0th  of  Noveinhei'.      I  *resi- 

^'^  l)iiriiij,'  its  (ici'uji.atiiiii  dvci-  501)  Wdiiii^i  .iml  rliil(li-(tn  s()ii;;lit  its  [irott'i'linii. 
The  M'linlc  loiTc  rcl'ii'il  .iliDiil  the  Till  >ir  Stli  ol  Octdlicr.  /'<(//.  S/nr  miil  //'/■• 
iilil,  S<>ipt.  L'.".  :>(),  I.s7;{. 

^'  Tlic  iiiiiii.-ilirnMiiiiilcil  llic  executive  of  (  o|oiiil)i.i  Ui.it  tlioiij(l/  M;e  Ann  ri. 
eaii  jiovetrinieiit  f^ii.iiant.eecl  Iiy  (lie  treaty  ot  ISKi  tin;  iiciilr'jii'y  '//  Ui'  |  li. 
lulls,  it.  iliil  Hot  iiri|iiy  ]ii<iterlioii  to  tlie  roail  against  siieli  i.nUmts.  I"'!!!., 
Inhiniif  Sii:  /■:<,   ISTl,  'I    1(»,  annex  A. 

•' tst,  (ire;i(irio  Miid;  "Jil,  .1.  M.  Kerimnlez;  'M,  Matr,,  It  iirr.ii'f')  4\i, 
Tonnis  Merrera;  ."itli,  .loa([iiin  Arosernena.  All  Xeira's  aei.s  wire  a|i(iri)H'lj 
and  tlianUs  \vei-  voteil  to  Ixitii  the  national  and  state  troop-!  /op  their  s(f> 
vicitH.    (!iii-il(t  (I,   /'nil..  Oet.  'J.   IH7.'{. 

^■''I'he  assi'inlily  granted  the  presiilent  additional  (lowers  to  resto/e  (;/'ii'e, 
among  which  was  that  of  ohtaining  SdO.O.IO  l)y  means  of  voluntary  or  t'(W''l 
loans.  Those  |iowers  were  rescinded  an  the  14th  of  Nov.  A/.,  Oct.  II,  I**! 
Nov.   I,  Dec.  .'),   IST.'t;   U.  S.  (.'or.   Ih,<:,  II.  Kx.  Doe.,  Cong.  A\  Se.s.s.  1,  .'(.".1. 

'*'' I'nder  this  constitution  the  legislativi'  as.seinlily  a|)(.»oints  the  live  ^i''- 
utitutes  of  the  jii'esident  of  the  state,  and  also  the  three  justices  of  the  Hiiiiciiir 
«'ourt.  A  council  of  static  is  ('reated,  to  he  composed  of  the  president  ol  tliu 
state,  the  last  |iresident  of  the  legi.Klative  asscnilily,  the  president  of  the  ?ii- 
perior  court,  and  the  attorney -general  of  tie- stale.  I'or/ill  important  attUirs 
the  executive  is  to  con.iult  the  eouninl.    A/.,  Now  |."i,  1873. 


(1 


CHIiOXIC   I'XRKST. 


511 


(lent  Xcira  liaviiiuc  attempted  id  tlio  niorniui^  of  tlio 
'  1th  of  Novcnilu'r  to  iimk(!  a  revcjlutioii  vvitli  the  Hcr- 
y-ci  battalion  for  the;  ]iufposo  of  settiiiu;'  aside  t\\() 
iissciiihly,  ill  wliicli  Ii(!  failed,  Jiiid  afterwaid  coiiceided 
liiiMself,  that  hody  met  at  H  o'clock  and  deposed  him. 
\\'liereu))on  (j!i-et^»'orio  Miro,  the  lii'st  (lesi^iiado,  was 
siiiiimoiied  to  assuiiK^  tin;  ex(;cutiv(;  for  the  term  eiid- 
iii^' Se[>teml)er  ."{O,  IH?."),  wliicli  lie  did  om  the  IGth,'' 
iippoiiitiii^'  .I(»se  M.  l^ennude/  his  secretarv  of  state, 
iiiid  Ramon  NalJariiio  Hr;ijimo  secretary  of  the  tr'jas- 
uiy.  These  two  departments  of  j^overnnient  wore 
aholislied  on  tlu;  2r)th  of  duly,  1874,  and  the  oflic(!  of 
sicretarv-<'<!n(;ral  created,  whicli  was  intrusted  to 
J'ahlo  Arosomena  on  the  1  Ith  of  /Vui^ust.'''  This  ar- 
lanu^ement  lasted  only  till  the  Hth  of  April,  iSZf), 
when  the  oflices  of  secn.'tary  of  state  and  of  the  treas- 
ury wer'e  recistahlislHu].'''* 

Mii'cVs  administration  was  a  restloss  one,  owinu;'  to 
(■(tiistant  conspiracies  based  on  various  caus(;s.  Tin; 
list  one  was  headed  by  Rafael  Aizpuru,  who  claimed 
to  !»»•  actiiiL;'  in  the  intfi"st  of  the  fed(;ral  ])o]icy  in 
tliat  stormy  ]teriod  <»f  ( 'olombian  liistory.^"  An  at- 
t  nijtt  was  made  t-»  establish  a  pi'ovisional  <;'ovc!rnment 
with  Aizpuru  at  its  head,  annullinjj,'  ^linVs  authoiity. 
Till'  latter  took  tin;  field,  leaviiiL;-  Juan  J.  Diaz,  the 
Mc(»n«l  desiL,''nado,  in  chaj'n'e  of  tln'  (!Xt;cuti\ c ;  l)Ut 
after  some  unsuccessful  etfor'ts  to  (piell  the  rebellion, 
lii'^  otiieial  term  came  to  an  and,  and  J*ablo  Arose- 
iiii  iia"  sue(;eeded   him  on  the'  1st  of  October;   but   he 

lie'  iii.iili'  tile  iiIimIl^t  rcijiiiriMl  liy  ln«'  hcl'di'c-  tlii'  .is.st.'iiilily.  tln^  fori'i;.'!! 
•■"ii-iil-t,  puldii:  liiiicticiii.iri. -  rciiiiliii'.'  ill  t.li(!  oiiy,  airl  ;i  l.iij/ ■  iiiiiiiIh'I'  ciI' 
iiti^'iis.  J'/.,lh-,:   ."),  |S7:i:  .|;m>.  17,  l-^T'l-;  M',:,  M,m.  Mm.  /M.,  I«7.".,  10. 

■■//.,  Aiij,'.  7,  15,  1.S7.1;  /'on.,  /„/.„■„..■  H.,-.  lU.,  J«74,  :«). 

•'^'riii;  pur.soim  apiinwiU'il  to  lill  tlif-iii  wt-io  .losi'-  M.  Hi-fimuli  /.  who  li.ul 
I"  I  I  iU'ti'i;,' as  Hucri.!tary-i;"i>'''''tl  lor  Mm".  <>t  .state,  uihI  Wioiinio  Pacio  tor  mi  i,'. 
"Mil'' trwi.siiry.   (r'ti-ri/ii  i^^ /■'■'n.,  A[ir    17,  I>l7.'». 

'' r!ii!  jii'csidetit  <m  i!n-  ll.'ali  of  Ati;^.,  I'S7.">,  <l(lc-;4ati'il  his  |iou(!rs  to  .1.  .\1. 
ll  Minnie/  to  jirciervu  onli-r  in  tht;  iiili-iior  or  ri'^ton;  it  a.s  tliu  cane  niighl  \n\ 
I'l..  •>  pt.  4,  1S7'>;  /*";/.  Slir>iH'l  Ihrnl.l,  \\v^.  •_>4,   1H7.".. 

"  Hi!  hail  hc'cii  oil  the  1!<1  ot'  .Inly  ileclar.  it  thclcil  presiileiit  o'.     he  slate 
At  thi!  saiiK!  time  thi^  toUowiiin  ]iiihoiis  W'ii>  •hclaicl  lO  iiave  iiecii  ehosi  ii  to 
i'|ii'  Mciit  I'aiiatii.i  in  tlie  iiatioinl  coii^^ress:  Siiiators,  .lu.sto  Aroseiiiena,  .lo.si- 
\|     llrniiinli/,,   ami  .Ntarei'liiio  \'illalaz;  ri'|ir<-  iiitativcs,   .iiiaii  .1.    Piaz,  .Iiiaii 
'     Micii,   .loaipiitt   Aio-iemeiia,  II.    As[irilla,    unl   M.  it.   de  la  Torre.      These 


642 


FURTHEU  WARS  AND  REVOLUTIONS. 


was  allowed  to  retn in  the  position  only  till  the  12t]i, 
wlien  he  was  ousted  l»y  (^leneral  Serjie  Caniargo,  e<»iii- 
niander  of  the  federal  force,''^  and  Rafael  Aizi)uru  was 
l)]aeed  at  the  head  of  affairs,  first  as  'jefe  provisional 
del  poder  cijeeutivo,'  and  later  was  recognized  as  pro- 
visional presid(;nt/''  J)i'unaso  Cervera  became  secre- 
tary of  stati',  and  Fran(  isco  Ardila  of  the  treasury. 

A  constituent  assembly,  pn.'sided  over  by  ]i.  Corre- 
f)so,  met  on  the  25th  of  November,  and  on  the  2Sth 
a,p[)roved  mH  .Vi/puru's  acts,  and  authorized  him  to  re- 
tain tlie  executive  office  until  a  constitutional  president 
should  be  cliosen  l^y  it.  The  asseml»ly  on  tlie  (ItJi  of 
l)t'cend)er  ado])ted  another  constitution  for  the  state, 
containinu  I  I'd  articles."  On  the  same  day  Rafael 
Aizpuru  was  eh-cted  constitutional  president,  and  was 
at  once  iuaui^urated/"  A  law  of  December  25,  187(!, 
oi'dained  that  the  [)resident  of  the  state  should  take 
possession  of  his  office  on  the  1st  of  January  foUowiii'^' 
his  election  His  term  was  for  two  years."'  Tlir 
I'epublic  being  now  the  prey  of  a  general  civil  wai. 
promoted  by  the  clergy,  the  stati;  of  Panan)a,  comply- 
ing with  the  demands  of  the  national  government,  sent 
an  ai'med  br'ig  witli  troops  and  aj'uis  to  the  port  of 
J^uena\eiitura,   and    the    Colombia    battalion    to    the 


H  iil 


wi'i'c  siil)si'i|iii!utly  aiinullt'd  liy  tlic  t'oiistitutnit  assciiiMy,  I  ><•(•.  1 1  tli.   difttii  de 
Pun.,  .Inly  •-'».  I>(i'.  1(1.  LSI'). 

^"^  I'arliciilar.siit  tlic  iiusiii'i'cctidii  anil  arrustof  Ani.sciii.uia  appoar  in  Caiiiar- 
gos' (lespati'li,  in  ('nloniliiti,  Itiurio  'hie.,  Nov.  i;{,  I.'),  |S7">;  (iuri/d  ilc  /*"/.., 
Oct.  r»,  7,  10,  '23,  Nov.  i:{,  17,  •->:!.  1X7'):  S.  r.  Col.',  Nov.  ;'),  187");  ('orrr,..,:.< 
Stdlciii.,  MS.,  7. 

^■'Oct,  rstli,  lie  (^nijiowcrcil  ii.  t'diTcoso,  c.Dinanilanti^  gun.,  to  use  lii.s  ln-st 
endeavors  to  restoi'e  (inltr  in  tliu  ilepartnients  ol  ('oeli',  Los  Santos,  \'cra'jiia, 
ami  ( ')iiri(ini.  His  governniint  was  recognizi'il  at  once  hy  tliu  forinjiii  i  oihiiIs. 
(,',,n'f,i  ,1,   />ii,i.,  Oct.   U),  l!."!,   lS7i). 

"Tlii^  executive  is  vested  in  a  iiresident,  to  \>c  clet>,e<l  ))y  popular  voti'  Inr 
two  years.  The  legislative  asseinlily  elects  tlie  ju.sticer  of  the  superior  onirt 
mid  their  snpleiites,  the  live  substitutes  of  the  proside.'t,  the  ;ittorneyj<ii- 
eral,  and  jis  supleiite;  also  the  administrator-gen.  of  tlu'  trua.sury,  and  the 
contador  hy  alisolute  in.ijority.  No  change  was  made  in  tl.';  (louncil  of  state 
Oarc/ii  (/<'  /'(III.,  .liiii.  I,  l«7t);  Pun.,  <''wi.-<t'ii.  Polif.  'hi  K.^t.  Soi,k,  1   "JO. 

■•■'His  government  was  .soon  after  recognized  liy  thi;  iLatii.'ial  executive. 
On  tlii^  IHtli  of  l>ec..  l.S7(),  tlu^  legishitive  assi'mbly  chose  Dania.''>  Cervera, 
P^-aneiseo  Ardila.  .lost' R.  ( 'aHorla,  (^luintin  .Mirinda.  md  M.  LosaUi'  J'lise, 
designados  lor  the  presidency,  in  the  order  u.imed.  Uaceta  </e  /*i<».,  •bo.  ''. 
Fill.  '.?(>,    Dee.    17.    1871''. 

' '  /  'ID.  /.'7/'x,  I87ti  7,  II. 


le  12th, 

ro,  Cdtn- 

uru  Nvus 
)visional 
.  as  \)Vo- 

K!   SCCl'C- 

rtsurv . 
J.  Cori'o- 
:ho   2Sth 
hii  to  i*> 
pros'ulfiit 
lie  Otli  '-f 
the  statr, 
y  Kafarl 
,  ami  was 
25,  IH7C., 
)\il(l  takt! 
toll(nviii'4' 

[civil  war. 
coinply- 

IL'Ut,  sent 

0  port  i)t 

)n    to    tlic 

ith.  dif't't 'I'- 

voiiriu  (';im:ii'- 
iritn    lie   I''    '■; 
;,");  ( 'o/- (•<■.. ■".<■ 

use  hiis  '"'^t 

lllnS,   VlTHUH.l, 

„.,.i^ii  lOiisuls. 

jmlar  vote  M'" 
rsiHici'loi'  iiiurt 
attorney-,.:''"- 
,asu>'y.  aixi  the 
oiuiei!  of  stiiti'. 
.,  1  ••2'). 
•lal  execiUiv.'. 
|iUua.->  <'i'rv|'i''' 

LoHilli.      I'l'^'' 

I,:  pan.,  •';!'•   ■'■ 


ISTHMUS   I'OLITICS. 


543 


iKNidquartcrs  of  the  army  of  tlic  Atlantic.''  TIic 
Ic'^islaturo,  eai'ly  in  1877,  authorized  tlic  executive  to 
raise  troops  <'or  the  (k-feiice  of  tlie  state,  and  to  ohtain 
money  hy  voluntary  or  forced  loan.^"* 

T^ucnaventura  Corn.'o.so,  having"  Ix'en  elected,  as- 
sumed the  presidential  office  on  the  1st  of  January, 
1878;  hut  heini^"  worried  i)y  the  fjv([Ui!nt  disturliances, 
and  desirous  of  avertino'  further  scandals,  resii^ned 
in  Decemher  following',  and  was  .su<'('eede(l  hy  the 
(lesignado  Jose  Ricardo  Casorla.^''  Tliis  president  a\ as 
(listurbc^I  by  two  revolutions.  The  first  was  occasioned 
hy  the  l)attalion  :]d  of  the  line,  under  the  su[)position 
tliat  the  state  authorities  woe  hostile  to  the  national 
L;()vermnent. '"  The  second  pai'took  more  of  the  nature 
of  comedv  tlian  of  tra<>'edv.  CJeneral  Ai/i)Ui'U,  ha\  itif 
returned  from  J^ojjfotil,  whither  he  had  gone  as  a  sena- 
liir  frf)m  Pananiii,  went  oHI'  to  ('ohm  on  the  7th  of 
-lune,  and  ])ro('lainuMl  himself  [jrosisional  chief      1'hat 


same   n 


ight  ( 


asoria  was  arrt 


■sted 


near  Jus  resule'iiee 


and   carried  off  to  (\)l(»n,  where  he  was  held   hy  the 
ivxolutionai'v  chief      The   scM^ond   desiu'nado,  .rera)'do 


( )rte*jf<i,  then    took    charue   of  the    (>xt'cutive. 


IJut 


iiider  a  suhse<[uent  arrangement  ( 'asoria  was  surrcui- 
Icrcd,  and  replaced  in  the;  e\ecuti\e  office,  which  he 
vsigiied  three  days  later  into   the  hands  of  Jci-ardo 

,  AV.,   ISTlJ,  I    (!.      On   Sept.   '2'k   iS7(),  tlic   piusidciit  as- 
Kind  of  tlie  st.ite  troops,    darilit  i/r  Pun.,  Oct.   I."),   ISTti. 


llllllCll    pfl'S( 


Mm. 
inal 


'I'lie  prcsiilcnt  attciiipteil  liotli   rcconrscs;  till  on  tlic  lOtli  ot'   March  tins 


Snl 


citi/ciis  tondeivil  ;i  loan  of  .S;i(),()()(>.    hi..  Maicli    1,  S 
"//'■.,  Foil.  18,  1877. 

'•'Dec.  ao,    1878.     Con-raio\t  S/ii/n,i..    MS.  '.»:  /• 
1S7S.  i.-xl.;  niir,f<i  </r  I'-n,.,  Miircli  H),  -May  :U),  .Inly  •_>!,  -.'S,  Sept.  'Jti,  Oct.  I: 


.Mr 


v.,   Wiinfd 


ll.i 


Nov.  17,   Doe.  8,  ID,  1S78;  Piioirl,   Pun.  Col.  I)n 


.MS.,   no.  101;  Culoiiil,, 


hnirioOiir.,  .Tan.  ."U,  I87!>;   /'mi.,  .Mrm.  Sfi:  dol^  , 

"  The  oliject  was  to  ujisi^t  the  state  j^overnnient ;  hut  it  was  defeated  hy 
tile  static  troops,  after  a  li^'ht  that  lasted  till  the  |S|h,  ami  causeil  great  h.i\o(^ 
AiiHiiig  tile  killed  were  till'  commander  of  th<' hattalion,  ('ul  t';irvajal.  and 
his  son,  l.ieut  ('arvajal,  who  were  trying  to  check  tlit!  infuriated  suldicrv. 
/'"/'.,  .\/<„i.  Sn:  Ooli.,  1879,  .")  <;. 

'' The  govei'umeiit  .sent  ti'oops  against  the  I'evolutionists,  and  some  lighting 
tnsued  without  decisive  results  .\t  last  the  conteinling  ]iartics  came  t;i  an 
iii'iangeinent  liy  which  Aiz[)nrn  agreed  to  surren  ler  the  pei'sun  of  ('asoria, 
:iiicl  to  recognize  the  '2d  designado  as  tiie  provisional  president.  Me  also 
agreed  to  lay  down  lii.s  arms.  Tiie  government  I'oiisonted  to  ]iay  .Viz[iiiru  h 
"ar  expenses,  and  to  issue  a  general  aninestv.  Pun.,  Mr.tn.  Svc.  ii,ib.,  IS7'.t, 
'  I'.!;  S.  /•'.  Chronkk;  .lune  I'.t,  -J.-),  187!l. 


4  iil 


i;; 


' 


^il 


ill  t . 


i'l  :<': 


IP     3   'F    i 


r)44 


FUUTIlKIl    WARS   AND    ItKVOj.UTIONS. 


Ortt'jjja,  who  held  it  till  the  1st  of  .liinuary,  IH8(), 
whoii  Dilinaso  ( !ervera,  chosoii  for  tlu?  next  o<jiistitu- 
tional  term,  was  inaugurated,'^"  his  term  of  office  be- 
inu"  two  years. 

The  ]eL(islative  assembly,  June  !.'{,  1881,  passed  a 
law  amending'  the  constitution.  Under  this  law  the 
assembly'''  after  1882  was  to  meet  on  the  1st  of  Octo- 
ber, and  within  the  first  fifteen  days  of  its  ordinary 
sittiiiiLfs  count  tlie  votes  for  jjresident  of  the  state,  and 
for  senators  and  representatives  to  the  national  con- 
gress. Among  other  things,  it  was  enacted  that  the 
present  assembly  would  name  the  substitutes  of  the 
executive  for  the  term  to  begin  on  the  1st  of  January, 
1882,  Cervera succeeded  in  maintaining  order  duiiiiL; 
his  term,  thou<Tli  constantly  disturbed  with  intriu'Uis 
of  the  most  reprehensible  character 

Rafael  Xunez,  who  had  been  declared  the  president 
elect  of  the  state,'''*  should  have  appeared  to  assume 
the  executive  duties  on  the  1st  of  January,  18H2,  Ibr 
a  term  ending  on  the  31.st  of  October,  1884;  but  as 
he  failed  to  do  so,  Damaso  Cervera,  the  first  desig- 
nado,  was  summoned  to  take  charge  pro  tempore  dt' 
the  office,'''''  Xunez  resigned  the  position  in  Xovembci' 
1882,  on  tlie  ground  of  ill  health;  and  though  he 
oft'ered,  at  the  re((uest  of  the  legislature,  to  reconsider 
his  action,  he  never  came  to  fill  any  [)art  of  his  term.'" 
Xothing  worthy  of  mention  occurred  in  the  politics  of 
the  Istlimiis  during  this  year,  exce})t  a  continued  op- 
position on  the  part  of  the  so-called  ultra-liberals  td 

■''^  Miitiio  Iturraldo  was  made  secretary  of  govoriiinent,  and  .Iiiaii  Jdse  Miru 
(if  tht!  tri'asury.  Several  chaiigus  took  place  afterward,  and  tlie  linal  .siin  • 
tarios  Were:  of  government,  Benjamin  Ruiz,  and  of  the  treasury,  .Juan  li. 
Amador.     .Jose  \'ives  Leon  was  government  secretary  in  Sept.  1S8I. 

■'^Tlie  assend)ly  to  lie  formed  of  one  deputy  for  every  (i, 000  iidialiitants, 
and  every  fraction  of  .S,.")(M)  and  upwards,   (larcta  dc  Pan.,  .Tune  17,  1881. 

•'*  riis  eandiilatureliad  lieen  op[josed  by  Correoso,  Icaza  Aro.semena,  Anlila, 
Ortega,  and  others,  for  the  sake  of  union  in  the  liberal  party.  Pdii.  Coiml, 
.lune  '2r\  IS81. 

•'•'  His  election  as  first  designado  by  the  legislature  was  on  the  28th  of  .Tuni', 
1881.  The  otluT  substitutes  chosen  were  the  following,  in  the  order  niiiiic.l: 
Miguel  Borbiia.  IJenjamin  Ruiz,  .Jose  M.  Vives  Leon,  and  Antonio  Casanova 
P'tn.,  Moil.  Scr.  Fmiii'ii/n,  1882,  1;  Corn'O.io,  Siircson  tie  Pen.,  5,  (i. 

*"/'««.  Ciiiial,  Nov.  20,  Dec.  0,  1882;  Pan.  Stdi-  and  Ihmld,  Nov.  20,  lSS2j 
dm.  2!),  1883. 


istitu- 
ce  be- 

,ssccl  a 

iw  tll(^ 
fOcto- 
•dinavv 
,te,  aiul 
lal  f« 'li- 
mit tlu" 
1  of  tin- 
aiuuiiy, 

f  tluiiu'-i 
ntrigvu's 

,  assuiiu' 
1882,  tor 
, ;  but  as 
st  (lesig-_ 
inporc  ot 
oveiuber 

()U«>-U  ^1*' 
conbuli'i" 
istcnu.^'' 
K.litics  of 
luucd  op- 
,\)erals  to 

Ian  Jose  "Mi''- 
Ic  liual  sofiv- 
[u,.y,  .hum  IV 

Issi. 

17,  18*>1- 
nena,  Av'1'1''- 
/>a«.  t'K/ii'', 

|o8tli  of  •T""'-- 
lonkT  n:iiii"'- 
luo  Casaiiov.v 

It).  ,,, 

S'ov.  20,  1^*-' 


PANAMA   PRKSII)KNT.><. 


54.-. 


Cervera's  occupancy,  iiotwithstaiuling  which  hi;  had 
hecn  chosen  Lst  dcsignado  for  IH88,  and  on  tliu  Ist 
(lay  of  January  followinn"  was  again  phiced  in  jtosses- 
sioii  of  the  presidency.''" 

The  election  for  ])resident  of  the  state  for  thr  luxt 
term  became  a  question  upon  wlucli  there  was  a  dis- 
agreement between  tlie  superior  court  during  recess 
of  the  legislative  assendjly,  which  decreed  the  elei'tiou 
should  take  place  on  the  fourtli  Sunday  of  'luly,  and 
( 'ervera,  who  claimed  that  it  ought  not  to  he  till  the 
followmg  year.  The  latter  pro})osition  was  acted 
upon  ^^  Cervera  obtained  early  in  the  year  a  month's 
leave  of  absence,  during  which  the  executive  oihce 
was  in  charge  of  the  second  sub.stitute,  J.  M.  Vivos 
Leon,  whose  first  act  was  to  sup[)ress  the  coniandancia 
general,  and  to  nmster  out  of  service  a  number  of 
otHcers  of  all  grades/"  The  state  was  in  constant 
expectation  of  war,  owing  to  affairs  in  other  states, 
and  particularly  to  the  presence  of  agents  of  the  gen- 
eral government  having  no  recognizeil  official  position. 
In  the  apprehension  of  political  troubles,  the  states  of 
Panama  and  Cauca  entered  into  a  convention""  to  sup- 
port one  another's  interests  in  the  expected  contest. 
Cervera  thought,  however,  that  the  time  was  now 
past  when  the  national  troops  could  interfere  in  the 
internal  affairs  of  the  state."^ 

The  presence  of  federal  forces  on  the  Isthmus  had 
often  been  a  source  of  danger  to  the  state  government. 
l)Ut  it  was  required  by  international  ohligation,  and 

'  /''(/(.  CrniiiK/iiy.Ton.  3,  1883.  I)ec.  3,  KSS'J,  a  ik'i)iitati(iu  coiiiposeil  of  Cor- 
riosd,  Iturralile,  and  n;iz  had  waited  on  him  to  ro((iiest  that  he  (sliouhl  rtsign 
liis  [Kwitiou  of  1st  dcsiguado  and  acting  iiru.sidout,  which  he  declined.  I''iii. 
(•"Lul,  Dec.  5,  188-2. 

"Nunez  had  heen  chosen  ffir  a  term  ending  Oct.  31,  18S4.  On  the  otliei 
li.iiul,  the  constitution  said  that  the  president  elect  should  assume  othce  on  the 
l^^t 'lay  of  Nov.  following  his  election.   Pmi.  Star  inid  Jfrralil,  Jan.  'Jit,  ISH.S. 

■"Mlis  sec. -gen.,  Victor  iJuharry,  countersigned  the  ilecrei.'.  This  mea.sure 
wa.^  intended  to  rid  the  government  of  an  incubus,  and  to  effect  a  yearly  sav- 
ing of  alumt  .'JIG.OOO.  Pan.  Ciimil,  March  1!),  1883. 

'*  At  Vopayan,  Aug.  27,  1883.  .Toaquin  M.  Perez  was  Panama's  eommis- 
sidiier.  The  convention  was  ratified  Sept.  10th,  hy  Cervera,  countersigned  hy 
■'■  M.  C.isis,  sec. -gen.  Pan.,  El  Pai.%  Sept.  21,  1883. 

'''  He  adopted  for  i^ii  his  confiilenee  precautionary  measures  to  preserve 
I'liblif  order.   Pan.  Cronlsta,  Oct.  24,  1883. 
Hist.  iKNT.  Am.,  Vol.  ni.    35 


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23  Wf ST  MAIN  J  9EET 

WEBSTER, NY.  MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


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FURTHER  W.VRS  AND  REVOLUTIONS. 


its  necessity  could  but  be  recognized  in  view  of  tlu; 
fact  that  the  construction  of  the  interoceanic  canal, 
already  under  way,  demanded  the  employment  of  thou- 
sands of  men  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  who  in  the 
event  of  strikes  or  for  other  causes  might  commit  out- 
rages.®^ The  election  of  senators  and  representativ(!8 
to  the  national  congress  was  effected  this  year  by  tli«! 
legislature,  Dtlmaso  Cervera,  Ricardo  Nunez,  and 
Jose  C.  de  Obaldia  being  chosen  to  the  former  posi- 
tion.*' Cervera  having  been  also  elected  first  designado 
of  the  presidency  for  1884,  he  again  was  ])laced  in 
possession  of  the  chief  magistracy  of  the  state  on  tho 
1st  of  Jaimary." 

An  abortive  attempt  was  made,  at  the  instigation 
of  Cervera's  political  enemies,  to  have  him  removrcl. 
One  of  the  justices  of  the  superior  court,  on  the  2(1 
of  July,  impeached  and  suspended  him  from  otficc 
(leneral  Benjamin  Ruiz,  as  second  designado,  was  ac- 
cordingly handed  the  reins  of  government.  But  Cer- 
vera resisted,  and  appealed  to  General  Wenceslao 
Ibanez,  t-ynnnanding  the  national  brigade,  to  support 
his  authority  Meantime,  the  suporior  court  by  a 
majority  decided  on  the  Oth  that  1  s  decree  should 

have  no  effect,  and  that  Ruiz  hai.  illegally  assumed 
the  president's  functions.*'^  Ibanez,  however,  on  the 
8th  insisted  on  Cervera's  leaving  the  government, 
and  himself  took  control,  his  troops  besieging  Cervera 
in  the  state  house.  The  latter  then  applied  to  the 
superior  court  for  a  leave  to  proceed  to  Bogotd  to 
take  his  seat  in  the  senate.  Ruiz  again  seized  the 
presidency,  and  appointed  B.  Correoso  secretary -gon- 


*'  In  the  first  part  of  1884  there  were  about  14,000  men  on  the  canal-works. 
Still  another  source  of  danger  wan  the  ntongrel  population  of  Santa  Ana  .ind 
Calidonia  districts,  in  the  city  of  Panama,  ever  disposed  to  seize  oppurtuni- 
ties  for  plunder,  as  was  made  evident  in  the  last  tire.  J.  M.  Rmlrigiicz,  "' 
Panamd,  movecl  in  tho  national  senate  that  the  federal  force  should  lie  in- 
creased to  800  or  1,000  men.  Cent.  Am.  Mined.,  no.  1. 

•"The  representatives  were,  S.  Jurailo,  J.  del  C.  Pino,  Leoniilas  Unns, 
Waldino  Izasa,  and  Cdrlos  OtAlora.  Pan.  Cronittn,  Oct.  20,  1883. 

"*  By  Juan  P.  Jaen,  president  of  the  8ni)erior  court.  Id..  Jan.  2,  1884. 

"^  Cervera  had  likewise  claimed  immunity  from  prosecution,  as  a  senator 
elect. 


FKiHTINi;   AT  SEA. 


54: 


60 


oral.  By  some  misuntlerstauding  he  wsa,  rccogniztnl 
bv  the  national  executive.  At  this  time,  General 
Eloi  Porto,  who  ranked  Ibanez,  arrived  in  Pananid, 
mid  through  liis  good  offices  Ccrvera  was  replaced 
Kuiz  might  have  been  permitted  to  rule  a  while  had 
he  followed  in  Cervera's  footsteps;  but  he  began  to 
remove  prefects,  and  to  despatch  commissioners  into 
the  interior,  the  peace  of  the  state  being  .again  jeop- 
ardize<i,  which  compelled  Cervera  to  remain. 

A  revolution  broke  out  at  David  in  the  night  of 
Se))tember  I'Jth,  proclaiming  a  genuine  suffrage,  and 
setting  aside  the  declarations  made  Ijy  tlie  judges  of 
(■lectit)n  for  president  of  the  state  and  deputies  to  the 
assembly.  Movements  of  the  same  kind  followed  in 
other  parts.  In  the  night  of  the  27th  Cervera's 
authority  was  pronounced  in  Pananul  at  an  end,  and 
]iuiz  was  made  the  executive.  Cerveia  on  the  14th 
of  October  j)roclaimed  that  public  order  had  been  dis- 
turbed by  Ruiz  and  his  sup[)orters,^"  and  established 
martial  law.  An  encounter  between  a  government 
force  on  board  the  steam-tug  Morro,  and  another  of 
the  rebels  on  the  steamboat  Alujtiela,  took  place  at  sea 
in  the  afternoon  of  the  loth  of  October.  The  former 
experienced  damage  and  loss  of  crew.*^  Cervera,  who 
was  on  board,  was  blamed  for  the  repulse.  The  Ala- 
JHcIa  kept  away  a  while,  and  then  returned  to  land 
some  wounded  men.  The  rebel  chiefs,  B.  Ruiz,  Gon- 
zalez, and  Andnn-e,  marched  into  the  interior,  respect- 
i\('ly  to  Veragua,  Aguadulce,  and  Penonome.     This 

°*Correo80  Htiitod  in  tlic  Pan.  Stnriiiiii  Jlrnibl  of  July  12th  that  Ruiz' 
govcriiineiit  hail  been  ui>.sut  'a  imiita  do  saMu'liy  I'orlo,  whose  authority 
Hpruug  frniii  the  coudcHceiiitioii  of  Ilxiruz  iu  ivoogiiizing  as  autliciitiu  a  tele- 
gniiii  received  that  iiioriiing  l>y  l*ort<i.  Ih;  repeats  tlie  tliarge  in  his  Sure.ion 
lie  Pun.,  7.  The  fact  was  that  Ibaftez"  brigade  was  by  the  telegram  iiioorpo- 
niteil  with  the  3d  ilivisiou,  and  thus  came  to  be  under  the  control  of  I'orto, 
wlio  was  chief  of  staff  of  that  division.  I'un.,  Cronista,  July  9  to  Aug.  'J,  Aug. 
i:t,  bS84. 

'■'  In  Code,  Chiriqui,  and  Fanamtl.  fhu-etn  de  Pun.,  Oct.  15,  J 884;  Ont. 
Am.  .Mincel.,  no.  2. 

""The  Morro  was  a  British  boat,  which  the  rebels  seized  iu  the  niglit  from 
the  14th  to  the  15th,  and  then  went  on  her  alongside  tiiH  Alajuela,  which  was 
a  ( 'osta  Rica  vessel,  seized  her,  and  proceeded  to  sea,  leaving  tiio  Morni  bt'liin<I. 
N  /•'.  CrouMla,  Oct.  18,  1884;  L<t  E^treUn  de  Pan.,  Oct.  23,  1884;  Pan.  iStariind 
IhraUl,  Oct.  17,  23,  Nov.  20,  Dec.  30,  1884;  Cent.  Am.  Miscet.,  nos.  3,  »,  10. 


!' 
■J 


m 


MM 


5iS 


FUUTMKK   WARS  AND  HEVOLUTIONs. 


condition  of  affairs  being  tclc^grapliod  to  tlit'  national 
government,  tlie  exerutiv<!  decreed  that  puMie  order 
was  disturbed  in  Pananid,  and  directed  the  conunaiidcr 
of  the  national  forces  to  arrest  the  guilty  iktsoiis 
General  (ioniinu,  the  fedtTal  coniinaiukT,  repaired  t( 
Aguadulce,  and  prevailed  on  Ruiz  and  his  friends  t' 
lay  down  their  arms,  whicli  he  reported  to  Cervera  on 
the  2d  of  November.'" 

The  elections  for  president  of  the  staie  took  place 
on  the  27th  of  Julv,  1884.  Juan  Manuel  Tjambert 
was  chosen,"'  and  was  recognized  l)y  the  jissembly  in 
October.  But  th<^  intrigues  of  the  liberal  party,  stiji- 
ported  by  G()nima,  deprived  Lambert  of  his  office.'- 

On  the  1st  of  Octol)er,  upon  tiie  assembling  of  the 
legislature,  Cervera  sent  in  his  resignation;  and  ik* 
notice  having  been  taken,  he  reiterated  it  on  the  20tli, 
reminding  that  body  that  it  had  eiuvcted  measures 
which  would  necessitate  his  n^taining  power  till  tlic 
end  of  Decend>er,  when  his  term  should  cea.se  on  llic 
3l.st  of  October,  and  the  [)resideiit  elect  a.ssume  his 
duties.  The  resignation  was  not  accepted,  and  tin- 
asstMnbly  on  the  21st,  l)y  all   the  votes  ])rcsent,  but 

**  A  Columbian  armed  Htuaiiicr  was  nnlorvtl  t<>  Panama;  and  Gon.  Santo- 
domingn  V'ita  waH  denpatched  to  cotiperato  with  tliu  coinnmnder  of  tlit- trd- 
eral  forces.  Tho  doereo  was  issued  Oot.  '2'2,  I.SM.  <Jon.  Ik^njamin  Kill/,  was 
on  the  'i8th  diHrniHsed  from  tlu)  Colombian  army.  JJih/itfti,  I >inrM  Ojir.,  Oct. 
3(>,  1884. 

''°  Tilt!  iiHMendtly,  lieing  notified  that  tlie  legally  eonstitutefl  anthnriticH  wcrr 
now  recognized,  iiatiHed  a  vote  of  thankH  to  Cervera,  his  secretiirie.s,  N'ictnr 
DulKirry  and  .1,  F.  Ueriiu,  and  (Jen.  C.  A.  (itinima,  for  their  Hiicces'fful  ellnits 
for  ]>eace.  Lti  h'.s(rrlla  i/f  /'mi.,  Nov.  (J,  \',\,  1884;  /'nn.  Sfitr  uml  J/fitili/,'Si:Y. 
«,  1884;  /'nil.  Cnmisto,  Nov.  8,  1884. 

''  'J7,r>().''i  voteH  against  \JtM  for  .liisto  AroKeiuena,  and  i).'i  in  Colon  for  li. 
Ruiz.  An  attempt  liad  been  ma<le  by  what  wum  called  tlie  Alianzii  l^ilxTal  tu 
have  .lusto  AroHemena  ah  itu  candiilate,  but  he  virtually  ileelined  it,  ami  ins 
name  wan  retired  from  the  field  early  in  .Inly.  A/.,  .Inly  :<(>,  Oct.  18,  1884; 
La  Edirlla  de.  /'<iii.,  Sept.  4,  1884. 

'•'(Jcinima  telegraplu^l  Nuflez  at  liogottt,  on  the  30th  of  .Sept.,  the  day  1"  ■ 
fore  the  assembly  met,  that  it  would  call  a  convention,  and  acids  that,  thanks 
to  tho  patriotic  elFortH  of  Cervera,  '  Laiidn-rt  no  Hera  presiilente.  Siis  iiidn-.i- 
clones  oichw.'  liinjiild,  JJiaiioltJir.,  Oct.  8,  1884;  Unjntti,  /.a  /.iiz,  Oct.  8,  l.sM. 
liiimbert,  on  the  I'Jtli  of  Novendter,  in  an  addresH  to  the  Colombian  peoplr, 
protesteit  against  tho  unjustifiable  interference  of  the  fe(U-ral  govt  in  tli<'  in 
tcrnal  aflairs  of  Tanamil,  by  which  he  ha<l  In-en  prevented  from  assumin-  the 
chief  magistracy  he  had  been  chosen  to  by  the  siifl'rages  of  his  fellowcili/iii 
At  the  game  time  he  made  known  his  intention  to<'ause  no  disturbance,  Imi  I" 
remain  jMsaceably  in  private  life.  Ln  EntrrUa  dv  Pan.,  Oct.  'M,  Nov.  'M,  ISH4. 


.'Ill  ac 
to    h( 

I  K'cei 
IHH5. 
It  ha 
tlierct 
<'<tndit 
the  24 
•  'IHcer.' 
lie  con 
<■' ''!<',  ai 
tion    b( 
iicld  j)c 
••tiul  ref 
•nmion 
"ppose 
•"I  aiioi 
ill  view 
<i*>ii,aii( 
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<»f'  Jam 

'■'IlllOist 

''•"ninir,( 
I"'<'viou." 
iiherals 
^voiild  Jl 
f<ni.serva 


I'ANAMA    POLITICS  Hi 

Olio,  desired  liini  to  continue  at  the  head  <»f  the  «(ov- 
cninicnt.'" 

The  assembly  had  on  the  14th  of  Octoh(>r  passcil 
an  act  einpowerin*;  the  executivt'  to  call  a  convention 
to  he  el(>cted  hy  direct  popnlar  vote  on  the  7th  of 
Di'ccnihcr,  and  to  asscniMe  on  the  1st  of  January, 
ISHa.'*  The  convention  met  on  the  appointed  day. 
It  has  h(>en  alleged  that  the  t'lection  »f  niemlters 
thereto  was  a  mere  farce.'''  In  the  still  unsettled 
condition  of  affairs  IVesidt'nt  C  erv«'ra  con*  huled,  on 
the  24th  of  Novemher,  to  retain  in  service  a  force  of 
efHcers  for  any  i'mer»^en<'y  that  niiujht  occur.'"  Still, 
lie  considere<l  his  j)osition  one  tliat  was  hy  law  nnteii- 
!tl»le,  and  on  tlu;  ne.\t  day  laid  his  incvocahle  resimiia- 
tioM  before  the  su[u'rior  court,  allej^injj^  that  he  had 
held  power  too  lon-j;  four  v«'ars  and  «'K'ven  months  — 
and  referrinjj^  to  the  interference  of  the  i'ederal  j^ov- 
riinnent,  he  said  that  he  must  either  sul)mit  to  or 
oppose  its  influence.  His  opj>osition  would  piolonj^ 
an  anomalous  situation  in  the  country."  The  <(>urt, 
ill  view  of  the  reasons  adduci'd,  accepted  the  resij^na- 
tion,and  summoned  the  second  «lesi»rnadi>,  A'^ivt^s  Leo.i, 
to  the  presidential  scat,  whit'li  he  held  till  the  (ith 
of  .lanuarv,  inclusive,  on  which  datii  the  convention 
ahnost  unanimously  chose  (General  JIamon  Santo- 
(l<>inin«;^o  Vila  president  of  the  state. ""'  A  few  (hiys 
pieviously  on  the  .Ul — lienjainin  ]luiz  and  the  other 
liherals  in  tlu;  convention,  afti-r  declarini;"  that  they 
Would  hoUl  as  traitors  all  liiwrals  who,  hy  joininjjc  the 
conservatives,  who  would  strenjjfthen  the  latter  to  make 

'•■nt'taiU  may  l)«  fouml  in /'an.  Stnr  tiiiil  Urnilil,  Oct.  'JU,  1884;  I'an. 
Vnmi^tii,  Oct.  •-'•.•,  1884. 

"'Tilt;  tiKHfinlily  iuljournoil  sine  tlic  on  tlu!  lIUli  of  Nov. 

' 'Tin?  convocation  wilh  not  in;i<l«'  iu'ci.rdin^!  to  the  r('(|iiircnicntH  of  tlic  cun- 
Htitiition;  ami  moreover,  martial  law  cxi.ttin^'  in  many  partH  of  the  stjitc,  no 
fret'  clci-tion.s  couM  lie  cflccttftl  in  niicli  localiticH. 

"''Oi'ii.  Lorenzo  Segiimlo  won  m.nle  coniantlante  j^en.,  anil  Col  K.  FiKUuroa 
lii.s  Nccouil  in  commaml.    hi  tjntnUn  ilr  J'un.,  Jan.  8,   188;"). 

;'/'-/«.  (.'milixt,!,  Nov.  Lit.   1884;    /-.(  h'x/rrUin/r  /'.in.,  I»ec.  4,   1884. 

'"Ill'  took  jioHSOsHion  the  next  ilay.  /*</«.  CmiiiMtn,  .hm,  7,  10,  I88.'»;  (iii- 
>vl>i  )/f  I'iin.,  Jan.  »,  188.-);  /'<!/(.,  AHiiiiUdml,  Jan.  8.  188.5;  Ln  E^tirlln  il<  /',in., 
Jan.  I.'),  1885;  Cciit.  Am.  MisM.,  nii.  'iO;  Corrrono,  SiircniM  i/r  l'<ni..  7  >». 


m 


111 


i  4  ii 
\  i  1 


if*.. 
-  t 


000 


FUKTllKK  WAllS   AND  REVOLUTIONS 


tluMiiHolvos  masters  of  the  state,  aluindoncd  the  chain- 

The  new  president  at  once  appointed  his  secretaries 
and  his  so-called  cabin(;t.**  In  the  apprehension  of 
disturbances  at  Colon,  the  executive  requested  the 
commander  of  the  American  war  vessel  Alliance  t</ 
lantl  a  force  there  to  jjfuard  tlie  transit.^'  The  request 
was  com[)lied  with,  but  the  force  not  being  needed 
then  was  reembarkcd. 

The  Isthmus  now  becomes  again  the  theatre  of 
deadly  strife,  witli  its  concomitant  bloodshed  and 
general  destruction,  to  the  disgrace  of  the  nation  of 
which  it  forms  a  part,  and  the  scandal  of  the  world. 
A  plot  by  some  men  of  the  national  force  to  seize  the 
revenue  cutter  Boj/aca  having  been  detected,  thanks 
to  the  loyalty  of  other  members  of  the  same  force,  the 
executive  notified  the  convention  that  tlie  time  IkkI 
come  to  proclaim  martial  law,  which  he  did  on  the  Ktli 
of  February.  The  convention  accordingly  closed  its 
stission  on  the  llth.**'"  On  the  I7th,  Santodomingo 
Vila  obtained  a  leave  of  absence  to  proceed  to  Cait.i- 
gena,  where  his  military  services  were  required,  and 
Pablo  Arosemena,  the  first  designado,  was  summoind 
to  assume  the  executive  authority.**^  At  about  tiv* 
o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  HIth  of  March  the  pop- 
ulation was  awakened  by  the  cries  of  Yivan  los  lib- 
erales!  Viva  el  general  Aiz|)urul  accompanied  with 
numerous  shots.  Aizpuru,  at  the  head  of  about  -Jo 
men,  attacked  the  Cuartel  de  las  Monjas,  and  the 
tower  of  San  Francisco,  which  were  defended  bv  a 
handful  of  government  troops,  and  a  running  fi^lit 

^^/'n„.  CnmM'i,  Jiill.  7,  ISfi.'). 

•^Isidoio  liiirgcs,  Hi'C.  r)t  ^(iv. ;  L.  V.  Herrcni,  of  treasury;  .Tose  M.  Ale- 
iiiiin,  of  foiiit'iiti).  Hiiritii  lie  I'liH.,  Jan.  i),  .ISj;");  Ciiit.  Am.  MiMCcL,  no.  '■"-'. 

■■'TIk!  goviTiiiuuiit  liiul  now  only  a  kui.iII  force  in  Colon  or  Punaniii,  having 
on  the  Ktli  sent  awiiy  the  feilural  troops  to  n])holil  the  general  government  ;it 
Iiarran(|uilhi,  against  rclieU  iu  arms.   Pun.  Cromata,  Jan.  ill,  'J4,  1885. 

'■•'It  Heenis  tliat  some  of  it8  nienilters  were  inqilieatcil  in  this  plot,  a  nil 
orders  for  their  arrest  were  isHued.  That  body  alleged  that  legislation  lia'i 
been  hampered  l)y  tlie  government.  Pun.  Slur  and  Iffrulif,  Feb.  11,  IHS'i; 
Pitn..  Et  CronMu,  Feb.  14,  1885;  CorreoMo,  Surefon  ilf  Pan.,  11. 

"^M,  Feb.  18,  1885;  Cent.  Am.  MUcei,  uo.  28;  dacvUi  <le  Pun.,  Feb.  18, 
1885. 


PANAMA   RIOT. 


.V)] 


from  comer  to  comer  ensued.*'*  The  assailants  over- 
ran the  city.  The  Hritisli  war  ship  llcrohie  tlien 
landed  some  marines  and  sailors  to  protect  the  rail- 
road. The  president  called  for  troops  from  Colon, 
which  came  at  once  under  (Jeneral  (j}()nima,  and  enter- 
iniLj  the  city  early  on  the  I7th,  compelled  the  portion 
of  the  revolutionists  who  had  remained  in  the  city  to 
rejoin  their  main  hudy  in  the  })lains.''' 

Upon  the  _t>f>v('rnment  troojts  leavin<^  Colon,  a 
notorious  man,  I'edro  I'restan,*""  with  a  motley  jLjan^', 
amonj^  whom  W(>re  many  of  the  worst  characters, 
seized  the  town,*"  atid  sacked  sjneral  merchants'  houses, 
(k  niandinj^;  forced  loans  from  such  as  were  known  to 
have  pecuniary  nieans.'^'*  Jt  is  stated,  however,  that 
lie  j^ave  orders  for  the  protection  of  foreisj^ners  and  iheir 
property 

The  revolutionists  undi'r  Aizpuru  encamped  at  Far- 
Ian  r(>fus(>d  to  listen  to  any  })rojiositions.  'i'heir  chief, 
oil  the  24th  of  Afarch,  notified  the  forei*,^!  consuls  of 
Ills  intention  to  fissail  the  city  ()f  I*anania,  which  he 
also  made  known  to  J'residiiit  Arosemena.'^'  This 
functionary  at  once  resi^j^ned  his  oflice  into  the  hands 

"■*  nuring  timt  iiKirnin^  tlio  ri'vnlutioniats  I'.fiiiijiclK'd  iniToliiiiit.s  h;i\  iiij^ 
Jirm.s  ill  their  Wiiriiiiuusi's  to  deliver  tlie'ii.  Tliey  tlius  providcil  tliuliimlvcs 
\Mtli  upwards  of  li(K>  rilltjs. 

"■'TluTC  liJid  liuiii  many  killed  and  Wdiinded  on  liotli  «idi'«.  An  outsider, 
a  b'reneii  citizen,  who  iuipruiknlly  put  out  liis  head,  als'i  lu.-.t  liis  lite.  Mmli 
jiriii>erty  was  stok'n,  destroyed,  or  injured.  At  niidilay  on  the  liilh  tlie  pri.s 
DUers  in  the  jail  etruetcd  tluMr  escape,  and  nuide  theniselve.-,  iiiii.-pi.'uous  willi 
thiir  cries  of  Viva  la  liliertail!  '1  he  government  foree  nuide  sever.d  prison- 
ers, and  seized  a  nund)er  of  arms  in  the  arrahal.  A  nutnlier  of  yount;  I'ana- 
lueflos  formed  themselves  into  a  guard  to  protect  the  eity  during  the  night  of 
the  17th.    I'lui.  Cronixfn,  Mareh  18,  '2\,  '2\  \SK). 

"'A  mulatto  from  C"artaj,'ena.  In  ISSI,  when  a  mend)er  <  f  tlu' le>;isl.itive 
assenil)ly  from  Colon,  he  was  eoneerned  in  a  personal  rencontre  with  and 
killed  M.  Cespedes,  and  an  KngliNliiiian.  He  was  trieil  ami  aeipiitted,  .ind 
Ills  immediate  release  from  prison  was  demandecl  liy  the  assemiily.  /'mi. 
('(iiinl,  .lune  7,  1H8I. 

*■' Corrcoso  hlaiues  (icinima  for  leaving  Colon  utterly  defenceless.  Suri'unA 
«/'  /'oil.,  12. 

*'' Those  who  refused  to  furnish  the  supplies  were  imprisoned,  and  their 
uoods  confiscated.  Aa  Kstrrlld  di'  /'mi.,  Marcli  19,  188.');  El  Uiiiirrxnl  de  /'mi., 
March  'M,  188."»;  Pan.  Star  and  I/eniUI,  March  31,  1885. 

"'The  object  of  the  uotifieations  was  to  allow  time  for  non-coml>atants  to 
get  out  of  harm's  way.  Families  accordingly  ahandoned  the  city,  and  husi- 
uess  houses  were  closed.  About  8  o'clock  Gen.  Ibaflez  visited  Aizpnnt's  camp, 
and  brought  back  assurance  that  no  assault  would  \te  made  that  uight. 


I    "iff 


<  '-ili 


4 


Lli 


553 


Fl'UTUKU    WAKS   AM)   KKVOLUTIONS. 


I 


! 


of  tlie  siiporior  court,  and  Houiflit  .safety  lui  the  British 
ship  Heroine.  No  otlicr  clesij^naclo  havin<,'  Ik-oii  ap- 
pointed i>y  tlici  convention,  f  Jenoral  Goniina  assunud 
civil  and  military  control,  and  appointed  B.  (^>rreos(» 
his  secretary- general.  Another  di-cree  })roelainied  tlic 
neutrality  of  the  state  of  Pananui  in  the  war  raginj,' 
in  the  rest  of  tlie  repul»lic.  This  proceeding  restored 
t'alni  for  a  while,  as  it  was  taken  to  ije  the  result 
of  an  understanding  hetween  the  revolutionists  and 
tiie  governuient.  Hut  it  seisms  to  havt;  heeonie  known 
too  late  at  the  headquarters  of  Ai/puru  and  ]*restan.'^' 
On  the  29th  of  ^lareh  the  American  mail  steanur 
Colon  arrived  at  the  pert  of  the  same  name  from  New 
York,  a!id  the  y;overnment  directed  that  she  should 
not  deliver  arms  to  the  rehels.  This  gave  risi-  to  most 
high-handed  proceedings  on  the  part  of  Pristan,  cul- 
minating in  the  arrest  hy  his  orders  of  the  American 
consul,  Mr  Wright,  (^aptain  J)ow,  general  agent  of 
the  steamship  line,  Connor,  the  local  agent  at  C/olun, 
Lieutenant  Judd  and  Cadet  ^Tidshipman  Richardson, 
of  the  United  States  war  steamer  (iohiui.'^^  Soon 
afterward  Richardson  was  releasid  and  sent  on  hoard 
the  (iaieno  to  tell  his  connnander,  Kane,  that  the  otlur 
prisoners  would  he  kept  in  confinement  till  the  aims 
were  surrendeied,  and  if  tlu'  OaUna  attempted  to  land 
men,  or  to  do  any  hostile  act,  the  boats  would  he  fiicd 
u[)on,  and  every  American  citizen  in  the  place  would  l»o 
shot.  Kane,  knowing  Rrestan's  character,  did  iu)t  at- 
tempt any  hasty  act      Prestan  then  went  to  the  prison 

"•(ionimiv  (lesimtclicd  Corrooso  ami  .loranlo  Ortega  as  oomiiiissioncrN,  the 
t'liriiier  to  Aizimni,  ami  tlio  latter  to  J'rostiin.  Botli  iiiiHMion.s  resultfil  in 
nothing  Hatisfactory.  Aizpuru  nroposiMl  the  following  terms:  1st.  Ki'i'iiyni- 
tion  of  (funiina  as  civil  eliief  of  the  state;  '2t\.  Aixpnni  to  iiave  tlie  eoiiiiiiaiiil 
of  the  troopH,  whieh  were  to  be  increased  to  l.CIK)nien.  I'restan  to  hi'  tlii^ 
prefect  at  Colon.  After  reflecting  a  nionieiit,  (ifininia,  rejecteil  tiie  jiropusiils. 
Correoso  tlu:n  resigned  the  otKee  of  secret  .i\/-general.   I'ltii.  Star  hikI  Jhiiilil, 


Apr.  «.>,  18S3:  Ln  tUrdln  tie  Pan.,  Ma'  h  :W,  Apr.  4,  ISS.");  /'<(;/.  Cmmta, 
March  'J8,  188.');  S.  F.  I'roniita,  Apr.  4,  '88.');  iorreonn,  Siiccsoh  <le  Pan.,  IIV  Hi. 
•'I'restan  demanded  the  arms  on  'Jie  Colon,  and  being  refused,  lirst  ar- 
rested Connor,  then  after  grossly  inpalting  Mr  Burt,  the  superintendent  of 
the  l'anain&  K.  R.  Co.,  took  poB8088\()n  of  the  wharf,  placed  a  guard  on  tlie 
Colon,  and  nia<le  a  search  for  the  ar^ns,  but  could  not  get  at  them.  Pan.  Star 
and  Jfenilil,  March  31,  1885;  La  EntMln  de  Pan.,  Apr.  4,  1886;  I'an.  CroiiMa, 
Apr.  4,  1885 


ACTION   OF  THK  UKHKLS. 


553 


and  tolfl  Consul  Wrij^lit  that  ho  must  ordor  Dow  to 
ill  liver  tlio  arms,  or  ho  would  shoot  tho  four  prisonorh 
hoforo  that  nij^ht.  Wright  complied,  and  they  were 
set  at  liberty. 

]iut  Kane  took  possession  of  the  Colon,  and  in  the 
iiij^ht  landed  a  force  antl  three  pieces,  under  Lieuti'ii- 
aiit  Judd,  with  orders  to  release  at  all  hazards  ])ow 
and  Connor,  who  had  hei'u  again  iinprisone*!."'  No 
sooner  had  the  Americans  occu[>ied  the  oiK<'es  of  their 
consulate,  and  of  the  railway  and  Pacific  mail  com- 
panies, than  a  force  of  Colomhian  national  troops'^' 
tame  on,  driving  the  rebels  before  i\\v\\\  into  the  in- 
trenchments.  Dunng  the  whole  morning  the  firing 
was  kept  up,  and  ended  about  12,  noon,  when  the 
rebels  being  routed,  IVestan  aj>d  his  rabbK>  set  fire  to 
the  town  at  various  phu^es,  and  fled.'*  A  strong  wind 
lilowing,  the  flames  s[)read  violently,  and  tiie  town 
was  consumed  with  all  its  contents."'  The  American 
forces  continued  some  days  longer  holding  the  place. 
Commander  Kane's  authority  being  recognizt^d,  and 
the  Colombian  officers  c«)6perating  with  him  in  the 
preservation  of  order."* 

'-Tliey  had  l>oi!ii  takiu  to  Monkey  Hill  at  3  A.  M.  on  i\\v  .list,  and  i)lacLil 
ill  a  dangeroiiM  iionitiou  umlir  guard,  hut  in  tlie  nirleu  that  followud  tlicy  I's- 
caiK'd. 

'■'At  1:30  A.  M.  of  the  .10th  KiO  inon,  under  eolst  UUoa  and  Brun,  were  dc- 
8|iati'ii)'d  from  ranania  to  attack  I'n-stua  at  Colon. 

°*  I'riistan  succeeded  in  joining  the  ri'lx'ls  against  tlie  national  government, 
who  \v(!ro  l>eleaguering  Cartagena,  and  wiw  received  into  their  service,  even 
tliiiugh  their  chiefs  liad  been  matle  aware  of  his  eonduet  at  Colon.  He  was 
altiTward  captured,  brouglit  to  Colon,  tried  liy  court-martial,  ami  hanged  on 
tile  IStli  of  August.  Two  of  his  i)rinci)ial  ini'U,  eajittired  l>y  the  (1  tiwi'i* 
t'lit'cc,  had  been  al.so  tried  by  a  Colombian  court-martial,  t'onvicted  of  incen- 
ihirism,  and  juddicly  hanged  on  tlie  (ith  of  May.  They  were  named  (ieo. 
i'lvis,  a  We.st  Intliaii  negro,  and  Antoine  I'ortu/.elle  or  I'autrizelle,  a 
ii.itive  of  Hayti,  who  left  a  letter  charging  I'restan  wifii  the  infamous  act 
lit  ilestroying  Colon.  Three  other  accomiiliees,  Craiit  ami  Cuerrero,  and 
a<'iilian  named  F.  (r.  de  I'eralta,  wcri'  .siibscipiently  sentenced  to  iniprisori- 
iiii'iit  for  a  nund>cr  of  years.  Im  KstnUit  tic  I'on.,  May  !>,  Ki,  Aug.  15,  18N5; 
I'm.  SUir  iml  llvmUl,  Aug.  10,  i»2,  Dec.  11,  '25,  I.S85. 

'■'The  only  buildings  that  remained  standing  were  tiiose  of  the  railway, 
IVifio  mail,  and  caual  company.     Ten  thousand  persons  were  left  without 

HllcltiT. 

"  /'an,  SUir  and  Ilemlil,  April  10,  1SS5.  Kurt  ami  the  canal  company's 
•illii'crs  caused  supplies  to  be  brought  to  Colon.  Their  houses  and  ollices 
"tliTcd  shelter  to  the  tlestitut'!  iiiliabitants.  Kane  and  his  orticers  and  men 
lalMired  day  and  night  to  relieve  sutfering,  and  won  themselves  the  gratitude 
of  tho  distressed  community.   L(i  h'ufielln  liv  J'du.,  Apr.  4,  1885.    According  to 


;:, 


)<; 


MM 


FURTHEU  WARS  AND  UEVOLUTIONS. 


lU 


But  to  return  to  Panaind.  Aizpuru  took  advan- 
tage of  the  situation,  (jonima  bein"^  lift  with  only  OO 
Bokliers,  and  a  few  civilians  that  liad  joined  him,  to 
occupy  the  principal  streets,  on  the  81  st.  To  make  tlit- 
story  short,  bj'  13  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  he  was 
master  of  the  place,  Gcinima  having  surrendere*!.  ' 
Aizj)uru  announced  in  a  proclamation  on  the  1st  that 
he  had  assumed  the  functions  of  jcfe  civil  y  militar,  to 
which  he  had  Vieen  called  by  the  supporters  of  free 
political  principles,  and  on  the  4th  appointed  his  ad 
visers,""*  and  adopt  measures  to  protect  the  city  fiom 
incendiarism,  and  specially  to  guard  the  interoceanic 
transit.  Marines  and  sailors  having  been  huuled  <»ii 
the  8th  of  April  from  the  United  States  frigate  Slu- 
inuidodh,  by  Aizpuru's  request,  both  ends  of  the  Istli- 
nms  were  on  the  10th  guarded  by  American  forces. 
Soon  after  the  United  States  sent  reenforcements  of 
marines  and  sailors  with  special  instructions  to  pnttict 
the  transit  and  American  citizens  and  their  interests, 
avoiding  all  interference  in  the  internal  jiolitical  s(|ii;il»- 
bles.  Several  war  vessels  of  the  U.  S.  home  sijuadioii, 
under  llear-admiral  Jouett,  arrived  at  Colon.""  Jii 
the  night  of  the  24th  of  April,  while  the  revolution- 
ists were  erecting  barricadt'S,  ajjainst  an  understand- 
ing  with  the  American  eonunander,  the  marines  under 
Commander  jMcCalla  took  possession  of  the  city,  as  ;i 
necessary  measure  to  protect  American  property,  and 
Aizpuru  and  others  were  arrested.     However,  on  tlic 

later  accounts,  tin-  Iosbcs  by  tlu^  l>uriiing  of  Colon  were  18  lives,  anil  about 
§ti,(WM).(MK).  /•<;//.  Er'ij  Tdcijmni,  Apr.  :<,  188(5. 

'•'■ 'I'lio  iiuiiilicr  killuil  j)r()liiilily  did  njit  exceed  2.').  The  prisonerH  wen' 
trcati'd  witli  every  consideration,  and  Knon  after  reliNiHod.  Much  pn>]»rty 
was  damaged.  I'nu.  ('rouixti,  Apr.  11,  1)SS.");  Xiictii  Era,  of  Paso  del  Noitf, 
Apr.  1,  188.-.;  La  KxtrHlmlv  I'tni.,  Apr.  4,  1885. 

"■Sec.  of  ^ov.,  <'.  A.  Mcndozji;  of  war  and  fomento,  .Tc-rciuinio  Ossa;  of 
trciusury,  Carlos  leaai  Aroseniena.  The  last  two  ilecliiie<l  the  appointint-iits. 
Coinniandi!r  of  tiio  state  forces,  15.  Correoso.  (IwHn  ile  Pnii.,  Apr.  7,  1SN'>; 
Pan.  Stn-aml  llvrall,  Apr.  «,  1885;  i'mt.  Am.  MiMrd.,  no.  iK>,  41-3. 

"  Toward  tiie  latter  ])art  of  April,  there  were  about  4()0  in  Panama  city. 
Tot<il  number  of  marines  on  the  Isthmus  (iOO,  their  commamling  ofKciT  l"i"t,' 
Brevet  Lieut-col.  Charles  Heywoo<l,  who  commanded  at  Panamd.  McCalla 
held  command  in  Colon.  In  ease  of  need,  the  Am.  squadron  could  placi:  <'» 
shore  1,800  men,  and  .SO  pieces  of  artillery.  Pan.  Star  and  HeraU,  Apr.  23, 
1855;  La  Estrella  de  Pan.,  May  2,  1885. 


UKSULI    OF  t'OLUN.IK.S  SVSTKM. 


.V^ 


next  clay,  Aizpuru  havinj^  jjledt^cd  himsflf  not  to  raise 
liariu'aut's  or  l>attc'rios,  tlio  priHoiirrs  wvm  rrloasttl, 
iurI  tlio  Aiiiericaiis  retired  to  their  encainpincut  out- 


8l(U^ 


UNI 


On  tlie  27tli  a  well-equi|)|iod  Coloiiihiaii  expedi- 
tion of  al>out  HjO  men,  under  (jleneral  Hui'ael  Keyes. 
arrived  from  ]^uenaventura  to  support  ^^.  Montoya 
as  civil  and  military  ehief  of  Pananul  until  a  consti- 
tutional jfovernment  could  l)e  oryfanized.""  With  the 
j;o<»d  offices  of  the  foreij^n  consuls,  a  pea<*eal>le  ar- 
ranijement  was  entered  ii\to,  hy  which  Aizpuru  hound 
himself  to  dishanil  his  forct's,  deliver  all  aims,  and 
n  tire  to  private  life.'"'"  Hut  haviniij  failed,  as  it  was 
ajlci^ed,  as  late  as  the  2d  of  ^Tay  to  surrender  all  the 
rilles  and  caps  in  the  hands  <»f  the  r«lu'ls,  ]\v  and  others 
Wire  arrestt'd  and  confined  in  the  town  hall,'"'  On 
the  12th  Aizpuru  was  sent  to  Huenaventura  and  held  at 
the  dis[>osal  of  the  supreme  «:;uvernment  of  ('«»lomliia."'^ 
It  is  understood  that  the  rehel  Kaders  were  called 
upon  to  pay  laru^e  sums  of  money  to  meet  the  ^ovcni- 
iiient's  necessarily  increased  expenditures;  and  that, 
ill  order  to  secure  payments,  theii'  propt.'rtv  was 
st'i/.i'd.  This  is  the  result  of  C'olunje's  systens,  which 
Corrooso  followed.  He  has  been  now  repaid  in  the 
same  coin. 


"^Aizpuru  cxpocteil  soon  to  lie  attacked  1)v  a  snpf'rinr  force  from  Ciiuci. 
He  <li's[)iitcliL'il  IJ.  e'orri'Ofto  ami  A.  <  Ifiiieiit  as  iicact;  I'liiuirii.ssioiiL'r-*  tn  IJiUMia- 
vt'iituni,  hut  thoy  wuro  arrcstuil  tliorc.  J'un.  Slur  unil  I/i  rnld,  Apr.  "J."),  -7, 
May  4,  KH8."). 

'"'After  M'hich  it  was  to  proceetl  to  Cartagona.  f.n  K-'iniln  df  I'mi.,  May 
4,  ISS-). 

'"'Aizinirua  tcnns  wore  aH  follows:  1st.  To  resign  liis  jmwors  into  tlic 
hfimls  of  Vive.s  Leon,  I'alilo  Aroscniena,  or  any  "tlicr  enii.stitutionally  entitled 
t(i  receive  tliein.  iJd.  (ieiuTal  [Kinidn  fur  all  otlences  of  a  strictly  pulitic^l 
cluiracter,  Imt  the  pnnisiunent  of  tliu  guilty  of  crimes  in  Panama,  Cnlnn,  or 
elstwhcrc  on  the  Isthmus.  /(/.,  Apr.  'itt,  1.S85. 

'•'On  the  4th  he  claimed  to  liavu  tlclivcred  a  Larger  inunlior  of  arms  than 
his  commissioners  had  bouud  him  to  surrender.  La  EHtrvlla  de  /'an.,  May  .S, 
9,  IsV). 

'"•  Ln  Entrella  de  Orriil.,  May  16,  1885.  Both  .\izpuni  and  Correoso  were 
fnljsociuentl}'  deprived  of  their  nnlitary  rank.  The  former,  hcing  tried  l>y 
'oiirt-martial  iu  Bogota,  was  sentencetl,  Nov.  3,  1885,  to  10  years'  exile,  with 
liws  of  offices,  income,  and  political  rights  during  that  time,  and  payment  of 
coMtsaml  of  damages  caused  by  Im  rebelliou.  i^aiu  HCaraiui  JJertUd,  Out.  1, 
I'lc,  10,  24,  1866. 


■mf 


•im 


FUKTHKR  WAUS  ANM)  UKVOLUTIONH. 


The  Istlmius  luing  now  pacified,  and  500  more  Co- 
lombians having  arrived  on  the  9tli  of  May,  undtr 
(yoloiuil  Doiningucz,  being  another  portion  of  Reyes' 
force  to  reheve  Santodoniingo  Vila  at  Cartagena,  the 
American  marines,  who  had  been  expressly  sent  out 
by  their  government,  returned  home,  leaving  a  grtod 
name  for  discipline  and  general  good  conduct.*"'  Tlir 
flagship  Teiniensee  of  Admiral  Jouett,  and  the  Galena, 
Conunander  Kane,  went  to  sea  from  Colon  on  the  1  I  tli 
of  May.  The  former  conveyed  (Jeneral  Key es,  with 
relief  for  the  Colombian  government's  troops  at  Car- 
tagena. 

After  the  death  of  President  Olarte  in  1808,  tlir 
Isthmus  for  many  years  did  not  enjoy  a  single  day  of 
peace.  The  general  wealth  having  declined  through- 
out the  country,  and  more  so  in  the  interior,  poverty 
prevailed.  Capital,  both  foreign  and  native,  abandoned 
so  danjiferous  an  abode.  The  cattle  rany:es  and  estates 
disappeared;  likewise  agriculture,  except  on  a  small 


S( 


ah 


1(16 


The  black  men  of  the  arrabal  in  the  city  of  Panain;i, 
after  they  were  made  important  Actors  in  politics, 
accustomed  themselves  to  depend  *  i  the  public  funds 
for  a  living,  and  the  people  of  the  interior,  who  weiu 
always  peaceable  and  mdustrious,  came  to  be  virtually 
their  tributaries.  The  state  became  the  pu[)pet  of 
the  men  at  the  head  of  the  national  government,  t»r 
of  political  clubs  at  Bogotii,  whose  agents  incited  dis- 
turbances, removing  presidents  indis[)osed  to  cooperato 
with  or  to  meekly  submit  to  their  dictation,  substi- 
tuting others  favorable  to  their  purposes,  and  thus 
making  themselves  masters  of  the  state  government, 
together  with  its  funds,  and  with  what  is  of  no  less 
import,  the  state's  vote  in  national  elections. 

Since  the  establishment  of  the  constitution  of  1863, 

*•*  Upon  which  they  were  publicly  complimented  by  Rear-admiral  Jouett 
in  general  orders. 

'"" '  No  aienibran  mas  que  lo  que  justamente  consumen  por  temor  de  ser 
robadoti  eu  la  forma  de  contribuciones. '  Matdonado,  Aaunlos  PolU.  Pan.,  MS.> 
25. 


Par 

aspi 
irig 

Ullpf 

ing 

tlien 

on  t] 

the  ^ 

clianji 

we  hi 

tional 

gin  nil 

Every 

and  p« 

agent* 

Pa  nan 

J»y  the 

The 

hng  po 

hcddori 

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tile  pec 

|»f  secoi 

is  fou^ 

and  the 

aim  of  ( 

til*'  sak< 

Pana 

«tato  o 


,     '"^U-itnJ 
'■'>t<''.  at  di: 

■'lllil  otIlLTS. 

{'''  ifKiirs  oil 
|an,iinii  in, 

'■•'t    I'lll.lic 
St.ltr;    0(|.   B 

c«"i.stitution 

""■  "|)l»osim 

""'I  exorcise 

c"">titiitioni 

['"•'"•y  oil  tl^ 

""'filiation. 

''V'""«rk8 
'«<'0,  18G5 


S(MICTY  AN'I)  POLITICS. 


Panama  has  been  considered  a  gfood  field  by  men 
aspiring  to  political  and  socir'  position  without  risk- 
ing their  persons  a!id  fortunes.  '''h*^y  have  ever  Ibund 
uii|»atriotic  Panamenos  ready  to  aid  tiiem  in  nuiintain- 
in«;'  the  quondam  colonial  dependence,  and  investiniif 
tlicm  with  power,  that  they  mij^ht  jj^row  fat  t()ji^etlur 
on  the  spoils.  Almost  every  national  election,  .since 
th«'  great  war  of  18(10,  has  brought  about  a  f()rced 
change  in  the  state  government.  The  first  victim,  hh 
we  have  seen,  was  (Governor  (iuardia,  dej)osed  by  na- 
tional troops  under  Santa  Coloma.  That  was  the  be- 
ginning of  political  demoralizjition  on  the  Isthi^  '  s. 
Every  similar  illegal  device  to  insure  party  triu!nf)h 
and  power  at  B  ;;i  d  has  l)een,  I  repent,  the  work  of 
agents  from  the  national  capital  assistcMJ  by  men  of 
I'anamd  t>'  push  their  own  interests,  and  supported 
by  the  federal  garrison  '"" 

The  office  of  chief  magistrate  is  desired  for  control- 
ling political  power,  and  the  public  funds  to  enrich  the 
holder  and  his  chief  supporters.  Patriotisnj,  and  a 
noble  purpose  to  foster  the  welfare  of  the  country  and 
the  people  in  general,  are,  if  thought  of  at  all,  obji^cts 
of  secondary  consideration.  At  times,  the  presidency 
is  fought  for  with  arms  among  the  negroes  themselves, 
and  the  city  is  then  a  witness  of  bloody  scenes.  The 
aim  of  every  such  effort  is  to  gain  control  of  power  for 
the  sake  of  the  spoils. 

Panamd  cannot,  being  the  smanest  and  weakest 
state  of  the  Colombian  union,  rid  itself  of  the  outside 

'"' Witness  the  proceeilings  of  the  troops  brought  I >y  Santa  Coloma,  and 
lat<'r,  at  ditierent  times,  by  the  hattiilious  Tiradore.i,  I'icliini'ha,  'M  de  liniM, 
!iiiil  iitliurs.  Upon  the  subject  of  undue  federal  interfeiiini'  willi  the  douiis- 
til'  itliiirs  of  the  Isthmus,  the  following  ehiirgcs  preteri'fd  by  M.  .1.  I'cre/  tioiii 
ran, una  in  a  letter  of  Oct.  '22,  1884,  to  Anilial  (ialnido,  are  uortliy  of  notiii-: 
1st.  I'ublie  intervention  of  the  general  government  in  internal  atl'air.s  of  llie 
state;  '2d.  Biircfaced  protection  l)y  tlie  gen.  govt  to  rebels  in  am  '  against  the 
constitutional  govt  of  the  stiitc;  3d.  Intimate  alliance  of  the  federal  force  witli 
till'  iipposing  conservatives  and  witli  tlie  radicals  to  disarm  tin;  government, 
ami  excrei.se  pressure  on  the  assenddy,  forcibly  hindering  its  performance  of 
ciin>titutionaI  tunctions;  4th.  Consecjuences  of  the  foregoing  course;  aets  of 

f)iracy  on  the  part  of  the  rebels,  violence,  blo«>dshed,  international  claims, 
luiudiation.  Pan.  Croimtx,  Oct.  'I'l,  1884.  Correoso  corrol)orates  all  this  in 
liis  remarks  on  the  conduct  of  the  (ruanlia  C(dombianu  on  the  Isthmus,  ia 
18(R>,  1805,  1808,  1873-5,  1878,  and  subsequently.  Sucema  de  Fan.,  3-8. 


^v'|!'.if 


pi 


•if:.* 


^P 


i  4 


558 


FURTHER  WARS  AND  REVOLUTIONS. 


pressure.  Neither  can  it  crush  the  unholy  ambition 
of  its  poHticians.  Both  entail  misfortunes  enough. 
But  the  Isthmus  must  also  share  the  same  sufferings 
as  the  other  states  in  times  of  political  convulsion  in 
the  whole  nation.^** 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  Isthmus  of  Pananijt 
may  before  many  years  become  much  more  than 
it  has  heretofore  been,  a  great  highway  of  nations, 
and  that  the  great  interests  which  will  be  constantly 
at  stake  on  the  route  will  demand  an  effectual  pro- 
irction,  it  is  self-evident  that  measures  of  a  perma- 
nent character  nmst  in  time  be  adopted  to  secure  that 
end,  Panamd,  as  an  appendage  of  Colombia,  and  at 
the  mercy  of  an  irresponsible  population,  cannot  afford 
that  protection;  neither  is  Colombia,  with  her  con- 
stantly recurring  squabbles,  better  able  to  fulfil  any 
international  obligations  she;  might  assume  in  the 
premises.  Without  intending  to  cast  any  slur  upon 
her,  or  to  doubt  her  honorable  intentions,  all — her- 
self among  the  number — must  own  that  it  would  be 
extremely  dangerous  to  lean  on  so  weak  a  reed.  The 
question  therefore  occurs,  and  must  soon  be  solved, 
What  is  to  be  the  future  status  of  the  Isthmus  ?  A 
strong  government  is  doubtless  a  necessity,  and  nmst 
be  provided  from  abroad.  Shall  it  assume  the  form  of 
a  quasi  independent  state  under  the  protectorate  of  the 
chief  commercial  nations,  eliminating  Colombia  from 
participation  therein?  or  must  the  United  States,  as 
as  the  power  most  interested  in  preserving  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  highway,  take  upon  themselves  the 
whole  control  for  the  benefit  of  all  nations?  Time 
will  tell. 

Since  the  foregoing  remarks  were  written,  a  change 
has  taken  place  in  the  political  organization  of  the 
United  States  of  Colombia,  by  which  the  govern- 
ment has  been  centralized,  the  name  of  the  repuhhn 
being  changed  to   Repiiblica  de  Colombia,  and  tlic 

1*8  ( j^Q  ggiQ  eg  victima  do  sub  propios  males,  sinn  tambien  de  los  que  le 
vienuQ  de  fuera.'  Maldonado,  Amntoa  PolU.  Pan.,  MS.,  26. 


PANAMA  A  DEPARTMENT. 


559 


state  of  Panamd,  being  reduced  to  a  mere  national 
department,  to  be  ruled  by  a  civil  and  military  gover- 
nor appointed  by  the  national  executive  at  Bogota. 
Under  the  new  order  of  things,  General  Santodo- 
niingo  Vila,  the  former  president,  became  civil  and 
military  ruler,  with  powers  to  inaugurate  the  depart- 
mental organization.*""  He  took  possession  of  his 
office,  and  dictated  several  measures  toward  that  end, 
and  the  suppression  of  gambling  and  other  abuses. 
But  without  good  grounds,  after  recognizing  tlie 
press  to  be  free,  suddenly  suspended  that  freedom, 
though  he  soon  after  restored  it.  IVIeantime,  how- 
ever, he  caused  the  suspension  for  sixty  days  of  the 
Star  and  Herald  and  Estrclla  newspapers,  alleging 
their  hostility  to  the  government  because  they  de- 
clined to  publish  some  of  his  measures."" 

"•  Discussions  in  the  national  CJcnsejo  ne  Delegatarios,  in  Nov.  and  Dec. 
1885,  and  law  of  Dec.  11,  1885,  to  regulate  the  gov.  of  Pananid.  Pan.  Star 
anil  Herald,  Jan.  6-15,  1886. 

""  /(/.,  March  20,  29,  suppiem.,  1886.  The  puhlication  of  the  journal  was 
rt'stored  after  the  term  of  suspension  expired.  Vila's  course  was  disapproved 
by  the  general  government,  and  he  was  peremptorily  recalled  for  disobedience 
of  orders.  The  proprietors  of  the  journal  have  made  a  claim  for  heavy  dam- 
ages. Btuimventura  Correono,  Sucesos  de  Pannind  Infoitne  d  Iti  Marion,  Huga, 
liJSC),  4to,  24  pp.  The  writer,  one  of  the  prominent  political  men  of  Panama, 
ill  this  pamphlet  purposes,  as  he  assures  us,  to  point  out  the  source  of  the 
almost  continuous  disturbances  that  have  occurred  on  the  Isthmus  since 
1800,  laying  particular  stress  on  the  events  from  1880  to  1885.  It  might  be 
expecting  too  much  that  he  should  express  an  impartial  and  wiioUy  un- 
warped  judgment  on  those  events,  and  on  his  polit'^al  opponents.  It  must 
be  acknowledged,  however,  that  his  statements  appear  to  be  fair  enough, 
and  that  his  assumption  of  responsibility  for  some  or  the  acts  which  he  cen- 
sures is  frank,  Sinuxn  Maldonado,  Anunlon  Politkos  df  Panama,  M.S.,  42  iip. 
The  author  of  this  review  is  a  native  of  Panamd,  and  ha.s  tilled  responsiblo 
positions  in  his  country,  more  especially  in  the  judiciary.  His  views  of  atfaira 
there  are  impartial,  and  entitled  to  consideration  for  tqeir  soundness. 


CHAPTER .  XXVII. 

CENTRAL  AMERICAN  INSTITUTIONS. 

1886. 

Extent  of  the  Country — Climate — Mountains  and  Volcanoes — Eabtii- 
QUAKEs— Rivers  and  Lakes — Costa  Rica's  Area,  Possessions,  a.ni> 
Political  Division  and  Government— Her  Cuief  Cities — Nicara- 
oitA,  her  Territory,  Towns,  and  Municipal  Administration- 
Honduras'  Extent,  Islands,  Cities,  and  Local  Government— Sai,- 
VADOR,  HER  Position,  Area,  Towns,  and  Civil  Rile— Guatemala's 
Extent  and  Possessions — Her  Cities  and  Towns — Internal  Ad- 
ministration— Isthmus  of  PanamA — Area,  Bays,  Rivers,  and  Is- 
lands— Dei'artment  and  District  Rule — The  Capital  and  Other 
Towns— Population — Character,  and  Customs — Education — Epi- 
demics AND  Other  Calamities. 

Central  America  proper  embraces  the  region  situ- 
ated between  the  state  of  Chiapas  in  the  repubhc  of 
Mexico  on  the  north,  and  the  former  state,  now  de- 
partment, of  Panamil  on  the  south,  extending  from 
about  latitude  7°  to  18°  north,  in  length  from  800  to 
900  miles,  and  in  breadth  varying  from  about  30  to 
about  300  miles.  The  united  area  of  the  five  republics 
comprised  therein  is  about  175,000  square  miles.* 

The  climate  of  this  region  on  the  Atlantic  coast  is 
about  the  same  as  that  of  the  West  Indies,  somewluit 
modified  by  various  causes.  The  Atlantic  coast  from 
Trujillo  downward,  including  the  Mosquito  region,  is 
low  and  iuisalubrious.     That   of  the  Pacific  coast  is 

'An  official  doc.  of  the  U.  S.  govt  gives  174,800;  Am.  Cyrlop.,  of  187.'MI, 
178,277;  Crowe,  Gosj)fl  in  Cent.  Am.,  roughly  cominites  it  '.i.  'i(K),000.  Otltcr 
authuritiea  widely  diifor.  I  refer  the  reader  to  the  following  iiiiipa,  nainily: 
John  Baily's,  1850;  Max.  Von  Sonnenstern's  offic.  maps  of  Salv.,  18.")8,  .'iiul 
(Juiit..  1859;  Herman  Au's,  of  Guat.,  1876;  Paul  Levy's,  of  Nic,  1873; 
Moliaa's  map  of  Costa  R.  in  his  Bosquejo. 

fi60 


bcttc 

ivo,  1 

Tlw 

iK'arl 

M'itJi 

Be 

ill  Lo 

am!  t( 

mu  i 

<'i|'j»o;i,] 
itv  of 
from  5 
the  no] 
TJir  w] 
^'oiiuis 
]\iiig  ( 

Jiii^lior 
tlui'u.s; 
on  tJie  ( 
i'1,1,^  tJic 
^1  i<'arao 
Scny)via 

NIlllO  su 

'•'i)iiat( 
tiio  Jake 
al>Iu  can 

•''lllo.'jt  c 

lioat  of 
iTdsc',  or 

f^'arta;L;(). 
'■^  Jiot,\v( 


PHYSUAL   FKATUUKS.  HI 

better  ill  every  respect,  tne  neat  not  being  so  oppress- 
ive, whicli  is  due  to  a  drier  and  purer  atnios))here. 
Tlie  result  is,  tliat  while  the  coasts  on  the  Alantic  are 
marly  uninhabited,  those  on  the  Pacific  are  lined 
with  towns  and  well  settled. 

Beginning  with  Guatemala,  and  going  southward, 
in  Los  Altos,  the  highlands  of  the  republic,  the  aver- 
au'i!  temperature  is  lower  than  anvwhen^  else.  Snow 
jails  occasionally  lu^ar  Quezaltenango,  but  soon  dis- 
ii|ijH'Jirs.  The  heat  is  never  excessive.-  In  the  vicin- 
ity of  the  city  of  Guatcjinala,  the  thermometer  ranges 
fiDiu  55"  to  80^  with  an  average  of  72  \  In  Vera  IVz, 
the  north-eastern  department,  it  is  nearly  10  wanner. 
The  whole  coast  from  ]^elize  down  t(»Izal)ul  and  Santo 
Tomas  is  hot  and  unhealthv,'  The  state  of  Salvador, 
lying  entirely  on  the  Pacific  slope,  has  probably  a 
liii;her  average  tempi'rature  than  (Juat<'mala  or  Hon- 
duras; but  the  heat  is  oppressixe  only  at  some  points 
(•n  the  coast.''  Ffonduras  lias  a  fine  climate,  except- 
ing the  portion  s[)oken  of  on  tlie  coast  of  the  Atlantic. ' 
Nicaragua,  with  the  cxcepcion  of  her  department  of 
Segovia,  which  borders  on  Jlonduras  and  has  the 
sinu!  surface  and  teinju'iature,  has  a  topography  and 
cliiuate  of  her  oM'ii,  with  an  average  temperature  in 
the  lake  region  of  about  7\)^  to  SO"',  due  more  to  favor- 
able causes  than  to  elevation.  In  Costa  Pica  there  is 
almost  every  degree  of  tem[)erature,  from  the  iiitensest 
litut  of  I*untarenas  to  tlie  constant  sjn-ing  of  San 
.btsc,  or  the  autumnal  temperature  of  tlie  belt  above 
(  uitago.  The  coast  from  ( ']iiii<pu'  lagoon  to  the  north 
is  hot,  wet,  and  unhealthy."     l*roperly  speaking,  there 


■-'Ni'verHo  great  uh  during  tlio  suiinrifr  inoiitli.s  in  Kiitilaiul.'  Ihtnl'iji'.i 
'■ni.  Am.,  25S;  Civ.il'i/'.t  StaUm.,  -MS.,  Ill  17;  I,' nut.,  Mem.  Mhi.  line,  ISS.'t, 
I'l-lCi. 

^'I'lio  Hamc  uiny  1)0  saiil,  tliough  in  a  K'.sm  dogrui',  of  tiio  northern  aiicl  east- 
'  I'll  coast  of  Hohil.  from  Oinoa  to  ( Iracias  a  IMos. 

*  l-a  Union,  San  Mignel,  Aeajnlli,  Soiisonate,  etc.,  owing  to  local  eausis. 

'  i  lie  average  temiieratuie  at  Te^iieigaljia,  < 'oinayagiia.  .Iuti(al|).i  anil 
'•iiK-ias  is  about  74.  Sijukrx  2\'oti<  tm  Cent.  Am,,  i)  7;  JiiU;i,  Alran  r.t  i' 
.[iiii'r  Cviit.,  i.  b'AA. 

•■t'cilil  ami  saluhrious  on  the  t;ilile-lancls  in  the  interior,  the  tln'rniom. 
iMii-iii;^  from  05'  to  lii  l-ahr.  Mutiwi,  ]],>."{.  Co-tlu  7.'.,  'JS,  The  climato  of 
Ui^r  CENT.  Am,,  Vol..  Ill,    ;i;; 


561' 


CKNTKAL   AMKUICAN  INSTITUTION'S. 


is  no  dry  season  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  Ccntnil 
America.     However,  from  June  to  September,  intlu 
sive,  tliere  is  less  rainfall  on  the  Atlantic  side.     ])ui 
injjf    these    months    the    Pacific    slope    has    its    rainy 
stvison,  but  the  rains  are  brief,  occurring  in  the  aftei'- 
noon  and  nij>ht/ 

At  a  short  distance  from  the  Pacific  coast  the  coun- 
try is  traversed  from  north-west  to  south-east  by  an 
unbroken  chain  of  mountains,'*  at  l(;ast  to  Nicaruyua 
Lake,  and  covered  with  diversified  vegetation.  This 
cordillt;ra  is  a  connecting  chain  between  the  llocky 
Mountains  of  the  northern,  and  the  Andes  of  the 
southern,  continent."  On  the  slo[)es  and  sunnnits  arc 
fine  table-lands,  some  of  which  are  quite  extensive, 
and  all  temperate  and  sur])assingly  fertile.  It  may  he 
assertetl  that  no  portion  of  the  earth  presents  a  greater 
diversity  of  level  on  an  e(|ual  extent  of  surface  than 
Central  America,  or  a  greater  variety  of  climate. 

The  majority  of  the  highest  peaks  are  volcanoes, 
and  no  It  ,s  than  thirty  volcanic  vents  are  said  to  bo  in 
activity.  Kxtinct  craters,  rent  rocks,  lava  beds,  scoria', 
vitrified,  charred,  and  pumice  stones,  hot  and  sulphur- 
ous springs,  mark  Central  America  as  a  most  volcanic 
rcirion.^"  ' 

Cdsta  U.  varies  from  .W  to  GO"  Falir.,  sicconling  to  elcvjition.  GaUiilo.  in 
Joiirit.  Jt'ni/iil  (Ifoif.  Hoc.  oj'  Loiiiloii,  vi.  IIH;  Lnj'irrUri',  Dn  Parin  a  Hiuiliin., 
47-8. 

'  Tlii.s  is  by  far  the  plcaHantcr.suasoii,  the  forenoons  being  n.sually  elouillis.'i, 
witli  a  eU'iir,  elastie,  and  lialniy  atmosphere.  Owing  to  local  inlhuiicrs  in 
some  portions  of  the  eastern  coiists  it  rain.s  more  or  le».s  tlie  wliole  \i;ir. 
C'rowr's  f,'o.'<pcl,  1-12. 

*' ( 'onsisting  of  three  group.s;  vi/,  ilie  Costa  Itican  traversing  that  reimlilic 
and  Panama,  the  llonduran  and  Niearagnan,  ami  the  <inatemalaii. 

"Somt!  of  the  summits  are  1 7, (MM)  ft  high.  Several  .spurs  from  tlie  Sicm 
Madre — the  main  ridge — cut  the  plains  at  right  angles,  ami  soinetiiiiis  rcicli 
the  sea-shore. 

'"  All  the  volcanoes  of  Cent.  Am.  arc  on  the  Pacific  coast,  almost  in  a  liiu', 
an<l  running  due  north-west  and  south-east,  heginniug  with  the  Carl;iL'"iir 
Irazii,  in  Costa  lliea,  which  is  11,480  ft  high,  and  has  left  trae<'s  ot  vidknt 
eruptions  before  tiie  historic  period;  the  oidy  proof  of  its  present  .utivity 
being  a  small  rill  of  smoke  visible  from  the  foot  of  the  mountain.  Thi  n'  an' 
hundreds  of  other  volcanic  peaks  and  extinct  craters  on  the  line,  tin' iiinst 
notiible  being  the  Turrialba,  which  was  in  active  eruption  in  ISdti,  tln^asliy 
matter  from  it  having  been  beneficial  to  the  coffee  plantations;  < 'liiri'i|ni, 
Blanco,  Zdvalo,  Barba,  Los  Votos  1),840  ft  high,  also  in  Costa  U.  AlioL-ail", 
Cerro  Pelado,  Tenorio,  Cncuilapa,  Miravalles,  Kineon  de  la  Vieja,  ha  lli'l'- 
omla,  Orosi,  Madera,  Ometeiiec,  Zapatera,  Ouauapepe,  Uuauacauru,  S'lleiiti- 


Ir 

grca 

quak 

Tli,> 

mala 

cau.se 

elsew 

a  sue 

truss 

dinus, 


HISTOUH"   EAUTHUUAKKS. 

In  a  retrioii  aboundini;  witli  volcanoes,  and  where 
great  convulsions  of  nature  have  taken  place,  earth- 
quakes— violent  ones,  at  times — frequently  occur." 
The  great  shocks  experienired  hy  the  city  of  (iuate- 
iiiida  in  1751,  1757,  17()5,  and  the  one  of  177;{,  which 
caused  the  abandonment  of  the  old  site,  have  heeu 
elsewhere  mentioned.'"  The  year  IHO'J  was  noted  for 
a  succession  of  vioh-nt  temhlorcs,  causino'  nuich  (hs- 
tivss  amoui^  the  inhabitants  of  (Guatemala  and  Hon- 
duras, and  doing   much  damage,  particularly  in  the 


uaiiii,  Moiiiliaclio,  ('liiltepe,  Mas;iya  or  Ximliri;  tliis  last  saiil  to  liavo  boon  in 
a  stato  (if  uruptidii  jipwaids  of  LMO  yuar.s  ago,  aiul  still  LdiitiiiiicH  aclivf;  it 
had  a  .small  iMiqitiou  Nov.  10,  IS.'i.S;  Managua;  Moiimtoiiilio,  (>,ri(M)  ft  liigli, 
near  tliu  Managua  or  l.cini  ]..akt.',  al>oiit  which  the  Jiulians  had  a  tradition  (if 
a  lii'iiifiiddu.s  oniiitioii  wdiiiu  1(H)  years  licfdio  IIk^  Cdiiiiiig  nf  tliu  Spaniards,  tlio 
lava  running  into  tin;  laku  iind  destroying  all  the  lisli;  the  latter  jiait  of  tlio 
stdiy  scums  to  be  ineoricct,  there  lieiiig  eviileiiee  th  it  tlu^  lava  did  not  reach 
tile  lake  shore;  it  jtartially  revived  in  l.S.J'_';  Las  I'ilas,  A.sosdsca,  Ordta,  Te- 
lica,  Santa  Clara,  Kl  Viejo  (i,(KK)  ft  high;  I'll  ('lidUed;  (.'(ise;.;iiina.  wlniselirst 
(■ni|itidn  was  .Ian.  '20,  ISIi."),  helieved  td  havi^  lieen  the  nidst  violent  ever  re- 
Liiicled  iu  history;  and  .loltcjiee — all  in  Nic.  Kl  Tigre,  Nacadine,  and  Ainapala, 
oi'(  'dMcliagua,  iu  Ilond.  In  the  repuldic  of  Salv.  are  several;  namely,  tlie  San 
Saivader,  which  had  not  lirnken  out  in  miwards  (if  three  centuries;  hut  in 
(lid  times  it  ejected  immensi;  masses  df  lava  and  scdriu'  to  a  distance  of  nidru 
lliaii  IS  miles.  It  is  (if  great  di'iith,  cdmjiuted  liy  Wecm.s,  an  ,\mcricau  v  ho 
(Icscciided  it,  at  ahdiit  r),(>(K)  varas;  the  hottdin  is  (lecuiiied  liy  a  lake;  San 
Miuucl,  aliout  l."i,(MH)  ft  high.  In  old  times  it  ejected  largi^  (juantitics  of  eiri- 
iliTs  and  half-melted  .stones  of  immensu  si/c.  The  country  for  .'{()  miles  or 
iiiiin',  including  the  site  of  San  Miguel,  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Am.,  IieinjJ 
ciivi  red  with  lava  and  scoria';  San  Vicente;  Izalco,  which  broke  out  about 
1(10  years  ago,  is  in  constant  activity,  but  has  not  caused  ,iiiy  serious  damage; 
raneiin,  and  Santa  Ana.  In  (iiiat.  arc  the  I'acaya;  the  A'dlcaii  de  Agua;  tliu 
Viileaii  de  Fuego  constantly  smoking  with  occasional  e.xiilosiou  and  shocks, 
Its  last  eruption  being  in  ISJSO;  Eiicuentrd,  Acateiiangd;  Atitlan  so  remark.ihlo 
at  OIK!  time  fcir  freijuent  and  vidlent  eruptidiis,  tlie  last  ones  b.iiig  in  IfSlIS  and 
In;)!!,  which  caused  much  destruction  on  lliu  coast  of  Suuliite[i((iaez:  Tesa- 
iiiiileo,  Zaiiotillan,  Amil|ias,  (^Mieziiltenango,  and  Cerro  tjluemadd  wlmso  last 
erii|ition  was  in  17''*.">.  'riier(!  are  many  olhei  iiameless  ones.  Near  a  nuinber 
(il  till!  activo  and  ict  volcanoes  are  small  and  almost  circular  oiienings 

in  the  ground,  tie  ui^n  M'hicli  is  ejected  snioki!  or  steam.  The  natives  call 
tliem  aiisoles  or  inliernillos,  little  hells.  llnnlnpK  ('int.  Am.,  W,  Kl-lT,  iVJ-Ti, 
'••1  J,  IIS -'JO,  'J84-yO;  Sijni-r^  Trur.,  ii.  101-  111;  S,{i,i,r\  Cnit.  Am.,  X")'.)  (il, 
4'.)'J  S.  Other  authorities  sjieaking  of  the  volcanoes  of  Cent.  Am.  are:  iSIuk/'h 
A'''.,  I  l.'t;  tSillimini's  Jttiirwil,  x.wiii.  S.'t'J;  l.irii,  Xir.,  7">  S."),  147  o-'t;  Uwil., 
(•'iiri/,i,  \<\<],,  10,  |.S."»4;  Dtiirii)  tie  ArUo.-t,  Nov.  "22,  ]S.")o;  Sir.,  (litriUi,  .lime  "i, 
•Viii;.  7,  KSCi!);  .March  IS,  1S71;  Snlr.,  Dinrlo  Ojia.il,  Oct.  II,  Nov.  1."),  bs7,S; 
ilnrhiitt  Mimthly,  xiii.  ',i'24;  La  Vozdv  Mij.,  Aiarcli  17,  ISdd;  I'iin  tun/  Sn- 
iimini's  l)ottiii<i.t,  ;W-iO;  Jiitibj'H  Ciul.  Am.,  75-S;  W'fll^'  JIuwI.,  2'M--1;  llui- 
]'('i-'i  Mill/,,  xix.  739;  and  the  Hncydopinliiu;  Gnat.,  Jiev'uita  (Jbnermlorio  Mv- 
''"'•..  i.  21   X 

"  About  300  have  been  recorded  in  3J  centuries,  which  are  probably  the 
liuiidrtMlth  part  of  the  actual  nund)er. 

^- Jlint.  Vent.  Am.,  ii.  7IU-21,  this  series. 


^  ':t!i 


5(i4 


CEXTRAI.   AMKUrCAN   INSTITUTIONS. 


latter  stat  .'''  Since  tliat  time  tlie  five  n-publics  liuvc 
coiistantlv  had  sucli  visitations,  rausinijf  at  times  loss 
of  life  and  damage  to  property.     I  j^ive  \\\  a  note  a 


iiumluT  of  such  oei 


The  Isthmus  of  i*iui 


•currcncei 
ainii  has  likewise  repeatedly  exjierieneed  the  et^^(•t^ 
earth(|uakes,  some  of  which  have  created  nmch  ajaim 
and  injured  property 


16 


.limu  'JOtli,  iit  3  A.  M.,  was  Mt  alu-avy  shock  in  (iaut. :  no  gn-at  (l.iniai:i- 


ViH  tloiic.     In  Coiiiaya^'iia  ami  Tejr'icigalpa  tlu'  sliockx  (•oiitinufil  Inun 
'JOtli  ti>  tlic  '2.'A\\;  till!  ii(;o|ilc  a1>aii(l(itiiiig  tiiuir  ilwellings.      Many  Itiiiliiii 
Imtli  iniblic  and  iirivate,  wcro  much  injurctl.     Tlio  wlmcks  were  also  I' 


It  11, 


1. 
Aj)r.  i2;{,  I8.'{(),  (iiiat.  cxiicricnccd  one  saiil  to  have  hccn  the  most 


that  of  177.'{.  I''el>.  ami  Seiit.  KS;{|,  a  great  i)art  ol  San  Salvailnr 
ruineil.  The  authorities  ami  most  of  the  peojile  lied  to  Cojnteiieinie.  '11 
was  the  sixth  time  the  city  liad  hceii  more  or  less  dania;;ed  liy  eartli(|ii,ik' 
Sept.  'J,  liSH,  Cartago,  in  Costa  R.,  was  nearly  levelled  to  tlie  grmiinl; 
S,(j(>()  houses  previously  existing,  not   100  remained  entire;  of  the  8  ehiiii 


tht!  Hlnallest  and  ugliest  was  the  only  one  escajiing  uninjured.  May  l"^l!. 
the  city  of  (iranada  was  nearly  ruined;  the  town  of  Nicaragua  was  ure.itl\ 
damaged,  the  lake  of  this  name  rising  and  falling  .several  times,  as  if  liaviiit; 


a  til 


itithi 


Pet; 


Pali 


d  otlh 


er  jilaccs  near  tlie  volcano  o 


i.lc 


It   1', 


caya,  hardly  had  a  house  left  stamling  in  the  end  of  March  and  in  h.  ij;iniiiiiij 
of  April  1S4.").  In  the  ri'imli.  oftinat.  shocks  have  lieen  rciicatedly  ex|iiri 
enceii,  those  of   1884  and    188,")  causing  devastatinn  in  .\niatitl,iii.     Siii 


vailor  f'Xperienccd   heavy  ones  in 


i; 


1.V.W,  ItiL'.".,  ICi.'iti,  and    I7'.t8.  ami 


coMi|iletcly  ruined  in  IS.'tO,  18.")4,  ami  187."?,  and  several  titlier  towns  in  tl 
rcpiihlie  fared  almost  as  hadly  in  the  latter  year.  (K't.  '_',  1878,  tlicic  \vi, 
loss  <if  life.      Dec.  'J7  '-".',  187!',  llopango,  C'andelaria,  and  otlu'r  pines  wii 


inolishcd.     InCoslaK.  tlu:  deslrucli 


if  J' 


18,")1;  and   in    I88'J   the  towns  of  Alajiula,  San  Kimoii,  (ire 


untareiuta  occiirrci 


eia,  am 


Ih 


wi'i'c  dama 


iged. 


ith    I 


navy 


h 


.f  li 


In   Dec.    l.S(i7,  a  tidal  wavi 


lowed  the  island  of  Zapotilla,  inCiolfo  Diilce,  drowning  all   the  inlialiitiint- 


Th 


rtlnjiiake  shocks  seem  to  he  ot   two  kind.-< 


rlv,   th 


perp^ 


.lictiiar 


whii'h  are   felt  only  in  the  vicinity  of  volcanoes,  and  the  hori/ontal,  icai 
great  distances  from   the  places  where  they  originate,  licing  vi'iy  iiin  ip 


tl 


icir  progress,  in  some  jiarts  rocking  the  ground  violently,  and  in 


itli. 


their  diri'ct  lim'.  nearer  their  source,  heing  hut  slightly  felt.    l)uii'(ij>' 


I  r  li.'. 


A, 


'J!K»  :t;  S 


Cud.  Am.,  I.".t8,  ;«)4  7,  4(m;  .S'-/ 


itiir .1  I  riiri 


1 1.-<,  ii.  8."i 


(i;  Ponton's  Kirt/n/iiidis,  (ill,  7(>-7;  Ii'ih-IkiiiII,  ('ml.  Am.,  8;<-4;  your.  .1/ 


oil.. 


lIxv.  »)()  I;  Ixxxv.  'J(>4:  k 


I'.'i;   .Moiihif'iu;  J/rscnn  J/isf.,  iii.  (>tl8 


ii,/iin:   r,«/.f  /,'.,   I'ref.  viii.;  Costa   /,'.,  To/.    /,,(/.,  vii.    UH-'A;  Id.,   (I 


l,'il: 


Sept.   10,   I8.');f;  .July  1."),  Aug.  .^  'JC),  Sept.  '-',  18.-|4;  1,1.,  liolrfni  Ojh:,  Xwii.'M. 


De 


i;t,  18,-)4;  Ml,s'  /,; 


;/.,  Ixi.  '2'u;  J'ini's  (lotr  of  till'  J'l 


Mi- 


nn M,.r.  <;,ol.,  \\\  111,  .^.1  I  I'J;  ]V,  Us  J/ond.,  •_':«;  Sidr.,  I'A  Si^lo,  Mav  'JS.  .Inm 
:i,  I8.-.I,  Sept.  :i,  18,-|-.>;  /,/.,  /)„ir!o  <)fir.,{M.  rv-'J7,  1878;  .Ian.  IH.  II.  l^"'"; 
Id.,  (;,i,;t.i,  M;iv  •-'(».  18.->4;  Id.,  id  Hot,  Oct.  \'.\,  "iO,  Nov.  10,  17,  Dc.  1. 
I8.")4;  Keh.  0,  IS.".,-.;  (In, it.,  ';,i,;t,i,  Oct.  '_M,  \SX\;  May  5,  18.-)4;  M,:,  OW'h', 
March  -JO,    ISiit;   Feh.    10,  18(i(i;  .Ian.  18,  May  !»,  Oct.  'M,  1808;  ,laii.  S,  .Iiiiic 


18,  Aug.  -JO,   I.S70;   /.!(  I 


fir  y;,:,  ,lan.  I'J,  ISlil;  El  I 


on;  nil'  r 


/,•  .\'/V.,  Oct. 


l."),  1871;  ('.  S.  <! 


])o 


Id.,  Cong.  44.  Si'.ss.  1,  i.  ].t  1.   I'JO;   V n.trt,-.   7 


II.  Kx.  Doc.,  Cong.  4;(,  Scss.  1,  i.  ].t  1,  T'.IO,  80.S.  HI4; 


"'".'/■ 


iii>t,t;. 


vml  l/cnilil.  .Ian. 

Ollttt.,   Itiristii  Oli.ifrvnloni) 


li.  IS'.I  !t:i 
7.  II.   1880. 


Mi 


M.t,' 


full 


cry 


n/iw  ,/(■  ( 'i  nl.  Ant.,  ill 

M.mintd.  Ajir.  '1\.  188-J,  /'""■  ■''I" 

infiiinnation  from  14ti'.M.>  IS.Sll  ii 


'Worthy  of  mention  were  the  sliock.'j  of  .July  11,  IS,")4,  felt  tliioiigiiwit 


LAKKS  AND  K1VK15S. 


Hint 


Frinii  tho  lofty  sierras  and  volcanic  cones  descend 
icaius,  which,  nieetin<if  on  the   }>lains    below,  form 


iMuiitiful   lakes,  or  swell   into  rivtTs  that  roll  on  t 
(iilur  ocean.     They  ari'  numerous,  and  thouufh  not  f)f 
'-ivat  lenjLfth,  h(H'aus(!  of  the  narrowness  of  tlie  reu'ion 


1(1 


Tl 


le 
u- 


tlii  V  traverse,  aie  hv  no  means  insi<rniticant 
muiitry  has  sevi-nil  lak<'S,  sonu;  of  whicli  have  occ 
jiicd  the  attention  of  scient'sts,  statesmen,  and  mei'- 
cliaiits,  and  J  will  have  occasion  to  treat  of  them  in 
cnimt'ction  with  intei'oci'anic  connnunication  and  com- 


merce 


farther  on 


The    re[)uhhc    of    Costa    llica    is    that    portion    of 


(riitral   America  extending'  between   Ni 


carauna  anc 


till-  l-lliimiM,  Sept.  lull,  tlic  same  year,   filt  in  ('liirii|m':  1S."7.  1S."),S,  ISdS, 
aii'l  Scjit.  7,   INS'J;  tlii.H  last  was  a   luavy  <>iii',  tlama^iiig    piiiilii;   ami    jinvatu 


.uMilius; 


del! 


"K' 


tlif  tr 


raiisimssiiui  <il  iiassciimis  ami  imrilialulisc  (i\<t 


til.  lulway.   Sub'.,  KUlnl,  Dih'.  I,  ISrU;  Cushi  If.Jlur.tn,  Oct.  •_•!.  IH.Vt;  S.  /•', 


.1//. 


(,  ( »rt. 


|Sr>7;  Sue.  I' 


AuU.  ••    IS:.S;   S.  F.i\iU,.]\inr-l:\,  |S(i.S;   Sept 


>S, '.I,  •_'.").   1NS'_';  S.  F.  C/iriiiiirlr,  Scjil.  !t,   IS.S'J;    /.„   Fs/idl'  <!>■  /'> 
l^v.';   l'<in.  St'ir  (iwl  llrnibl,  Sept.   14,  INS'J. 


VI 


I" 
t.    14, 


•I'l 
^11m 


IlKlst    llllJXIl' 


taut  oiii's  ai'(!  i\\v  I'.'siiiiiasiiita,   kiiowii  also  umUr  tlu 


if  Jjai'aiiiliiii,  Uasiori,  oti 
Murdiiu,  (ir  tin;  111 


11  (iiiat..  Ill'  alioiil  tlict  si/i!  of  tlio  (iaioiin 
ill  the  r.  S.,  wliicli  iliains  iirarly  half  «if  tli 


Mtf,  and  ihpui'.s  its  waters  tlin>u;;!i  sfvcral  iiKHitlis  into  lliu  liay  of  Camiiiilu 


Plllr 


v 

tih'  liij;uiia  lie  ']'(  riiiiiios.     'I'ln'  Dnlci'  unites  the  liay  ot  Uoiiil.  witii  tin 


Cult. 


'I'ho  Ilomlo;  thi' Heli/i',  or  OM  lliver,  faiiums  for  the  tin 


(h. 


its  hanks  have  yiehleil;  the  Mot; 


ami  the  JN.l. 


■;  the  HlacU  or  'riiito 


III  tllr 


ais  eoiintrj';  the  San  .luan  ih  1  >i(iite,   (' 


lis 


.1  Tell 


laiit^ua 


.lU'l  Wanks,  ( Iramlu  or  ( 'hoeoyos,  ami  the  Mieoor  Hlewliehls;  tho  Tijiitapa, 
uniting  lakes  Mii'araf;iia  ami  Manajiua;  the  I'a/,  se|iaiatinL,' ( iiiat.  ami  Salv.; 
mill  till'  ilie[)  ami  rapid  Keniiia,  the  larj^est  on  tlio  western  shore,  at  its  lowest 
ililpixeeeils  140  yards  in  lireadtli. 

'■'I'lie  following  arc  the  liotaMe  ones:  Atitlan,  inOuat.,  eovering  mnvardu 
iif  i'lO  si|iiare  miles;  deelared  ti)  Ix'  nnfalhonialile,  a  line  i  f  .'{()()  fathoms  not 
riaiiiiiii,'  tlie  hottom.     'riioiigli  reeeiving  tin'  waters  of  many  rivers,  no  outlet 


I'll  found  for  its  dark  ami  heimniliiiiii  waters;  sti 


It  IS   ]l 


lalilc  that 


>uliteiiaiieoiis  outlet  exists,  as  ill  the  lakes  of  (inijar  ami   Mrtapa  in  Salv., 
wliuli  are  united  liy  a  siiliterraiieoiis  eoininiiiiieatiou.     (Jollo  Onlee,  oi'  I/.ahal 


akr,  of aln 


ilmut  .)0  mileH  in  eireiiit,  sulijeet  to  violent  agil.it lous,  ami  torniing 
the  imrt  of  J/ahal  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  (iiiat.  1  he  small  Aiiiatitlan,  ahoiit 
'.M  mill  s  from  the  city  of  (iuat.,  which,  notwithstanding;  its  hot  siiiiiiL;.H  and 
ters,  abounds  in  a  delicate  lisli  called  mojarra,  in  other  small  lisli 


d   fowl.      Ill   J 1  Olid 


the  V 


111   Nic,  the  lake  of   the  saiiii 


ii:iinc,  \i  lio.se  surplus  waters  run  to  the  Atlantic  hy  Ihe  Sail  .hian  del  Norte 
liivrr;  an  inland  aea,  '.Hi  miles  long,  ami  40  miles  in  its  gruatcst  lireadtli, 
''niiiiii,'  an  ellipse  with  its  main  a.\is  due  N.W.  to  S.  I'l.  Its  depth  in  soinu 
lMit.<  IS  of  45  fathoms,  and  its  area  must  ho  at  least  'J,00<)  sipiaro  miles.  It 
fi'iitiiiiH  a  Hiiiall  iirehipolago.  hake  Managua  is  .'W  or  W't  miles  in  length,  and 
liiiii  it^  j,rr,.;it,.st  lirt'adth.  It  has  little  dr|itli,  and  several  sand  hanks  render 
iiivii;:ii'oii  ditlicult.  The  lagnna  de  Masaya,  ;'tO  ft  lower  than  the  city  of 
tiii'siiiiie  nainu,  whii'li  is  7.")1>  ft  ahovu  the  uisa  level.     Its  area  is  of  aliout  10 


t'|ll:ir: 


idles.    /, 


'  '•.'/■ 


Sti,  «.")  M. 


>  f  f 


666 


(KNTUAl,  AMERICAN  INSTITUTIONS. 


Panama,  and  liavinj^  on  one  side  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  on  the  other  tlie  Atlantic. ^'^  Costa  Kica  has  tlie 
ishands  of  Colon,  San  Cristobal,  Pastimento,  La  Popn. 
and  otl»ers  in  J^oca  del  Toro;  the  Escudo  de  Vera<;u,i 
in  tlie  Atlantic,  the  Cocos,  Cai'io,  San  Lucas,  and 
Chira  in  the  Pacific ;  these  latter  two  and  smallei"  ones 
lying  within  the  oulf  of  Nicoya. 

The  })olitical  division  of  the  republic  is  in  ])rovin(ias 
and  comarcas;'"  namely,  provincias  of  San  Jose,  Cai- 
tajj^o,  Alajucla,  Hcretiia,  and  (Juanacaste,  and  tlic 
comarcas  of  J*untar(Mias  and  Limon.  The  provin- 
cias  and  comarcas  are  alike  divided  into  cantoiies, 
and  the  latter  subdivided  into  barrios.  At  the  head 
of  each  provincia  and  comarca  is  a  uovernor,  and  (•( 
each  canton  ajefe  politico,  all  of  executive  ai)[ioint- 
UKMit.  The  |)olice  de|)artment  is  under  the  u(>vfni(»r. 
uidess,  in  sj)ecial  cases,  the  supreme  i;'overnment  sliould 
assum(>  the  immediate  contrtd  over  it  in  certain  locali- 
ties. Each  provincial  capital  has  a  municipal  cor[>oia- 
tion,""  acting,  like  the  governors  and  other  subordinate 
authorities,  unilcr  the  general  ordinances,  made  and 
]>rovided  for  the  government  of  the  whole  republie. 

The  cities  of  the  republic  are  San  Jose,  (^aitago, 
Heredia,  Alajuela,  Liberia,  Puntarenas,  and  Linion. 
There  are,  besiiles,  seven  or  ^'ight  villas,  and  nine  (»• 
ten  jmeblos.'-' 

"*Froin  8°  to  11"  llV  N.  hit  ,  an<l  Sr  4(V  to  S.V  40'  long.  W.  of  (Jrociiwuli. 
Moliwi,  lioxq.  Cox/ii  /{.,  '-'.").  Ik'twi'cii  M  hikI  17'  .'U)'  N.  l;it.,  and  II  .'id  tn 
2*2'  '.i'2'  W.  of  Santiago  do  Cliilc,  wliidi  is  .situarc  in  niiridian  70'  •lf>'  (>  "is't 
of  (irconwifli.  AntdliKnuii/ii,  Cml.  Am.,  '2.  Am,  i'l/rlnjnn/in,  v.  '.VXl,  ^ivcn  it 
bctw.  8"  ir  and  118'  N.'  lat.,  ami  long.  8'_>'  '28'  to'8:)  4.V  W.  of  iirc.'iiwidi. 
Bi-'twoon  al)o\it  8'  and  11'  N.  lat.,  and  8'J'  to  8ti'  W.  long.  /•Jiiriirhjiiiiliii 
Jlritiiiuiini,  vi.  !{".)7. 

"Hy  the  law  of  March  '27,  18H."),  tlui  country  wa.s  divided  into  tlncr  de- 
partnients;  namely,  C'artago,  Alajiiula,  and  (luanacaMtc,  witli  a  jctV  jiolitiin 
lit  the  lu'ad  of  each.  Uciicalcd  liy  cxccntivc  decree  of  April  28,  lS4.'i,  al'tcr 
having  Itad  ueveral  amendments.    Caitu  /{.,  Col.  /.<'ii.,  iv.   180-.H. 

-'•San  .Jo.se  lia.s  It  regidores,  C'artago  and  Hereiha  7.  Each  nutni(i|iality 
chooses  a  pre.sident  and  vice-president  from  among  its  own  inend>ers,  ainl  a 
secretary.  At  each  cantonal  head  town  tiiereare  alcaldes,  and  in  cacli  ImitIo 
a  juez  do  paz.  Ciwla  li.,hl.,  iii.  22(>-40;  x.  4(».'>-<.)2;  xi.  8»-l.'18;  xvii.  HU  '.IS; 
xix.  1(58-74;  Contu  It.,  Mvm  Imtruc.  I'lih.,  1884,  annexes  12-17;  A/ ,  M""- 
Golti-ni.,  1852-84;  El  Co.'ihtrkewi;  Nov.  24,  1849;  Vmta  It.,  (laceta.  Fell.  '.I,  Ui, 
March  2,  1850. 

'^'San  .To.se.  the  national  capital,  was  founded  a  little  more  than  1(M>  yi'^irs 
ago,  owing  its  existence  to  tlie  cartlupuikes  m  liich  nearly  destroyed  C.iitag", 


Til 

porta 
south 

"Wl   tll( 

West  1 

•  ant  i: 

Tlu 

partm 

dega, 

Tlieir  ( 
Loon, 
Oeotal 
trito.s, ; 
id'  civil 
ef  eacli 
fi'easur_ 
'lie  c'lii 

Jippoint 


TOLITTCAI,   IHVISIOXS. 


0# 


The  republic  of  Nicaraj^ua,  probably  the  most  ini- 
poitaiit  section  of  (\Mitral  America,  is  bounded  on  tlic! 
south  l)y  Costa  Hioa,  on  the  north-west  by  Honduras, 
nil  the  east  by  th(»  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  on  the  soutli- 
west  l)y  tlie  Pacific."""  NicarjiLTua  has  a  few  insij^nifi- 
cant  isles  or  cavs  on  her  coasts  of  both  oceans. 

The  republic*  is  jiolitically  divided  into  seven  de- 
Itartnients;  namely,  (Jranada,  Leon,  liivas,  Chinan- 
(K'L;a,  Chontales,  Matai^alpa,  and  Xueva  Seij^ovia. 
Their  capitals  or  head  towns  are  rt'spectivily  CIranada, 
Leon,  Hivas,  CMiinandei^a,  Acoyapa,  Matai^alpa,  and 
Ocotal.-''  The  (h'j)artments  are  subdivided  into  dis- 
ti'itos,  and  the  latter  into  cantones.  Kor  the  pur[H)ses 
(if  civil  administration  theie  is  a  ])rc'fect  at  tlie  head 
of  each  department,  who  is  also  a  sulxh'leij^ado  of  the 
tfeasury  ;  a  sul»prefi"ct  rules  ovei-  each  district,  ami 
tlie  cantones  Jiave  jueces  de  pa/-."'  These  otheials  are 
;i|»|)ointed   by  the   executive;  government.      The   ca])i- 


thc  olil  capital.  San  .lose  is  situated  on  an  cli'vation  ot  alxuit  4,.">IH)  It,  uimti 
tlir  talilf-lanil  foniii'il  lictwt'cn  tlie  nioiinlains  ol  jlotaoi'  llorrailnra  on  tlio 
MUtii,  anil  tliost;  of  Harlia  on  tlu'  nortli.  On  oni'  siili:  llows  t!if  rivrr  TorrcH, 
ami  on  tiio  other  the  Maria  Aj^iiilar.  Its  .stit'fts  arc  jiaveij,  .straif^lit,  an<l 
loniiinj.;  rij^lit  aiiglt's.     'I'lu'  dwrllings  are  mostly  of  a  sin;;U>  story,  w  itli  spa- 

I  lolls  (diirts;  tlieri'  are,  linwever,  a  good  many  luiildings  of  two  stories.  'I'lio 
inaiority  are  madi'  of  adohe,  Jilastcred  over;  l>llt  tiie  national  Jialaee  is  of  stoni', 
:iiiil  a  line  tmilding.  An  a({nediiet  sniijilies  tlie  city  w  itli  water  from  tlie  'I'or- 
ns.  tliougli  a  large  portion  of  the  lluid  eonsnmed  is  drawn  from  the  wells  e.\- 
isiiiig  m  almost  every  house.  Besides,  the  government  palaee,  tiic  university, 
Mniii  tlieatre,  some  of  the  ehureiies,  ami  a  lew  other  liuildinus,  ilo  honor  to 
the  eity.  The  eleetric  light  was  introdueed  in  I.S.S4.  ( 'artago,  the  oldest 
tiiwii  in  the  state,  though  it  has  lost  its  politieal  importance,  and  has  lieeii 
sliiittei'cd  hy  eartliipiakcs,  retains  some  traces  of  its  former  niagnilicenci'.  It 
is  gradually  improving.  MdHiki,  Jins(/.  t'n.i/ii  II.,  h\\  As/iiliiiri(ii<iii,  ('<iil.  Am., 
TiO;  S(iiili'r'i<  ( 'riif.  Am.,  4(i,'i  4;  ISni/li.t  Ixilr  acriis.i  n  ('nnthniil,  ii.  '217;  l.n/er- 
riiri;  J>i'  l'iiri,i  a  Oiinlnn.,  47;  II  ii/z^'"""'  ■'/'■''.  '""/  I'luf.  .!/".,  'M-i  ."i;  (VWk  A'., 
Iiiforiiiv  (lolitrn.,  KS74,  2  :i;  J'JlCmiiMi,  S.  F.,  Oct.  Ls,  iSNt. 

•'-'It  is  situated  between  l.it.   10'  4.">'  and  14    .">.')',  and  hctwi'cn  long.  .S;r  j.'t' 
iiiid  n7    .S8'.   Am.  <';/!'.,  xii.  4-_'(l.      Between    10    .'tO' iin.l    !.">    lat.,  ami   from  8;C 

II  III  S7  long.  /■Jiiciirli>]>.  ISiit.,  xvii.  4',t(l.  Between  It  4.">' and  I.')  lat.  N., 
iiiiil  hetweeu  iS,'{    'JO' and  S7     -lO'  long.  W.   .Sijiih  r'-i  Ciut.  .\iii.,  'MS.      Belweeu 

III  .'lO' and  IT)  N.  lat.,  and  lietwcen  JSS  lit'  and.S7  .'•7'  long.  W.  nl  <  ircenwich. 
Sir.,  <!,u-H,i,  .Ian.  18,  18(i8. 

•■''I'hat  is  the  civilized  region.     There  is,  liesides,  a  wild  [lortion  compris- 
ing alioiit  'J4,0(M>  geographical  miles.    /-'»•//,  Xic,  'Xl'l. 

■'  In  the  ahselice  of  the  prefecto  the  lirst  alcalde  of  the  head  town  acts  in 
his  jilace  ;id  int.,  with  the  full  pay  of  the  ollice.    Sii\,  Arwrtlo.'i  ii  />n\,  I8,")7 
N,  70  S,  'Mi  ,">;   h'nc/ifi,  Cml.  Xir.,  i.  ."kS  77,  14.")  8,  Ii).")  il;  ii.  .")  '-'0:  Xir.,  lSol<. 
till  <>jii\,  Apr.  It),  1S>")();  K(.'l).  8  to  Nov.  l.j,  patiijitu,  181)2;  /(/.,  Oaa'u,  March 
5:  I>iii4;  /(/.,  lufbrmc  GoU'rii.,  ISG3-8;i. 


0()S 


rKNTUAI,  AMEUICAN    INSTITUTIONS. 


I 


i\ 


tals  (.['  tK'[»jirtincnts  aiul  luad  towns  of  districts  and 
rantniios  liavo  clot'tivo  alcaldes,  and  rcgidores  consti 
tilting;  the  municipal  corporations.'-''     In  each  depart- 
ment tliere  is  a  ^olterniulor  de  [)olic(a,  who  liki-wiso 
dei'ives  his  appointment  iVom  tli.^  national  executive 

Tlie  principal  cities  of  tlu:  r/[)ul>lie  are  Granjuiii, 
^TanaiL^ua,  ^iasaya,  Leon,  Kivas,  and  Chinandenja. 
^[anat^ua  was  an  insij^nificant  town,  hut  heinjjf  situatnl 
hctwecMi  (Jranada  and  Leon,  was  made  tlu'  national 
capital,  in  order  that  the  jjfovi'rnment  mii^ht  ho  rid  nt' 


th 


e  ( 


'omj 


ilicati 


ions  arisin<r  trom  tlicir  constant  rivalry 


and  intri«,nies  to  control  the  destinies  of  Nicaragua. 
The  pc^sition  of  the  cai)ital  is  a  s[)lendid  one,  the  sui 
roundint^s  heing  very  picturescpu 


Tl 


le  strec^ts  ai' 


not  paved;  the   town    has  not  a   huildinj^  worthy  (tt' 


mention. 


The  jjf 


jfovernment  house  is  a  low  ,  s<piare  ei 


tice,  with  halconies  in  the  old  Sjianish  style,  witlu)Ut 

any  exterior  ornamentation  or  architectural  character 

L(^on,  the  old  ca[iital,  is  situated  on  a  ht'autiful   plain, 


d 


iiui  spreads  over  a  vei 


y  w 


ule  area. 


In   tl 


le  ce 


ntral 
.'  arc 


part  the  streets  are  paved    and  lighted.      Tlieri 
some  fine  huildings  in  the  city,  those  most  worthy 
notice  heini;'  the  cathedral,  a  stroiiLif  piece  of  masoniy 


mcs  o 


f  civil  war,  the  old 


often  used  as  a  fortress  in  ti 
and  new  e[)iscopal  palaces,  the  university,  <»;overnm»'i it 
house,  two  churches  of  o-reater  architectural  heaiify 
than  the  cathedral,  four  huildinys  which  were  formerly 
convents,  and  now  devoted  to  ohjects  of  ])ul)lic  utility. 
The  place  being  in  the  region  (rf  eartlnjuakes,  and  tlic 


'■'■'Till'  corporations  are  forint'd,  accordiii)^  to  the  iniportaiice  of  the  lo'  ;>1 
ity,  Willi  OIK.' or  two  alcaliU'.s,  and  their  respective  suplentea,  regidores,  o\.r 
seoretiiiy,  one  sindieo,  and  the  aurieultnral  judge,  all  servility  witliont  r.i) 
The  pi't  fecto  controls  tlie  municipal  attaira  of  Ids  whole  ilepartment,  an  I 
especially  those  of  the  chief  town.  He  presides  ex-othcio  over  all  the  nitiiiiri- 
palities,  ami  in  case  of  a  tic  has  a  casting  vote.  He  cannot  be  accused  c\ii  pt 
before  the  senate,  auil  is  con.se(iiientl3'  a  petty  president  in  his  dc[)artiiu  lit. 
/-f '7/,  A/c,  .S.Sl-S. 

'-"It  was  made  a  city  in  1846,  and  special  ordinances  were  provided  for  it 
from  time  to  time,  h'ndut,  Cwl.  A'/c,  i.  148;  .S'lin/oiiil,  /fir.  I'olit.,  58;  A'/''.. 
HfVktro  Ojic,  :Ul»;  A/.,  />,r.  ;/  Anurdox,  18(i.S,  2,  4(),  118  lit;  /./.,  Dtc  ij  J"- 
vnl(Mi/('lii  Jinifn,  12- Ki,  14.")-' 8. 

'•"It  luis  been  greatly  daniageil  by  military  operations,  but  never  burmil 
down,  like  tJranada. 


NOTAULi:  (  ITIKS. 


rm 


tt'inporature  extroinely  warm,  t]u>  l)uiKlin|nfs  aro  lundo 
t«»  moot  tlioso  conditions  TImto  is  also  a  tin«>  stono 
liri(l«(o,  wliicli  (Jjuvi'a  .Fitoz  had  <'(»nstrut'trd.  Nrar 
lifon,  and  with  only  the  width  of  a  street  from  it.  is 
Suhtiaba,  which  has  a  separate  niuni<ijtality,  an«l  wln»se 
church  is  the  largest,  after  tlu'  cathedi'al.  an«l  the  old- 
est of  tlu*  tempK's  ill  Xicarai;iia.-^  I  i;ive  in  a  note 
sonu^  information  on  other  cities  deservinjj;'  of  special 


notice. 


aitfi-w 


jOOll  W.IM  cnniici 
aril  t'Xtiuiiliil  t<i  1 


ti'il  ill  ISSl  with  ('(iriiilu  liy  rail;  ami  tin'  liiu-  lia.s  \>rv 


n 


.Cllll    \   ICJil,  (III 


Ii<'iki^  Maiiai:)M,  ainl  tlii'iki' to  <  iraiiaila 


N.italili'  jilai'i'S  ill  tin' ilcji  irtimut  of  Leon   arc  'I'lliia,  liirtli|ilai'<' ot    Mij^iu'l 
l.ii'royua^a,  an  oiilor  ot  tlic  la.st  S()aiiisli  aiiilii  lu'ia.  or  siiiicrior  court  ot'  juiii- 

r:itu 


Ml 


re.  wild  drew  iiji  the  dcclariitioii  of  iiicli'|n'iiili'ii('c;   Kl  Sauce,  Santa  Kosa. 


icaral  or  San  Hucna\eatiira,  an 


(•ranaila  has  a  j^ooil  coninicrcial  ]io.sition  oii 


ISa 
1 


.l:i 


IhcN.  \V.  ciiilof  Laki'  Nica- 


ra;,'ua.  and  at  the  foot  of  the  Moiiiliai'iio  \  olcano.     It  was  hurncd  hy  jiiratcs 


in  l(itl.">,  nearly  rniiH'd  liv  the  fi 


)tcrM  in  1(>70,  the  raidir.s  liavii 


ii;  I'oiMc  on 
hotli  occasions  hv  thcSan  .hian  lliver  and  tiiclakc;  and  a  third  time  destroyed 


hvt 


V  tire  in  Ids."),  th 


k  of  jiirates  who  landed  at  Kscalante  on  the   Tacilic 


ill  l'^  It  it  was  greatly  damaged  liy  eartlii|uakcs.      In  IS.")ti  it  was  hurncd  hy 
\\  illiam  \\'alker,  the  tilihustir.      Hut  it  lias  risen  from  its  ashes,  and  iiccome 


|iro>|icrous. 


Th 


>tlMI 


;iit 


le  city  is  irregular  in   its  constnu'tiou,  the  streets  mit  hciug 


or  rcctauyular 


I 


T\ 


le\- 


ire   most. 


'1'' 


d 


gel 


>lly 


had 


lolition.     The   city  ohtains  water    for  consuuijition   from   tiie   lake,  distant 
it  a  mile,  hrought  Iiy  men  on  their  shoulders;  and  its  food  siipplies,  not 
ling  lields,  hut  from   iiiiiiurous   Indian  imeMos  on  the  S.  K. 
idian  town,  hut  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  city  in  J.Mt'.t.    Ildclni, 


ii'iiii  the  surrouiu 


isava  was  an 


Iml 


and 


i.  148.      Jt  is  supiilied  with  water  from   the  dicji  lagoon  south  of 


ir   till 


^•ity. 


Tl 


lero  wore  women  who  tor  SO  cents  moi 


.tid 


V  su 


|>|iliecl 


two   largo  jars  of   water  every  day.      A  steam-pump  was  jmt   up   in    IST'J  to 
raise  the  water  of  the  laki^  to  the  pla/a.      There  is  no  huildiiig  worthy  of  mi'ii- 


tion  m 


the  pla 


Other  notahle   towns   in  tin;  department   of  (ir.mada  ar 


Niiidaime,  .linotepe,  San  Kafael  de  la  Costa,   l»irionni,  Ti[iitapa,  Nindiii,  and 


/i|iitcr,i  Island.     T"he  towns  of  San  Carlos  ani 


d  KIC 


istiUo,  on  the  San  .liiaii 


!'■  h'lig  to  the  saino  di'partnient,  though   governed  in  a  special  manner.      S 


laii  d"l  N'orte,  alias  (ireytown,  has  little  importance  now;  its  houses  arc  of 


t 


■an 


and  palm-thatehcd.      Uivas  hore  the  nanii:  of  Nicaragua  till  tl 


par 


le  larly 
ury.     The  eity  has  siitrcred  greatly  fr<un  eartln|irikcs. 


t  of  the  present  cent 
rticiilarly  in   1.S44.     It  wa.s  partially  destroyed   during  the 


Walk. 


A  rial  curiosity  in  the  department  of  Ui\as  is  the  island  of  Onictc[ic  in  the 
likr,  having  two  towns,  the  Pnehlo  <  irande,  or  villa  dc  Altagracia,  and  tlu; 
Nh>yogalpa,  tinited  hy  a  good  wagon  road.  Chinandega  is  one  of  the  most 
1"' iiitifiil  spots  in  Nie.  It  is  a  perfect  garden.  In  the  wild  or  uncivili/cd 
l"iition  of  the  territory  lies  the  M(>si[uito  region,  whose  chief  town  is  IMiw- 
ticlil-t,  having  two  wooden  huildings;  the  rest  heing  mere  huts.  /,' c//.  A'/c, 
•'h:>  IH);  fjitj'vrriirv,  Dv  Piiri.i  d  (iiin/i  ni.,  T.'^-O;  Santrlii,  Jioxi/.  /'ulit.  h's/in/i.^/ 
I"  II;  Minuix,  Boxq.  Hi.-<t.  Ci'iit.  Am 


I.").'v4;  FrorlM't'n  Cod.  A} 


I'.l,  -J'.t  47, 
llii'f'.i  'J'liir., 


•'•-'  7.".,  '.)-.»-104;  /Vor/-r/,vli(,-(^I»w*/,i.l.'r>0-S(),  311-17,  :!.")0-4;  S<i 

i.  i:t?S4(),  UG-oO,  «Jll-ir.,  2,kS-«7,  3:W,  XuU),  3G.-);  H'liiirrxCnt.  /!;».,  WMM, 

.'i.')r.  11,  .S()0-7G;  Sqiii,'r:i  Mr.,  ()4(i;  Bdlii,  Xic,  i.  IIHV!*,  212,  22.")-<t,  24<t;  .Still- 


'!>•<  thUi'ii  Fh'i'ce,  2t)()-8:  DiniUm'ii  i'rtif.  A} 


0-8;  Stout's  y'u:,  27-!»,  41   5, 


i'^i  IIK»,    15(MJ4;   linilns  Cent.   Am.,   117-18;  /i.i^'.x'  C-nt.  Am.,  i;!l-2;   M<irr, 
'''"'■  Am.,  i.  I.'iS-O,  H'r)-71,  228--.*^);  Jioi/li-'.^  Ri<lc,  i.  13,  S:i-»1;  ii.  8;  IMclnnilt, 


a; 


(i-18,  20-7.  ;")!>,  t)2-.S,  71-2,  81-9,  105-0,  I21)-.31,  i;«,  l.")5-!»,  KiS-lt,  231: 


It '//•>'  lloml.,  3!»,  42,  72-4. 


ii 


m 


-ill 


m 


■ft";; 


570 


CENTRAL  AMKHICAN  INSTITUTIONS. 


I 


I  ll> 


I  ! 


The  re]ml)lic  of  KoiuluniH  is  bouiidcd  on  tho  north 
and  east  by  tlio  l»ay  of  IfonduraH  and  tlio  C^inl)l)ean 
Soa,  t'xtcndini;  ihnw  tlic  nioutli  of  tlu*  Uivcr  Tinto  to 


tin;  month  of  tlic  Wanks  or  Sotrov 


la. 


On  the  sontli 


it  is  honndcd  hy  Nicara«j^ua  the  Vuiv  of  (Hvision  follow- 
in<;  tlu'  Wanks  for  alxmt  two  tliinU  of  its  h'ny:th,  and 
thi'iice  (h'ri('('tin«if  to  th«'  sonth-wost,  to  the  sources  of 
the  l^io  \i'i;;ro,  HowiniLr  into  the  ijulf  of  Fonseea;  it  lias 
a  coast  line  of  ahont  sixty  miles  on  this  !:;;ull  from  the 
Kio  \ei>!'o  to  tlie  Hio  ( Joasconln.  On  the  west  and 
south-west  are  the  reimhlics  of  Salvador  and  (Juate- 


m.ila." 

Honduras  |)ossesses  in  the  jj^ulf  of  Fonseea  tlie 
islands  Tiu're,  Zacate  ( Jrande,  and  (Juei^uensi;  an<l  in 
the  Carihhean  Sea  the  mrou])  ki»own  as  liay  Islands; 
namely,  Ixoatan,  ( Juanaja.  or  Honaci-a,  Itila,  Helena, 
Harharetta,  Moiat,  and  other  smaller  isles. 

The  repuhlic  is  politically  dividi>d  into  si'ven  depart- 
mejits:  Choluteca,  ( 'oniaya|_jua,  (iracias,  Olanelm, 
Santa  l^arhara.  'i\'Ljuciualpa,  and  N'oi'o.  Nacaonie  is 
the  <-apital  of  ( 'holuteca,  and  .lutecalpa  of  Olaiiclid. 
'IMie  other  capitals  hear  the  same  names  as  thede|>ait- 
meiits  to  which  they  ludonLJ.  Tlu'  departments  arc 
suhdi\i(lcd  into  distiicts,  and  at  tlu'  head  of  each  of 
the  former  is  a  Jefc  pcditico.  a|)pointed  hy  the  execu- 
tive, wlio  is  tlu-  or^an  of  communication  between  tlic 
suj)ri'me  •'•overmuent  and  thi'  people." 

Tlu^  principal  cities  n  the  republic  are  Comayauua, 
anciently  called  \a\\  iloliti,  the  fornusr  capital,  and 
'^rci;ucii:;al[)a,  the  pn  nt  st'at  of  <^ovi'rnnu'nt.  Tlic 
former  is  on  the  riiL^^ht  >ank  of  the  llunuiya  or  rh'i.i 
Kiver,  and  on  the  soi  iiern  bordei-  of  the  wide  and 
fertile  vall(\v  of  Coma  iii^ua.  From  its  ))osition,  n|t- 
Mards  of  L',000  feet  .'  >ove  the  sea-level,  surrounded 
by  hiii^h  mountains,  its  ti'mperative  is  mild  and  e«ju;i- 

'"Hon.l.  is  tlieiifoio  l)otw.  I.T  10' iiii.l  lO' Int.  N.,  aiul  wiUiiii  H'A  '.'(>  iui.l 
81)'  :tt>' long.  W.  Si/iiirr'f:  Cfiit.  All).,  CiS;  h'li'-i/rlofi.  Jiri/.,  xii.  1S3.  Het\M(ii 
13'  10'  iiiid  10'  .V  N.  lat..  ami  within  S:{  I'J'ai'ul  SIJ  47'  W.  long.  Am.  C;i<-h>)'., 
viii.  7S7. 

■"  Tin'  towns  have  their  ninnii'i[ial  i-oritorations,  whose  nicnibcrs  arc  ii- 
4uiroil  by  law  to  he  able  to  rcail  ami  write. 


TOWNS   AND   HorsKM. 


l)lc.  The  political  (listurhanct'S  of  tln'  coiiiitrv  Imvo 
rodurcd  Coinayaifua  to  a  low  roiMJition,'"  an<l  the  Iohs 
of  its  staiulintif  as  tlit"  capital  has  tcmlcMl  to  hriiii;  it 
down  still  lower.  Most  of"  the  houses  are  of  a  siii<rl(' 
story,  and  huilt  of  sundried  hrieks.  'i'he  former  Hue 
fountains,  monuments,  and  puhlie  i»uildiny;s  liave  i,^onc 
to  decay.  The  only  l)uildin<;  still  in  iL;;ood  t'ondition 
is  the  cathedral,  which  is  a  rather  Imitosini,^  editicc.'' 
Tegucis^alpa  enjoys  a  cool  temperaturt'.  and  has  an 
excellent  cliinati".  The  city  is  the  largest  and  finest 
in  the  repuhlic.  ft  is  huilt  with  rei,nilarity,  and  has 
six  churches,  the  paiochial  edifice  fomparin<4'  favor- 
ahlv  with  the  cathedral  at  ('oniava<''ua.  Their  arc 
also  a  numher  of  niaiu^nificent  con\ents,  and  the  uni- 
versity also  tleserves  mi'ntion.'"  There  are  otiici- 
|)laces  in  the  state  not  entirely  devoid  of  interest,  a 
i"ew  particulars  ahout  which    I  appi-nd  in  a  note.'' 

The  repuhlic  of  Salvador,  the  only  one  of  ( 'eiitral 
America  not  havinu;  a  coast    liiu'  on  tlu'  Atlantic,  is 


'-  Before  18iJ7  it  was  ii  prdsiuTom  eity ;  Imt  tlic  scrvilis  Imriit  it  tii^it.  \  iMr. 
Siiu'e  then  it  has  sutl'iTetl  si'Vt  ral  tiiiii's.  especially  in  |S7'_'  ami  I.S7I5. 

^■^ Si/iiii'r'/i  Ciiit.  Aiii.,  l'Ji)-3(l;  tliis  uiitlidrity  also  ijivis  a  ciil  ol  tln'  iMtiir- 
(Iral  oil  p.  'Jlil;  WdjijHill.i,  Ali:i\  uiuf  ('<■«/.  -(;;(.,  ;!U»-II;  //ii.i/oii''<  ./niirmi/, 
'J4  7. 

•"  The  town  stands  on  the  right  bank  of  the  I'holuteea  Mivtr  in  an  .iiiiplii- 
theatre  anmng  the  liills.  It  has  a  tine  stone  l)iiil;ie  of  ten  arches  sp.iiiuiiiLi  the 
river.  W'i'Uit'  Jloiid.,  ISti-S;  L(iJ'crriin\  />»■  i'liris  n  Wiinlim.,  '.t5-t!;  S'/iiiir'-i 
('nil.  Am.,  15.">. 

"' Onioa  is  situated  about  a  4juarter  of  a  mile  fmni  tiie  licacli  on  level 
yronnd,  but  the  back  country  rises  rapidly  into  a  chain  of  hii;li  inounlauis, 
ln'ijinninj;  abruptly  at  Puerto  t'aballos,  now  calleil  l'\ierto  * 'ortes.  Ouiiiuto 
its  position,  Onuia  is  i;<'nerally  cool  and  healthy,  his  seldom  been  visited  by 
epiilemics.  The  place  is  defended  by  the  San  l'"ernando  i-astlc.  Truidlo  lies 
close  by  the  sea  at  the  foot  of  a  lofty  mountain  coven-d  with  vegetation,  and 
rcaciiing  to  the  very  edge  of  the  water.  The  town  was  at  one  time  of  coiisid- 
iralile  important',  both  in  a  co.miu  rcial  and  military  [mint  of  view;  but  now 
it  lias  an  antitiue,  dilapidated,  anil  abandoned  a[>iiearance.  Amaiiala,  on  the 
island  of  Tigre,  wa.s  in  old  times  a  favorite  resort  of  pirates;  it  was  here  that 
I 'rake  had  liis  depot  during  iiis  operations  in  the  I'acilir.  Owing  to  the  visits 
et  those  marauders,  the  Indian  population  of  'I'iuri' and  /acate  (irandi'  retired 
t"  the  mainland,  and  the  islamls  remained  almost  entirely  deserted  till  IS.'W, 
«lieii  Amaiiala  was  made  a  free  port,  since  whii'h  time  it  has  become  a  very 
important  place.  It  has  a  salubrious  climate.  Further  details  on  tlie  towns 
ol  Momhiras  may  be  found  in  MoiiliiDiin'ri/'a  Xan:  of  n  Jdiirin;/  In  (lunt.,  il<:, 
ill  ISJS,  31;  S<ii(itr\  ('nil.  Aw.,  J»s'  l'J'.»,  U'J- 101 ;  .V'/m/Vc'.s  Homl.  It.  II..  74- 
■M,  '.tltUW;  S<iiik'rn  Ti-nr.,  ii.  1(14  8;  Yviiiii/'.i  l{,.'<iil.  .\fns,/.  S/,o,r,  l.SS  40; 
HW/n'  UoikI.,  3'_>4  5,  r)74-!);  IMr/mrdl,  Vviii  Atn.,  «'.»  !M),  '.»:!.■);  \Vn}>]><iii^, 
Mi.i-.  unil  Cent.  Am.,  311-19;  FrotU'l'n  Cent.  Am.,  177-83;  /'im'n  Gale  u/  lite 
I'll'-.,  28-9. 


^  J 


I  1 


672 


CENTRAL  AMERICAN  INSTITUTIONS. 


bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  Honduras,  on  the 
soutli-east  by  Fonseca  Bay,  on  the  south  by  the  Paciiie 
Oeean,  and  on  the  north-west  by  (^uatemala.™  It  pos- 
sesses tlie  small  islands  called  Punta  Zacate,  Martin 
Perez,  Conchagiiita,  and  Mianguera  in  the  bay  of 
Foiiseca. 

For  the  purposes  of  government  the  republic  is 
divided  into  fourteen  departments;  namely,  San  Sal- 
vador, Cuscatliin,  San  Vicente,  La  Paz,  Usulutan, 
San  Miguel,  (iotera,'*'  J^a  Union,  Cabanas,  Chalatc- 
nango,  Santa  Ana,  Ahuachapan,  Sonsonate,  and  La 
Jjihertad.  The  departments  are  subdivided  into  dis- 
tricts, and  the  latter  into  cities,  villas,  pueblos,  antl 
aldeas.  The  chief  towns  of  the  departments  bear  the 
same  names  as  the  latter,  exct'pting  those  of  Cusca- 
tlan,  La  J'az,  Gotera,  La  Union,  Cabanas,  and  J^a 
]jibertad,  which  are  resj)ectively  called  Cojui.epc(|ue, 
Zacatecoluca,  Osicala,  San  Carlos,  Sensuntt'peque, 
and  Nueva  San  Salvador.  They  all  have  the  rank 
of  cities.  Chinameca,  Jucuapa,  Ilobasco,  Suchitoto, 
Metapan,  and  Iziilco  enjoy  the  same  distinction. 
'IMierc   are,  besides,  about    'M')  villas,  and   170  pueblos. 

At  the  head  of  each  di'i)artment  is  placed  a  governor, 
w^ho  has  a  substitute  to  till  the  oftice  in  his  absence, 
both  being  appointed  by  the  national  executive  for  a 
constitutional  term.  They  may  be  im]»eae]icd  for 
niisdemeant)rs  in  ottice  before  the  senate.''"  The  al- 
caldes of  tlistrict  head  towns  are  the  chief  authorities 

•"'It  is  cuiiiiriseil  within  l;it.  ]T  ami  i4'  'M)'  N.,  and  lung.  87'  .'«)'  and  !•()' 
2(t'  W.  ,((//.  Cli/riip.,  xiv.  (ilO.  Kctwcun  KV  and  14'  10'  N.  lat.,  an.l  hotwciii 
S~ '  and  '.)()'  W.  liMij;.  Sijidi  rs  CiiiL  Am.,  'JT'.I;  Ln/'i  rrii  re,  !><'  /'itri-i  n  (lioiltm., 
111. 

''  15y  ducroc  of  I'ri'.sidcnt  Oonxalo/,  July  14,  187">,  tliu  di'iiartiiiint  of  San 
Mi;;uil  was  cut  iij),  and  tliat  i<i  (iiittra  tnati'd  witli  the  dislrirts  of  (iotcr.i, 
and  Osicala.  San  Mij^uil  wan  oonipi'nwiit'jd  with  < 'hinamuca,  detached  I'nmi 
Usulutan.  Siili\.  I)ian(>  Ojlc,  July  'J(l,  187"). 

■"■  It  is  made  a  jiait  of  the  goveiTKir's  duty  tii  kcc))  the  gen.  ,i{c)vt  ai)prised 
of  every  imimrtant  oceurrence  within  his  dejiartnient  or  its  vicinity;  in  addi- 
tion to  which  lie  must  furnish  aininally  a  gen.  reiiort  on  every  hraiuh  of  tiio 
[lulilic  iorvice,  with  suggi'stions  for  the  further  iniproveinent  and  progress  of 
the  comniiinities  uudei'  his  charge.  His  suhordinates  in  clistricts  and  towns 
ri'port  to  him.  A  iiund)er  of  governors'  reports  may  lie  seen  in  Snlr.,  lloriti\ 
Sept.  3  to  Dec.  '2\,  187i):  .fan.  '1  to  Doc.  18,  1877;  /'/.,  Diano  Ojic,  May  17  to 
Bee.  3,  1879;  Jan.  lu,  1880,  etc. 


MUNICIPAL  KK(;ULATIOXS. 


573 


of  their  respective  districts,  and  like  the  alcaldes  of 
other  towns,  are  sul (ordinate  to  the  governor.  In  tlie 
event  of  al)sence  or  disabilitv  of  an  alcalde,  t!ie  rei>i- 
dor  depositario  assumes  his  duties  pro  tempore.  Al- 
caldes are  represented  in  distant  country  places  l»y 
comisionados  of  their  own  appointment.  Each  town 
has  for  its  internal  management  a  munlci})al  c(>r})ora- 
tion  chosen  hv  the  direct  votes  of  the  citizens,  and 
consisting  of  one  alcalde,  one  si'ndico,  and  from  two  to 
six  regidores,  according  to  population.'*'^  Such  corjx)- 
nitions  act  under  the  general  ordinances  provided  for 
the  government  of  municipal  districts.'*" 

The  principal  cities  are  San  Salvador,  San  ]\[iguel, 
Santa  Ana,  wliich  has  been  the  capital,  CojutepecjUe, 
which  has  also  been  the  seat  of  government,  Sonso- 
nate,  Zacatec(jluca,  San  Vicente,  Sensunteperjue,  (^ha- 
latenango,  Santa  Kosa,  Ahuacha})an,  and  Santa  Tecla 
or  Xue\a  San  Salvador. 

San  Salvador  was  Hi'st  founded  at  a  place  now  called 
liernrnda,  about  eighteen  miles  to  the  northward  of 
tlie  })resent  site.  I)uring  the  Spanish  domination  it 
was  the  residence  of  the  gobernador  intendente.  A  fter 
tlie  se[)aration  from  the  Spanish  crown  it  became  the 
(•ai)ital  of  Salvador,  and  tor  a  while  was  the  h'deral 
district,  and  seat  of  the  ( "entral  American  government. 
The  citv,  as  I  have  stated  elsewhere,  has  be'cn  repeat- 
edly shatteied  by  earthcjuakes,  but  in  (  ach  instance 
rebuilt,  notwithstaiiding  efforts  to  abandon  the  sit<\ 
l)oth  the  town  and  its  position  iwo  !»eautiful.  It  is 
in  the  midst  of  a  broad  ele\ated  ]>lateau  in  the  coast 
lange,  l)etween  the  val'oy  of  tlu;  l^empa  Iviver  and 
the  Pacilic   C)cean,  •J.llo   feet  :il>ove  the  sea,'^     The 

^'■'Towiis  (if  fmrn  200  to  2.000  inlialiitaiits  tun  ivuiiloK's,  of  U])\v;irils  of 
'_'.(MK)  to  10,0(M)  loui',  and  tliosi'  (•\ri''iiiiij.'  tlir  lattrr  luimlicr  siv.  liicii  rdr- 
jioiatioii  fleets  a  I'oinin'teiit  clerk  to  authciiticati'  its  aotH  ainl  tlio-c  (if  the 
alcalilo, 

'"III..  May  I-IC),  1S7.-);   ^[,^lvll  .->  •J2,   IST'.t. 

■"  Liko  otluT  Siiaiiisli  towns,  it  eovers  a  hirjs*'  aroa  in  jirojiortioii  the  ]jo]iu- 
latiou.  'I'lic  lionsf-(  are  Imjlt  low,  of  a  siiijilf  story,  ami  ailapttil  to  resist  the 
teiHtaiit  shakes  of  the  earth.  Ivieh  house  lias  an  inner  eomt.  fre(|inntl>' 
coutaininLj  a  fotiiitaiu  and  v.irden.      'I'lie  dwellei's  niii  out  to  the  eotift  on  feel- 


M 


674 


CENTRAL   AMERICAN  INSTITUTIONS. 


place  luis  a  cathedral,  and  other  churches,  a  national 
palace,  a  university,  and  other  government  buildings. 
ll\eej)ting  the  central  and  pave<l  park,  San  Salvadoi- 
is  enihowercd  in  tr<>])i('al  truit-trees. 

San  ^Miguel  is  justly  considered  the  second  city  of 
Salvador.      Its  houses  have  a  home  aspiu't,  comfort  ni 


tl 


le  mterioi-,  and  elegance  m  tiie  exterior. 


It 


IS  sun- 


])lied  with  watei"  hy  an  acjueduct.  There  are  foun- 
tains to  refi'esh  the  air  and  to  ])lease  tlu;  eye.  Two 
iion  bridges  er(*ss  the  San  Miguel  lliver,  said  to  have 
been  constructetl  by  Guzman  at  an  ex[)ense  of  i;?'.)(), ()()() 
of  his  own  money.  Back  of  the  town  is  the  majestic 
volcano  of  San  ^liguel.  In  the  bay  of  Fonstica  is  tlu; 
excelK'ut  ])ort  of  J^a  Union,  to  the  west  that  of  La 
Lii)ertad,  and  beyond  that  of  Acajutla  at  a  shoit 
distance  IVom  Sonsonate  and  the  Izalco  volcano. 

The  I'epublie  of  ( Juatemala  is  bounded  ou  the  noith 
and  west  by  the  jNEexican  states  of  Yucatan  and  C'lii- 
a]);is;  on  the  east  by  Jjritish  ] ronduras,  the  l)ay  of 
llondmas,  and  tlie  republics  of  Honduras  and  Salv;i- 
dor;  an<l  on  the  south  by  tlu!  l*acilic  Ocean.'''" 

M'iie  stiite  is  dividi'd  for  tlu^  ])Urposes  of  ci\il 
govei'nnient  inti>  dejiai'tments;  namely,  (jiuatemaln, 
Sacate[»e(|Uez,  Aniatitlan,  Kseuintla,  Chimaltenango, 
Solalii,  Totonicapiun,  (.Quiche,  (,)uezalti'nang(j,  1^'tal- 
huK>i',  Suchit('i)e(|U(>/,  ilui'liueti'iiango,  San  MVirctis, 
IV'ten,  JJaja  \'erapaz,  Alta  Vei-apaz,  Jiivingston  Iza- 
bal,  Chi(|ninuila,  Zacajia,  Jalapa,  .y'utiai)a,  and  Santa 
llosa.''  They  ar'e  sulxlivided  int(»  nmnicii)alida(les, 
each  of  which  forms  regulations  or  ordinances  foi'  the 
management  (jf  its  ()wn  aifairs,  subject  to  apprctbatioii 


...,| „  ...^  ....tiKUa,  Santa  t  ruz 

ini    VjMiiiiii-,     rniii:K,    .-lai.iiiiii,  \  ilhilll,  uiul    ( 'iiajiiiii|u  ilupa.    iSillr.,   (Incilil   '>ji'''i 

Jiiiu' ti,  IS77;  (,'ihil..  Mint,  .b'tr.  OoIktii.  i/ Just.,  1S84,  4-5,  aiiiii'X  \\  HHi'i'itc- 


.,,..,.,.,„ ,,,...., 

ilt'l   tjMiiclii',    Klorcs,    Salaiiiii,  Col 
Jiiiu'  ti,  IS77;  (I'liii/.,  y 
uiultav,  May  10,  1SS4. 


V 


DEPARTMENTAL  (JOVKUNMENT. 


675 


or  amendment  by  the  supremo  iijovernment.  At  the 
head  of  each  department  is  a  jet'u  poh'tico,  and  some  of 
tliem  likewise  have  a  sub-jufo. 

The  i»er  oral  <(overnment  makes  its  administrative 
action  felt  in  the  de[)artmcnts.  ])own  to  1.^79  the 
laws  relating-  to  civil  administration  in  them  were  not 
oidy  confused,  but  contained  clauses  which  were, 
some  of  them,  opposed  to  the  princi)>les  of  modern 
leijfislation,  and  others  directly  contrary  to  the  liberal 
and  progressive  system  the  nation  had  adopted  since 
|S71/'  Jlence  the  necessity  of  presci'iptions  con- 
sonant with  the  (jxisting  situation.''  A  dec!'ee  was 
;dso  issue<l  to  insiu'c  common  principles  iind  rules  lor 
the  numicij>al  corporations."'  I'nder  the  new  oi'der  of 
things,  the  sum  total  (»f  ri  vei[)ts  by  all  the  nnmici- 
palities  in    ISS.'{    was  !ii>y;i(),04(),   and   ot"  expt-nditures 

(JuattMuala,  tlie  ca]>ital,  together  with  the  whole  re- 
public, has  had  its  heauties  uunv  or  less  extolled  by 
every  foreign  ti'aveller  who  has  \isited  it  and  |)ul» 
lished  a  book,  from  1822  to  late  years.  These  jtraises 
were  well  deser\-ed ;  but  they  fall  short  of  what  they 
now  should  be,  considering  the  iniprox cnients  intro- 
duced by  the  energetic  administ I'ation  of  I'l'esident 
Harrios,  which  [daced  it  on  a  lexcl  with  many  cities 
of  greater  prettMisions  and  i'esouj<'es.^^ 

''  Uiulrr  till'  old  systi'tii  the  ilcpai  tiiiciit  was  uinU'i'  a  corrcniddr  wlm  w.i.s 
lint  tiiily  civil  gdviriini',  hut  also  military  cliii'l',  jiulgi',  ri'vcinio  inllrrtdr,  ami 
[Mistinastl'l'.    lUrcitill,  in  Smilhsniiiiiii  I'ipl,   lS(i7,    \'1\. 

*' Umlcr  art.  \\\  <it'  tliis  oi'yaiiic  law  the  Jcics  \v(  re  rcrniircil  to  mmiI  tlu' 
Mi|ir('iiie  gov.  for  apju'oliatioii  police  irgulatioiis,  \iii(Ur  tin'   iiistrMift  ions  inr 
iiisliiMl  tlii'iii  for  tlic  ,sakt!  of  uniformity,      liny  ilid  not  fail  to  comiily.   limi/.. 
Mini.  Srr.  <!()l„rii.  ii.hisl  ,  ISNO,   1   '_'. 

*'''l"lu-  law  (Icti'miini'il  with  ]n't('ision  tlic  manner  of  oruani/ing  the  nnini- 
'.ipalities,  and  the  fuuclions  of  the  eoumilnim,  im  reasin;,'  at  the  same  tinn' 
till'  nuniher  of  eoinmittees;  at  that  time  tliey  Iia<l  eoinmitteex  of  linanee,  sup- 
phes,  water,  police,  iiealth,  ornamentation,  scimols,  vaccination,  roads,  auil 
sl.itistics.  Further  infoi'inatiou  on  internal  administiatiou,  iiolice,  and  \iv\\. 
(nndition  of  tlio  depaitments  may  he  found  in  (Innl.,  /i'mi.ji.  /,'//.,  i.  •♦'.•v.'  ."il"-', 
•">-7-7">;  Ihirrmf,  Jliiimiji',  i'STti;  Snlr.  Oi'iria  O/ir.,  May  lU  to  Iti,  l^7">:  '•'oif., 
Mini.  Sir.  (,'nlirni.,   IH8(),  KS.SI,  ISS'.',   IS.Vl;   liiiln s   Sh'trh  (liint.,  •_•:(;   r,,i,Uiii<j'K 

c-ihir,  ;mi. 

''  With  only  tliroc  oxcpptinns  cver.v  department  liiul  a  Hurplus.  'I'lie  threo 
lAcepteil  had  (hMicits  amounting  together  to  .S'i'iTH. 

*"!  will  naiiio  a  few  of  the  authoritu^s:  Dillon,  lii'itii/rs  itr  I'hisl.,  'JIH  ,'{8; 
Thitiiijinon'ii   (j'ikU.,  4(ir)-y;  Strp/nii-s'  Triir.  <\nt.  Am.,  i.  I'Jl'  4;  Ainro  I'i'ijiro 


,*•      ^ 


676 


CKNTRAL  AMERICAN  INSTITUTIONS. 


lias 

of     J 
St'C'OI 


J'cduc 
It  ]ic 
PaciH 

Costa, 

<l<]>aiti 
,1;;".  tilt 
TIr.  1-., 

♦••iiitiiiu 


'Antiy 
tlicy  «,.,•,.'' 

Ilkr    fortrc: 
■III. I    tile    I, 

'-^'■i-  TIi, 
111  W-J't,  •>! 
L'CC  71,  -"' 
I.  7!l|  ;.. 
■y/v /,•/,,  o; 

-i"niiiu  j, 

■I'I'I     IllVllth 

'ii^'-  llaL'sti" 

"'  '»■"  s'tiiri 

"'   lli.it    it, 

"■i'i"iii,l  j,,.s| 

"'     /li«/,/„, 

•■''•■i      Tl„.  ,, 

"'  'I'liitidii 

'''"'  '!■<  .han 

.■l.-.iiily. 

'  "0CI1||\ 

'"■•'II  l.u.  x 
.i'..iui  ;ii,<»L>i' 

'""|..st,   „.„,, 

'""'■I  it  i.s  a  I. 
I'i'mtli  ,,r  til,. 

"Ill--   .1,//.  , 

,  'll   .Killltll 

"";•,    ''il'tol;,, 

:'."|'I'T  <.n,..s, 

''•'•   I'liniy'.s  S, 


/■ 


PANAMA  LsTllMUS. 


877 


appearance  which  Guatemala  presented  prior  to  1871 
has  (.lisappeared,  heing  .sueeeedetl  l»y  a  |)K'asin<4'  aspect 
(if  lite.  The  city  [xdice  has  hei-ii  organized  an<l 
L'(jui})[)ed  in  American  style,  and  the  body  ot"  men  is 
second  to  none  in  Spanish  America'"'^ 

Panamd  was  f'ormeily  a  state,  hut  under  a  recent 
(H'uanization  of  tlie  repuldie  of  Colombia,  lias  h-'cu 
reduced  to  the  condition  of  a  national  department. 
It  lies  paitly  hetwci'u  the  Caril)l)ean  Sea  and  the 
J'aciHc,  and  is  l»oun<led  on  the  south-east  hy  the  state 
(if  Cauca  in  the  same  re[»ul)lic,  and  on  the  west  hy 
Costa  ]iica."^ 

There  are  a  number  of  islands  belonging,'  to  tlu- 
department,  among  which  are  the  ^[uhitas  archipelu- 
^(1,  the  l^oarl  grou}»,  Ctnba,  Taboga,  and  Flamenco. '' 
The  range  of  mountains  traversing  the  Isthnms  is  a 
continuation  of  the  Andes,  but  the  elevation  in  some 


I!-.    <'  k-} 


'■' Antigua,  or  OM  (!u;it.,  prvsciits  its  iiwijtistic  ruins,  niucii  tlic  .saiuc  as 
tht'V  WiTe  left  hy  tln'  i'.ii'tli(|uaki's  of  I77H.  Many  of  tlu'  liuililirigs  aiJiicar 
like  loiti'i.ssos.  Among  llie  lic.«t  pruserx  cd  arc  tliu  oM  i;ovornniint  j)ala(:o 
.iinl  tiu'  tinivcrsit\ .  i'lii'  jilaci^  was  nnu'li  ilaniai;cil  hy  an  i'arth(|uaki'  in 
1^74.  'J'hoiiii>Min  in  his  <'ii,f.  Am.  has  a  cU'scrijition  ol  the  ruins  as  thoy  \vci<; 
ill  IvJ."),  'Jl.')  '.(;  i(tlit;rs  iiavo  (h'scrihcd  tin  in  at  latir  liatos.  Sfiji/n  n'<'  'I'nir.,  i. 
-till  71,  ■J7iS  StI;   ii.  iSU;    Riifliiirilt,  Ci  lit.  .1///. ,.")."{   ,");    Mnfijii  iioi't  I'lOij.  of  A  in., 

i.  7'.M  •_';  Vidiii.<,  ^ll.,■i,|lll,•^~^\S.^.V.^)■,  Si/i(l<r'-^  rmt.  Am.,  AM,  :m  \\);'/iii/ii.t' 
■>'/(/.'//,  •_'7  !•,  40.  <ihic'y.alti'naiig(i  is  8,  IliO  ftct  ;ihuvc  the  si'a.  It  is  I'ViTy  ilay 
;;i(i\viuL:  in  importance  and  wcaltii.  I.ivini;  is  chcaii  thirc:  tlio  I'Uniati'  is  cikiI 
.iiid  iic:dtiiy.  Most  of  thu  striits  arc  nai'row,  hut  tlu'V  arc  well  pavccl  and 
iiivr  llagstonc  sidewalks.  'I'hc  Ikmiscs  :ii-c  uf  nood  a])|)carancc,  some  of  tlicui 
of  two  stories.  Among  the  jiuhlic  huilding^  iic  tiie  iniiilcntiary,  on  the  |d:ni 
i>\  tliat  in  I'liiladellphia,  tlii^  Indian  caliddn  uf  twn  slinies,  the  hos|iitai. 
liatieual  institute,  and  otiier  i:dueational  cstahlishniiiils.  Mime  line  elinrches, 
<  ti .  lUiilildiii  WIkIIihiii'.i  An'o-t!*  Ciiil.  .\iii.,  ()()  7;  ('itiihliinj-^  <liiiili,  W.W,  ;ill7. 
•"«i:i  'I'lio  city  of  Fhires,  head  town  of  the  ik'[iartincnt  of  IVten,  is  worthy 
'I  irriition  for  its  iiieturesi|Ue  iiositidn  un  imi!  of  tlie  i.slanils  of  Lake  It/.al, 
iii'l  111  charming  \iew  from  a  distance.  Tin'  place  is  Imt,  hdwever,  ami  nil- 
■■1.  luly. 

Occupying  the  Jsthmus  which  cunnects  Ndrtii  and  Suiitli  AmeriiM,  In 
i"'i  a  lat.  N.  (i  4.")'  and  '.(  40',  and  within  long.  W.  77  '  and  .S.'i  .  The  area  is  of 
■il'iiiu  l{l,!t"JI  s(|uare  miles.  In  its  general  form  it  is  an  arc  curving  from  eas( 
til  West,  with  the  convex  side  tnward  the  nortli.  In  the  widest  part  from  .sea 
til  sii  it  is  ahiiut  l"_MI  miles,  in  tlie  narrowest  from  tiie  gulf  uf  San  HI. is  to  the 
iiiiiiith  of  the  I'l.iyano  Ui\craliiiut  ;jO,  and  .along  the  line  uf  the  railway  47\ 
iinlr>.   Am.  I  'ii'-l"]>.,  xiii.  .'U. 

lu  addition  to  these  are  'i'al>oguilla,  Urahii,  Naos,  I'erico,  ( 'lUchra,  .S;iii 
.111-,.,  'I'lirtola,  'I'ortolita,  Igu.ma,  Waslnn.gton,  Napoleon,  Stanley,  and  m.iiiy 
-111, illcr  ones,  'rnnni.i.  (iiiif  uml  lslliiiiii.<  ,,/  linriiii,  Maich  HI,  I7lil,  .M.S.,  ;V2  • 
li'i;  I  iirai/'.i  Sliill.  /)in'iti,,ii.<,  Ct    )•_';    1 1  miiluilill,    T<(l'lr'iii,  710. 

Mi»T.  CKNT,  Am.,  Vol,.  III.    :i7 


! 


>' 


578 


CENTRAL  AMERICAN   IX   fITUTIOXS. 


parts  does  not  exceed  300  feet  above  the  sea.  From 
this  ridge  flow  about  150  streams  into  the  Atlantic, 
and  more  tlian  double  that  number  into  the  Pacific. '" 

The  state  has  been  hitherto  divided  into  depart- 
nients;  namely,  Panamii,  Colon,  Cocle,  Chiriqui,  Los 
Santos,  and  Veragua,'"  which  arc  subdivided  into 
distritos  parroquialcs.  5Vt  the  head  of  the  distrito 
capital  and  departanumto  de  Pananut  is  a  governor, 
and  the  other  departments  have  })refectos.  Eacli 
distrito  is  under  an  alcaldi'.'''* 

Tlie  city  of  Panama  is  laid  out  with  regularity,  on 
a  rocky  peninsula,  ]>resenting  a  fine  appearance  from 
the  sea,  as  it  stands  out  from  the  dark  hills  inland 
with  an  air  of  grandeur.  The  Ancon--a  hill  i)4y>  feet 
high  I'.sing  a  mile  westward  of  the  city  helps  to  icii- 
<ler  the  place  c()ns|)icu«»us.  But  on  entering,  the  vis- 
itor finds  hims(^lf  disappointed.  The  princi})al  streets 
cross  the  peninsula  from  sea  to  sea,  intersected  l>y  llic 
Calle  Peal,  running  east  and  west.  The  place  lias  ;i 
(piiet  and  stately  appearance,  without  promising  coin 
fort.  The  houses  are  mostly  of  stone  1;  .ilt  in  tlic 
Sj)anisli  style,  the  larger  ones  having  heavy  balconies 
in  the  upper  stories,  with  court-yards  or  patios.  Tluiv 
is  little  riilicf  or  variety."'^  The  smaller  ones  are  et 
a  single  story.  Tlu^  cliurches  and  jmblic  buildin^^s, 
namely,  the  cathedral,  casa  de  la  gobernacion,  cabildo  er 

■'"Tlie  largest  hoiiig  tlic  'I'uira,  KM)  miles  long,  navigiildc  alxmt  10-  u^r 
liarges,  eiiiiities  into  tliu  gull  of  San  Miuiiul;  tlic  I'hagru.s,  uavigablr  tur 
Imiigoa  ai)oiit  HO  miles,  i->iiis  into  tlio  Caribbean  Sea;  the  C'liipn  llows  iiit.i 
tlie  bay  of  raiiaina. 

''Tlio  )irim'i[ial  town  of  Code  is  l'eiiononi«5;  of  Chiriijul,  DaviJ:  ami  nt 
Voragiia,  Santiago.  The  rest  bear  tlie  same  names  as  theii-  n'sij^ctivi' 
ilejiai'tments. 

'"'The  governor  and  jirefeotos  report  yearly  to  the  ehief  of  the  Isthiniin 
the  state  f)f  their  respective  departiTients.  /'<ni.,  Mi'in.  Soc.  Jcni'ri'L  1^". 
ote. 

■'"Just  prior  to  tlie  iiilliix  of  the  fon^ign  element,  upon  tiie  discovery  ct 
the  gold  placers  in  California,  the  town  liad  a  gloomy  and  ruinous  Msimt. 
There  was  nothing  to  be  seen  all  around  but  ruin  and  poverty;  whole  lilei  ks 
.ami  streets  of  old,  dilajiidated  buildings,  proppi'd-up  houses  with  pcepl" 
living  ill  them,  and  luxuriant  vegetation  in  the  plazas,  walls,  etc.  With  tin' 
eiimiug  of  foreigners  a  great  eiiango  took  place  witliiii  tlie  short  space  el  tlirci' 
or  four  years.  Nearly  all  the  old  ilwdlings  underwent  repairs,  and  m  w  eiii< 
were  built.  Tu  lieu  of  the  old  sad  .•ii>pearaiice  and  silence,  all  was  now  htistli' 
and  niovemcnt.   Maldomuio,  Ammtnn  I'olit.  Pun,,  MS.,  7. 


toWl 

friar 

of   \h 

Iiave 

ing  V 

ust>d 

ruine 

at  o(ii 

tioMs 

are,  1 1 

I'loMic 

sary  t 

ini>';    o 

/  lie  ei 

<cal  yc 

\\as  1)0 

aiiion<r 

The 

^  'olon, 

"f  .)ran 
and   eoi 

'•ailwMv 
■"^'<ani-.- 
iii-s  of 
,U''''s,si,i, 
''wildini 

W.-IS  J'liii 

''Vent  hi 

.    ."^Theea 
^'  '■<  ill  a  rii 

••'•<  file  e.ibil, 

"I'.'H'orts 

'""•^(iiietion 

''■I:  .A]..-.  !» 

'•i.  Is7(i. 

'■"I'lie  f,,ll 
',''■" '''III ioii.s 

'  "•-7,    II 
II.  Is:i  oi  I 

7'  .  ~       ' 

I'i ','-  ^■„/,,_  .jj 
''/'i/inrm 


BUILDENOS  AM)  POPULATIOX. 


679 


town  hall,  ecclesiastical  soniinarv,  and  four  convents  for 
friars  and  one  for  nuns,  were  stronojy  built;  Imt  yeai's 
of  nej^lect  and  the  d«>terioratiiio"  etl'ects  of  tlie  eliniato 
liiiA-e  l)roui^ht  many  of  tluMU  to  dec;iy;  notwitlistiuid- 
iti^'  wliicli  some  of  the  eeelesiastical  edifices  nro  still 
used  for  the  service  of  God,  whilst  others,  not  utterly 
ruined,  are  ai)|>lied  to  otiier  purposes.""  The  \\hu-r  was 
jit  one  time  tolerahly  well  fortified,  but  the  tbrtifiea- 
tions  no  lonu'ei' exist ;  the  south  and  west  rnmpai'ts 
at'e,  however,  in  jj^oikI  condition  formiiiii^  an  aureeahle 
ltrom<'nad(\  The  drainage  is  verv  had;  manv  ncces- 
sary  things  to  insure  cleanliness  and  comfoitare  want- 
iiio-;  oood  potable  water  beiny-  scarce  and  hin^h-pricetl.^^ 
The  city  has  enjoyed  the  beiK'fit  of  i»as  liofht  foj-  sev- 
eral years  ]»ast,  and  since  the  construction  of  the  canal 
was  l^egun,  it  has  had  many  improvements  introduced, 
.•imoiiii;'  them  a  tine  and  spacious  hospital."' 

The  place  next  in  importance  on  the  Isthmus  is 
( 'olon,  otherwise  known  as  Aspinwall,  on  the  island 
of  Manzanilla.  It  is  the  Atlantic  port  t>f  the  Isthmus, 
and  contains  the  stations,  offices,  and   wharf  of   the 


railway    conn)any.  as  well    as    tlK 


11 


th 


[)Se 


th 


severa 


1 


am-shi[)  companies,  and  likewise  a  nund)er  of  build- 
ings of  the  ship-canal  enter[irise.      T\\v  town  was  pio- 


uiessmg  raj)uily 


ai 


id   had  a  munbei-  of  tine    modern 


huildin^'s  other  than   thoS(>    itefoi'i>   mentioned,  but   it 
as  ruined  bv  the  vandalic  a(>t  of  revolutionists,  which 


itl 


event  has    heen    elsewhiM'e  descj' 


!)('( 


m 


til 


IS  \ninnii 


Ini 


(iii 


'"'riitt  iMtlioilial  li;is  iiotliiiig  111  rtcoiimiciici  il  t'M'f|it  it.s  twn  liiu  tuvnTs. 
It  is  ill  ,1  iniiiums  roiiilitiiui,  iiiiil  tlinu::li  rtjiairiii  .i  t'lW  yiiirs  .luo.nnl  n'lliiciil 
til  a  .siiii,'lti  iiavi',  fiirtlu'r  rt'iiairs  arr  loiully  I'allcii  lor.  'I'liis  Imildiii^'  as  well 
as  tlir  i'al)ilili(  facd  tlu'  main  pla/.a. 

' '  llllorts  liavo  lii'i'ii  luailr  in  late  yrars  Ky  the  statr  j.'iivi'rnnii'nt  Im-  tin- 
innsinii'tion  of  an  a<nu'ihut;  hut  witlinnt  siumtss.  I'iiii.,  Iuii-i/ji,  M.iv  III, 
1^71:  Ai.r.  '.t,  »»,  ISTC;  /',ni.  Sturaml  llrntbl.  May  li>,  1.S74;  Kil>.  14,"  Apr. 
i:i.  iNii. 

'  'I'lio  followinj,'  arc  among  tliu  autiiui'ities  jiiving  ininv  or  liss  ili'tailed 
ilis,  i-iptionsof  the  city  (if  rananui:   Cn.-ih'.'i  Skilrli,  ■")!   111.  L".l  71 ;   liuhnll'-^  I'ltii., 

1  '.>.:.">  7,  Hi)-;!."),  .'ui  s:  /i,nii,/'s  ]'o,/.,  i.  ii  17,  •-.':!  -4;  sn,ri,r.<  .soiit/,  .\w., 

ii.  IV»  •_M1,  'J-21  <),  '2:A  (ill:  S<r,i,'a  nil's  IXnn:,  84  S,  •_>7.")  •.•.-),  I'SII  <)4;  1 1' //«)»'.•< 
VV.n-.  /„  (>(/.,  1)  It),  17  I'.t;  U'orlli'i's  Tnn:,  S'iO-'J;  Hi-lin-jr,  X",;:,  ii.  4l.'4-r); 
/'-■»■-  (.%!/<;  t>()9  '2t». 

'  'Ushnrn/.t  liiirifii,  KiO  70, 'JO,")  ".I;  Oth'  l.tth.  /',ni.,  7t)  ll.'7;  llniyir'xMwi., 
xvii.  )!»-28,  32-9;  To/hc«' /'(»«.,  40-tii>.     Tlic  following  cDiitiiiii  ilcscr-ptioiiM  <>f 


bm 


CKXTKAL  AMKRU'AN   INSTITUTIONS. 


Tho  official  census  of  population  in  the  Isthmus  of 
Pananiil  fa-  IHHO  showed  tiu!  nuinl)er  of  inhabitants 
to  have  heen  ;{07,5i)8."*  The  report  laid  hy  the  siatv 
i;(t\-eniinent  Ix^fore  the  assembly  in  September  IHH'J 
stated  that  the  ]iopnlation  had  increased  since  1880  to 
;]4."{,78'J.  which  was  due  to  the  influx  of  men  employed 
on  the  canal-works.  There  have;  been  many  fluctua- 
tions since.  The  proportion  of  nejj,roes  and  mixed 
breeds  has  ever  Ixumi  larger  than  the  purt'  whites  in 
the  city  of  Panama  and  on  tiu^  ('arii)bean  St^a  coast, 
and  after  the  opeuinLj^  of  tiu^  canal-woiks  it  becaiiir 
<;i'eatly  increased  with  laborers  from  the  coast  to  the 
south,  .Jamaica,  etc.,  almost  all  luMno-  ne^^roes.  In 
the  interior  de[>artments  the;  case  is  (juite  different, 
the  majority  of  the  inhabitants  beiiiij^  of  pure  wjiites. 

I'ifforts  made  from  tinu;  to  time  to  develop  foreiuii 
colonization  through  land  orants  have  never  led  t<t 
any  advantageous  acquisition  of  immigrants.*' 

(itluT  iilai'os  as  will  as  of  tliu  transit  bi'twueii  tho  twn  seas:    Lowlon  Gioij.  Sn^'. 
./our.,  i.  ()!»   101 ;  xxiii.,  1S4;  Mir.-:'  /,V,/.,  xxxviii.  141 ;  h'nvhurilt,  Ciiit.  Am'.,  '_'(H 


•2;  \vm<  >!'.■<  I' 

HiKiiit^d-IUiiiU' 
•211    :{|;   .V/V., 


Mr 


AW 


Ch 


',\~  S;    M<i.<-«f'.i  Krfx  r.  <ij' II  '4!>fr,  MS.  ,1;    lAirlmyi  tli 


hmiiji"'/)!' 


y 


ii/iii/i'iii 


'■')-(; 


I'lii'l,   .1  «v  ,1 ; 


■/.<■. 


/.sf.,    Mav  'M),  l,S.")();   .Mitn-iiaU'.i  Moitii/niii-f,  1-17;   //ulind-: 


l^ii  ('iilij'nr)i'i<\  AT)  y\\;   /I'oii/i'iKi/,  I'lii.  .\iiiir(llr.t,    1(17;  A 


liiir. 


.  I  iiiintis  ill 


cxxiii.  'J'iO  ■_',  'I'lW'i;  cxlv.    V. 


:-l;  cxlvii 


l.-)-17:  I'ol 


Tlmi'iitoii'ii  Or 


III  Ciil. 


.'148  .")4;  O.tiriilil  Cnl.   innl    Si 


l/)tl-<Ulll,    V. 


lit;  vi.    I -J  I; 


87  if-':    K.lli 


CniiiU  Mitiifiiiii'rii,  '2~-H;  Auijvr,    Voi/,  in  Cnl.,  X")  !••_':  Siiiiil-Aiinnil,  'J.')  (I'J,  M) 


97;  <lrUii-ol<r.<  I'n 


,41 


/ 


Vo.sx/,  S'-iimiiiv,  4 1 


■")(»;  K 


hill, '2  •27.">;   /'mi.,  f.'-nv/rf,  ,l;in.  '.':{,  ISSl. 


ijiim 


]>h 


III/.  I  (I 


Coin 


'■"  1  )( 

Colon,  i 
S,-_'7(!;  1 

i.o:t(;.  / 


|iarti 
lu'lud 


It  of  1' 


chilli 


\S.:MS  ill  tlu'  city,  4:5,4()1.';  Cod.',  :i:!.  Kit; 


iii<,'4,(MH)  in  tliat  |i 


It.  1.(1 


1/  111 


CliiiL'ics.  .uiil  l.:ii'.t  ill  I'oltc 


los  Santos,  .■!7,('>7(l;   N'traiiiia.  .'tli.'JlO;   Hocas  del  Ti 


!.")(): 


|)arii  II. 


l,0;t(l.  /'((/(.,  .Mini.  Sn:  /''oiiii'i/fo,  ISS'J,  .1!!  (>.  The  iMnmlatioii  at  tlii'  tiim  tli 
Istliiiius  sceccli'il  from  S|iaiii  was  variously  istiiiiatcd  at  troiii  8(),()(M)  to  III. 
jViO;  l.S4:{,  li;'.>,(i!t7;  tlic  iciisiis  of  ISlia  yii'l.lod  1S(),(HH);  but  it  is  iMliiVfd  tli 
poimlatioii  was  iiiado  to.nijicar  laruor  than  it  ro.illy  was,  so  as  to  gain  oiif  ii 


ri'pri'sciit.itivi'  ill  the  national  coiigri 


rill)  lii'st  inforiiifd  oiti/ens  coiniiiitrii 


itatoiily  l.")(»,(HM>      In  ISdS,  •J'_»(),")4'2,  aiitlioritii's  kociiinj;  tlic  sinio  tigiircsti 
187'.l,  ('Xcojitiiii;  oiH' cstiinato  for  IS74  rcdui-ing  it  to  174, (MM).    J/innliolili,  /' 


A'('/-j 


VI. 


lit  i.  I4--';  ,S 


'i iiiiiiiiii',-<  Villi.,  \. 


1 1 II  ri  11/ 


S'lil.  />ir.,  14;   /iidii-ili'- 


/■s//i.  /'nil.,  17S  ,S(»;   /'ini.  S/iinniil  liirnlil,  Fch.  18,  18(18;   Mi.r.  Sor.  droii.  /i"l' 
////.  ."id  ('p.  i.  7'28;  Colomh'id,  />/(nvV)  0_//c.,  Sept.  C),  1871';  Aug.  4,  1H.'4;  M.inli  I. 


187(1;  A'.v-/^ 


/>«•••.  (lioii.  ( 'nloDili. ,  171. 


yrriti/iiii.i,    Ihri:    ill'  In  Ciiiii;  A/.,   Xofii.i  Ojir.;    Iil.,   ()ril('liiiiizii.< 
C/iirii/iii,  Corn.*}),  (loli.  Nur.,  1851;  }il.,(>jii\  ilildub.;  Iil.,  Coiiip.  ilr  /' 
185");  all  ill  /'iiinrf,  /'mi.  Coll.  />or.,  .MSS",  iios.  (W,  (15,  (lit,  \t.  '25-7,  no. 
no.   88,  p.  \i'2,  no,  40,    14;  Iicsidcs  other  dot^  in  the  sanu' ('oil.,  no 
40-1.  iios,  4'.t,  5(t,  .">'2,   I0:{:   T.  S.  Oor.  f)o<\,  II.  Kx.  Doc.  41,  Coin:.  ."»'.  I^' 
vi.  55;  KlNntkioioilil l.'<tii,o  Am.,  in  the  i'nUfhniimi,  S.  1'.,  ii.,  . 


IN' 


;(",),  4 

.  :ii. 


\2    IM7. 


I8THMUS   SOCIKTV 


691 


The  number  of  American  inditifeneH  on  the  Istlimus 
is  romputetl  at  ahout  10,000.**  Tho  chief  of  the 
Savaiieries  chiimed  the  sovcn-i^iity  over  the  land  tliey 
iii('ui)ied,  and  their  ritihts  tliereto  were  recognized  hy 
the  autlioiities  <»f  A^'rai^uas."' 

Tlie  ^lan/.anillos  occasionally  visit  Portohello  and 
luiLfhhorinuf  villa-'cs,  and  at  one  time,  if  not  alwavs, 
wci'e  in  a  state  of  warfare  with  the  Bayanos.  I'lie 
latter  hate  the  Sjuiniards  and  their  descendants,  but 
ari'  lrien«l]y  to  thr  Enolish.'^'' 

In  !87-'5,  a  law  was  cnaettHl  to  C(»m]H'l  the  wild 
Indians  to  adopt  the  usai^is  of  civilized  life,  and  promjjt 
action  was  reconnncndcd  by  tlu'  cxecuti\e  of  l*anam;i 
ill  1874,  but  nothino-  came  of  it."' 

There  are  but  few  families  of  the  higher  class  in 
Panama,  and  time  is  re((uired  to  establish  a  footini^  of 
intimacy  with  them.  ( V)nsiderable  has  been  said  in 
luirope  ajjfainst  the  character  of  the  women  <>f  l*anam;l 
wliich  is  not  borne  out  by  fact.  Much  real  worth 
exists  amoiiijj  them.  Indeed,  the  nativi^  women  of  the 
isthmus  ijjenerally,  possess  the  best  (jualiHcations. 
They  are  not  only  ])i'etty,  tj^raceful,  and  refined,  but 
are  dutiful  daughters,  and  excellent  wives  and  mothers. 
Those  in  the  hiij^her  }»ositions,  I'veu  while  laboi'inij;' 
under  the  disadvantage  of  a  limited  education,  which 
(hning  a  long  time  was  the  case  with  a  m.noritv  of 
them,  have,  as  a  ride,  been  of  industrious  and  economi- 
cal habits.  In  later  years  the  3'oung  girls  of  the  better 
•  lass  liave  been  enabled  to  accpiire  an  education.  'I'he 
y^wuv.  cannot  be  said  of  the  wonitMi  of  tht!  lower  classes, 

"''For  tlii'ir  (Iwclling-placca  1  refer  to  Xii/irr  A'.dv.v  nf  flu  J'ur.  S/a/i.-i,  i, 
"'.'."i  7,  this  series. 

'■'Ill  1815"),  I'frdijudu,  Die.  dc  la  Ciiiii.,  in  /'//(.,  /'<iii.  Col.  Ihir.,  ,MS.,  iki. 
•"'".  IT  '2'2;  III.,  /iijhniii;  in  /(/.,  MS.,  no.  "JS. 

'"Their chief  at  times  visiteil  tho  IJritish  oon.snl  at  Panama,  Imt  never  agreeil 
ti'  liis  returning  tlie  visit  at  tlieir  homes.  Sfrinniiii'y  I'm/.,  i.  ;W1.  Neither 
"I'lilil  they  aueejjt  presents  from  any  wliite  person.  One  of  tlieir  ohii'f.s  v  ho 
11  ccjited  a  present  was  degraded  hy  his  trihe,  and  the  present  was  sent  liaek. 
Ih'/.rrir.,  Ixth.  /',l,l.,  :<(). 

"Mlaiiy  jiersons  were  killed  hy  the  Bayanos  in  Oet.  IfSTO;  and  their  hos- 
iililics  were  repeated  in  1S74.  P'lii.,  diirrf,,,  Nov.  1(».  1870;  nee.  'S.i,  \HT.U 
A)!!.  U,  1874;  A/.,  Stiir  n,,-/  llnnbl,  Feh.  17,  Mareli  \'l,  1S74;  Id  liijnnne 
>■     A'-/.,  1874,  18-19. 


581! 


CENTRAL  AMERICAN   INSTITUTIONS. 


hi! 


i 


whose  moral  scale  is  (juite  low,  inarriaL'i'  with  tluiu 
being  the  exce[)tioii  rather  than  the  rule.  For  this 
state  of  thin<j^s  the  up[)er  class  is  i)artly  respoiisihh  . 
iiiasnuK'h  as  from  a  misiruiileil  feeliiiiLf  of  eharity  it  looks 
ujioii  the  practice  with  iiulilference  instead  of  frown- 
ii»«j^  upon  it.'" 

Tiie  wt)men  of  Pananul,  since  the  early  ilays  of  rail- 
way travellini^,  have  ahandonetl  their  former  ways  of 
drcssiiiL;'  and  of  arrauLjinjj!'  their  heautiful  liair,  ado])t- 
ini^'  luiropean  fasliioiis  and  putting'  «»n  hats.  T\\r 
wonu'ii  of  the  l(»wer  ordiT,  till  very  recently,  wore  the 
polleras;'  hut  this  is  becoming  a  thinj^df  the  past. 
These  women  are  very  untidy;  they  move  about  tht  ii' 
housi'S  slipshod  and  stockingless.  The  <lress  oi'  tht; 
native  laboring  man  is  a  pair  of  cotton  or  linen  trousers 
and  a  shirt. 

The  young  men  of  the  educated  class  an,"  wtll- 
mannered,  and  most  of  them  have  an  averasjfe  share  nf 
ability,  but  a])plication  and  steadiness  of  pur[)ose  aiv 
wantini''.  Like  their  sisters,  they  are  kind  and  atKi- 
tionate  to  their  families  and  relatives.'"  Nearly  all 
the  male  inhabitants  speak  English  as  well  as  their 
native  language,  and  a  number,  who  have  been  abroad, 
are  convi'rsant  with  French  and  e\  en  (icrman. 

in  their  domestic  life,  notwithstanding  their  con- 
stant intercourse  with  peojtle  of  other  nations,  the 
Panamanians  keep  themseb'es  secluded,  nnich  as  tluy 
tlid  before  tlie  railway  was  consti'ucted.  Tliey  still 
hug  a  ))ortion  of  their  old  opinions  and  ])rejudi(i"-. 
Nevertheless,  the  fullest  lil)erty  of  conscii'uce  and  ot 
religion  being  recognized  by  the  Colombian  laws,  all 
forms  of  worship  may  be  pul)licly  })ractised  "'' 

'"'riu'  lower  classes  arc  improvident  and  foiiil  of  dress  and  finery 

''  liOW  dresses  w  ithoiit  sleeves,  and  with  laue  trimmings  on  tlie  Imst. 

'-There  are  many  of  lliem  j;iven  to  gossijiing  and  propagating  seaiidalims 
reports  even  aliont  tlieir  friends.  Polities  and  tlie  bottle  have  in  late  yens 
dehanehed  many  a  tine  young  man,  the  vice  of  drunkenness  of  late  gaining 
ground. 

'•■There  are  associations  of  various  kinds,  including  secret  ones,  like  tlie 
masonic,  of  which  tlivre  are  several  loilges,  witii  many  nativ>!  J'an;iiiiaui  ins 
among  their  inend)ers.  The  native's  still  ohserve  the  custom  of  long  iiinurn- 
jngs  as  of  old.     In  a  comniunity  where  families  are  more  or  less  coimectcd  by 


Tl 

feste 

.'unot 

ever. 
|ii'i(»r 
liad  a 
heing 
ti'un.*' 
guiat( 

isfied 
the    C( 

tion  SI 
iiKerid 

school; 

ill  IH7 
pllhlif 
a(C(»iiij 
■Manue 
si'llle  li 

he^an  i 

"lies  111 
lllellt    a 

I'een  a].- 
"iher  i'( 

tl'-^  of   1,1,,, 

'■"IMIIIOII    ,1, 

li 


EDUCATION. 


583 


The  sfovorniiuMit  of  Paiianiii  lias  not  always  niani- 
tfstfd  a  projM'i'  iiitiM'cst  in  tiic  (litl'usitMi  of  kiiuwlfd^cf 
,iiiu»ii<j;'  the  masses.  It  must  he  aciciiowKdi^cd,  Imw- 
1  vi'i",  that  duriii!^  the  existence  ^d'  the  central  re«;ime, 
|iii()r  to  liSdO,  the  ehihhvn  throughout  the  Isthmus 
Iiad  a   better  opportunity  to  ac(|uirt'  insti'uetion.  thert; 


Ih'11i«4    se 


1k)o1s  with    i)aid    teachers   in   nearlv  all    tlu 


I 


naur 


towns.'  Alter  the  revolutionary  i)eriHd  Itccanie  i 
unrated,  the  funds  of  the  n'ovi-rmnent  hai'dly  excr  sat- 
islit'd  the  <;reed  of  jiolitical  leadei's,  or  sufficed  to  meet 
tlie  cost  of  a  larn'e  military  force,  and  puMic  instruc- 
tion suffered,      'i'his  occurml  more  particularly  in  the 


Ulterior 


md    even 


tl 


le    cai) 


lital    1 


las    seen    its    i)uolu 


schools  closed  for  the  want  of  fun(h 


T\ 


le  li'iiis 


lat 


ova 


ill  1871  jj^avo  a  new  oi'ijani/ation  to  this  hrancli  of  the 
puhlic  serxice.  hut  for  various  reasons  nothiuL;'  was 
iifcom})lished  until  187.'?,  when  the  j)hilanth!'o[)ic 
MaiiiU'l  J.  lliirlado  undertook  the  task  of  i;('ttinu- 
some  lii;'lit  out  of  the  existing'  chaos.  His  efforts  soon 
lu'Han  to  yield  o-ood  results,  though  more  satisfactory 
HiifS  mii^ht  have  Inn'ti  obtained  hail  the  state  ^overn- 


iiieiit  afforded  lar<>t'r  inean^ 


Normal  schools  ha\e 


hei'ii  also  established  for  traininir  teachers,  and  several 


.tl 


otiicr-  et 


lucat 


ioiial  institutes  have  been 


f..i 


in< 


led. 


one  for 


tu-.  lit'  lilooil  (ir  miiiri.iui',  tlic  ri'sult  is  that  iiuiuriiing  nfti 


•ins  to  1)0  tlio 


c'liiiiirion  ili'fss. 


l>ftails  ill  ( 'niiMlliii-idiiiil  (III  J.-i/i, 


N. 


M,  is:;-j:  (■„/, 


,/.  /' 


l>< 


crito. 


1   •-•;  A7  J/<. 


>ito,  \hc.  1,  1S44;  X.  (1 


(i,  KS4S;  CIn 


■II  III 


1), 


■ri  III" 


MS.,   ISl'.t;  /• 


it'i,  l\\>.  •-'•_'.  lS4(i:  lii<,jnlii. 


({If 


IS4;t,  to  Marcii  1,  1S.")4,  ]>assiiii;  Cliiniiiii,  In/.  ./-/  (.'nh.,  MSS.,  JSol-  •_';  /'. 


(;iii;f,i  Krfninri/.,  IV( 


::{,  KS.-1 


ill    ISlill  ti 


Ith 


RTo  wiTU  no  j)iil)lic   luiiiiary  s( 


1  means  had  toaohiM's  at  lioiiii',  or  sent  tiu'i 


Mairii  :?(»,  J.S.'.,S. 
hli 


ols 

.•llih: 


til 


state. 


I' 


iiviit.s 


iiMi  to  till'  liw  i>iivato 


sciiools  tlicii  t'xistiiij,'.  to  liogot;i,  tlu;  national  cajiital,  or  aliroaii.     ChiMri'n  of 
l"ior  ]iaivnts  had  to  grow  in  ntter  i^iioiancc. 


Mil  IS74  thi'i'o  wi'i'tMii  till!  state   17  piiniafy  schools  with   1. ()(»")  impils 


ir  nnnilnTs 
ipils  ''JtiT. 


steadily  iiiereased  till  ISS'J,  \\  lien  tin;  seiiools 


.")!)  ami  the 


Tl 


lerc  were  a[iiiroi(riated  tor  sniniortmi. 


tl 


le  senools  in 


1S73 


!?I4.  lid,  and  every  year  after  there  was  an  increase;  the  amount  allowed  in 
I^S•J  heing  ."jCJHj.SUI,  and  in  188H  .S(i;i  '.HrJ,  the  govt  now  lieeoming  alive  to  the 
fact  that  the  funds  formerly  sui'j.lied  W(tc  insutlicient,  as  appi'arcd  in  the  re- 
piirt  of  the  educational  I uireau  on  Nov.  1."),  ISM.  l\ni..  El  Klclor,  May  1,  \SK\; 
I'l'ii.,  III/.  Sir.  L'sL,  IStUi;  A/.,  Mnisnji;  1S7'-';  A/.,  Mini.  S,<\  KM.,   l"!S7t»;   A/., 


liilnrnie  Jtirrrl.   Oi'n.  Iiistr 


I'lih.,  1S77  80;  111.,  Leyi's,    KS7t)  7,   'Jti  H'-';  A/, 


.)/./,/.  Six.  Ot,l,.,  1877;  III,  MIn.  Srr.  (!nl,.,  187'.t;  Pan.,  Jinlithi  O/lr.,  May  '.'8, 
l.Sti;t,  to  Sept.  8,  1869,  iKissim;  A/.,  Oncrln,  July  28,  1870,  to  l'\'l..  'JO,  1881, 
lKi>sini;  Vuloiiiliia,  Diario  Ojir.,  Feh.  18,  Aug.  14,  1874;  Jaii.  '27,  March  *J,  1870. 


i  'IS 


1*1 


1  111"  •' 


il 


t 

% 
f. 


I  ■  ;lj 


M4 


IKXTUAL  AMKHK'AN  INSTITUTIONS. 


('mai(^>i  under  \v«»i 


iiicu  of  a  nilii^iouH  onUtr.     XcvortlR'- 


f 

less,  the  initjority  <>t'  young  iiK^ii  poHscsscd  of  iiioaiis 
)fn  abroad  or  to  l^ogotd  to  coiupk^tc  tlioir  induration. 
The  iHtlinius  lui.s  not  imxluood  anv  notable  litcrarv 
or  scientific  nun,  |>rt»jH'rl_v  so-called,  tliou*;li  there  aie 
and  liave  been  anioiiji^  its  ]»eo|)le  bi-ij^lit  intellects.  In 
})olitical  and  <li|)loniatic  life,  however,  may  be  men- 
tioned as  notabilities  Justo  Arosemena,  Jose  Obaldia, 


l*abl()  Ardsemena,  and  Jil  Colunje 


Tl 


le  ne\vs|»aj>er  press 


has  1 


)een    ( 


lurinii' 


many  years 


re|)i'esenti'(l  on  the  Isthmus  by  the  Star  anil  Jlcrahl, 
which  is  the  vehicle  f(>r  the  communication  of  news 
between  Europe  and  the  United  States  on  the  one 
side,  and  the  countries  in  Central  and  South  Aineiica 
on  th(!  other.  It  has  biicn  for  manv  years,  and  con- 
tinues  to  be,  entitled  to  rank  as  a  first-class  ne\vs|)a|»(  r. 
Its  local  edition  now  ajipears  daily  in  KnuTish,  S|ian- 
ish.  and  French;  the  edition  for  lOuropc;  and  the 
United  States,  to  leave  by  each  tleparting  steamer,  is 
in  Euijflish;  and  the  one  foj*  Central  and  South 
America  is  in  Spanish,  the  publication  then  bearing' 
the  name  of  Jai  KsfrcUd.''*  Several  other  newspapeis 
have  been  published,  besides  the  official  oroan,  from 
time  to  time  in  English  and  Spanish,  or  wholly  in 
Spanish,  but  they  have  been  short-lived. 

Bull-worrying  is  a  popular  amusement  among  all 
classes. ''^  Cock-fighting  is  also  much  patronized  on 
Sundays  and  liolidays.^"  Hoi'^e-ridi ng,  and  in  lati  r 
yi'ars  tli'iving,  are  recreations  of  the  better  classes. 
Public  and  private  balls,  and  an  occasional  J^lay,  cnii- 

"  It  lieguii  its  existence  as  tlie  /'awo;;,..'  Stoi;  a  very  small  slicft,  i"  1^1''; 
now  it  lias  eight  large  pages.  S.  F.  Tiinr.i,  March  1.3,  18()lt;  S.  /'.  .1//', 
March.  U,  lS(i<J;  /'mi.  S/<ir  nitil  Ih-ntlil,  .Ian  II,  18SC. 

'"l  have  hail  oeeasioii  to  (junto  biith  ]ml)lii'ati()ns  repeatedly  on  narrating 
events  on  the  Isthnnis  ami  in  Central  America. 

"The  bull  is  leil  by  a  rope  into  the  most  public  streets.  A  number  of 
men  challenge  tiie  ))rute,  which  occasionally  rushes  at  its  tormentors;  but  as 
the  rope  holds  it,  only  by  a  rare  chance  is  any  one  hurt.  The  bull  is  tliiis 
■worried  by  the  men-brutes  till  it  is  ready  to  drop. 

'''(ramus  of  chance  and  night  orgies  having  become  prevalent,  in  KS78  a 
heavy  tax  was  levied  on  gambling-houses,  and  a  severe  decree  issued  to  ilu'ok 
orgies  anil  brawls.  Pan.,  GaccUt,  Jan.  'M,  Aug.  15,  1S7S. 


HEALTH   ANI>  lUSKASE. 


r.s5 


•  ort,  or  circus,  wlicji  artists  cross  tlio  Istliinus,  help 
to  bn-ak  tlu'  monotony  of  life ''' 

The  Istliinus  has  sutl'crcd,  not  <tnly  IVoni  revolutions, 
l>ut  fVoin  calaniitous  visitations  in  the  foini  of  epi- 
tleinics,  particularly  sniall-jiox ;  also  l>y  convulsions 
iif  nature,  aiul  devastating"  tires.^'- 

Asiastic  cholera  visited  l*anainiiiii  I  S  H),""'' at  a  time 
wlieii  th(>  Isthmus  was  crowded  with  strannris,  early 
ill  the  C^ilifornia  s^old  tt-ver.  'I'lie  destruction  of  life 
was  hoart-rendini;,  as  it  spared  no  class  or  condition.'** 
Malignant  feviMs,  pulmonary  and  throat  <lis(.'as»'S,  and 
tiHu'r  maladies  do  their  work  of  destruction,  and  yel- 
low fever  often  carries  otl'  its  victims  from  among 
unacclimated  strangers/'  The  tahloii,  a  disease  im- 
ported in  1H7.'{  from  Cartagena,  assunu'd  an  '•pidemic 
t'niiii    and  carried  ofi' inanv  of  the  ayed  and  children/" 

''Till'  fdlliiwinj,'  iuitlioritii's  liavi!  Himkcii  (if  tlic  ni.iiincrs  and  (Mistmns  of 
the  l.stlmiii.s,  ami  ciiaractiT  of  it.s  jiimijiIu  at  ililliiiiit  piTiotls  from  IN45  to  lalu 
Viar.s:  .l/((C(/;y;/o;'',s  I'l-oi/riM  q/'  .{m.,  i.  N'_'()  IM;  Si  i  iiiiIiiii'm  .\'iin\,  i.  140  I, 
'_".l'.t  ;{|(),  paMMiin;  OUirint,  in  Xnuv.  Ann.  I'"//-,  t'xxiii.,  '-'Itl-'JT:  MrCnlliiin's 
l''il.,  lli-L'li;  Wortli'i/'s  Tnir.,  Xi't  Ci;  J,>liii.<i,„''.-<  Si;//,/i,  II  S7;  .'■',„,/,'■•<  IlirolL, 
ll{.")-47;  Mi'rr"l'n  S/aft'in.,  MS.,  i.;  Fn'mont'.^  Am.  Tim:,  "yT-ti."),  l(i(»  7;  '.'/vi- 
irnlil'..,  I.ftl,.,  l.SO-dS,  \~,\\  '^;(lii<l,i>nii's  ll'iiii  II.  170  '-'It;,  li.i.s.s.;  Dibniiit  ('liiy% 
Ml  !>'_>;  //rljM'r'.i  l.niitl  of  (Inlit,  'J01»  '_»:«;  MnlU„iiiM  n'.i  J)i<iri/,  ii.  'A14  !•;  Ihnp,'i'.t 
M'vj.,  xix.  4:W,  4:57  ■>4;  Trollojx'.s  »'.  /»-/.,  '.'40,  '_'48-.")0;  i>liii'.i  diifr  >/ f/„  /',„■., 
'JIO  14;  (liizliiii'-i  J'lii:  Mnnthlii,  i.  17  .'tO;  Jlii.,1,  i/\'<  ]V/„it  I  S.iir,  '.m' i:>;  <  liiiia 
lliiiitc,  Ski'ti'h  (if  yiii\  .">4- 74;  < Ionian'. •<  (Iniilf,  14-l."i;  l'J<irilliii-\Viliiiiil'.-<  Our 
Jniir.,  (ill  71;   I'liii.  Slit r  mill  llirnhl,  Fol).  7,  IS7.'). 

'-  hi  IS40  sniall-pox  jii'fvailiil  in  ("liaj;i't's  among  the  natives;  foreigners, 
liiinj,'  nio.stly  vacemateil,  enuajied  niiscatlied.  It  visit(Ml  tlie  Istlinms  aL;.iiii  as 
iiii  ejiidemie  in  IS(>3,  IS.SO,  and  ISSI,  witll  ;;reat  ravages  eaeli  time,  ow  nig  to 
iiigket  of  tiic  eommon  ndes  of  iiygieiie,  or  aversion  of  the  lower  classes  to 
va.-.ination.  Xili.^  /'i;i.,  lix.  \~,;' li'iilin ll'>!  I.<tli.  /'mi..  L'-'-J  :i;  '',,s//',s  Sbfr/i, 
li-J  :i;  /'mi.,  (,'iiritii,  Mareh  14,  Ang.  I,  Oct.  17,  ISSO;  Sept.  \1'2.  KSSl;  h'l  CikIi- 
.-"//-».  Ang.  ."),  "JO,  ISM;  S.  /•'.  liiillitin,  .Inly  Kl,  ISSI. 

^'Tlie  Jstlimus  seems  to  have  lieen  spared  on  its  lirst  visit  to  Am.  in 
!>•:!•.'  4.    /'mi.,  /hir.  of,:,  in  /'inm',  Cul.  Dm:,  .MS.,  no.  .SI,  41   4. 

"'The  havoc,  liowever,  was  greater  among  transiint  foreigm  rs  and  the 
iiitive  eolored  popnlition.  .Vidiloinnlii,  Asiiiiiii.<  /'nlii.  /'mi.,  MS.,  7  S,  It  was 
must  virnlent  from  .fan.  to  .Inlv  IS41>.  Tlierc'  were  ea.ses  nearly  to  tile  ind  of 
|H.")().  W'illtnin.'i'  Stnh'in.,  MS.,' •_';  Willi ;,'.■<  /'i  i:t.  Mm,.,  MS.,  .^S  W.\:  /,'„.iil,s 
^lihiii.,  MS.,  1;  Cmiiniil'.i  S/iilii.i.,  .MS.,'  I;  S.  /■'.  Xnr.i,  Nov.  S,  |S.V».  (  liiri- 
(|iii  eseapeil  the  inllietion  liy  the  timely  estahlishmi'iit  of  a  rigonms  (]naran- 
tiue  against  Pan.  ('Iiiriqiii,  />i,:  Unliern.,  in  /'iiim-f,  /'m,.  Cd.  Dm:.  .MS.,  ,S!t, 
-  '>.  'I't;    V,'r<iiiiiii.i,  /■••:,  in  A/.,  MS.,  nos.  70  -. 

'"'  If  wc  except  Colon,  Chagres,  ami  I'ortoliello,  the  climate  is  healthy. 
Mi'U  ahstaiiiing  from  the  ahnse  of  alcoliolie  drinks,  and  ohsirving  tiic  eom- 
iiiuii  rules  of  liygiene,  n<('d  not  he  a]i]irehensiv(!  of  the  climate. 

""'The  symptoms  were  ■  ramps,  severe  pain  in  the  spine,  vomiting,  and 
tcv.-r,  followed  by  loss  of  consciousness.  '1  he  attack  generally  lasted  several 
'la\s. 


I'M 


586 


CENTRAL  AMERICAN  INSTITUTIONS. 


tU 


Few,  if  any,  precautions  are  taken  to  improve  the 
sanitary  condition  of  the  capital,  and  much  less  of  any 
other  town.  In  fact,  any  partial  efforts  will  be  of  lit- 
tle avail  so  long  as  drainage  is  so  bad,  and  the  habits 
of  the  lower  classes  continue  so  filthy.  The  necessity 
of  sanitary  measures  is  generally  admitted,  and  ordi- 
nances have  been  enacted  to  that  effect  ;^^  but  their 
observance  is  spasmodic  at  best. 

The  public  hospital  of  Panamd  city  in  1865  was  a 
poor  affair.**^  In  late  years,  through  the  efforts  of  tlie 
private  charity,  imj)rovements  have  been  introduced, 
and  greater  pains  taken  in  the  care  of  the  sick  poor. 
The  canal  company  has  likewise  made  ample  provision 
for  the  attendance  of  its  sick  employes  and  laborers. 

Hurricanes  and  floods  have  helped  to  destroy  life 
and  property,  and  cause  general  distress.  Fire  has  on 
several  occasions  left  large  numbers  of  people  without 
shelter  and  utterly  ruined. 


89 


"•  Pn),.,  OuceUi,  Oct.  11,  1877;  Apr.  29,  1880. 

'■''  Tlifi'c  Wiis,  however,  a  private  hospital,  mainly  supported  by  the  Frenuli 
and  Italiiins,  where  sick  foreigners  found  good  attendance.  Many  a  life  has 
been  saved  in  it. 

•""Four  disastrous  conflagrations  visited  the  present  city  of  Panamdpriiw 
to  18'25;  namely,  in  1737,  HruJ,  1781,  and  1821,  tlie  first  being  the  woriv  (,t 
incendiaries  from  Uiiat.  ScciiKinii'ii  Vo;/.,  288.  Chagres  was  nearly  all  burneii 
down  Dee.  9,  1847.  Polynex'um,  in  S.  F.  ('uli/oniinii,  iii.  no.  4,  Aug.  14,  184S. 
Uorgoiia  was  rained  in  1831.  Panama  had  property  destroyed  in  1856  valued 
at  half  a  million  dollars.  Colon  was  atUieted  ni  1803  and  1SG8,  and  tinidly 
ruined  by  the  incendiaries  Prestan  and  others  in  1885.     Pananid.  had  tlu'cu 

freat  conlhijjjrations;  viz.,  Juno  5,  1870,  I'Vb.  19,  1874,  and  March  (5,  1S7N. 
'ho  loss  of  property  in  '.' ■"  +h'-eo  probably  exceeded  four  niilliou  dollars.  Pan., 
M<ji<:  C/irnnick,  March  29,  1808;  iXic,  Gnci'/n,  ¥ch.  1,  18l)3;  Apr.  25,  1808; 
June,  1870;  lil.,  Boht'm,  Ojlc,  June  18,  Dec.  25,  1870;  Jiilfn,  Die  Seelii'{fcii,  3; 
S.  F.  Chromdr,  June  21,  30,  1870;  March  10.  1878;  S.  F.  Alia,  Julv  1,  1870; 
Fol).  28,  March  9,  1874;  S.  F.  Call,  June  9,  1870;  March  9,  1874;  Apr.  ■-', 
1878;  Pun.  Slxraml  J/eraU,  Feb.  21,  24,  1874;  Pan.,  GaceUi,  July  10,  1874; 
March  17  to  July  1,  Dec.  15,  1878;  Cnlomliiit,  Diarco  Ojic,  May  30,  1874,  p. 
1749;  S.  F.  Post,  Feb.  28,  1874;  March  8,  1878. 


CHAPTER  XXVTII. 

THE  PEOPLE  OF  COSTA  RICA,   NICARAGUA,   AND  SALVADOR. 

1800-1887. 

Central  American  Population — Its  Divlsions — General  Characteristios 
AND  Occupations— La..' D  Grants — EtFoins  at  Colonization — Failike 
OF  Foreign  Schemes — Rejection  of  American  XEt;ROEs— Ciiakacter 
OF  THE  Costa  Rican  People — Dwellings— Dress— Fooo—Amcsements 

— NiCARAGUAN    MeN   ANU  ^V'OMEN — ThEIII   DOMESTIC  LiKE — HoW  TllEY 

Amuse  Themselves — People  of  Salvador — Tueir  Cuahacter  and 
Mode  of  Living. 

T'.iE  total  population  of  the  five  states  of  Central 
America  in  1883  was  set  down  at  about  2,8l>l,847 
souls/  divided  as   follows:    in  Costa  Rica,   182, 073; 

'Being  an  estimated  increase  since  1877  of  '245,847.  Sale.,  Gacetn  (>jii\, 
Di'c.  4,  1877.  The  population  was  computed  in  1810  at  different  figures,  none 
reliable.  The  one  deemed  most  accurate  was  as  follows:  (i4(i,()(J((  Indians, 
3115,334  mulattocs  and  some  negroes,  40,000  whites,  making  a  total  of  1,000,- 
0;K),  probably  including  100, 000  for  Chiapas.  GwU.,  Ajiuii/itin.,  10,'),  110;  Salr., 
Diiirio  Ojir.,  July  2,  187'J;  Lii.itorriit,  in  La  Anierim,  44.'5;  Bcitifx  Cent.  Am., 
'28,  3*2;  Aoin\  Aniiales  ilis  Voy.,  iv.  18*20,  .''G;  Ocios  ile  E-tji.  Eiiiij.,  v.  2.  la 
18'23  the  whole  was  set  down  at  1,000,000.  J/wiiboldl'.i  /V;w.  A'lc-/-.,  vi.  pt  1, 
1'27,  131.  Marure  computed  it  in  1824,  givii,'  Costa  R.  70,(K)0,  Nic.  '207,'2!;'.», 
Sulv.  212,573,  Hond.  137,0(j'.»,  andCuat.  f.i'.0, 580;  total.  1, '287,41)1.  Bo.ii/.  Ili^t. 
Ci'iif.  A/ii.,  148,  and  app.  no.  6.  ('.  A.  'fumipson,  Urit.  commi.ssioner  jo 
Ci'iit.  Am.,  in  18'23  estimated  2,000,000 in  tiie  following  proportions;  one  fifth 
of  whites,  two  fifths  of  ini\od  classes,  ail  tvo  fifths  of  Indians.  A'iot.  Ojjicud 
Visit,  451.  (Mlindo,  an  intelligent  oificer  of  the  Cent.  Am.  govt,  aliout 
lMt7  set  the  population  at  085,000  Tml.,  740.000  ladinos  or  mestizos,  and  475,- 
OIK)  whiten;  total,  1,000,000.  He  evidently  overestimated  tiie  ni;iid)er  of 
wiiitcs.  Crowe,  (losjhl,  40,  referring  specilieall}  to  ( iuat.,  estimated  the  nuiii  ■ 
hir  of  pure  whites  at  not  over  5, OIK),  wiiich  seems  to  be  siiort  iif  the  trutli. 
Tlio  proportions  he  gave  were:  Indians,  three  fifths;  la<linos  or  mestizos,  one 
fourth;  whites,  one  fortietii;  mulattocs,  one  eighty -tliird;  negroe;),  one  tiftietii; 
/;iml)03,  one  hundredtli.  It  is  unnc-essary  to  burden  tliis  note  witli  figures 
tor  each  year  •  1837.     1  will  mercdy  ai)pend  tliose  for  1S(J(,  given  by  a 

writer  who  musu  .live  got  his  data  from  reliable  sour'.'cs:  Costa  Ji.,  l.'iO.O.lO, 
mostly  white,  and  including  from  5, OIK)  to  10,0)0  Talamanea  Indiui;:.  Ac- 
cording to  a  Costa  Rica  census,  tiiere  were  in  tlie  republic  in  1S;I4  1 1'_  p,  rsons 
oi  ',>0  years  and  upwards;  of  whom  14  were  of  100,  4  of  102,  one  of  103,  one  of 


11  a 


58S 


COSTA  KICA,  NICARAGUA,  AND  SALVADOR. 


Nicaragua,  400,000;  Salvador,  012,813;  Hoiuluras, 
.'U;0,000;  and  (Juatemala,  1,270,901.  "^]\v,  figures  for 
Costa  Ricr  and  Guatemala  arc  the  results  of  actual 
count,  the  others  l)y  computation.  The  census  of 
August  10,  1885,  showed  Costa  llica's  population  to 
he  181), 425;  that  for  (jiuatemala,  January  I,  1884,  e\- 
liihited  1,278,31 1 ,  to  which  must  he  adde<l  an  increase 
during  that  year  of  0,21)3.^  The  population  of  the 
List-named  state  on  June  30,  1885,  has  heen  computed 
at  1,303,001).' 

The  repuhlic  of  Central  America,  as  well  as  the 
scver.al  states  that  formed  it,  has  from  the  earliest 
days  of  its  national  autonomy  endeavor(;d  to  eii- 
courajxe  forei<j:n  imminration,  offerini;  inducements, 
such  as  liheral  grants  of  land,  exemption  from  taxes 
and  military  service,  and  the  privileges  of  (dtizenshij). 
At  the  same  time  care  has  heen  had  to  respect  the 
property  and  other  rights  of  foreigners.  Colonization 
decrees  were  passed   in    1831,    1834,  and    1830,*  the 

l((.4,  OIK!  of  I II,  oiu!  of  117,  OHO  of  1 18,  iiuil  tjiic  of  122.  The  iiiiijority  of  oaxeH 
of  f,'i'eat  loii;;uvity  wore  of  wonit'ii.  Cok/h  It.,  Ccimo,  100  .'{.  Nic,  .'{.S0,000,  of 
wlioiii  .SO,0(M)  imri!  liuliaiis,  :{0,(MH)  wliih's,  HO.OOO  negroes,  and  tlio  rest  of 
niixeil  lireeds,  tlu;  mestizos  of  white  ami   Iiiiliaii  predominating'  on  tlie   I'au. 

mlian,  on  the  Atlantic;  there 


1N(».'{  to  Ajir.  II,  I.S74,  iiass.;  Ia'vii,  A'/V.,  2.'t4  et  seq.;  S(tli:,  (htci'fn,  Jan.  2(!  to 
Nov.  IH,  ISoO;  Fel).  W,  M..reh  .*{,  l'.S.".4;  Apr.  1,  187(!;  May  28  to  Nov.  28,  ISTH; 
May  18  to  Nov.  20,  1870;  (•;W<//'.s  SMeu,.,  MS.,  9.3;  WvUx'  Hoiiil  ,  UM  7; 
(Imit.,  Iticop.  I, CI/.,  i.  47'<;  <huU,,  Mem.  Scr.  Fomento,  1880-.'"i,  with  tallies; 
and  luimerons  other.^. 

'^The  d(  partnientsof  (iiiat.  having  the  largest  nnmhers  wore  Totoniiciipaiii, 
I44,:tl2;  (inat.,  i:?0,r)81;  lluehnetenango,  121,12;»;  Alta  Verajiaz,  0:{,407.  The 
rest  range  from  7<>,  M'-'i"  Lalohi  anil  7«"),fi">H  in  Quiche,  to  HI, (ill?  in  .Ial,i|ii. 
I'eten  is  jmt  down  witli  8,207,  Tzahal  with  H,701,  and  I/ivingston  with  1,171 
<'<Mtii  It.,  (I'lurtii,  .lidy  II,  A\lg.  ]'.i,  K.S");  diint.,  JIi'iii.  Sir.  Foiiirnfn,  1884,  Ml, 
annex  ft;  188"),  4.'{-4,  annex  12;  El  (iiinti'mnllirn,  ,lan.  1  to  Dec.  .'».  1884,  ii.i  .; 
I'lin.  Still-  mill  J/iriiii/,  Kei..  0,  1884;  Sept.  HO,  188.'). 

''Tiie  proportions  in   1880M'ere,  white  ami  mixed,  men,  IS.'l,.'),^,  feiiiiiji-, 
10(),202;  iiuie  Indians,  men,  421, .MS,  females,  42:i,2.')().     iJrand  total,  1,2'j;. 
(•02.   <;iiit.,  .Ufiii.  Sir.  Fiiiiiriifo,  188.5,  annex  12,  tahle  10. 

*Tho  lirst  law  to  promote  eoloniztition  was  issued  Jan.  22,    1824,  '     ''''^ 


COLONIZATION   COM  I'ANI I'X 


589 


legislators  feeling  as  sanguine  of  gcjod  results  as  tliey 
were  earnest  and  sincere  in  their  purpose.  An 
English  coinpiiny,  called  the  Eastern  Coast  of  Cen- 
tral America  Commercial  and  Agricultural  Company, 
oiganized  in  London,  was  the  first  to  enter  the  Held, 
having  obtained  from  the  state  of  (Juatemala  a  grant 
of  land  which  inchuh'd  the  whole  de[)artm('nt  of  Vvvn 
Viv/J'  Dishonesty  presided  over  the  operations  of  the 
company.^  Ahout  ,'500  [)ersons,  many  of  them  from 
tlu!  refuse  of  the  [)opulation  of  J^ondon,  were  sent 
(»ut,  without  pro[)er  j)rej)arations  or  knowletlge  of  the 
<''»untry,  to  places  in  or  near  the  hot  and  insalubrious 
f>  ists,  where  the  unhap[)y  creatures  wandered,  suf- 
•••  1,  and  almost  all  ])erished.  Meanwhile,  the 
o'irectors  of  the  company  labored  in  vain  to  induce 
the  British  government  to  sanction  their  pj-occedings.' 
The  whole  ju'oject  ultimately  failed,  tlie  direct(>rs 
biung  in  their  turn  deceived  by  the  men  in  whom  they 
had  reposed  most  confideiice.  After  wasting  many 
lives,  and  misappro[)riating  some  £40,000,  lost  of 
course  by  the  sharii-holders,  the  charter  became  for- 
feited for  non-fulHlm-;nt  of  its  tei'uis.'' 

Anoth(!r  colonization  scheme  was  started  in  ]\ray 
1<S42,  and  ratified  in  a  further  convention  of  October 
IS4."<,  betv'ceu  a  J-Jelgiau  comj)any  established  in 
ilrussels,  i\\u\  tiie  government  of   (jtuatemala."     I'hc 

ii.itio  liil  coii-iti til '■"■'.  aHH(!iiil)Iy  of  Ci^iit.  Am.  Manirr,  /iihsi/,  /fi.i/.  ('mi.  Am., 
yx.\,  ii)'...  -viii  -xxiii. ;  dnot.,  hW<>j>.  Ln/.,  \.  81.")  'JO;  A/.,  lin'r/m  Dlir.,  .lutw 
'J'.'.  I8;»;>;  aH,:.  ''.>/•.•,  /..,'.,  Aug.  S,  lS.-)();  '//()/»/.,  (.'^inf;  Oji,:,  Maioir 'JO,  ISM; 
Ivii'Int,  {'(til.  Ail'.,  ',  42- ",  5.^;  /)'(    'ii's  Ctiii..  Am.,  V<i  ">. 

■'('(intaiiiiii^"  '  w  ■  4.'  of  14,0<10,(MM'  acl•(^s  of  vii')<iii  .soil,  atnl  a(l'i)riiiiiL; 
iMiy  cliinaU!.  /'•.•iit  Stnlins.  i>/  Ihr  liii]nti/'iii/,  (I'nnits  t 'iniffilvtl  Ut..  Iiii  llir 
Siti!(  iif  (!u(tt.,  Ijdiul.,  I'SU'.I;  <lu'it.  ChiirtiiliCiiiiciK.-Ktii  ihi  tiirit.  iti'  Vth  /'"*, 
I'.nix.lls,  |.S4(t,  .Svo,  l-:U;  <hi'll.,  .\hiii.  Com-i'.i.Mim,  17  !:!•»;  .\hiriin;  I'^/'mi.,  [\S; 
S'luiir's  TninU,  i.  4'J2  4;  /i/.,  (\iiii}i<ii'l.  lint.  Cent.  ,l//i.,  77  '.>. 

'■  ll  w.i.s  tirst  fiiriiii'il  (lilt  i)f,  (ir  .it  Ica.st  ni-i^inatril  fnnii,  tiii.' ilcliriM  of  tin 
l''i>us  liiilihli!,  Ill'  wliirli  I  .siMiki,'  clscwlicii'  in  cuMiuTtiDn  with  MiiHi|iiitia. 

• 'I'licy  tiilkecl  iif  tlu'ir  aliility  li>  M|ii'('ail  Mrit.  iiilliifiico  in  tlu'  I'lmiiti-y. 
I  111  y  i;\i!ii  tiiroateiu'il  to  .sril  their  cl.arti'i'  to  Home  nthci'  govt'i'iiiiniit. 

•■Drt.'ii''  oil  *liu  sulijt'ct  M  ill  In.'  tomul  in  l>iiiilii]i'.-<  t  'i  ut.  .\m.,  IliO,  I'.'O  I; 
A'V-.s'  Ii'  ,  'i.  ;«»;  li'i'ir/iiin/t.  Crnt.  Am.,  'M,  'J.'tS;  ),',oU.,  Mrmnrni,  IS;t7,  17  lit; 
/./.,  To,   ■ 

"I  till!  riv. 


.id  Aijrti:  Co.,   I    l.'I'J;   A  in/irsim  .s  Cent.  Ai 


",»;{,  !»7  i:w. 


'! 


litioiial  .sale  of  thu  lands  lying  lii'twrcn  tin:  Irit  ImuU 

a;:iin  ami   ilii' right  liank  of  tlu;  rivir  Caiialion  to  whcif  it 

luiis  into  tin;  t  olochu!,  inuliiiliiig  all  tlit:  coa.st  ,iiiil  n(U;j;hliorinj,!  i.-ilainl.s  within 


11 


limits;  ami  inlaml  a.s   far  a.i  Oual.m, 


I  tlio  iuti.'rior  li'.i<it.s  <if   th 


ii ;  I 

I'  n 


w 


690 


COSTA  RICii,  NICARAGUA,  AND  SALVADOR. 


company,  under  that  contract,  assumed  the  obhgation 
of  introducing  at  least  100  families  of  live  members 
each,  annually,  till  1,000  families  had  been  settled. 
The  colonists  were  to  be  catholics,  and  from  the 
moment  of  their  landing  were  to  be  considered  Guate- 
malan citizens,  witli  all  the  rights  and  duties  of  sucli.^" 

All  the  articles  of  the  ajrreenient  were  most  favor- 
able  to  Guatemala,  and  yet  the  com])any,  which  was 
under  the  patronage  of  tlie  king  of  the  Belgians,  signed 
it  without  his  •i[>proval  being  fii-st  obtained.  It  is 
known  that  his  ^  'anent  disapproved  many  parts 
of  it.     It  would  St  s  if  the  Belgians  were  bent  on 

getting  possession  oi  .he  district  on  any  terms,  hoping 
afterward  to  retain  it  bv^  nciiotiation  as  a  Belgian  col- 
ony.  The  company  fulfilled  the  conditions  for  tlie 
first  two  years,  but  the  great  mortality  of  colonists  at 
Santo  Tomiis  made  it  impossible  to  induce  others  to 
emigrate:  and  thouuli  the  Belgian  govermnent  ren- 
dered  pecuniary  aid  to  the  amount"  of  .$200,000,  the 
settlement  shared  tlic  fate  of  the  one  attempted  by 
the  British  in  18-')(;.  The  company  was  dissolved, 
and  the  government  of  Guatemala  resumed  possession 
of  tlie  district,  including  the  port  of  Santo  Tomds.^' 

Since  that  time  Guatemala  has  not  failed  to  ])ass 
laws  for  the  encourauement  of  foreip;n  immicrration, 
and  the  protection  of  foreign  settlers.^"     In  1883  tlio 

province  of  Santo  Tonias.  The  company  was  to  pay  for  the  computed  vS,(M)i) 
caballerfas  at  the  rate  of  $U0  for  each  caballeria,  in  ten  yearly  instalment ■<  nl' 
§1(>,()IX).  It  wati  also  to  present  the  (luat.  g<nt  2,0tK)  nniskets,  Himil.ir  to 
those  nsed  by  the  liulgian  army,  ami  four  large  guns;  likewise  pay  one  ti  ili 
the  expense  of  erecting  a  city  at  Santo  Tomas,  ma)ve  a  cart  roail  to  the  livor 
Motagua,  and  introduce  steamers  for  navigating  tlio  river.  Gnat.,  JiWoji.  /."/., 
i.  8'24-;W;  !tm-hiirilt,  Vcut.  Am.,  2:!9-t:i;  Bill;/,  ^^ir.,  ii.  30-7;  J)ui,l,:]>'^  <  nit. 
Aiti.,  30;i-0;  Croirc'ti  G'lMiptl,  ]()'.)  70;  Aiiiiri<iHe  ('nit.  Cif.  ISiije,  pt  i.  5-l'4,  pt 
ii.  110-13;  Vobin,  M'\ii<im',  4.'iS-42;  t'lmiuit,  I'njtport  .V.  Toiiidx,  7-0;  Ciidr- 
lirouk,  Bhmih'ii  run,  Culoiiir  ile  8<nito  Toiiiit.%  l~'J40pp.,  with  maps  and  plans; 
LaJ'errUri',  l)e  Parin  d  diiaUm.,  '17M-\;  lirouiz,  Vulaiiie  BiI'JP,  10;{-21>. 

'"With  a  few  exceptions,  however,  they  were  to  he  governed  by  their  ovu 
laws,  and  were,  besides,  to  enjoy  a  luunbcr  of  exemptions.  The  custoni- 
house  of  Izabal  wis  to  be  removetl  to  Santo  Tomas. 

"The  grants  were  rei)ealcd  in  April  18.j4.  (Imif.,  Iterop,  Lei/.,  i.  3l!s  ;); 
Jiflia',  I'lii'kct  Iiitrlliijtiiivi;  .lunc  17,  18.">4;  S(ju!fi-'s  ('<'iit.  Am.,  512-13;  /'ir//."  ■-' 
J/i.'<t.  Enrol).  Colonics,  327;  ('riiiln/',t  Statiin.,  MS.,  98. 

'^Seo  laws  and  decrees  of  Feb.  2'.t,  I8()8,  Oct.  i?,  1873,  Aug.  19,  1878,  liiii.' 
27,  1884,  and  a  decree  of  I'resid.  Barillas  in  1885;  also  otticial  corresiKMnl. 


IMMIPxRATION  AND  COLONIZATION 


591 


ofovernincnt  entered  into  a  contract  with  F.  F.  Milieu 
to  introduce  10,000  immigrants  from  Europe  or  the 
United  States,  tlic  former  aureeiny;  to  ijive  oacli  imnii- 
grant,  of  upwards  of  21  or  under  50  years  of  age,  a 
grant  of  45  hectdreas  of  land,  ui)on  his  con)i)lying  with 
the  terms  of  it.^"'  Vain  efforts  had  been  made  by  the 
American  government  prior  to  the  civil  war  to  obtain 
permission  from  the  Central  American  republics  for  tlie 
colonization,  under  its  patronage  on  their  wast*;  land, 
of  negroes  vohmtarily  emitiratini":  from  those  states. 
The  scheme  was  oppos  A  in  toto  by  the  leading  men." 

In  1807  and  1808  a  ^csiderable  number  of  in)mi- 
grants,  many  of  whom  were  Americans  and  sonu; 
Cubans,  settled  in  Honduras,  the  govermnent  by  its 
liberal  laws  and  other  facilities  encourau^in<«-  foreii»;n 
innnigration.  This  policy  it  has  continued  to  pursue, 
and  in  late  years  many  foreigners  have  been  drawn  to 
the  country  by  the  discovery  of  valuable  gohl  ])lacers.''' 

Salvador  has  done  little  or  nothing  toward  increas- 
ing lier  po[)ulation  by  immigration ;  but  foreigners  of 
g(H)d  moral  character  and  industrious  hal)its  are  always 
welcomed  and  protected  in  their  rights.  They  can  also 
become  naturalized  after  five  years'  residence,  or  at  the 
end  of  three  years  by  contracting  marriage  with  a  na- 
tive of  the  state. 

In  Nicaragua  the  executive  was  authorized  on  the 

with  the  U.  S.  govt.  (litiiL,  lircop.  Leij.,  i.  841-5;  I<l.,  /i/.,  Ooh.  Drnioc.,  i. 
l'.l7-8;  Xir.,  (,'nnM,  Ajir.  18,  IJSOS;  S.' F.  Times,  .Miiy  !»,  18(18;  M<:i:,  l)ianu 
Ojir.,  Sept.  IS,  1878;  S/niii'in,  Dm-,  /ii/i'irs.,  10.")  ti;  I'.  S.  < Iml  I>ni\,  ( 'oiig.  4'2, 
Si'ss.  2,  H.  Kx.  IAk;.  1  (T'or.  Kol.),  54l.'-:{;  El  (.'wi/nniiUcrn,  JuneilO,  1884;  .S.  F. 
liullitiii,  June  15,  1885. 

'■'Cultivating  one  half,  and  becoming  a  citi/en,  iJinviiU'd  he  hail  not  been 
imprisoned  meanwhile  for  crime.  The  conce.-ision  involveil  several  other 
facilities,  and  privilege.^.  Gnat.,  Mem.  Scr.  Foiiieiito,  1884,  7-8;  Fan,  Slur  mul 
II' ml,/,  ,]ulyt>;{,  1S8:{. 

"On  the  ground  that  a  large  number  of  Engli.sh-speaking  iicgroe:i  thus  in- 
tiddueed  could  never  become  assimilated  with  their  already  mixeil  population, 
and  woidd  soon  create  a  balauee  of  jiower  in  thrir  h:iuds,  as  a;.;aiMst  tlie  re- 
iiiainder  of  the  j)opulation.  The  ruh'rs  saw  in  tliu  plan  dan>;er  to  their  in.sti- 
lulions  and  customs.  C.  S.  CloH  Dm's.,  Cong.  .'{5,  Sess.  'J,  Sen,  Miseel.  l>nu., 
'Ji'i;  Foiri-in  Airnirs,  \SC,'2,  881-4,  8'.t7-'.n();  ('/■o.ihy'n  S/atuin.  »/'  L'i;iU  in  CtiL, 
MS.,  <).-)-l()0;7'»H  s  (••<ile  of  til,'  F.ir.,  );?8-4(). 

^'Smifrs  Crnt.  Am.,  275-li;  Siinirr'n  UniiiL,  2(i7-78;  Xir..,  (Iik'cui,  Sci)t.  '1\, 
1SI17;  Jan.  4,  25,  Nov.  14,  1808;  Fan.  Star  and  lleraU,  Sept.  17,  Ue(\  4, 
18S5. 


If. 


<i 


592 


COSTA  RICA,  NICARAGUA,  AND  SALVADOR. 


6th  of  May,  1853,  to  enter  into  colonization  con- 
tracts.^^ One  sucli  was  made  with  James  Welsh 
May  11,  1859,  and  anothei  with  Adolph  Adlesberg 
May  11,  18G1,  neither  of  which  had  effect." 

A  colonization  decree  was  issued  by  President 
Rivas,  November  23,  1855,  granting  each  innnigrant 
250  acres  of  public  land,  and  100  additional  i  >  each 
family.'**  The  liberality  of  the  grants,  togethci  with 
the  facilities  then  afforded  by  the  Transit  route  bn  ught 
a  rapid  increase  of  immigration.  In  18G1  a  contract 
to  foster  colonization  was  made  with  Gottel.'^  Auaiii, 
on  the  7th  of  March,  18(55,  an  immigration  law  was 
enacted  granting  a  number  of  privileges  to  persons 
availing  themselves  of  it.  A  number  of  Americans 
came,  and  in  March  18G7  the  town  of  Guzman  was 
founded.^" 

The  government  of  Costa  Rica  has  often  offered 
inducements,  in  the  way  of  land  grants,  for  Euroi)eaii 
innnigration."'     It  must  be  said,  however,  that  tlu' 

'"The  government  granting  500,000  square  varas  of  land  to  each  fiiiuils', 
anil  8i)ecifying  the  number  of  familieii  to  be  settled.  It  was  to  guard  against 
improper  persons  being  introduced,  that  is  to  say,  oidy  those  of  good  inor.il 
chariicter  and  industrious  li  :')its,  professing  the  catholic  religion,  and  williiiji 
to  sever  their  connection  with  and  tlirow  off  tlie  protection  of  their  fcuincr 
nationalities,  were  to  be  received.  Upon  complying  with  the  required  coiidi 
tions,  tliey  would  be  granted  the  rights  of  citizensliip.  I'orlut,  i'di/.  Xir.,  i. 
KiT-S.  A  number  of  Prus.siaiis,  among  whom  were  several  families,  airivcil 
ill  Septend>er  1840  on  the  brig  FrUrh  at  Sau  Juan  del  Norte,  desiring  to  sot- 
tK;  in  tlie  country.  The  government  tendered  them  facilities  to  settle  in  tin; 
interior,  provided  they  would  first  reliu(piish  their  allegiance  to  riiissiii. 
Only  six  men  remained;  tiie  re.it  went  away.  Xii;,  Balctiii.  Ojic,  ."U")  (i.  'Mu. 
Jn  18.")!  it  was  contemplated  to  cstaldish,  under  liberal  grants,  a  Kreneli  colony 
in  Nic. ;  but  it  was  not  carried  out.  J>upiii/,  A'/'c,  8-27. 

'"  Congress  on  Feb.  Ill,  18G2,  declared  the  former  null  and  void,  and  le 
fused  to  sanction  the  latter.  ltoc]ui,  Ciiil.  Xic,  i.  187;  A'/c,  Jioletm  Ojic, 
March  1,  18(i2. 

"*The  deed  of  full  ownership  was  to  be  excciited  six  nK)nths  after  thf 
immigrant's  arrival.  He  M'iia  also  exempted  from  import  dues  on  everytlnni; 
he  hi'ouglit  to  enable  him  to  settle,  rabens,  Walker's  friend,  was  iiamrd 
direi.'torof  colonization.  I'crtz,  Mvnt.,  7;  El  Nkuraiji'iciim',  Jan.  5,  1850;  W  dh 
ir.      v'k  L\rp,,(.,  10()-11;  A'(V.,  Jioli'tia  Ojic,  Apr.  10,  1850. 

ihe  govt  declared  it  null  in  1800.  La  Union de Xic,  May  18,  1801;  Xi'\, 
Decnf 'hi,  1S05-G,  74-5. 

'"  The  govt  has  not  cciuicd  to  promote  innnigration.  In  1873  coneessidns 
were  nnide  to  the  colony  in  (iottel  V^alley,  and  in  1878  efforts  were  nnule  to 
brmg  colonists  from  Alsacc-Loraine.  X/r.,  Giurla,  Fel).  II,  1805;  A|ir.  d, 
Aug.  24,  1807;  Kl  Poiixmr  de  Xic,  Apr.  Ill,  Aug.  3,  1873;  Salv.,  Diano  ofi''-, 
Dec.  12,  1878. 

''  It  hail  refrained  from  introducing  the  African  element,  though  nun  el° 


Cost 

thou; 

are  n 

wliicl 

ors  a 

prope 

In 

12  in 

1,000 

not  ca: 


LAND  GRANTS. 


593 


Costa  Ricans  are  jealous  of  foreign  influence,  and 
though  willing  to  have  the  benefits  of  foreign  capital, 
are  not  disposed  to  share  with  foreigners  the  wealth 
which  that  capital  develops.  Nevertlieless,  foreign- 
ers are  permitted  to  hold  real  and  other  kinds  of 
property,  and  to  become  citizens  of  the  country.^^ 

In  1849  a  grant  of  land  of  20  leagues  in  length  by 
12  in  breadth  was  made  to  a  French  company  for 
1,000  colonists.^  The  conditions  of  the  contract  were 
not  carried  out,  though  a  considerable  number  of  im- 
migrants formed  under  it  an  establishment.  The  pro- 
ject failed.^*  In  the  fall  of  1850,  51  persons,  after 
two  months'  sail  from  Bremen,  arrived  at  San  Juan 
del  Norte,  and  underwent  great  hardships  and  priva- 
tions to  reach  San  Josd.  After  three  years  only  three 
families  remained.^ 

A  similar  grant  to  that  of  the  French  company  was 
made  on  the  Atlantic  coast  to  a  British  con)pany,^" 
which  had  no  effect. 

Still  another  concession  was  made  May  7,  1852,  to 
a  German  company,  organized  at  Berlin,  who  seemed 
to  be  actuated  by  a  desire  to  carry  out  their  obliga- 
tions, even  though  the  people  and  goverimient  of 
Costa  Ilica  early  showed  a  disposition  to  look  upon 
their  scheme  with  disfavor."     Baron  Blilow  was  the 

that  race  can  alone  be  advantageously  employed  in  her  low-lying  hot  region. 
Tlic  immigration  of  Chinese  has  been  prohibited  as  injurious.  Bales'  Cent. 
Am.,  140;  Costa  B.,  In/ormc  Sec.  Har.,  1875,  7-8. 

''■  With  the  same  civil  and  political  rights  enjoyed  by  natives.  Those  de- 
siring to  retain  their  nationality  arc  etjually  protected,  and  are  exempted 
from  military  service  and  extraonlinary  taxation.  They  may  freely  dispose 
of  tliuir  property,  which  at  their  death  goes  to  their  legal  heir,  whether 
tiy  will  or  ab  intestato.  CosUi  It,  Col.  Ley.,  v.  114-10;  MoUmi,  Jiosii.  Costa. 
H.,  44. 

-'They  were  exempted  from  imposts  for  15  years. 

'•^'  'I  he  settlement  was  effected  where  there  were  no  ready  means  to  pro- 
luru  supplies,  or  to  dispose  of  products  without  great  trouble  and  expense. 
Bt'aidcs,  the  settlers  were  unfamiliar  with  tropical  agriculture. 

^'  Nineteen  died  at  San  Jose,  One  was  killed  by  a  tiger  on  the  way  there, 
and  iiis  remains,  with  those  of  his  wife  and  child,  were  buried  untler  tho 
cvtrgrucns  of  San  Miguel;  the  rest  went  up  the  Sesapiqui  River,  where  J)  were 
800U  after  put  under  the  sod;  9  died  at  Miravallos,  and  4  at  Alajuela. 

^H'oncession  to  Sir  Henry  Bulwer.  Casta  R.,  Bolefin  Ojir.,  July  20,  1854. 

'''  The  grant  covered  64  square  miles  in  the  Reventazon  Valley,  between 
Cartiign  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  the  company  were  to  settle  7,000  adult  col- 
ouiats  within  20  years.  An  additional  absolute  concession  of  32  acres  for 
Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  Vol.  III.    38 


I      ) 


m 


Hi,:.;  I 


Mm- 

WW 


COSTA  RICA,  NICARAGUA,  AND  SALVADOR. 


director  of  the  company.  He  died  in  1856,  and  in  all 
jjrobability  his  enterprise  died  with  him.  AnotluT 
attempt  was  made  by  Crisanto  Medina,  to  whom  a 
large  grant  (jf  land  was  made  for  colonization  pui- 
poses,  at  Miravalles,  at  the  foot  of  the  volcano  of  that 
name.  The  grant  embraced  a  fine  plateau  about 
2,500  feet  above  the  sea."*^  In  1852  thirty-sevtii 
Germans  were  settled  there,  and  possibly  a  few  more 
came  afterward,  but  the  })roject  was  abandoned.^'' 

In  1850  there  was  an  arrival  of  French  immigrants."" 
On  the  28d  of  April,  1858,  another  colonizatitm  law- 
was  passed.""  The  idea  of  augmenting  the  population 
b}' offering  inducements  to  foreign  immigrants  has  not 
been  abandoned.  Thus  we  see  further  contracts 
entered  into  with  private  parties  to  that  end.^" 

The  most  numerous  class  of  population  in  Central 
America,  next  to  the  pure  Indians,  are  the  ladinos, 
most  of  whom  are  half-breeds,  which  include  the  mes- 
tizos, mulattoes,  quadroons,  octoroons,  and  zand)ns.*' 
The  mestizos  are  of  a  light  yellow  hue;  numbeis  nf 
them,  however,  are  found  as  white  as  the  natives  i>f 
southern  Euro[)e.  They  are  generally  a  fine-looking^ 
race  of  men,  resembling  in  bodily  and  mental  features 
the  Creoles  or  pure  native  whites,  though  more  hard}. 

each  colonist  was  also  made.  But  the  principal  grant  was  to  be  forfuitod  if 
the  main  cimilition  was  not  fuhilled.  Billon),  Nir.,  124-.31);  CoKta  I'.,  JSolrlin 
Ojic,  March  9,  1854;  Valro,  Mcmoria,  8;  Costa  If.,  Mem.  See.  lid.,  IS.")),  7-J>; 
lSr)4,  8;  /(/.,  Iii/orme  Oolicni.  y  lid.,  185.3,  1.V14;  A/.,  Doc.  Soc.  Itiii.,  l-Kt'; 
]V<iijiier,  Co.Hta  li.,  181-3,  .332-5;  Mart;  CenL  Am.,  ii.  172-3,  179-81,  21S-11I. 
228-9. 

'-**  Each  family  was  to  have  10  acres,  a  temporary  tlwelliug,  proviaious  fur 
six  months,  the  use  of  a  cow  and  ox  for  one  year,  all  for  §80,  reunhursable  in 
f(pial  annual  instalments  during  10  years.    Waijiiei;  Co.sin  li.,  2.")0-(),  47:)-llH. 

'■"'Further  details  on  the  subject  may  bo  found  iu  S'liiicrs  Cent.  Am.,  4li'J. 
473-80;  Bdly,  NIr.,  i.  3.")5-G;  lidchardi,  Mr.,  245-8,  29l)-G,  ix.-.\iv.;  Moliwi. 
Boi^q.  Costa  'li.,  12();  Id.,  Coup  dVeil  CosUi  li ,  30-3;  Id.,  Der  FreiMiuU  f'osAi 
n.,  G7  -83. 

^■'That  same  year  the  colonization  of  (lolfo  Dulco  was  coutemplati:il.  l-l 
Nicavdiji'iewv'y  July  19,  1850;  Liifond,  OoIJ'o  Dulce. 

^H^oaUilt.,  Col.  Ley.,  xv.  170-9. 

''■•In  1878  with  Barreto  to  introduce  Canary  Islanders,  and  in  KSSI  witli 
Perera.  Vm  de  Mij.,  Aug.  30,  1878;  Mex.,  Diario  Ofir.,  Sept.  2,  1878;  Cosh' 
R.,  Col.  Ley.,  1881,94-8. 

'*  Mestizo  is  the  oflfspring  of  white  and  Indian;  nmlatto  of  white  and  hl.ii  k; 
quadroon  of  white  and  mulatto;  octoroon  of  white  and  quadroon;  ziiiiil"' is 
an  oflfspring  of  Indian  and  negro,  more  extended  intermixtures  ari'  l'-v''" 
elsewhere. 


Tut 

erou 
and 
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under 

foe. 

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liigJi  p 


rd  ii 

111-:; 
t-VX 

4IVJ. 
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iilio  i^ 

|L'iV<-''l 


CLASS  DISTINCTIONS. 


Ill  temperament  they  arc  passionate,  revengeful,  treach- 
erous, and  cowardly,  ambitious  and  yet  lazy,  sensuous, 
and  in  a  majority  of  cases,  at  least  in  the  lower  class, 
devoid  of  moral  principle.  The  pure  Indian  is  more 
reliable  than  the  mestizo,  the  latter  haviui^  all  the  vices 
of  the  two  races  out  of  which  he  sprang. 

Tlie  ladino  class  furnishes  the  domestic  servants, 
muleteers,  small  farmers  and  tenants,  herdsmen,  and 
not  a  few  beggars  and  robbers.  In  revolutionary 
times  many  of  its  numbers  have  been  banditti,  preying, 
under  the  garb  of  guerillamen,  u})on  botli  friend  and 
foe.  A  considerable  number  of  ladinos,  however,  be- 
come mechanics  and  traders,  and  many  have  attained 
high  positions  in  the  church  and  the  state,  and  become 
distinguished  for  their  talents  and  abilities.^*  The 
/aiubos  and  other  mixtures  of  the  negro  race,  like  most 
of  the  negroes  and  nmlattoes,  reside  in  the  coast  dis- 
tricts. They  do  the  heaviest  work  in  the  towns,  and 
often  engayfe  in  aijriculture. 

The  Creoles,  or  pure  native  whites,  calling  them- 
selves Americans,  though  less  numerous,  form  the 
ruling  class.  In  the  towns  they  are  the  leading  ele- 
ment, filling  the  most  desirable  positions,  such  as  those 
of  land  and  niine  owners,  merchants,  manufaturers, 
lawyers,  physicians,  mechanics,  otHcials,  and  higher 
cK'rgy.^''  The  Creole  is  generally  well  built,  and  of 
about  medium  height,  with  a  pleasing  expression  of 
countenance.  His  eyes  are  usually  black  like  his  hair 
and  beard.  He  lacks  the  steadfastness  of  the  Anglo- 
Sax(m,  and  the  trustworthiness  of  the  German,  often 
allowing  himself  to  be  swayed  by  passion  and  caprice. 
There  are,  nevertheless,  many  honorable  exceptiojis, 
which  are  probably  tlie  result  of  education  and  contact 
with  the  people  of  other  and  older  nations.      Indeed, 

''  For  examples,  in  Nic. ,  (Jen.  Corral,  Walker's  victim,  Oreyorio  Juarc/  and 
lliisalio  Cortez,  ministers  of  state,  wc:rc  nmlattoes.  Anschno  Kivas,  also  a 
iiiiiiister,  resembled  an  Abyssinian;  Fruto  Chaiiiorro,  the  con.servativu  presi- 
ili'iit,  showed  evidences  of  many  mixtures.  Jirlli/,  A'/c,  i.  235. 

^'Thewliites  in  tlieir  social  intercourse  maintain  a  certain  exclusion,  but 
ill  (iilu'i  respects  equality  prevails.  Knowing  their  numerical  inferiority, 
tlicy  liave  followed  tne  policy  of  concession.  Sifuer'x  Trinvl.t,  i.  2(i8. 


i  *  n 


m 


COSTA  KICA,  NU'AKAGUA,  AND   SALVADOR. 


whatever  may  have  been  the  defects  of  character  of 
the  Creole,  when  he  lived  comparatively  isolated  from 
the  world,  and  entertained  the  conceit  of  his  own  ix 
cellence  and  superiority,  a  great  change  for  the  better 
is  noticeable  in  many  individuals  in  after  years,  sincn 
Central  America  has  been  enjoying  facilities  of  com- 
munication witii  other  peoples,  which  has  enabled  lu  r 
sons  and  daughters  to  study  their  ways,  and  to  adojit 
whatever  is  good  in  them,  not  to  mention  the  bad 
ways  which  have  also  taken  root. 

The  population  of  Costa  Rica  is  represented  to  1m 
nearly  all  white,  the  Indians  not  being  numerous,  uik! 
the  negroes  and  mixed  breeds  living  on  the  coast.™ 
The  Costa  Ricans  are  a  well-formed  people.  Thcic 
is,  perhaps,  not  as  much  manly  dignity  and  fenialc 
grace  as  are  yet  to  be  found  in  Spain;  nor  is  the  color 
of  their  females,  as  a  rule,  to  be  compared  with  that 
of  their  European  sisters;  but  what  is  lacking  in  tliat 
is  fully  compensated  by  elegance  of  form,  regularity  of 
features,  splendid  eyes,  and  an  abundance  of  glossy 
hair,^'  and  not  least  by  their  aifability  and  sweetness 
of  manner.  The  people  are  generally  intelligent,  and 
noted  for  the  absence  of  hauteur  in  their  maimer. ^'^ 
They  are  sedate,  industrious,  economical,  fairly  honest.'' 

^"According  to  Trollope,  pure  Spanisli  blood  is  an  exception.  He  thinks 
there  must  be  a  great  admixture  of  Indian  blood  with  it.  The  gen.  colm-  i-i 
that  of  a  white  man,  but  of  a  very  swarthy  one.  W.  Ind.  and  the  Sp.  Main.. 
'275. 

'"Belly,  2iu'.,  ii.  132.  Trollope,  West  Ind.,  275-G,  speaks  disparagingly  nf 
Costa  liican  women's  personal  appearance.  Another  Englishman  treats  tliciri 
with  more  gallantry:  'Blonde  hair,  gray  eyes,  and  red  cheeks  are  rare  in  im 
class;  and  many  a  pretty  face  mayue  seen  on  market-day,  scarcely  darker 
or  more  Spanish-looking  than  a  west-country  girl's.  Boyle'n  Bide  Acrwx  o  ( 'mi- 
tinent,  '2'25. 

^'*  Being  a  compact  population,  and  constantly  thrown  into  the  company 
of  one  another  through  family  or  business  relations,  a  certain  fraternity  \k- 
came  estiiblished,  and  the  practice  obtained  of  calling  each  other  hermand  .mil 
hermanitico  at  every  meetmg.  Axtahunmija,  Cent.  Jm.,52-3.  Owing  to  tliat 
practice,  the  Costa  Ricans  have  been  nicknamed  herinaniticos. 

^•That  is  to  say,  they  are  not  given  to  stealing  or  barefaced  cheating;  Imt 
at  a  bargain  they  will  take  all  the  advant^ige  they  can;  and  if  a  lie  willlnlp, 
their  conscience  is  elastic  enough  to  use  it.  In  this  they  are  neither  luitir 
nor  worse  than  other  nations  claiming  a  higli  standard  of  honesty.  'Wkw 
sense  of  morality,  in  sex  relations,  is  not  what  it  should  be.  Divoreus  ,inil 
separations  are  common,   and  concubinage  quite  prevalent.     The  suiJcriii- 


and 

then 

their 

diirir 

caIlo( 

aspirl 

witJir 

know 

ami  e 

J  '<  >.s.sei5 

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is  milv 

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'»f  tJie 

floors  I 

p-tintini 

"f  the 

The 

In   the 

••lass  of 

I"<>vide( 

poor  Y>e. 

hi'ans,  c< 

I'ltoxica 


t<'ncl(;nt  of 

••*i"  <iiuiv()ca 

'^"i  'I"  oste  e 

'"Theyd 

"!<■  art.s  of 

"Jiiritric'.s.    /,' 

''A  largo 

L'oniriioneartl 

"I'll  mallets. 

"It"  the  g,.„u 

''•'1,  the  .snac 

st.,n,..s.     vt'iit 

■"■<■  JTotected 

"iielv  adobe  v 

'  ■  f>irty  an 

'iiiniture  in  tl 

'"■"  "f  three  o 


UOMESTIO   AFFAIRS 


8gf 


|y "' 

,lu'IU 

In  III) 
Irkir 

Luiy 

lit- 

Imt 

rtt^r 

;uul 
•riu- 


and  poaceablo.  Upon  occasions  they  luive  sliown 
thoniselves  possessed  of  good  soldierly  qualities  when 
llu'ir  independenci'  or  rights  have  been  in  peril,  as 
(luring  Walker's  filibuster  war;  but  they  cannot  bo 
called  a  warlike  people.'*"  They  are  not  ambitious, 
as[tiring  to  a  moderate  indc[KMRlence  to  be  attained 
without  an  excessive  ettbrt.  Indigence  is  almost  un- 
known. All  Costa  Ricans  own  property  of  some  kind, 
and  even  the  hund)lest  of  them  has  the  ambition  of 
possessing  a  piece  of  land 

Tlu^  houses  of  the  wealthy  and  well-to-do  are  quite 
coiufortablii.  They  are  built  with  ordinary  doors  and 
w  indows,  and  of  one  or  two  stories.^'  Window-olass 
is  only  used  in  tlie  better  houses  of  the  principal  cities. 
In  the  smaller  towns  windows  are  dispen.sed  with  as 
su[)eriiuous.  Carpets  are  to  be  found  in  a  few  houses 
of  tlie  wealthy,  or  of  foreigners.  Instead  of  them, 
iloors  are  covered  with  matting.  The  rich  exhibit 
paintings  or  engravings  on  their  walls.  The  liouses 
of  the  poor  arc  comfortless.''' 

The  high(.>r  classes  enjoy  the  pleasures  of  the  table. 
In  the  populous  cities  inns  are  kept  for  the  better 
class  of  travellers,  at  which  a  tolerably  good  table  is 
])i(»vided.  The  usual  food  of  the  peasants  and  other 
]>oor  people  consists  of  tasajo,  or  jerked  beef,  black 
Ixans,  corn,  rice,  tortillas,  plantains,  and  other  fruits.*^ 
Intoxication    is    prevalent  among  the  lower  classes. 

U'liikut  of  the  ceuHUs  for  1804  recorded  '  1,'200  separadoa  do  hecho,  ({uieiies 
sin  c'liuivocanne  puedo  decir  quo  viveii  eii  coueubiiiato,  .sin  contar  la  frecucii- 
ci;i  il((  este  entre  Holtoros  y  solteras.'  CWa  It.,  L'cmn,  liS('»4,  xxv. 

'"Tliey  dislike  wasting  tlioir  resources  in  wars  or  war  material,  preferring 
tile  arts  of  peace,  and  to  welcome  those  bringing  them  wealth  from  other 
nnintries.   Liij'i'rriin',  JJe  Parix  a  (iiiiih  indict,  4r)-(i,  57. 

*' A  large  number  of  houses  in  Cent.  Am.  are  made  with  tapial,  which  ia 
coniiMoii  earth  put  moist  into  boxes  of  the  dimeusion.s  of  tlie  walls,  and  lieaten 
witli  mallets.  Another  sort  of  Imilding  is  made  by  driving  a  nund)er  of  poles 
iiiUi  the  ground  at  a  yard  f)r  two  from  each  otlier,  to  whicli  long  canes  aro 
tied,  tlie  space  between  the  canes  being  filled  up  with  mud,  or  with  mud  and 
stiiiiis.  When  dry,  the  outside  is  plastered  over  with  mortar.  The  iiouses 
arc  ])rotected  by  projecting  roofs.  There  aro  likewise  many  houses  built  with 
thick  adobe  walls,  covered  with  concave  tiles. 

*- Dirty  and  slovenly.  Trnllfr}>p'x  W.  Ii,d.,  2()0,  2G8.  The  only  articles  of 
furniture  in  them  are  a  hammock,  a  table,  a  bedstead  without  mattress,  and 
t\V(v  or  tliree  of  the  commonest  wooden  chairs. 

"  BfUy,  Nic,  i.  3G7-8. 


\  >  fl 


5»8 


COSTA  IliCA,  NICAKAOUA,  AND  SALVADOH. 


(jiuan),  or  aguardiente,  aiul  */\n  are  clcoined  a  trcceswity 
for  the  peasant  and  lahonn-.  With  the  aotioti  of  thi- 
lieat  and  the  p<)()r  food,  li(|Uor  Hoon  ov<!rpowors  liini." 
Satunhiy  is  tlie  day  upon  wliicli  tlie  cities  are  au])- 
plied  witli  (•on)(>!stil)le.s  and  otlier  conunodities  for  the 
week.  Natives  of  both  sexes  and  all  ajjcs  thron<if  the 
market-places,  particularly  in  San  JoslV  bringiiiL,^ 
ve<4etal)les,  fruits,  and  (»ther  food  for  the  table.  Others 
brinj^'  manufactured  articles,  like  earthen-ware,  ham- 
mocks, charcoal,  hats,  rebozos,  etc.'*"  From  sunrise 
till  noon  the  market-places  are  crammed  with  sellers 
and  buyers.  The  ladies  of  all  ranks  do  their  own 
marketinij;',  and  are  seen,  basket  on  arm  and  barc- 
lu'aded,  strollinu'  about  and  drivinu'  barLjains.  Tlic 
market-women  move  rapidly,  carrying  goods  on  tluir 
heads  or  in  strings.  The  bette-r  class  of  women  follow 
in  their  dress  the  fashions  of  Europe,  except  that  tiu  y 
wear  no  hats.  The  females  of  the  lower  classes  have 
tiieir  own  mode  of  dress,  which  is  generally  more 
studied    than    in    other    i)laces    of  (-entral  America. 


Some  o 


f  tl 


.Ih 


lem  wear  ear-rmgs  and  ex}>ensive  eollais,  a 
Ji[)ijapa  hat  costing  $10.  Tlie  gowns  are  of  muslin, 
printetl  calico,  or  some  other  light  material,  and  cover 
half  a  dozen  embroidered  petticoats.      The  hair  is  di- 


vided into  two  tr 


esses 


hanirinti'  down  behind,  and  in  the; 


braids  runs  a  bright-colored  ribbon.  Others  wear  oii 
the  head  a  rebozo,  which  like  the  hat  is  significant  of 
the  taste  or  wealth  of  the  wearer.*'  Only  a  few  among 
them  complete  this  studied  toilet  with  shoes  or  boots, 

♦*  Ifciico  tlu!  conatant  use  of  emetics,  castor  oil,  soda  purgauto  or  icfn-^- 
cante,  rliul)arli,  tiuiiiiue,  Harsaparilla,  and  Horiila  water,  which  arc  IcMikiil 
upon  as  uiiivorsal  panaceas.  I^it/crriiir,  D<  ParM  a  flmitdm.,  57.  The  l:iij.'o 
revenue  ilerivetl  l)y  tlie  goverumeut  from  the  monopoly  of  tiie  sale  of  similu- 
ous  licpiors  shows  how  great  must  he  the  consumptuju.  lioijlen  Ride  Acni"^  n 
Contini'iit,  ii.  22"). 

♦' The  Indians  are  never  found  in  the  cities.  Laferri^re,  De  Pai'isaOitttKin., 
42-4. 

**  Belly  speaks  of  the  great  variety  and  abundance  of  commodities  exhib- 
ited in  the  market  on  such  days.  Cacao  nibs  were  used  as  small  cliiuigf. 
The  sales  of  one  Saturday  that  he  visited  the  market  exceeded $100,000.  .V(('., 
i.  31)2. 

*'•  Some  of  these  rebozos  are  of  silk,  made  in  Sau  Salvador,  and  suld  in 
Costa  Rica  ut  $18  or  $20  apiece. 


The : 

quite  fa 
•'^•'X  und 
having 
ti'ous  b 
and  fee 
the  des( 
class  an 
Ih.t  full 
should 
» |>oculia 
^(>th  uu 


NK'AUA(JUAN   SOCIETY. 


809 


Tlio  men  bring  tlieir  mules,  or  earts,  or  merely  their 
inaelietes.  TiH;y  generally  wear  a  eoarse  <'l()tli  eoat 
and  a  pair  of  drill  or  cotton  trousers.  The  hat  varies; 
it  is  either  of  straw,  otter,  or  felt.  Most  of  the  people 
of  the  interior  go  barefooted,  but  carry  plenty  of 
jtesos  in  their  pockets  and  niakt;  them  jingle.  After 
purchasing  in  the  market-place  such  articles  as  they 
need,  which  go  under  the  general  term  habilitaciones, 
and  selling  their  products,  they  seek  the  vinaterias  or 
pulperfas,  and  invite  one  another  to  drink. 

The  great  amusenuMit  of  (\)sta  liica  is  jjfand)linij:. 
The  peo|)le  hav(>  a  command  of  money,  and  their  only 
ways  of  spending  it,  to  alford  them  entertainment,  are 
the  church,  the  bottle,  and  gambling.*"*  On  Sundays 
and  feast-days  after  the  church  service*'  the  men  re- 
sort to  the  cock[»it,  many  staking  from  $'200  to  l{i;500 
on  the  result  of  a  fight  between  two  cocks. ^" 

The  Nicaraguan  women  of  pure  Spanish  stock  are 
(piite  fair,  and  have  the  embonpoint  characti'ri/.ing  the 
sex  under  the  tropics.  Many  of  them  are  handsome, 
having  an  oval  face,  regular  features,  large  and  lus- 
trous black  eyes,  small  mouth,  good  teeth,  small  hands 
and  feet;  and  withal  a  low  but  clear  voice.  Some  of 
tht;  descendants  of  white  and  Indian  of  the  higher 
class  are  also  (piite  beautiful.  The  Indian  girl  with 
lu-r  full  lithe  figure,  long  glossy  hair,  and  erect  M'alk 
sliould  not  be  overlookcxl.'''  Nicaraguan  society  has 
ji  [)ecuhar  charm  and  grace,  with  little  conventionality. 
Both  men  and  women  of  all  classes  are  extremely  cour- 


'i 


*"  All  clasaes  seem  to  be  given  to  tlio  vico.  At  tlio  cluh  a  minister  of  .stato 
iir  some  other  hij^h  functionary  presides  over  tlio  faro-liauk.   lioylc'/*  likU;  'l'li\. 

**  There  is  a  good  deal  of  heresy  and  inlidelity  exhibited  by  the  higlier 
I'lass;  but  the  poor  people  are  vi^ry  devout. 

'*  A  favorite  amusement  of  all  t'ent.  Am.  Lnji'rricre,  De  J'nrL'i  a  Guatiin,, 
5t)  7;  Riifhnnlt,  A'ir.,  128-5.  In  connection  with  the  manners  niui  '^uHtoms  of 
Costa  llicans,  see  also  Frinrh,  Staatini  mn  Mex.,  88;  Wcu/ncr,  (,'mta  !{.,  170-8, 
18<»  92,  194. 

■■'  The  native  women  when  carrying  a  jar  of  water  on  their  heads  present 
tlio  sculptural  profiles  of  caryatides.  Belly,  N^ic,  i.  VJS.  licautifuUy  moulded 
and  unobtrusive  in  their  manners;  kind  and  hospitable  to  straiifjers.  Sqiikr'a 
Travels,  i.  284,  294. 


h     m 


41 


coo 


COSTA.  RICA,  NICARAGUA,  AND  SALV^ADOR. 


il 


teous.'""  Strangers  are  well  received,  if  decently  clad, 
well-mannered,  and  of  good  behavior.  They  will  find 
it  rather  difficult  to  obtain  the  privilege  of  visiting  re- 
spectable families.  When  a  young  man  desires  to 
pay  his  addresses  to  a  young  lady,  he  applies  for  tlio 
permission  of  her  parents,  guardian,  or  relations,  as 
the  case  may  be.  Marriages  are  invariably  according 
to  the  rites  of  the  catholic  church.  Burials  of  mem- 
bers of  rich  families  are  in  churches.''^ 

The  Nicaraouans  of  the  higher  order — there  is  no 
middle  one — -caimot  be  credited  with  industrious 
habits.  Life  is  easy  with  them,  and  the  climate  is 
enervating.  So  they  spend  much  of  their  time  lying 
in  a  hammock  aad  smoking  cigarettes.''*  The  lower 
order  in  the  towns  follow  the  example,  at  least  the 
male  portion.  The  peasantry,  however,  is  docile  and 
fairly  industrious,  and  may  be  called  an  excellent  rural 
population.  The  peon  system  is  unknown  in  Nica- 
ragua. 

The  Nicaraguan  people  nave  a  fine  muscular  devol- 
opnient,  and  a  mild  soft  expression.  Though  not  war- 
like, they  are  brave,  and  will  fight  desperately  when 
reduced  to  it  by  necessity.  The  masses  are  not  so 
demoralized  as  some  travellers  would  have  us  believe 
them.  Crimes  are  relatively  rare,  and  the  public 
roads  are  safo  from  iiighwaymen."'^  A  servant  may 
steal  a  small  amount,  or  s(^nie  obifict  thrown  ii»  his 
way,  and  yet  will  convey  a  large  sum  of  money  u>  a 
long  distance  without  thinking  of  running  away  with 
it.     It  must  be  confessed   that   there   is    too  much 


^'^The  women  are  not  well  edneatetl;  but  they  are  simple  and  iinafl'ectil, 
quick  of  ayprohcnsion,  and  ready  at  good-natured  repartee.  Id.,  209. 

'^  Cemeteries  being  guaerally  in  bad  condit'iv^i.  S(|uier  bus  it  tlia*.  tlio 
priests  have  jjcrpeti  ateil  tlie  practice,  because  they  derive  a  considerable  lee 
from  each,  bui'ial.    1  niixln,  i.  383-4. 

'''* '  The  aristocracy  keeps  the  shops,  and  there  it  dozes;,  .the  lower  onlrrs 
keep  the  plaza,  and  there  they  doze.'  Boyle  a  Hide  Acronaa  Continent,  lO'J. 

■'•'Hellj-,  i\"u'.,  217,  speaking  of  those  of  mixed  blood,  says  they  are  the 
victims  of  traditional  indolence,  and  of  the  absence  of  moral  light  rather  than 
of  actual  depravity.  The  nearer  to  the  pure  Indian  type,  the  more  rehalile 
and  faithful  they  are.  Stout,  Nic,  118,  says  that  the  Nicaraguana  are  possessed 
of  many  virtues. 


DRESS  AND  DWELLINGS. 


601 


v.' 


proncness  to  condone  offences  against   morality  and 

lionor.'^ 

There  is  no  national  costume.  The  wealthy  follow 
to  some  extent  to  European  fashions,  generally  sup- 
])ressing  the  silk  hat,  which  is  rc[)laced  with  any 
liat  that  is  broad-brimmed  and  suited  to  the  climate.^' 
]\Ien  of  the  lower  class  go  barefooted,  or  wear  the 
oaite,  which  is  a  species  of  sandal.  The  rest  of  their 
(hx'ss  is  a  pair  of  cotton  trousers,  frequently  not  reach- 
ing lower  than  the  knees,  a  shirt,  its  lower  part  often 
outside  the  trousers,  and  a  palm-leaf  hat. 

There  are  many  fine  horsemen  in  Nicaragua,  as 
well  as  in  all  Central  America.  A  caballero  is  in  his 
element  when  mounted  on  a  spirited,  champing  horse, 
with  a  pellon  thrown  over  the  saddle,  which  is  the 
Mexican  saddle  modified  and  with  high  peaks  He 
carries  also  to  complete  his  equipment  a  pair  of  bol- 
sters and  pistols.'-'*  Women  imitate  the  European  sum- 
mer costumes,  but  use  no  liat  except  when  riding  on 
horseback.  They  generally  appoar  In  a  loose  and 
Hewing  dress,  with  neck  and  arms  exposed.  A  light 
sliawl  is  thrown  over  the  shoulders,  or  worn  over  the 
liead  at  church.  A  red  or  pui-ple  sash  may  be  wound 
aiound  the  waist,  and  a  narrow  golden  band,  or  a 
string  of  pearls  extending  around  the  forehead  and 
binding  the  hair,  which  often  falls  in  luxuriant  waves 
over  the  shoulders.  The  usual  way  of  dressing  the 
liair  is  to  have  two  braids  knotted  behind  the  head, 
and  to  place  a  few  natural  fiowers  in  it.  The  feet  are 
incased  in  satin  sli})pers.  The  women  of  the  lower 
class  use  a  petticoat  without  waist,  covering  the  under- 
garments. A  Moating  short  shirt  (juite  o})en  in  the 
upper  part,  and  almost  sleeveless  hardly  concealing 

■'"'Such  ofiences  which  in  other  countries  would  i.n  indelible  blots,  tlirow- 
iiiL;  their  authors  out  of  the  connjany  of  lioiiorablu  [)e.>i)le.  ;ire  iifti  r  :i  wliiL' 
iivi'i looked,  and  tile  perpetrators  reinstated  in  society,    hen/,  Xir.,  I'T'). 

■"'The  waistcoat  and  eravat  are  often  disiieiised  with.  (Iloves  are  rarely 
Worn.     Loud  colors,  with  large  ciiains  and  trinket.^  are  too  often  displayed. 

•'"The  ordinary  saddle  or  albarda  is  a  cheap  affair  and  uncomfortable. 
Tliere  arc  horses  of  an  easy  amble,  which  are  quite  rapid  aud  yet  gentle. 
Squier's  Travels,  i.  157;  ii.  91. 


li 


602 


COSTA  RICA,  NICARAGUA,  AND  SALVADOR. 


ii!; 


■;i; 


the  bust.  In  the  street  they  wrap  themselves  in  a 
rebozo.  Stockings  and  shoos  are  worn  only  in  cities/''' 
The  dwellings  of  the  poor  in  the  country  are  usu- 
ally of  canes  thatched  with  palms,  many  of  them 
open  at  the  sides,  and  with  the  bare  earth  fo"  floors. 
Some  of  them  have  the  canes  plastered  over,  and 
whitewashed,  with  tile  roofs,  or  otherwise  improved. 
Those  of  large  proprietors  are  strongly  built,  neat, 
comfortable,  and  generally  cool.  In  the  towns  there 
are  many  dwellings  of  the  same  character;  but  the 
residences  of  the  wealthier  class  are  built  of  adobes, 
of  one  story,  enclosing  large  courts  which  are  entered 
under  archways,  these  being  frequently  constructed 
with  much  beauty.*'  The  interior  is  divided  into 
large  rooms  around  tlie  gallery  or  corridor.  The  walls 
are  whitened  on  both  sides.  One  t  f  tiie  rooms  is 
used  as  a  parlor,  the  others  for  difterent  purposes.^' 
The  furniture  is  generally  of  home  manufacture  and 
simple  enougli.^'^  The  house  is  lighted  with  stearinc 
candles,  imported  or  common  tallow  dips.  Petroleum 
and  lamps  have  also  been  introduced."^ 

"»  Lf-Vji,  Nic,  272;  Belly,  Nic,  i.  198:  WdW  E.i-phr.,  74-5.  The  people  gen- 
enilly  Jire  clean  in  their  persons  except  when  travelling,  or  when  ill,  ami  in 
the  latter  ease  the  touch  of  water  is  proliiljited.  Sijiiiir'n  Tnurlti,  ;")".),  IS.'M, 
'J()9,  '_>71,  L'.S9. 

'■"  For  a  hot  climate  the  adobe,  warm  in  winter  ami  cool  in  summer,  is  nut 
to  be  surpassed  as  a  dwelling.  lu  the  courts  are  shade  trees,  making'  tiio 
corridors  upon  which  all  the  rooms  open  exceedingly  pleasant.  /</.,  i.  .'f.'i  4; 
/(/.,  Cent.  Am.,  'Mo;  I<L,  Nic.,  (i-ti);  ,S/oiit's  Xir.,  [\S,  {>'2A,  (itj.  Doors  ami 
winilows  are  wiile.  The  windows  have  no  ghiss,  being  enclosed  on  the  out- 
side with  an  iron  railing  constructed  sometimes  like  a  balcony.  Tlie  floors  are 
of  soft  brick.  The  roof,  sloping  eonsiilerably,  is  of  concave  tiles.  The  yard 
often  has  a  tlower  garden,  or  iti  used  for  raising  poultry,  or  maybe  pigs. 

'''  Kitchen,  laundry,  stables,  etc.,  are  at  tho  end  of  the  yard,  or  when  pL.^si- 
ble,  in  a  separate  yanl. 

"■^In  late  years  some  foreign  furniture  has  been  imported.  Most  parlos 
arc  furnished  as  follows;  C'hau's  with  leather  seats,  eas}'  chairs  of  tlie  »iuw, 
mostly  rockers.  In  houses  of  the  wealthy  i.s  a  round  or  oval  centre-table,  ami 
other  tables  litting  into  the  corners,  and  possildy  a  piano,  a  hanging  lamp,  ami 
small  n.irrors,  together  with  framed  lithogra])hs  or  paintings  hanging  on  the 
walls.  The  IxHlroonis  have  similar  chairs,  a  luimmock,  and  a  bed  of  rawhido 
cxteiuled  and  uaded  to  a  wooden  frame,  supiiortc<l  by  four  legs.  /  .  "^idi 
end  rises  a  pillar  to  sustain  a  sort  of  awning  which  covers  the  whole  bed,  and 
answers  also  for  a  mosquito  net.  The  appurtenances  of  the  bed  are  a  mat, 
sheets,  ami  pillowe.  ISo  mattresses  are  ever  used.  Some  persons  prefer  a 
common  cot.    Leri/,  Xir.,  'Hi'2-1;  Jielly,  Nic,  197. 

•"^  in  some  places  coyol  oil  or  lard  iu  tin  lamps  arc  used,  with  or  without  a 


FOOD  AND   DRINK- 


G03 


The  characteristics  of  Nicaraguan  hfe  are  sobriety 
and  uiiitbrmity  of  food.^  Fainilles  make  a  practice 
of  not  laying  in  supplies,  but  purchase  what  they  need 
from  day  to  day.  Some  buy  their  food  already 
cooked. 

The  custom  of  extending  invitations  to  dinner  with 
one's  family,  so  common  in  other  countries,  does  not 
obtain  in  Nicaragua,  except  among  relatives  or  very 
intimate  friends.  Men  are  asked  to  eat  only  on  spe- 
cial occasions,  when  banquets  are  given,  at  which  the 
English  custom  of  giving  toasts  is  followed. 

Anmsements  are  few  in  Nicaragua.  However,  the 
ui)per  classes  have  their  tertulias  and  balls,  often  im- 
provised, at  wliicli  the  polka,  waltz,  bolero,  and  other 
well-known  S[>anish  dances  are  performed  with  graee 
and  spirit.  The  lower  classes  fr(M|uently  have  fandan- 
goes and  other  characteristic  dances.  There  is  no 
place  of  general  res»)rt  for  the  better  vlasses,  unless  it 
is  the  billiard-room,  whicli  serves  alike  as  a  ganiWliiig- 
den.^"  The  cockpit  is  in  full  operation  every  Sunday, 
the  people  being  fond  of  the  anmsement,  and  even 


gla.ss  chiiniiuy.  In  Segovia  the  people  often  have  no  other  light  tlim  that 
iMiiittecl  hy  a  liurning  pict'e  of  losinous  pine. 

'"Oitu  Niiuple.  Sr/iiirr's  Tnircl.i,  i'-'O,  '272-.").  Hieakfast  invarialily  eoin- 
jiriscs  eggs,  roast  meat,  lieans,  and  ehee-su,  to  whicli  other  ilisliuH  may  he 
iiilileil  or  not;  tinishing  with  ehoeolate  or  coffee,  tiie  former  mixed  with 
roasted  corn,  an<l  the  latter  with  milk.  The  dinner  consists  of  soup,  hoikd 
meat  and  ;;)cens,  followed  liy  a  stew  of  Iteef,  pork,  ti.-ii,  or  fowl,  with  some 
vcLietahle.'j,  and  di^sscrt  in  the  form  of  a  variety  of  duh'es.  ]{ic('  is  as  necessary 
at  dinner  as  heans  at  hreakfast.  15<twi'en  breakfast  and  dinner,  fruits  or 
some  cooling  heverage  .'"■o  p.irtalcen  of.  Su|iiier  is  a  frugal  meal,  accompanied 
\\\\\\  chocolate,  or  tist. ,  whiili  i.s  llio  nation.il  liever.age  of  Xic. — a  mixture  of 
cacao,  and  ground  r(  asted  corn,  heatcn  in  cold  witcrwith  sugar.  W'iieaten 
hread  is  made  of  imported  (lour;  hut  it  is  too  ex|iensive  for  general  use,  and 
is  generally  sweetened.  Tlie  t(U'tilla  of  Nie.  is  larger,  thicker,  and  of  coarser 
liiiugh  tiian  in  otiier  parts.  In  many  places  it  is  consiilend  '  articulo  (le  lujo,' 
and  instead  of  it,  boiled  or  roastcil  green  jilantaius  aie  used.  Wine  is  rarely 
brought  into  retjuisition.  Tlie  only  fcrunuted  liquor  in  common  use  is  tlie 
aguardiente  distilled  from  molasses,  which  oidy  the  lower  chisses  di'ink,  and 
Hot  to  excess.  The  poorer  classes  aie  very  irrcLrular  in  their  e.iting,  for  they 
eat  at  all  hours;  living  ni  stly  (Ui  plantains,  beans,  cheese,  and  cliicliarrones 
and  otlier  fat  portions  of  pork.  Fruit  in  superabundance  is  eaten.  //"■'/,  Sir., 
•l^u-~2\  SUmtx  yu\,  i;!()  'J;  S<iiii,rn  Tnttris  i.  L'TI. 

'"'Tiu!  govt  lias  at  the  capital  a  Hue  military  band,  which  gives  ])rblic  con- 
i'(  rts  in  tlie  i)peu  air  twice  a  week.  Tlu;  marindia  nud  old  Spanish  guitar  are 
iiuicli  Used.  Occasionally  a  Spanish  draniatii^  in-  zarzuela  eom[)any,  or  a  troupe 
of  acrobats  ox  other  artists,  visit  the  country. 


604 


COSTA  RICA,  NICARAGUA,  AND  SALVADOR. 


the  most  respectable  indulge  in  it.**  Gambling  at 
monte  and  other  games  of  hazard  is  common  enough, 
but  the  vice  has  not  attained  the  development  noticed 
in  other  parts  of  Si)aiiish  America.*^  It  is  certainly 
conducted  with  lews  publicity. 

There  are  neither  bull-pits  nor  professional  bull- 
fighters.  Now  and  then  a  performance  of  the  kind 
takes  place  in  some  plaza;  the  bull  is  much  worried, 
but  not  killed.*"* 


I 


After  describing  the  manners  and  customs  of  the 
Nicaraguans,  there  is  but  little  left  to  say  of  their 
neighbors  the  Salvadorans,  who  resemble  them  in  most 
characteristics.  It  must  be  acknowledged,  however, 
that  the  peo[)le  of  Salvador  are  entitled  to  the  first 
rank  in  Central  America  for  their  industry,  general 
intelligence,  and  love  of  order  Individual  rights  an; 
respected  among  them,  and  well-behaved  foreigners 
are  at  all  times  made  welcome.  The  Salvadorans 
seem  to  understand  what  are  the  duties  of  repub- 
licans.*" 

The  population  of  Salvador  consists  of  Indians, 
hulinos,  and  zanibos.  The  ladinos  comprise  the  whites, 
of  which  class  the  [)roportion  is  small,  and  the  several 
mixtures  of  white  and  Indian.  The  mode  of  living 
of  the  latter  scarcely  difl'ers  from  that  of  the  Nica- 
raguans or  other  Central  Americans  of  the  same 
standing;. 

The  aboriginal  ])eoples  have  undergone  considerable! 

""In  Ia'oii  some  of  the  elite  do  not  frequent  the  place,  but  tliey,  not  ex- 
cepting the  prii'sta,  practise  it  in  their  eorri<h)rH.  Little  parties  are  got  up  nl' 
afternoons  to  have  chicUen-Hghts,  ami  at  times  large  sums  cliange  hands. 

"' (!ovt  has  from  time  to  time  passed  laws  to  proliibit  gaming,  liocha,  ('("I. 
.Xi<\,  ii.  81-;{;  Ln  Union  tlf  \ii\,  March  0,  18()1;  Xic,  Oimtn,  Jan.  15,  1870; 
J'nn.  Still- ami  lliniUl,  March  i.'0,  1880. 

""Oecasionallv  those  who  take  part  in  the  dangerous  anmsenient  receivi^ 
fatal  injuries.  /"- r//,  Sic,  '288  '.»4;  Siiukr\  Tniirln,  i.  S.'H-.'l.  The  follow- 
ing autliorities  al.so  treat  of  tiie  character,  and  manners,  and  customs  of 
the  Nicaraguans.  J,'ar/iiir</f,  Xic,  80  I,  8S-<»0,  10'.'  '2, j;  Jhiu,;  Wiimlvrl'il-I'r, 
i»!l-l()7,  187-'2(t4,  passim;  M- VAww /iVc,  xiii. '230-58;  WdW  }ynlkn-'ii  FjyeiL, 
44-7'.>,  84  5,  100-7,  '241 -'2,  4-2'2. 

'"' '  Wliatever  may  he  tlu;  future  hi-story  of  Cent.  Am.,  ita  muMt  important 
part,  in  all  that  requires  intelligent^',  activity,  concentration,  and  force,  will 
bo  porfornied  by  San  Salvador.    Sijuter'n  Ceiit.  Am.,  315. 


SALVADORAN   SOCIETY. 


(305 


modification  from  the  three  centuries  of  contact  with 
the  white  men,  and  of  subjugation  to  the  Spanish 
rulers.  But  tliere  are  towns,  even  near  San  Salvador, 
the  capital,  which  have  retained  many  of  their  primi- 
tive customs,  and  where  the  aboriginal  blood  has  suf- 
fered but  little,  if  any,  intermixture.  The  native 
language  has  fallen  into  disuse  in  most  places,  and 
only  a  few  words,  also  accepted  by  the  whites,  are 
retained  "°  The  region  known  as  costa  del  bdlsamo'^ 
is  entirely  occupied  by  Nahua  nations,  whose  habits 
have  scarcely  changed  since  the  conquest  They  are 
not  absolutely  hostile  to  the  Europeans,  but  certainly 
dislike  any  intrusion  on  their  part.  They  are  an 
industrious  people. 

The  aboriginal  Salvadoran  is,  as  a  rule,  slender  in 
form  but  muscular.  Some  of  the  women  have  fine 
figures  and  graceful  carriage;  they  walk  with  a  firm 
step  and  body  erect.  They  are,  both  men  and  women, 
gentle,  affable,  and  rather  hospitable ;  their  tempera- 
ment is  melancholy  and  dreamy.  They  are  well-dis- 
posed toward  foreigners,  and  though  they  will  not 
tolerate  any  doubt  as  to  the  purity  of  their  blood,  yet 
consider  themselves  insulted  by  being  called  indios. 
They  also  look  upon  the  whites  and  ladinos  as  usurp- 
ers in  the  land.  They  are  much  given  to  boasting  of 
their  courage  and  generosity,  and  wish  to  be  taken 
for  a  brave  people.  The  Indian  possesses  a  certain 
(|uantum  of  honesty,  but  will  fulfil  his  contracts  fiiith- 
fuUy  when  his  interests  do  not  .suftcr  by  it;  otherwise, 
111'  will  find  a  loop-hole  of  escape.  He  cannot  under- 
stand the  value  put  by  others  on  capital ;  his  })resent 
needs  being  covered,  he  cares  nothing  for  the  supcr- 
Huous."" 

The  men  are  quite  reserved  in  their  manner;  the 


"' Ahoriginal  ncames  of  places  have  boen  generally  prcHprved;  ami  tln^re 
ai'i'  a  few  towns,  exulusivcly  inhabited  by  Indians,  who  uso  tliuir  own  lan- 
fiii'ige  among  tlieinselves.  Siiuier'.f  ('cut.  Am.,  'MH-'2'.\. 

''  Al)out  M  miles  in  lengtli,  and  20  to  25  miles  in  brcadtli,  lying  between 
ba  Lil)ertad  and  Acajntla. 

'■^Nevertheless,  in  bus; ^leas  transactions  he  is  indisposed  to  trust  others. 


'■m%i 


606 


COSTA  RICA,  NICARAGUA,  AND  SALA^ADOR. 


I  I 


women  are  different.  Their  desire  to  have  children 
by  white  men  promotes  looseness.  They  do  not  see 
any  dishonor  in  having  foreign  lovers,  and  children 
born  out  of  wedlock.  Nearly  all  the  Indians  can  read 
and  write,  and  have  some  knowledge  of  arithmetic. 

Tlie  dress  of  the  Salvadoran  Indians  is  extremely 
simple;  probably  the  same  as  that  worn  by  their  an- 
cestors. The  women  use  a  piece  of  blue  cotton 
wraj)[)ed  round  the  waist,  and  reaching  only  a  little 
below  the  knees;  the  upper  part  of  the  body  being 
scantily  covered  with  a  sort  of  chemise  with  an  aper- 
ture at  the  top  for  the  head,  and  open  at  the  sides.'"' 
The  head-dress  consists  of  two  long  tresses  of  their 
own  black  hair,  interlaced  witli  a  red  ribbon,  and 
wreathed  round  the  head  like  a  turban.  They  wear 
neither  shoes  nor  stockings.  The  men  generally  have 
caites  to  their  feet.  Their  dress  is  a  light  suit  of 
cotton,  a  straw  hat  or  colored  kerchief  on  the  head, 
and  a  chamarra  of  coarse  cloth,  which  answers  all  the 
purposes  of  cloak,  blanket,  carpet,  and  bed. 

The  dwellings  are  simple  and  comfortless;  indeed, 
they  seem  to  have  been  put  u])  with  the  expectation 
of  their  being  tumbled  down  at  any  moment  by  earth- 
quakes. 

The  men  leave  to  the  women  all  the  cares  of  the 
house ;  the  latter,  consequently,  lead  a  laborious  and 
hard  life.  Their  food  consists  of  eggs,  venison,  tor- 
tillas, beans,  rice,  and  fruit.  They  are  fond  of  coffee, 
and  the  men  indulge  freely  in  the  use  of  chicha,  rum, 
and  every  other  alcoholic  drink  that  comes  in  tlieii' 
way.  The  women,  on  the  contrary,  are  strictly  sober.'* 
Like  all  other  christianized  Indians,  they  devote  much 
of  their  time  and  substance  to  religious  feasts,  which 
are  generally  followed  by  carousals  and  gambliiitj', 
cock-fighting  being  a  prevalent  amusement.  Tluy 
have  a  decided  liking  for  music,  accompanying  thcii' 

'^  This  garment  is  elaborately  but  rudely  embroidered  about  the  neck  ami 
shoulders  with  colored  thread.  It  is  often  laiil  aside  in  the  country  town.-?. 
Moutijrunerii's  Narr.,  98-9;  Si/uier'n  Cent.  Am.,  321. 

'*  Laferriire,  De  Park  a  Ouatim.,  211-21. 


MUSIC  AND  SKY-ROCKETS 


607 


sad  strains  with  the  guitar,  accordion,  marimba,  or 
dulcema.  The  practice  of  burning  fire-crackers  and 
letting  off  sky-rockets  is  quite  common  upon  every 
occasion,  whether  of  rejoicing  or  mourning.  At 
funerals  they  let  off  rockets  as  they  march  along  to 
the  cemetery.  ^^ 

'*  Upon  the  death  of  an  infant,  all  rejoice,  dance,  and  carouse,  the  parents 
also  taking  part,  presumably  on  the  belief  that  it  has  joined  the  choir  of 
angels  in  heaven.  If  the  child  is  a  male  one,  they  paint  whiskers  and  a 
mustache  on  its  face  to  make  it  resemble  that  of  Jesus,  and  call  it  a  jesusito. 


■'  f 


I 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

THF  PEOPLE  OF  HONDURAS  AND  GUATEMALA. 

1800-1887. 

Amalgamation  in  Honduras — Possible  War  of  Races — Xicaques  and 
Payas — Zambos  or  Mosquitos— Pure  and  Black  Cakibs — Dlstinihisii- 
iN(i  Traits— Ladinos — Their  Mode  ok  Life — (Juatemala  and  her  Peo- 
ple— Different  Classes — Their  Vocations — Improved  Condition  ok 
the  Lower  Classes — Mestizos — Pure  Lvdians — Lacandones — Whitk 
AND  Upper  Class— Manners  AND  Customs — Prbvailinq  Diseases— Epi- 
demics— Provision  for  the  Indigent. 

In  Honduras,  the  amalgamation  of  races  has  almost 
obliterated  the  line  distinguishing  whites  from  blacks. 
The  mixture  of  white,  negro,  and  Indian  has  brought 
about  a  population  ranging  in  hue  from  chocolate  to 
cream  color.  Now  and  then  a  pure  white  descendant 
of  the  old  aristocratic  families  may  be  seen ;  but  such 
instances  are  quite  rare,  as  few  families  have  esca[)cd 
the  amalgamation. 

A  war  of  races  is  among  the  possibilities.  In 
former  times  some  families  were  wont  to  enlist  blacks 
and  Indians  in  the  deadly  feuds  of  the  country;  now 
they  stand  in  dread  of  elements  which  will  overshadow 
or  exterminate  them,  unless  a  timely  influx  of  whites 
from  the  United  States  and  Europe  shall  counter-bal- 
ance the  ever-increasing  preponderence  of  the  black 
I'ace.*  However,  there  are  a  number  of  respectable 
negro  families,  some  of  whose  members  have  occupied 
high  positions  in  the  government. 

'  A  large  number  of  the  priests  are  blacks,  and  they  regard  with  ill-con- 
cealed jealousy  the  advance  of  Americana  in  Cent.  Am.  Every  ineaaurc  of 
the  liberals  to  promote  ioreigr.  immigration  meets  with  opposition  on  the  part 
of  the  black  priests. 

(608 


T 

hei-( 

is  d 

wJiij 

stati 

and 

accc] 

tlio 

l.MOUl 

life, 

race, 

Th 

the   V 

one  t 

( 'aribi 

I  >  Jack 

••flatc 

to  the 

w  itii  o 

of'tliei 

hcloli-r 
It'llKu'jl 

TJ,e 
inhabit 
Tlio  pr 

< '^plain 

''Wclliii! 

oil  Ode 
('■•I  ribs, 
<histri()i, 


WIIITK,  KKD,  AND   BI^\CK. 


W}1) 


The  Indiuii  or  aboriginal  element  predominates 
liere  as  in  all  Central  America.  In  some  districts  it 
is  ditticult  to  say  whose  liahits  of  life  prevail,  the 
white  or  the  Indian.  In  the  eastern  portion  of  tiie 
state,"  the  })opulation  is  almost  entirely  of  Xicaques 
and  Payas,  portions  of  whicli  native  tribes  have 
accepted  the  catholic  rt>lii>ion  and  live  at  ])cace  with 
the  wliite  inhabitants;  the  rest,  livimjj  among  tlie 
i!!(>untains,  conform  more  to  their  original  nuxle  of 
life,  but  maintain  friendly  relations  with  the  white 
race. 

The  coast  around  Carataska  Lagoon,  and  as  far  to 
the  westward  as  Brewer  or  Brus  Lagoon,  was  at 
(»nc  time  occu[)ied  by  zaml)os,  or  Moscpiitos,  but  tlie 
(aribs  spreatling  rapidly  eastward  IVom  Trujillo  and 
l)lack  lliver  have  displaced  tliem.  The  zambos  have 
<if  late  years  lost  their  former  activity,  and  surrendered 
to  the  besetting  vice  of  drunkenness,  which,  togt^ther 
with  other  causers,  is  hastening  their  extinction.  Most 
(if  them  liaving  been  driven  by  the  (  'aribs  into  territory 
lu'longing  to  Nicaragua,  the  pro[)oi'tion  of  them  still 
iciiiaining  in  Honduras  must  be  small. 

The  ('aribs  are  the  <lescendants  of  the  original 
inhabitants  of  the  leeward  island  of  Saint  Vincent.' 
The  presence  of  negro  blood  among  the  Caribs  is 
t\l»lained  by  the  foundering,  when  they  were  still 
(Iwfirmg  in  Saint  A'incent,  of  an  African  slaves  ship, 
(111  one  of  the  small  islands  of  the  vicinity/  The 
( '.nibs,  both  the  pure  and  the  black,  are  active,  in- 
(histrious,  and  ])rovident,  and  far  more  civilized  than 


'^i 


iiii 


■'M 


;i     :,.' 


I      I 


3 


■'Lying  betwuuii  the  Rio  llomaii  and  fajio  iir  Soi^ovia  Uiver,  an  area  (if 
sdiiu'  I."), (MM)  s(Hiai'o  mill's. 

■''I'iioir  ancestors  had  favoreil  the  Freneli  in  tlu^  si|iialililts  ■witli  iMij^land, 
nwd  in  ITDti  were,  l)y  order  of  tlie  Hritisli  government,  transported  en  masse, 
to  the  numliitr  of  ahout  r»,(MM),  aiul  at  heavy  expense,  to  the  then  deserted 
island  of  J\o,itan,  in  the  hay  of  Honduras.  Tliey  were  siihsiM|uently  i-  vited 
liy  the  Spanish  authorities  to  the  mainland;  and  aided  to  found  sett,  .ueiits 
111  ii'  till'  port  of  Trujillo.  Since  tlien  they  have  raj)idly  increased,  extending 
thriiisi'lves  both  to  the  ea.stwaril  and  westward  of  that  port.  Si/iiifi-'.'i  ('int. 

An,..  'J.'Ci. 

'Tlie  Mack  Caribs  arc  representcl  a.s  tall  and  stout,  and  more  mercurial 
ami  vehement  tlian  the  pure  Caribs;  the  latter  are  shorter,  but  powerfully 
built. 

IIisT.  Cent.  Am.,  Vol.  HI.    39 


!41 


mQ 


HONDURAS  AND  GUATEMALA. 


tho  zanib./8,  living  in  vvcll-constructctl  huts,  wliicli 
arc  kept  clean  and  comfortable.  They  still  retain 
their  original  lanijfuai^e,  thouiih  most  of  them  can  si)eak 
Spanish  and  a  little  of  English.  While  profe.ssiiin- 
to  be  catholics,  they  retain  many  of  their  old  rites  and 
superstitions.  Being  a  good,  frugal,  intelligent,  and 
useful  laboring  ])opulation,  nmch  aid  may  be  expected 
from  tlusm  in  the  future  development  <)f  the  country. 

In  Comayagua  and  Chotuteca  there  are  several 
towns  wludly  occupied  by  Indians,  who  retain  their 
ancient  language  and  many  of  their  primitive  customs. 
They  arc  industrious,  })rovident,  and  peaceabh;;  but 
if  left  to  their  own  unaided  eflbrts,  will  never  bring 
about  the  development  of  the  country ;  but  with  the 
introduction  of  an  intelligent  and  enterprising  people 
their  good  (jualities  could  be  rendered  useful. 

Among  the  ladino  class  the  men  arc  all  }H»lite;  the 
educatetl  are  well-bred;  and  even  in  the  lowest  walks 
of  life  courtly  language  and  manners  ])revail.'' 

The  women  of  the  hi-'her  class  are  rather  tall,  but 
straight;  their  every  movement  is  elegant  and  modest. 
The  brunettes  witli  raven  hair  prevail  as  to  nunil)ers' 
yet  a  fair  compl(;.\ion,  witli  light  haii',  blue  eyes,  and 
ruddy  cheeks  is  found,  particularly  in  the  highlantls. 
l*retty  hands  and  arms  ai'e  connnou.  The  wonu'ii  of 
the  lower  classes  are  generous  and  kind-hearted,  hos- 
pitable, gentle,  frank,  and  paticuit.  lJ])on  them  fjills 
a  large  share  of  the  work  done,"  This  does  not,  of 
course,  apply  to  wonu^n  of  wealthy  families,  but  the 
fact  stands  that  the  women  of  the  lower  orders  arc 
mere  slaves,  albeit  they  ai)[)ear  cheerful  and  hiijipy. 
The  practice  of  men  aiul  women  living  together  with- 
out being  married  prevails  here,  as  elsewhere  in  Cen- 
tral America,  chiefly  among  the  hnver  order." 

•'Leaving  out  the  digiiilictl  ami  courteous  niumbers  of  the  old  and  vlmUIiv 
faiuilies,  tlio  people  sliowii  strange  mixture  of  jiolitcMiess,  simplicity,  slin'Mil- 
ness,  and  ell'roiiti'iy,  and  aliove  all,  an  iudeseiihaldy  passive  iiiditi'erenie  of 
countenance.    Wells'  J/oiii!.,  2012 -li. 

"It  lias  been  said  of  tiie  Cent.  Am.  woman,  '  she  nursed,  macic  tortilI;is, 
and  died.'  /</.,  21.5. 

'The  women  of   thia  claas  lead  a  degraded  life.     If  the  man  has  Luge 


} 

yon 

|)Iai 

a  g 

sooi 

l»egi 

tJie 

D 

the  J 

say  t 

The 

the  c. 

.-5 

'loon. 

like  i 

the  V, 

iieat  <j 

'•iiid  i) 

-V    l>e( 

form  : 

the  Ih) 

wonu'i 

lire; 

wealtJi 

•sedate, 

hoveivii 

ti'ess  o 

J'oor, 

'Hid  t]u 

imvins,  I,i.s 
'--N^otwi 

lIll'TUst    til 
"ll'lUol-.      /( 

.  "'Sittin 
"itigiie  of  i( 
^  '"JSroaki 
■"•tiUas,  CO 
a.los.  XI,, 
''■'11 -cooked 

"'■  'llood  J)„ 

^""1   clieese, 
"I'd  coffee. 
!'"■  country 
'%'<JU,  or  ran 


IKDMESTIC  AFFAIRS. 


Oil 


Women  of  tliu  liighcr  class  aro  tau<;]it  Imt  little  be- 
yond readin<^,  writing,  and  a  fi-w  rules  of  aritlunetie, 
playinj^'  on  the  guitar  or  i)iano,  dancing,  and  presenting 
a  good  appearance  in  society.  This  done,  they  are 
soon  taken  to  the  altar,  and  their  niatroidy  duties 
begin.  A  few  young  women,  however,  are  sent  to 
the  United  States  for  an  education.** 

Dwellings  in  Honduras  are  mostly  of  one  story; 
the  Ht)n(lurenos,  not  having  the  excuse  of  earth (juakcSy 
say  that  it  was  the  mode  established  by  their  ancestors. 
The  sala,  or  parloi-,  is  the  room  where  the  family  pass 
the  greater  i)artof  the  dav,  doini-'  nothing  in  the  fore- 
noon."  The  construction  of  the  house  is  verv  nnicli 
Hko  that  described  for  Nicaragua.  The  residences  ot 
the  wealtlTu'r  classes  arc  cleanly  and  cool,  and  have 
neat  gardens  in  the  rear,  adorned  with  beautiful  tlowtis 
and  l)irds  in  cages.  There  is  no  excess  of  furniture, 
A  bedstead,  one  or  two  chairs,  and  a  clothes-press 
form  the  ordinary  furnishing  of  a  bedioom.  jiut  in 
the  houses  of  the  wealthier  lamilies,  and  where  severnl 
women  reside,  the  rooms  arc  more  generously  supj)lit'(l. 

J^reakfast  and  dinner  are  substantial  meals  with  the 
wealthy.^^  The  manners  obs(!rved  at  table  are  very 
sedate,  and  always  courteous.  AVhen  wine  or  other 
beverage  is  drank,  the;  health  of  the  master  and  mis- 
tress of  the  house  is  ph'dged  with  tht;  hrst  glass.  The 
poor,  especially  in  eastern  i  Londuvas,  are  badly  i'ed, 
and  though  generally  lleshy  and  well  formed,  art;  not 

iiKvans,  hi8  mistress  ]ias  iiKiuials  under  lur;  if  not,  slir  is  niaiil  nt'  all  work. 
/j"^.s'  Ciftit.  Am.,  11."). 

"Notwitli.staiulinL'  this  lack  of  ciliicati(>n,  (.'cut.  Aiu.  wouk.'U  ucver  fail  to 
iiitrrcst  till!  traveller  by  tint  peculiar  Lrentleuess  and  dignify  <if  their  de- 
Muauor.     \V(IW  lloiiil.,  'I'll-H. 

'•*  'Sitting  at  the  wiudow  in  tho  afteriioiiu  and  evening  to  recover  fi-oiu  tlio 
latiuuc  of  it.'  /'/.,  ]'.I5. 

'"  Breakfast  lull  of  fare:  boiled  rice  ancl  lieaus,  salads,  bread,  butter,  elietso, 
tiii'tillas,  coll'ee  and  uiilk,  fruit.  l)iinier:  sonj),  beef,  sala<l,  a  vjiriety  of  vege- 
tidiles.  There  are  other  ilishos,  sucli  as  ollas  fried  with  ;j;arlie,  jiicca<lillo  of 
liah'oookcd  lights,  oil,  rice,  and  plantains,  baked  slices  of  liver,  salciiielias 
or  hldod  puddings  with  ]ileuty  of  garlic,  cataniales  Idled  with  bits  of  fat  meat 
:iiiil  cheese,  lioiled  meat,  broth,  etc.;  the  repast  conclmle.s  with  sweetnieata 
ami  cofl'cc.  Wines  anil  liipiors  aro  generally  of  poor  ([uality.  The  rum  of 
the  country  is  the  most  harmless.  Cooking  is  generally  done  on  an  adobe 
logon,  or  range,  in  a  small  building  behind  the  dwelling-house.  IiL,  192-4. 


!-,i 
,;i.j- 


M 


1   A 

l,ll  i 

% 

ii 

-'i 

iwilM 

LkJ4 

m^^K 

CI '2 


HONDURAS  AND  GUATEMALA. 


constitutionally  .stronyf.  lu  the  cattle  districts  of 
Olancho  they  fare  better,  gettinjjf  all  the  beef  they 
need.  Yet  even  the  former  make  patient  and  cii- 
durlni,'  soldiers,  capable  of  travelling  twenty  leagues 
a  day  through  the  mountains." 

The  upper  classes  adopt  American  and  European 
fashions,  and  costly  articles  of  wearing  ai)parel  urc  in 
ileniand.  Women,  as  a  rule,  wear  white  dresses  tlie 
year  round,  or  those  of  a  light  pink  or  blue  gauzy 
sturt".  At  parties  or  balls  the  dress  is  usually  wliite 
and  very  liglit.  Little  jewelry  is  worn.  In  the  street 
a  woman  always  wears  a  mantilla  or  a  shawl  covering 
her  head.  The  hair  is  oftener  worn  jilaited,  and  put 
U]>  behind  the  head.  Ringlets  are  seldom  mhii. 
Women  are  rarel}'  seen  out  except  in  the  morning 
iind  toward  sunset. 

Mvn  of  means  travel  on  fast  nudes  worth  at  least 
,$ir)0(>ach;  tlie  trappings  being  slher  nu)unted,  and 
solium  of  tlie  bridles  and  head-stalls  adorned  with  pLitcs 
of  virgin  silver.  The  Jlondurans  aie  fine  riiKis. 
!Maiiy  of  the  I'emaU's  are  graceful  and  fearless  horsr- 
wonien.  Tlie  habit  of  riding  on  the  right  side  pir- 
vails.  Sometimes  tlie  bottom  of  the  rider's  dress  is 
loaded  with  small  silver  coins  fastened  througli  Iiolts 
in  the  skirt.'' 

.Ml  classes  of  the  peo[)le,  from  the  clergy  down  - 
or  uji  -iiuhilge  in  bull  and  cock  lights,  lioi-se-iaciiiL;, 
dancing,  aiul  the  excitements  of  the  monte-tablc,  ;ill 
of  which  amusements  geiierallv  follow  the  services  of 
tlu'  church  on  great  civic  or  religious  festivitit  s.'' 
(Gambling  is  (piit(.>  general,  and  tliousands  have  been 
ruined  by  this  vice;  liowever,  there  is  less  of  it  lien' 
than  in  other  i)arts  of  Central  America.     Beu'L'inL;  !>; 

"Tlio  couriers,  wearing  Inatherii  ciiites,  travel  that  distance  every  day, 
aX  a  fiait  between  a  fatst  walk  ami  a  run. 

'-(Hoves  fringed  iirouiid  the  eiitl's  with  silver,  and  a  snuall  riding-wliip, 
coniiilete  the  attire.  To  ride  and  daneo  well  arc  parts  of  the  (-entral  Ann  li- 
can's  I'ducatio.i.   hi.,  'JOl,  L''_'7. 

''  Religious  feasts  are  eonnnon,  and  the  i)oo|ile  sconi  to  lie  close  oliser\ ants 
of  the  eereinonies,  and  yet  cannot  be  said  to  be  as  nuich  priest-ridden  as  otlur 
Central  Americans. 


CASTES  AND  C'LtVSSKS. 


013 


a  prevalent  jiractice  tlirougliout  tlu  countrv,  and  vari- 
ous devices  are  ijsorted  t<>  l>y  tiie  halt,  maimed,  blind, 
and  others  to  ohtain  alms.'*  (Jood  domestie  servants 
are  not  easily  procured  in  J[ondura.>-;  tiiey  are  gen- 
erally mulattoes  of  poor  int(>]li_i^ence,  and  exceedingly 
indolent.''' 

The  po})ulation  of  Guatemala  is  set  down  at  about 
7:)0,000  Lulians,  4;50,000  ladinos  or  mestizos,  10,000 
|»ersons  white  or  nearly  so,  8,000  negroi-s  or  colored, 
iind  2,000  foreigners.'"  The  white  nun  are  mostly 
owners  of  estates,  and  several  of  them  belong  to  the 
Irarned  professions;  >thers  are  engaged  in  trade,  or 
kt'c})  shops.'"  The  niesti/os  are  mechanics,  retail 
shop-k(.'epers,  or  servants.  The  Indians  are  the  cul- 
tivators of  the  soil,  and  generally  speaking,  the  agri- 
cultural laborers,  ^lany  mestizos,  and  not  a  few 
pure  Indians,  howevi'r,  belong  to  the  learned  profes- 
>ions,  and  for  that  rt'ason  iivc  counted  amonu"  the 
'i'entr ',  though  not  among  the  so-called  nobles,  su])- 
po^rci  to  be  descendants  of  the  S[)aniards  who  in 
colonial  times  held  j)()sitions  under  the  government,  or 
were  connecti'd  witli  them. 

Until  the  liberal  reginu;  became  established  in  187  I, 
a  regime  which  did  away  with  the  privilegi'S  of  class, 
tliere  were  two  castes  in  the  country;  namelv,  the 
laboring  and  producing  class,  and  the  governing  one 
wliich  was  whollv  made  ui)  of  consumers.  IJetwei'ii 
the  two  classes  custom  and  the  rulers  had  built  up  a 
Chinese  wall,  an  almost  im})assable  barrier.  That 
distinction  has  been  rapidly  «.lisap[)earing  under  the 
intluence  of  liberal  laws. 

The  Guatemalans  of  the  educated  class  are  noted 
for  their  kindly  disposition,  sim[>licity  of  manners,  aiuJ 

'*  Kvoii  luauacU'd  i>risoucrs  an!  iiiTiiiittoil,  uiuUt  giianl,  ta  lioy  for  inonoy 
to  rt'liuvo  their  cimdition. 

'■'(rCHKl  colored  servants  brought  in  from  abroad  soon  fall  iiitf>  tlio  indolent 
li;diita  of  the  blaeka  surrouudiug  tliein.  The  stranger  then  tiuda  tliat  his 
man  'Bob  Long  has  become  Don  Roberto  Lt)ngorio. ' 

"'An  oHicial  document  sets  the  whole  iioimlation  on  the  1st  of  Jan.,  1880, 
at  l,3'2'2,r)44  souls.  Oiiat.,  M>'in.  Sec.  Fonienio,  1S8(),  annex  no.  I. 

'"Among  those  traders  are  a  number  of  European  Spaniards,  who  are 
every  year  joined  by  some  of  their  relations  from  the  old  country. 


i  M 


614 


HONDURAS  AND  GUATEMALA. 


high  sense  of  justice.  Both  s^xcs  arc  amiable,  cour- 
teous, and  attentive  to  strangers.^**  Notwithstanding 
tlieir  good  intellectual  powers,  owing  to  the  eftects  of 
climate,  habit,  educational  and  religious  training,  bad 
government,  and  perha[)s  tlie  combination  of  tluxst; 
causes,  they  have  been  inclined  to  indolence,  and  have 
lacked  m  vigor  of  thouglit,  energy,  and  enterprise; 
punctuality  could  not  be  counted  among  their  good 
trait. ,  but  a  most  confirmed  religious  bigotry  ])revailcd 
for  vears  amonu;  all  chisses.'"  An  enlii>htened  ])ublic 
o]iinion,  in  botli  government  and  religious  matters, 
has  been,  however,  growing  from  tlie  time  that  tlic 
detestable  old  system  was  overthrown,  it  is  honed 
forever. 

Tlie  youth  of  Guatemala  are  made  conversant  with 
the  eti(|uette  of  society.  The  higlier  class  are  ({uiot, 
reticent,  grave,  and  seemingly  impassible,  but  as  ;i 
rule  make  good  husbands,  fatliers,  and  )ieigh))ors. 
They  are  studiously  polite  and  punctilious,  expecting 
a  full  return  from  otlu'i's,  Tlie  women  are  more  frei-, 
i'(n])vcssive,  and  im[)ressible  tJian  the  other  sex,  gracious 
in  speech,  unaffected  and  winning  They  also  rank 
higli  for  morality.'""  ]\[any  of  them  are  blondes ;  many 
have  a  white  skin,  with  dark  ej-es  and  hair."' 

Tlie  mestizos,  wlio  are  tlie  issue  of  white  lathers 
and  Indian  mothers,  and  of  the  promiscuous  inter- 
course,"" habitually  seek  the  towns.      They  are,  as  a 

'"^Of  iiiild  disposition,  uood  iiatiual  taknts,  aptitude  for  Icjaniiiig,  ami 
livt'lv  iiiiagiuation.     Hospitality  is  oiio  of  tlioir  virtues.  Monfijonicii/'n  2>'"!i\, 

'"  lielly,  who  wvoto  hcforu  the  upsetting  of  the  old  conservative  re-iiin' . 
says:  '  Uu  population  (pic  son  beau  cliniat  solHoite  i'l  riuertie,  et  (p;i  soit  a 
pi'iiio  do  la  iilus  al)oniiiial)ki  edueaLioii  religieuse  et  uiorale  (pie  jamais  iiii 
penple  ait  s\il)ie.'  .1  tnir.  iWnu'r.  dii/.,  i.  l.")H-4.  Laferricre  visited  tlu' 
country  some  years  later,  and  fully  eoiilirnii;  the  ahove.  De  I'arLi  a  (ftuiti  in., 

'-'"  'Those  of  the  l)ctter  class  vill  compare  well  with  any  i)eople  for  {,'i""l 
morals,  discreet  conduct,  and  a<lniirahle  hehavior. '  Miii.  Jliul.ioii'ti  lii'iit,  in 
U.  S.  (.'or.  Dm.,  Jl.  K.\.  Do'j.,  C'onir.  4:{,  Scss.  1,  i.  44(). 

'■"  Most  of  the  Women  smoke,  tiic  elder  ones  cigars,  and  the  youug  ciu:!- 
rettes.  They  do  it,  however,  in  a  prccty  and\refiued  manner.  Stqili' "^' 
Tmo.  Crii/.  Am.,  i.  'JoG. 

'■''^  'A  natural  roving  appetite  inclinen  them  to  favor  and  to  freely  in<liilL'i 
such  intercourse.'  Mhi.  lludxons  Ih'jif,  u\  U.  S.  Goi\  Hoc,  H.  Ex.  1>("', 
Cong.  43,  Seas.  I,  i.  445. 


-,.*'» 


PHYSlyUE  AND   DWELLINGS. 


(■)13 


class,  much  the  superior  intellectually  of  the  pure 
Indian,  better  educated,  and  less  superstitious,  as  well 
as  less  loyal  to  church  and  government,  and  too  often 
wicked,  treacherous,  and  dissolute.  W  hen  not  injured 
by  early  excesses  the  mestizos  are  finely  built.  The 
younger  and  uncorrupted  females  are  distinguished  by 
the  voluptuous  swell  of  their  busts,  fine  lithe  forms, 
erect  and  graceful  carriage.  They  walk  with  an 
elastic  footstep  and  in'mitable  grace  and  freedouL 

The  Indiar,!'.  mostly  tlwell  by  themselv<!S  in  villages, 
many  on  the  estates  eif  planters,  and  a  few  in  thecitif^s 
and  towns.""'  They  are  supposed  to  be  intensely 
catholic,  but  they  mix  -n  with  their  Christianity  many 
lieathen  rites;  and  being  partially  educated  by  the 
clergy,  nearly  all  understand  and  can  s[>eak  the 
Spanish  language.  Av'hen  not  corrupted  by  military 
service  the  aboriginal  is  industrious,  mild,  and  tem- 
})erate.  Those  wlio  dwell  apart  in  their  villagi^s  raise 
most  of  the  fruits  and  produce  marketed,  and  make 
most  of  the  domestic  articles  sold  in  slio[)s.  Nearly 
all,  and  particularly  those  of  the  departments  of  Los 
Altos,  have  a  fine  })hysical  development. 

The  race  has  been  from  the  time  of  the  coiupiest 
oppressed  and  kejit  in  a  state  of  barbarous  ignorance 
and  superstition.  The  reginu;,  establislu'd  since  1S7  I, 
energetically  enibrced  by  the  late  J^resideiit  l^arrios, 
has  done  much  to  bring  about  a  change  for  the  bettei.  "* 

The  Lacandones  have  been  sj)ecially  spoken  of  by 
several  authors  who  have  written  on  ( Juatemala.  The 
Spaniards,  after  attempting  in  the  lattei-  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century  to  pacify  the  warlike  Indian  prov- 

-'  >]vcry  Iiiil.  village  lias  it.s  own  aiithoritios,  most  of  whom  an;  clioscii 
from  anion^'  tlio  iiiluibitaiit.s. 

'^' The  olil  system  attempted  to  improve  their  eoiitlitiou  l>y  eiiaetiiit;  laws 
liolieveil  to  lie  comlneive  to  that  end.  Witness  elauses  of  a  lU'cree  of  the  con- 
stituent assemlily  of  Nov.  8,  IS,")!,  giving  force  to  certain  laws  of  l,s;i'.(,  and 
reviving  others  of  the  old  Spanish  Kecop.  dc  Indios,  wlueh  wei'c  intemh'd  to 
jirevent  tlic  maltreatment  of  Indians.  Ir'naf.,  J/iruji.  /.>t/.,  i.  L*4t>,  ")!•_'  I."),  84(1- 
;").'(.  On  the  Cth  of  Sept.,  1S7!>,  a  decree  was  passed,  acknowledging  the 
lamentable  condition  of  ignorance  and  ahjectedness  the  Inilian  had  heen  kept 
in,  and  providing  thutat  lea-st  aportion  of  tiiem  should  attend  tlie  puli.  Hchools 
droady  cstablialied  in  nearly  all  the  departments.  aS(iIi).,  Diario  OJic,  Sept. 
It),  1879. 


m 


\n\ 


UM 


6IC 


HONDURAS  AND  GUATEMALA. 


inces,  including  the  Lacandon  region,  resolved  upon 
forcibly  removing  the  Indian  towns.  The  Indians  of 
the  town  of  Dolores  were  generally  quiet,  but  as  an  ex- 
pensive j(arrison  would  be  required  to  make  sure  of 
their  continuing  at  peace,  the  inhabitants  were  removed 
first  to  Aquespala,  next  for  some  unknown  reason  to 
San  Ramon,  and  finally  to  Santa  Catarina  de  Ret.il- 
huleu."^  These  changes  caused  nmch  sufl:ering ;  a  large 
number  died,  others  became  scattered,  but  most  of 
them  returned  to  their  native  mountains.'"'"  The  gov- 
ermnent  of  Guatemala  tried  in  18;M  and  18o7tobrinu- 
the  J^acandones  under  its  autliority,  but  all  its  ettbris 
failed,  and  they  Iiave  since  retained  their  indepen- 
dence, thoMgli  seemingly  they  have  abandoned  their 
old  predatory  liabits,  contenting  themselves  with  pre- 
serving their  isolation."' 

The  above  remarks  refer  to  the  western  Lacandones, 
who  live  on  or  near  the  Fusion  liiver,  and  its  tribu- 
taries. The  eastern  l^aeandones  are  a  harmless  tril»t! 
wlio  hold  no  relations  witli  and  fear  the  others.""* 

1'lie  dwellinu,s  of  the  citizens  of  Guatemala  are  fjon- 
orally  of  only  one  story,  but  th.e  capital  and  other 
cities  j)resent  fine  houses  of  two  stories;  as  a  rule  th(> 
houses  are  commodious,  and  abundantly  su})iiled  with 
water.  Those  of  the  wealthy  are  elegantly  furnished, 
and  the  rest  toK'rablv  well  i)rovidjd,  the  iioors  beinsj- 
covered  with  mattings.     The  haltitations  of  the  poor 


I 


I' 


"•'Tlie  (lorinau  Avritera  Sclii'i-zer  at'il  Von  'I't'iiijiski,  and  the  Aincriiaii 
Sti'iiluMis,  li;ivo  (HCiijiicil  tlii'iiistrlvos  with  tlioso  jx'oph'.  Acconliiii,'  to  thi'iii 
the  iiihahitiiutM  live  iaolatcil,  ainl  I'duler  no  service  to  (iuat.  Tliey  iinutix' 
a  n'liyioii  vhieh  is  !i  mixture  of  eatholic  and  lu.itheii  rites.  The  only  liutiims 
allowed  to  live  willi  them  are  tlu^  jm  iest  ami  his  attendants. 

'-''The  towns  eonquered  hy  ihe  Spanianls  did  not  contain  all  the  Laeaii- 
dones.  Aeeordiiig  to  I'inelo,  thi;  Laeandones  and  .Manches  \V4!ro  comimteil,  in 
ni;57,  at  l(M),(X)l).  Tiiis  was  subsequent  to  the  invasion  (if  their  territory  l>y 
Quinones.  i'iquier,  ('<iit.  Am.,  ri()8-7-',  j;ivos  much  inl'oi'ination  on  the  sidijecl. 

'"''  Nowuiul  .'.hen  a  few  of  then  vi.sit  the  Mexican  ;.t.atesof  Chiapas,  Taiia.scu. 
and  Campeche  to  procure  till lacco  and  other  tliin;,'s,  and  suddenly  disapin'ar 
liy  uukuowii  paths,  and  never  allov.  strangers  to  visit  them. 

■•''' The  eastern  Laeaii'ieuea  are  tillera  of  the  soil,  hunters,  and  lishernicii. 
Though  occasionally  ]>aptized  liy  catholic  ndssionaries,  and  fond  of  saying 
jirayers,  they  still  adhere  to  their  old  heathen  worshi[i,  and  indulge  in  polvj,'- 
ainy.  They  visit  the  whites  and  settlctl  Indians  to  sell  their  proiluce.  Jl  r- 
eiult's  Erplor,  in  Vent.  Am.,  ia  Smithmidan  J'ljit,  1S{;7,  4'J.l. 


"•'g"ii8,  and 


DRESS  AND  FOOD. 


617 


and  Indians  are  mere  thatched  huts  and  altogether 
comfortless. 

The  upper  or  educated  class  follow  in  their  dress 
rho  fashions  of  Europe  and  the  United  States.  The 
>vomen,  however,  wear  a  mantilla  or  shawl  and  veil 
when  going  to  cliurch,  and  appear  without  any  cover- 
ing of  the  head  when  walking  out  t)r  on  a  visit.  They 
like  to  «dorn  their  hair  with  Howcrs.""  The  men  are 
ratlicr  juodewt  in  their  apparel,  and  only  when  equipped 
for  travelling  do  they  exhibit  st)me  ostentation.  At 
such  times,  their  weapons,  the  trappings  of  their  horses 
or  mule!-,  and  other  ornaments  are  expensive,  pntvided 
their  means  will  allow  the  indulgence. 

The  following  was  the  dress  worn  in  the  first  (|uar- 
ter  of  the  pri'sent  century  by  the  women  of  the  lower 
order,  not  included  in  the  wealthy  class.  Short  red 
l»etticouts,  with  deep  plain  white  tlnunci's  round  the 
b;)ttom,  gathered  up  in  very  thick  ])laits  ovi'r  tlurir 
hips  witli  a  white  border;  thence  upwards,  they  liad 
only  a  chemise  to  cover  them."'"  The  hair  in  front 
was  in  the  madonna  form,  anil  the  hinder  ])art,  being 
ol"  great  length,  was  divided  into  tightly  plaited  cords, 
wliieh  were  twisted  round  the  heatl  in  various  devices. 
V  pink  satin  slu)e,  without  stockings,  completed  tlu^ 
costume.  Most  of  the  Guatemala  damsels  of  tlu^  lower 
ihisses  dressed  in  that  style,  exci'ptino-  that  more  fre- 
i[ucntly  they  went  without  shoes,  this  lu'ing  specially 
noted  in  the  servant  class.'"  Some  changes  have  oc- 
curred since  then,  and  a  consitIeral»le  number  of  tlie 
litwcr  order  have  adopted  the  custom  of  dressing  like 
tlie  wealthy,  but  as  a  rule  a  marked  ditl'erence  exists 
hctwei'U  the  two  classes. 

^[en  of  the  mechanic  class  geiierally  dress  like  the 

-' l'"iiio  ami  costly  tortoise-shell  oonilis  Men'  at  oiio  tiiiio  much  used. 
Wdiiu'ii  \vi!iir  hats  only  when  riiliiijf  on  luirsi'haik,  Thi^  (luat.  fcMiialf  is  fdiul 
III  Liiibroidurud  articlos,  costly  fans,  ritli  ji'"i'lry,  ami  cviTy  otiior  liin  ry. 
Till  ro  are  other  woiuuu  in  the  world  liko  thi'ii 

■'''  It  heiug  atiirched  iuto  stitl'  folds,  it  suinilit'il  iii  «omo  iiii.'asure  the  jilaoe 
•if  a  jacket. 

"  Wealthy  women  objected  to  their  female  servants  wearing  othir  than 
ii:igiias,  and  would  have  none  that  w  ore  slmis. 


t  K 


618 


HONDURAS  AND  <r}UATEiVlALA. 


upper  class;  the  laborers  rarely  have  more  than  a  shirt 
aid  trousers;  ami  occasionally  a  round  jacket.  Many 
go  baretbotcd  or  wear  the  caite.  A  common  palm  or 
straw  hat  covers  the  head.  The  village  or  agricul- 
tural Indians  go  scantily  clad.  The  best  wear  of  a 
male  consists  of"  a  straw  hat,  a  short-sleeved  shirt,  short 
breeches,  and  caites.  Thu  females  rarely  sport  mori! 
than  a  loose  waistcoat,  and  a  slK)rt  petticoat,  or  ji 
cloth  wrapped  round  the  waist,  reaching  a  little  below 
tlie  knees.      Children  of  both  sexes  run  nudo. 

The  food  of  the  (luatemalans  is  about  the  same  as 
that  of  other  Central  Americans  of  their  respective 
classes.  Travellers  will  ihul  mesones  to  }»rovide  shel- 
ter and  refreshments  lor  man  and  beast  at  certain 
distances  on  their  jtmrney.'"  At  places  where  no  inns 
exist,  the  traveller  will  l)e  acconnnodated  by  the 
priest,  or  Ijy  the  alcalde  in  the  town  hall. 

The  (Guatemalans,  like  all  CVuitral  Americans,  are 
fond  of  bull  and  cock  fighting,^''  as  well  as  of  games  of 
cliance;,  whicli  are  indulged  in  with  givat  iVecpienty. '' 
The  government  endeavors  to  provide  anmsements  nf 
a  more  intellectual  and  refined  charact'!r.  It  built  a 
fine  th(!atre  in  the  capital,  and  from  tim  )  to  time  sub- 
sidizes musical  and  dramatic  troupes.'"' 

Begging  is  common.  The  sight  of  a  crinvd  of  beg- 
gars in  rags,  many  of  them  exhibiting  their  sores,  is 
very  re})ulsive.  Those  beggars  are  su])i)orted  by  juih- 
lic  charity  and  are  rarelv  sent  away  without  relief.'" 


T 

l)een 

hurr 

j)rop( 

destr 

dejni( 

are  n 

ing  tJ 

<>ral  o( 

invasi 

m  Cu 

itica,  J 

I^C]) 

Anieii 
some  c 
P<'rson> 
Amt;ri( 
sonu!  p 

social  e 
Tliat 

■••nd  vVn 

tlie   Ce; 

to  destr  1 


"'•'Such  idaous  are  convenient,  though  not  agrceiihlc,  owinj,'  to  the  vaiic  ty 
t'lnil  aliiiiidaiico  of  (loas,  jigjfcrs,  i  tc.  LiiJ'crriirc,  Jh'  I'arix  a  (lualhn.,  -<i7; 
iSUyliiiis    Triir.  Cciit.  Am.,  i.  1015  81. 

^■'Ju  liull-tiulits  thuy  merely  worry  lual  torture  the  animal,  but  never  kill 
it  in  ]ire.seiice  of  tlie  public. 

"<The  vice  in  not  iirevaleut  aihong  the  IndianH  who  live  apart  in  tluir  vil- 
lages. l>uriiig  the  b.itliing  season  in  Aniatitlan,  for  iii.stance,  tlie  tune  is 
ispent  in  gaml)UnL„  and  intrigues  l);;t:veeu  tlie  .'■exes,  and  among  the  vi^itm-.s 
are  ahv:iys  a,  number  of  veritable  sliarpers.  Tiie  native  generally  bears  liis 
losses  with  hardly  a  sign  of  impatience.  Dttidoiis  Vod.  Am.,  1.5'2-3;  Str)ilii'ii.i 
Trim.  Out.  Am.,  i.  'J()l,  '.".)8-:J01;  Bodilam,   »'.,  Acrotsx  (\-)it.  Am.,  LSI)  8. 

^^Biirrh.'i,  Memnjv.  1871),  HS-O;  Uuat..  Mem.  Sec.  Fomcnto,  1880,  So-O;  lSs;t, 
59-00;  18S4,  40-1;  1885,  44-0. 

'■"> Bates  Cent.  Am.,  etc.,  110 


DISEASES  AND  HOSPITALS. 


619 


The  several  states  of  Central  America  have  often 
been  visited  with  calamities  in  the  form  of  storms  anil 
hurricanes,  freshets,  and  fires,  causinj^  heavy  losses  of 
property,  and  at  times  of  life  also.  IJisease  causes  its 
destruction  as  elsewliere,  and  often  maladies  in  an  e[)i- 
demic  form  have  decimated  the  population.  Fevers 
jire  rare,  except  on  the  ct)asts,  where  they  prevail  dur- 
ini^  the  hottest  months."'''  The  small-pox  lias  on  sev- 
eral occasions  done  havoc  among  the  })oi)ulation.  Tiie 
invasions  of  the  malady  in  1861  in  Costa  Jlica,  18()2 
in  CJuatemala  and  ]fonduras,'"  and  in  188;>  in  Costa 
llica,  have  l>een  si)ecially  recorded  in  tliose  countries.''" 

Lej)rosy  prevailing  in  several  })arts  of  Central 
America,  s[)ecial  hospitals  have  been  established  in 
some  of  the  republics  for  the  reception  and  care  of 
persons  thus  alHicted.^"  Sy})liilis  exists  in  (\;ntral 
Anu^rica,  but  is  not  so  pnixaleiit  as  in  ^Mexico.  In 
some  parts  laws  have  been  enacted  to  regulate  the 
social  e\il." 

That  great  scourge  of  tlie  present  century  in  Europe 
and  America,  Asiatic  clioh^ra,  lias  repeatedly  invacU'd 
tlie  Central  American  states,  carrying  vast  numbers 
to  destruction.      In  1  8;)()  it  desolated  the  largest  cities, 

^'Tlu?  ft'Vcrs  of  till)  ooHiitry  iiro  tlic  iiitcriiiittoiit,  i-cst'iiihliiig  tlio  worst 
I'cirm  of  fuvcr  anil  ii,uii<!  in  tlic  ^^•l^st('l•ll  U.  S. ;  tlic  cali'iitiiiM,  wliirli  in  a  typi) 
cil  till'  same.  It  is  not  coniiiioii  in  tin:  interior,  ami  yioMs  nsually  to  striinL,' 
I  .itiiartics,  followiMl  1)V  tjuiiiini',  \\liiili  physicians  arc  wont  to  ailministir  in 
liiuvy  (loses.  \\'ill.i'  Jliiii'l.,  547  H.  Vcllow  fi'vcr  lircaks  out  witii  niori!  <ir 
1  -s  vinili'iice  sonic  years  at  tlic  jiorts,  particularly  on  the  Atlantic  .side;  it 
has  oucasionally  si)r<!a(l  to  tlie  interior.  DhiriDilc  Mi  r.,  'i.'!!)  4i),  ."id'.l  71;  Anin: 
< '<  III.  Vic  lii'li/i',  ii.  4S-,VJ;  ])i>ttiinii'I.Cn  lnjl.  d/ ('lim.,  'J.VJ;  ('•is/ii  /,'.,  Iiifiiniie 
S.i:  (foljirii.^  IHC>[),  1.");  Mr.,  (Iinlii,  May '.)  to  Ani;.  S,  ISlJS;  hi/rrn'rri;  Do 
I'lirUa  (I'luUi  III.,  41-S,  iind  talih:  444  B.  Measles  ami  scarlet  fever  liavi!  also 
Ml  ule  their  a|i[)earance  cpideniieally,  destroying  many  lives.  Siiti:,  Kl  S''ili>, 
-May  28  to  All.:,'.  14,  IS'll;  /d.,  Dmtio  Oy/V.,  July  ;U,  l>S7r);  ('o.sf,i  /.'.,  Mmi. 
.V(C.  (I'liirri),  I'll'.,  l!S()7,  doe.  D,  .'{I. 

^*Nic.  iidopte<l  timely  pii'cantions  to  escajio  it,  liy  having  the  people  sac- 
ciliated.   Nil-.,  /iiUifiii  Ojii'.,  Aiij^.  '2,  ISIi'J. 

■^'^  {'ik-Iki,  Ci'iil.  A>.,  ii.  1(1.");  Tiw^d  It.,  Mviii.  Miii.  (•'olnrii.,  1852-.S;  A/., 
1SS4,  aniie\  A. 

''Elephantiasis  is  not  common,  Init  occasioii.illy  found  in  the  npland   re- 
j^ioiLS.     Only  one  lejr  is  stricken;  the  .swelling,'  often  reaches  aliove  the  knee. 
Jt  is  considered  ineuralilu  and  fatal.   / 'iWri  A'.,  In/     iic  >V"'.  Jii/iriui;  lNt>4,  '.I 
111;  AVc,  hi/'ornn'  Mia.  dolierii.,  1871,  7;  Umil.,  lircnp.  Li'i).,  (<ol>.  Dvniiic,  ii. 

^^•fourn.  of  a  Toy.,  in  Am.  Nii/i.^/fi;  iii.  147;  Sor.  Mi'.r.  ^^(/;/.,  /W.,  viii. 
5(17;  (W<t  A'".,  Col.  Lvi/.,  x.xiii.  '25'.) -tj:{;  A/.,  .Mnii.  S,,:  (lol„rii.,  1884,  It'.t- UK). 


I     ',  f 


mi 


I  I! 


[.ili 

lillfl'M    1 

Ii 

i|it 

IJii 

■  =  i! 

.  1      '11 

i|i,i  M 

620 


HONDURAS  AND  GUATEMALA. 


and  everywhere  created  the  utmost  consternations- 
It  again  made  its  appearance  in  the  early  part  of  July 
1855.  A  soldier  died  in  Fort  San  Juan.  A  few  days 
later  a  boat-load  of  cholera  patients  came  to  Granada, 
and  forthwith  the  malady  spread  throughout  Nicara- 
gua and  the  rest  of  C(!ntral  America,  its  heart-rending 
effects  not  ceasing  in  Salvador  and  Guatemala  till 
tow^ard  the  latter  part  of  1857.*^  The  disease  broke 
out  again  epidemically  in  Nicaragua  toward  the  end 
of  18G6,  and  continued  its  ravages  there  and  in  Hon- 
duras in  18G7  and  18(18,  and  it  apjx'ars  that  some 
cases  occurred  in  Honduras  even  as  late  as  1871.^* 

The  several  republics  have  provided  hospitals  for 
the  care  of  the  indigent  poor,  as  well  as  other  benevo- 
lent establishments  for  the  comfort  of  orphans  and 
others  needing  public  support.  There  are  also  cliari- 
table  societies  affording  great  relief  to  the  sick  and 
destitute. 

"But  few  cases  appeared  in  Hond.  down  to  1856.  Wells'  ffoivl.,  54!t.  A 
inalaily  presenting  aonio  of  tlie  Hymptonis  of  cliolera  did  considerable  liavdc  in 
Costa  K.  in  1845,  and  it  was  appreliended  that  it  might  degenerate  into  the 
Asiatic  type,  Imt  it  fortunately  did  not.  In  the  same  state  tlie  government, 
to  vard  oil  an  expected  invasion  of  the  disease  on  tlie  J)th  of  J''el).,  ]84'.>,  c.stal)- 
lishe(i  a  strict  (piarantine,  which  was  raised  on  the  9th  of  April.  A'k:,  Jttyis- 
livOjir.,  107;  CoftiiL'.,  Col.  L>jj.,  xi.  14  15,  20. 

"  We  have  seen  hoM'  previou.s  to  ami  lUtring  the  Walker  war  cliolcia  dr- 
stroycd  a  conservative  army  in  Managua,  and  later  one  from  Costa  J{ii;i,  .iml 
how  for  a  long  time  it  hindereil  mililary  nju'rations.  I'cirz,  Mini,  lli-'l.  /in: 
Ale,  140;  Confa  A'.,  Mi-in.  Mill.  ItiL,  LSyii,  D-ll;  S.  F.  f/rnili/,  Sept.  5,  Ks,"),"]; 
III.,  Bidl-liii,  June  IJ,  1S")(5;  lil.,  Alfn,  Oct.  'J,  IS.")?;  El  Tkiiiju),  Aug.  14,  Sept. 
15,  1857;  El  Estitiidiirtv  Sm:,  Se[>t.  15,  1857;  El  Em  Xm:,  Oct.  1,  18.57. 

■•^I'osta  K.  l>y  timely  precautions  escaped  the  intlictit)n.  A'/'c,  (Im:,  Dec. 
22,  18G(i;  March  9  to  Nov.  !),  18(17,  )i;issim;  dan.  25,  18(iS;  Id.,  DirretO'<,  18ii7, 
50;  /(/.,  Mi'iii.  Mill.  Foiiiviilo,  ISC)'.),  7;  Coda  />'.,  Mini.  Sec,  Guvrra,  etc.,  1807, 
i],  doc.  A,  23,  1),  31;  El  I'oneiiir  dc  Mc,  Fel>    IS,  1872. 


I'cBLic  Er 

VHEti- 
LEilK»- 

-Biaj 

OF  Sl'I 

Blimj- 

— Cllir. 
DiOt'K.S 

Thkik 
BA.visir 

MoN.As 

Fkkkdo 


CHAPTER   XXX. 

INTELLECTUAL  ADVANCEMENT. 

1800-1887. 

PcBLic  Education — Early  Ekfokts  at  Dkvelopment — Costa  Rica's  Meas- 
UKEs — Small  Scccfhs — Education  in  Nicauauca — .S'chools  and  Col- 

LEdKS — NiCAUAlil'AN   WuiTEKS — I'UOdKKSS  IN  SaLVADOU   AND  HoNDLKAS 

— Builliant  Uksilis  in  Guatemala— Polytechnic  School— Soiiool.4 
OF  Science,  Auts,  and  Tuadf..<  Institlte  fok  mv.  Deaf,  Dvmii,  and 
Blind — Univeksity^Puiilic  WinrEus  Aiisence  of  Ptitijc  Liiihakies 
— Church  Histohy  in  Central  America  and  Panama — Creation  of 
Dioceses  of  Salvador  and  Costa  JIica— Immokalii y  of  Phiesis — 
TiiEiit  SrituoiiLEs  Foii  Sii'kemacv-  Kkfohts  to  Kkeak  iiieiu  J'ower — 
Banishments  of  Prelates — Expulsion  of  Jesuits — Suitression  of 
Monastic  Orders  —  Sefakation  of  Church  and  State — llELKiiois 
Freedom. 


During  tho  last  years  of  colonial  rulo  the  <ifovern- 
iiieut  dis[)laye(l  some  interest  on  Ix^half  of  public 
education  in  Central  America.  It  was,  however, 
t('liL»ious  rather  tlian  secular,  and  tlu;  consequence  was 
that  libi-ral  ideas  were  not  countenanced.  After  the 
(■stal)lislnncnt  «>f  the  repul)hc,  and  wliile  tlu;  hlu'ral 
system  ])revailetl,  tliis  important  l)ranc]i  was  not  ne- 
i^lected.'  Later,  after  tlie  <liss()luti()ii  of  the  coid'edera- 
tion,  some  of  the  states,  liaving  fallen  un<ler  the  rulo 

'  Tims  were  established  in  Salv.  the  Colcgio  Seiiiinario,  which  suhHcqueutly 
:i-siiiirmI  tile  name  of  Colcgio  y  Univer.siiiad  di'l  Salvador,  inNii  .,  the  Uni- 
\risiclad  de  Leon,  and  in  Cuateiiiala  was  foundeil  tiic  Acaileniia  <le  Estiulies, 
wiih  wiucli  hecanie  iiicorjioivitcd  the  old  university  <>(  San  Cailos,  tiie  Cole- 
tii'i  de  Aliogados,  and  the  Protoiiieilieati),  wliieli  liad  existed  .several  years  of 
till'  colonial  period.  Siiiihr'-i  'I'nir.  ('cut.  Am.,  ii.  !U(0  I ;  S(jitirr,  (oiiiju'ikI. 
Ilixi.  ('('tit.  A)n.,  rt()-7;  A.itdhiniiind,  ('rut.  Am.,  'J'J;  /)inil(^i'n  dnt.  ,(/«.,  ISl; 
Mni,t>iJ)n;  Ri'xona  HM.,  i.  :«.'<;  (hmt.,  livcof.  Li-ij.,  i.  7D8-8<«;;  iii.  II  214. 
The  Colegio  de  Ahogados  y  .Junta  Acad(''niiea  de  Jurisprudeiieia  had  been 
installed  June  5,  1810.  D'uirio  de  Mc.i:.,  Sept.  22,  1810;  Juarros,  Ouat.,  ii. 
p.  vii. 


ii 


622 


INTELLECTUAL  ADVANCEMENT 


of  a  despotic  oligarchy,  were  lukewarm,  to  say  the 
best.  Costa  Rica  cannot  be  accused  of  neglect."  In 
185G  she  had  public  schools  in  all  the  towns,  sup- 
f)ortod  by  the  government,  and  in  the  chief  places 
others  receiving  aid  from  the  municipalities.'^  The 
university  of  Santo  Tomds,  at  San  Jose,  has  chairs  of 
Spanish  and  Latin  grammar,  philosophy,  mathemat- 
ics, law,  medicine,  and  pharmacy,  and  confers  diplo- 
mas.* 

The  eftbrts  of  general  and  local  authorities,  as  well 
as  of  private  individuals,  for  the  spread  of  instruction 
among  the  masses  were  never  discontinued,  education 
being  more  or  less  under  ecclesiastical  control  till 
August  1881,  when  it  was  placed  under  the  su[)ei- 
vision  of  the  national  executive.  Thus  far  educa- 
tional results  were  far  from  satisfactory,  the  statistics 
in  November  1883  sh-.^dng  that  throughout  tlio 
republic  only  14.70  per  centum  of  the  population 
could  read  and  write. ^  Nevertheless,  there  are  many 
well-educated  men,  who  received  tlieir  instruction  in 
the  schools,  colleges,  and  university,  and  have  attained 
good  standing  in  the  several  learned  professions,  and 
in  political  life. 

The  labor  to  enlighten  the  masses  continues  un- 
abated, witli  hopes  of  better  success.  No  works  of 
literary  importance  have  l)ecn  issued  from  the  press 
in  Costa  llica,  and  only  a  few  newspapers,  other  tlian 
the  ofHeial  journal,  are  })ubhslied. 

The  advantage  to  Nicaragua  of  possessing  an  edu- 
cated people  has  not   been  unknown,  and  eflbrts  to 

^  See  laws,  ofhcial  reiiorts,  und  statements  of  tnivellcix  Costa  A'.,  Col.  Lii/,, 
iii.  '2'2;{-0;  xi.  loS-'il.");  xii.  ]u(J;  jroiifu/(ir,  Ui.utincu  1114.,  iii.  oU'J  4.  IWO  I; 
Miiiisteriiil  uiiiuuil  reiiorts,  1S4S-,j4;  Kl  Costar'nrn-ic,  Xos-.  10,  17,  1S4'J;  Mi- 
Unit,  Bosi/.  CW((  J{.,  40-7;  Sqiiicr's  Cent.  Am.,  408-1);  IWkjiici;  Coshi  Jt.,  ISIJ- 
8,  'JID  2'J;  Co.s/aIi.,  Bnl.  Ojic,  Jan.  10,  1850. 

^  There  was  a  normal  school  for  training  teachers,  at  San  Jose,  and  insti- 
tutes for  secondary  instruction  in  several  cities. 

^It  was  created  May  3,  1843,  made  pontitieial  in  1853  by  Pius  IX.  Coda 
If.,  Col.  Li  I/.,  viii.  25-8,  l'.>l--82;  xi.  1»-12;  xii.  208-75;  Montiijai;  Ucsvna  JIM., 
iv.  412-14,  41!»;  El  Coatarinmv,  Dec.  1,  1849;    WiUjunr,  Casta  II.,  220-3. 

■'Tlie  percentage  of  each  tlept  given  in  Cmtd  IL,  (fncctu,  July  11,  1SN5, 
suppl.  See  also  AiuukiI  BcpL-i  of  Miii.  of  Pub.  IiHtruc,  1858-83;  Wui2mi(i<, 
Mex.  uiul  Cent.  Am.,  359-00. 


EDUCATION  IN  NICAIIAGUA. 


Ci>3 


that  end  have  been  made  since  early  times,  though 
without  the  desired  results."  The  general  super- 
vision was  finally  given  the  executive,  and  local  boards 
in  the  departments.  Since  that  time  some  prognvss 
has  been  made.  The  number  of  primary  schools  has 
been  increased;  and  schools  of  agriculture,  arts,  and 
trades,  new  colleges,  and  a  national  library  have  been 
established.  Teachers  of  both  sexes  have  l)een  brought 
from  the  United  States  and  Europe.  It  is  hoped  that 
these  efforts,  persistently  sustained,  will  yield  the 
better  fruits.  Indeed,  President  Cardenas'  message 
of  January  15,  1885,  gave  a  hopeful  account,  though 
[)rimary  instruction  still  is  quite  backward  for  want  of 
competent  teachers  ^ 

There  are  no  data  as  to  the  number  of  those  who 
can  read  and  write,  or  as  to  the  mental  condition 
of  the  population.  There  is  no  national  literature. 
Persons  assuming  to  write  for  the  public  generally 
do  it  througli  a  newspaper  or  loose  slieet.  Among 
tills  class  are  some  who  wield  powerful  pens,'*  Occas- 
ionally there  appears  a  work  in  book  i'orm  from  the 
[K'u  of  Tom;ls  Ayon,  Geronimo  Perez,  and  others  on 
history  or  politics.'' 

''Early  in  1872  the  university  of  Leon,  the  former  Colegio  Tridentinn,  had 
Imt  tlirec  chairs  and  tiO  ahuiini,  and  four  classos  of  sucondaiy  instruction 
;ttttudod  hy  H>2  pupils;  that  of  (iritnada  had  only  a  chair  of  law,  and  .seven 
i-Lisscs  of  secondary  instruction  attended  hy  lOO  pupils.  In  primary  instrtu-- 
tiiiii,  there  were  at  thut  time  only  92  .schools  for  hoy.s  and  ',t  tor  girls,  a  num- 
licr  of  them  private,  uud  one  missionary  in  < 'uap.i,  attended  liy,'{,.S7l  hoys 
ami  ,j:{2  gills,  out  of  a  population  of  2(  •."),. ')(H),  or  .say  '_'(»  chihlnii  out  of  J, (KM) 
iiiliahitants;  only  Jj;!2  girls  out  of  ].S,()(M)  of  scliool  age,  and  4,(tOi)  lioys  out  of 
lli.OtIO,  were  receiving  instruction.  /.''•//,  Xir.,  ;U'(»-.'i.  Teachers  of  puh. 
.scliiMiJs  are  paid  vrl2  a  nuiidh  and  a  little  extra  in  larger  towns.  Tliat  .state  of 
tilings  \va.s  duo  mainly  to  the  neglect  of  ]iarents.  The  fiiinls  ajipropriatdl  for 
tdiication  were  con.stantly  tampered  with  and  defrauded;  this  wa.s  acl<no\\  I- 
t'lged  hy  the  minister  of  instruction.  Tiiere  were  no  scliools  for  adults,  no 
prnie.s.sional  institutes.  As  a  rule,  wealthy  familii-s  .sent  their  sons  to  he  edu- 
cated ahroail,  or  at  least  in  (iuat.  There  wa.s  in  li'ST,?  no  .scientitic  tdurso 
provided  with  the  requisite  materials,  no  lahoratories,  no  museum,  no  puhUc 
(ir  private  coUectiou.s,  no  ohservatory,  nothing;  not  even  a  small  library. 
The  coTiclusion  to  he  drawn  from  the  ahove  is  that  the  general  intellectual 
level  could  not  he  high. 

'  '  Fucra  de  la  inultitud  do  causes  dcpendicntes  del  caracter,  y  del  estado 
social  do  nuestro.s  puel  ilos ,  .  .  no  tenenu)s  naestroa  idoneos  Nuficientes. '  MciiMijt, 
mCwln  A'.,  Oantd,  Fch.  4,  1885. 

''Tlie  newspapers  often  contain  fine  poetical  compositions  hy  native 
Writers. 

'The  following  aittliorities  contain  further  details:  Tlie  ofTicial  reports  of 


i1 


ll:« 


VBIfw 


INTELLECTUAL  ADVANCEMENT. 


The  Spanish  language  was  introduced  in  Nicaragua, 
as  in  the  rest  of  Spanish  America,  but  a  great  num- 
ber of  Indian  words  are  in  daily  use  even  by  the  edu- 
cated classes. 

Salvador,  from  the  earliest  days  of  her  autonomical 
life,  has  been  a  warm  advocate  and  supporter  of  pub- 
lic instruction.*"  As  early  as  184G  it  was  already 
progressing  considerably  under  President  Aguilar's 
administration."  Attendance  having  been  nmdo 
compulsory,  and  schools  established  to  fill  the  re- 
quirements, primary  instruction  has  been  brouglit 
within  the  reach  of  nearly  all  Salvadorans.*"  The 
republic  has  a  large  number  of  educational  establish- 
ments, to  wit,  three  universities,*^  a  seminary,  a 
botanic  garden,  schools  of  agriculture,  design,  modi- 
cine,  and  military  academy.  There  is  also  a  national 
library  at  the  capital.**  A  school  of  mechanics  was 
ordered  founded  in  1885. 

Salvador  does  not  lack  for  men  of  good  attainments 
in  science  and  literature,  nor  for  writers  possessed  of 
power"  and  elegance,  especially  in  diplomacy  and  other 
political  topics.*"' 

The  spread  of  education  among  the  masses  in  Hon- 
duras was  until    late  years   sadly  neglected.*''     The 


ministers  from  1830  to  the  present  time;  ^V/c,  Di'C  y  Aruenlon,  from  1S,">1 
down;  /»/.,  (I'liccdt,  Oct.  14,  1848;  March  'M,  1840;  and  for  years  IStili  to  1S74 
passim,  and  other's. 

'"  KvLii  in  tiio  dark  days,  when  her  afl'airs  were  in  tlie  liands  of  di'sjiotic 
rulers,  e(hicati()n  was  not  neglected  as  umeh  as  might  liave  been  cxpectcil. 

"  Moiitiifir,  /fcscnii  J  list,  V.  iVJ-.S,  270. 

'■^The  Am.  ndii.,  Jan.  8,  1S72,  says:  'Primary  instruction  is  expanding 
yearly  in  its  nuiidicrs  and  area.'  Min.  Blddle's  L)esp.,  in  U.  iS.  Gov.  JJoc,  11. 
Ex.  Doc,  Cong.  42,  Scss.  3,  i.  .'^11-12. 

'■'  At  San  .Salvador,  Santa  .\na,  and  San  Miguel. 

'*  In  1875  there  were  'AXi  primary  scliools  for  boys,  50  for  girls,  2.3  mixed, 
2!)  high  schools,  one  normal  for  males  and  for  one  for  females,  one  telo^rapliii', 
one  lithographic,  and  one  academy  of  tine  arts.  The  appropriations  for  traclu  i-.s 
in  1874  were  nearly  .SOO.OOO.  It  must  be  also  remarked  tliat  many  aii'  tcarli- 
ing  without  compensation  to  benefit  tlieir  country.  Secondary  and  lii^'luT 
instruction  are  free.  The  primary  is  uniform,  gratuitous,  and  obligatdiy. 
Ld/rrrirrc,  De  Paris  a  Owiioii.,  202,  200,  282. 

'•"Tiie  press,  though  not  fully  developed,  has,  nevertheless,  given  at  times 
evidences  of  ability,  when  not  hampered  by  restrictions  on  the  part  of  voiild- 
be  despotic  rulers.  Sttlr.,  Gnc,  Dec.  21,  1849;  Dec.  5,  1877;  Sulr.,  I  hrh 
OJic,  .Jan.  2,  1875,  to  Oct.  2.'1,  187!>,  passim;  P<in.  Star  and  Jla-uUI,  Manli  4, 
May  10,  1875;  Sept.  18,  1882;  Sept.  i)  and  18,  1885. 

'"Monttifar  gives  the  causes,  speaking  ou  the  subject  for  1838.  Kiaxiimn 
Hist.,  iii.  278-9 


state 
otlior 
of  \iX\ 

cated 

in  fore 

states. 

TJie 

duced 

early  d 

continii 
sibly,  I 

a\'ei'age 

of  10,  Oi 

000,000 

the  coui 

papers  o 

Gfreat 

cation  ii 

''cen  ina( 

TJio   r 

Guateina 

'^"'hiin  it  \ 

']uate  pro 

^iideavorc 

'itnaticisn 

cliange,  I 

I'^'ople,   d 


EDUCATION  IN  HONDURAS. 


026 


state  has  two  universities,  one  in  Coniayaij^ua  and  an- 
other in  Te<i^ucigal|)a,  h"tli  Juiving,  nominally,  chairs 
of  law,  medicine,  and  theoloi^y.*'  Most  of  the  edu- 
cated men  of  Honduras  have  received  their  instruction 
in  foreign  countries,  or  at  the  universities  of  the  other 
states.^'* 

The  Lancasterian  system  of  education  was  intro- 
duced in  Honduras,  as  in  the  rest  of  Central  America, 
early  during  the  confederation  system,  and  has  been 
continued  with  some  modifications.  There  may,  pos- 
sibly, be  400  schools  in  all  the  state,  each  with  an 
average  attendance  of  25  pupils,  makmg  an  average 
of  10,000  pupils  of  all  classes  in  a  total  population  of 
^50,000  to  400,000  souls.  There  are  no  libraries  in 
the  country  worthy  of  mention,  and  hardly  any  news- 
papers other  than  the  official  journal.*" 

Greater  interest  has  been  manifested  in  public  edu- 
cation in  late  years. '^"  Larger  ap[)ropriations  have 
been  made,  and  competent  teachers  procured."^ 

The  retrogressive  government  which  ruled  over 
Guatemala  f<n'  more  than  thirty  years,  down  to  1S71 
when  it  was  overthrown,  not  only  failed  to  make  ade- 
quate provision  for  the  education  of  the  masses,  but 
endeavored  to  keep  them  in  a  state  of  ignorance  and 
i'anaticism.  The  new  rejjime  liastened  to  briny;  on  a 
change,  being  convinced  that  without  an  educated 
prople,  democratic  institutions  would  be  impossible. 
Primary  schools  were  accordingly  established  as  fast 

''In  chemistry,  engineering,  the  higher  niatheinatics,  they  are  dcHcient, 
auil  ciuuiot  eonipete  with  the  universities  of  Nic,  Salv.,  or  (iuat.  Tliey  are, 
ill  liict,  but  httle  in  advance  of  the  common  schools  in  the  U.  S.  Still,  they 
givo  promise  of  greater  usefulness  ami  advancement  in  the  future.  S'/iik'i\H 
Ca,i.  Aw.,  207-8. 

''  llond.  has  furnished  more  than  her  quota  of  the  distinguished  men  of 
Cent.  Am.;  among  them  soldiers,  statesmen,  and  orators.    WclU  Howl.,  549. 

'^Such  as  exist  with  only  a  feeble  life  are  generally  engaged  in  acrimoni- 
ous political  wranglings. 

-'' President  Soto  in  his  message  of  1877  enumorati;s  the  improvements 
iiiiiilo,  but  confesses  that  they  donot  satisfy  his  aspirations.  Sale,  OaceUiOJic, 
June  19,  20,  1877. 

-'In  1881  about  §04,000,  and  in  1882  nearly  .«i74,000,  were  cxi)ended  for 
public  instruction.  A  number  of  teachers  arrived  early  in  188."}  from  lun-ope, 
a.s  also  a  comijlete  outHt  for  a  scientific  college.  Pan.  Star  and  Herald,  March 
23,  1883. 

JIisT.  Cknt.  Am.,  Vol.  III.    40 


'  £ 


9U 


INTELLECTUAL  ADVANCEMENT. 


as  circu instances  and  the  condition  of  tlio  treasury  per- 
mitted, in  every  town  and  village.  In  1870  their 
number  had  already  reached  000,  and  progress  was 
uninterrupted  after  that.''"  Secondary  and  professiouul 
education  have  also  been  fostered.  There  are  thni' 
national  institutes  of  secondary  instruction  for  malts 
and  two  for  females,  a  normal  school  for  training 
teachers;  also  several  of  special  instruction,  namely, 
agriculture,  design,  arts,  and  trades;  one  for  the  d<at 
and  dumb  and  two  of  law,  one  of  medicine,  and  one 
of  engineering.  Since  1882  schools  of  music  and  elo- 
cution and  a  mercantile  academy '''''  have  been  added. 
Special  mention  should  be  made  of  the  Politecnicu, 
or  military  academy,  in  which  a  liberal  education  is 
afforded,  comprising  English  and  French,  a  thorough 
course  of  science,  including  mathematics  and  drawiiii;-, 
in  addition  to  the  specialties  of  the  military  profession.'* 
The  national  university,  which  during  the  old  regime 
had  been  governed  by  the  ordinances  of  Carlos  II.,  tlic 
Bewitched,  who  ruled  in  the  latter  part  of  the  seven 
teenth  century,  was  placed  under  regulations  more  in 
consonance  with  modern  ideas.  The  establislunent 
has  been  shice  imparting  the  highest  order  of  instrur- 

^'^At  the  end  of  1882  tliero  were  811  primary  schools;  namely,  o'JS  clc- 
mentary  for  hoys  .ind  'J2(i  for  girls,  5  complcinL'utary  for  hoys,  'A  for  girls;  one 
Sunday  school  for  workiiig-M'omen,  and  48  night  schools  for  artisans,  etc. 
This  was  an  increase  of  '2i>  over  1881.  The  attendance  was  of  •J(i,77;n)(iy,s 
and  lO.OiXi  girls,  an  increase  of  2,  Kid  of  hoth  sexes  over  1881.  Early  in  1.SH4, 
the  primary  schools  were  844,  inchnling  47  night  schools  for  men,  one  fni 
women,  one  Sunday  school  for  women,  and  It)  mixed  scliools.  The  attcmiaiKH' 
had  iilso  greatly  increased.  The  buildings  confiscated  from  the  clmrcli  in  IS7l.' 
were  fxpplied  to  education.  Tiiere  were  likewise  several  private  and  niuiiiiii«il 
schools.  B<trrio.i,  Meiixiijc,  Sept.  11,  1870,  3H-8;  B.  Wli<tlaiins  Acroxx  ('hi'- 
Am.,  39;  U.  S.  Oor.  Doc,  H.  Ex.  Doc.,  Cong.  44,  Sess.  1,  i.  pt  i.  137-8,  I4S, 
17r);  Gnat.,  /'crop.  L<'>j.,(!oh.  Dcinoc,  ii.  81-192,  passim;  Belli/,  .i  fmr.  rAmii: 
Cent.,  i.  131-4;  S<ilr.,  (.'(irrta,  Aug.  18,  Oct.  7,  Nov.  8,  1870;  Feb.  11  to  Xcv. 
27,  1877,  passim;  /(/.,  Dinrio  OJic,  Aug.  15,  1878;  Qiiat.,  Mem.  Sec.  In<trw: 
Pill).,  1880-4;  Nfiir/iardf,  Cent.  Am.,  r)7,'227;  LuEdrella  de Pan.,  Jmi.  10,  1SS4: 
Bntrcs,  Sketiii  of  (Iwit.,  19-20,  40-72,  passim;  El  Ouatemalfeco,  Jan.  20,  Fel>. 
2,  Dec.  24,  1884;  ('onklimj'.'<  Oitkle,  337,  341. 

"/•<(«.  Ev'ij  Tckijram,  May  20,  1880. 

"  The  academy  has  pupils  who  pay  their  own  expenses,  and  are  not  oMigeil 
to  join  the  military  service;  and  others  placed  therein  by  the  govt,  and  in- 
tended to  be  commissioned  as  ofliccrs  of  the  army.  Pan.  Star  and  I/eralil,  .Ian. 
11,  1877;  (hiat.,  Mem.  Sec.  0„erm,  1882^;  Oual.,  Rcc(/p.  Ley.,  ii.  OK  7(Kt; 
Id.,  Id.,  Ooh.  Democ.,  i.  141-54;  ii.  125-8;  Salv.,  Diario  OJic.,  Sept.  19,  liJ77; 
July  5,  1878. 


RL'UGION  AND  THE  CLERGY. 


027 


tion.  Tlie  old  Sociedad  Ec()n6niica,  whoso  mission  is 
to  advance  agriculture,  and  the  fine  and  luucluinic  arts, 
likewise  has  undergone  improvements. -^  The  expen- 
diture for  [)ul)lic  instruction  has  increased  from  year 
to  year,  as  appears  in  the  note  below."" 

Notwithstanding  the  retrogressive  policy  of  the  oli- 
garchic rule,  Guatemala  was  not  devoid  of  men  of 
ability  and  learning.  Several  works  have  issued  from 
Guatemalan  pens,  the  writers  deserving  si)ecial  men- 
tion being  Jose  A^alle,  Domingo  Juarros,  Alejandro 
Marure,  J\'dro  Molina  and  his  sons,  Francisco  Bar- 
rundia,  Lorenzo  Montufar,  Jose  Milla,  and  others,  in- 
cluding the  brotliers  Dieguez  as  poets."' 

Newspapers  as  a  rule  have  hatl  a  precarious  life, 
though  several  of  them  often  contained  proiluctions 
from  able  Central  American  pens.  The  government 
has  at  times  afforded  aid  with  subsidies. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  mentiijn  the  fact  that  the 
catholic  religion  was  the  only  form  of  worshi})  recog- 
nized or  tolerated  in  Central  America  during  the 
Spanish  domination.  Its  clergy  enjoyed  here  the 
same  privileges,  and  were  subject  to  the  same  duties 
and  restrictions,  as  in  Mexico.  In  the  short  period 
that  the  country  was  an  appendage  of  the  Mexican 
empire,  no  change  took  place  in  the  relations  between 
clmrcli  and  state.  But  soon  after  the  establisliment 
of  the  Central  American  confeileration,  and  while  the 
lihcral  democratic  party  was  in  power,  efforts  were 
made  to  do  away  with  the  })rivileges  of  the  clergy, 
uud  to  bring  them  under  subjection  to  the  civil  author- 

-' Besides  naving  a  school  of  drawing,  painting,  and  modelling,  and  a  night- 
school  for  artisuns,  it  is  provideil  witii  a  eabiui't  of  physics,  with  the  view  of 
tstahlisli'ng  a  sciiool  of  clieini-itry  ajiplicahle  to  industry.  Tiie  museum  in- 
st.illed  in  18()(;  is  every  day  eiwicheil  with  new  ac(iuisitions. 

-"lS7"2-4,  paid  by  municipalities,  .slli.Ool;  ];y  national  govt,  !?lli!,048; 
187!)  8.%  paid  by  municipalities,  to  wliom  had  licin  cedud  tlie  urban  tax, 
vS^til/JVJ;  by  the  national  treasury,  .si, 773,81)9.  It  seems  tiiat  the  total 
uiiiijunt  jjaid  for  pub.  instruction  from  1800  to  1870  hat!  not  nmch  exceeded 
HiO.OOO.   OiKit.,  Mem.  Sec.  Fomeiifo,  1885,  annex  12,  table  !0. 

-'  Under  the  former  regime  books  objectionable  to  the  church,  for  sus- 
taining liberal  ideas  on  social  or  religious  topics,  were  placed,  by  a  ilecree  of 
tile  national  assembly  of  Oct.  10,  1841,  in  the  list  of  the  for!.'idden;  and  the 
cliurch  waa  authorized  to  proceed  against  tliem.  Ouat,  Becop.  Ley.,  iii.  280-7. 


•I 


•  ■«]■ 


Pi     I 


'M 


\    : 


m 


628 


INTELLECTUAL  ADVANCEMENT. 


ity."^  Pursuant  to  this  policy  several  laws  and  meas- 
ures were  adopted  aijfaiiist  the  cleryv  in  o-oueral,  aiul 
Ar{'hl)ishop  Casaus  in  particular,'"^  which  irritated  the 
anti  liberals  and  i-ousod  the  ire  of  the  clericds,  wlio 
at  once  gave  utterance  to  the  most  fanatical  language; 
and  there  were  even  liberal-minded  men  who  took  up 
the  cause  of  the  friars  and  abused  in  the  press  sonic 
of  the  wisest  measures.'"'  Sei'ious  troubles  ensued: 
but  dui'inu"  several   years   the   leLrislative   action  was 


ye 


SI 


e 


istidned,  and  still  more  radical  resolutions  wer 
adopted.  In  IH2!)  the  archl»isho})  and  a  [)ortion  of 
his  clergy  being  detected  in  plotting  againsi:  the  g(tv- 
ermnent  were  forthwitli  sent  out  of  the  "ountty. 
Two  moiiths  later  the  general  congress  declared  r 
gious  orders  at  an  end  in  the  re])uijlic.'^^ 

-'"Tliis  w.is  iiiiidc  ovidciit  in  Hevenil  acts.  Tlio  clerf,'y  were  dail^-  aliuscii; 
thelil)c'ral  loaders  iMmstaiitly  iiiveigliiiig  against  tiiuir  faiiai'.cisui  and  intolii- 
ancc,  and  ridiculinsj;  many  things  wliirli  tlio  pdjiulaeu  looUtd  upon  a.s  sacii'd. 


ell- 


Miars  were  liu 


1(1 


uii  m  a  mil 


Ititude  of  anuL'dotos,  ami  otli 


destrintivc  insects.  El  LihernL 


erwisc,  as  so  niaiiv 


L>8^:i{),  41,  45,  4!t.     Tim  arts  and  objects 


of  ]iricstcraft  were  exposed  to  ridicule,  contcmiit,  anil   re[)roli:ition.      A  ]il:i 


La  I 


nqi 


ir  (lentro '  had  a  great  run,  and  hrought  that  iii<ti 


tuticiii    into  ert'ectual  ami  lasting  odium.   Siik'h'i's   'I'mrilx  (.'int.    Am.,  i.  3 


The  inijuisition  of   Mcx.  had  had  jurisdiction  over  Cunt.  Ai 


After  its  lii 


al 
befi 


)0lisliiiien 


t,  til 


e  liing  ot  •S]iain 


decreed,  .March  i),  IJ^'JO,  that  all  cases 


penil 


ore  its  courts  should  he  I'efc  rred  to  the  ordinaries  for  derermiuation.     The 


luiuisitors   failed  t 


o  oliev.  ami  removec 


x\  fr 


th 


w  archives  of  ( iuat. 


all  i\v 


canes  pending  there,  alleging  complicity  on  the  part  of  the  archhishop.     Tlie 
itter  was  laid  before  the  cortes   by  Deputy  Mendez  of  Salv.  May  14,  IS'Jl. 


Ill 


V 


iii.  lo'2;  Fcnmnih    Vll.,  JJecirliw,  'JSu-O;  Cdrtci,   D'cir 


1821,  May  14,  0, 

■^'Oiic  on  pastorals;   anotlur  re<|uired    the  ai'elibislio|)"s  appointments 
parish  priests  to  be  previously  submitted  f  ir  conlii-iiiatioii  to  the  chief  of  tin 


Htate.    I.ii  Trifi'li'i  I'tttrintirn,  ud.  4.      By 


if  Nov.  M,  1S'J4,  the  clergy  were 


dejii  ived  of  tlieir  privilege  to  im|(iirt  guilds  free  nf  duties;   another  of  .) 


IS-_'i;,  reduced  the  titl 


les  to  one  h;ill. 


.Iiliii'  it,   ).S'_'(J,  gavi'   natu.  il   ehildreii  the   ri 


llleil. 
El  Lihi'rnl,  no.  IW.     Others  of  ^Lly  ;{,  ,i!:il 


or  abilitestati 


th 


ght 


to  inlieril  ei  her  extesl  imi  iilo 


rdained  priests  and  Jirotessed    luns  were   [ilaee 


in 


the  same  category;  one  fnriiidding,  Sep'e.  1,  IS'Jti,  the   p'  dates  of  roliuimis 
lers  to  recogiii/e  obeiliencc  to  or  hold   ndations  with  th'  ir  respective  gei 


erals  ii    >[iain; 


and  tiiiallv,  the  famous  decrees  of  .June  10   ml  .July  '_'0,  ivjii, 


forbi'. 


di 


the  admission    into  convents  ur   nunneries   of    iiersurs   iiiider  'l',\ 


year.-i,  or  to  prolession  any  lunler  "J.") 


.)/.' 


It. 


I  ,  Hi.  .1  / 


(lUiit.,  (f'tiri'/ii,   Feb.   IC),   I.S.")(');   S(iHirr'<  Ci'iif.  .(/ 
^"  Such  writings  apjieared  in  El  I iiilirniln 


•"-■'/• 

,  i-'li")  7. 

IS.  !M>.  '.It,  il"),  14<»,  !.'.'_>. 


i   '.Ml  Ii 


This  was  almost  unanimously   saiictioiied  by   the   people,  and  at 


rried   into  etJ'eet.    Ilorhti,  ('ml.  Ni 


WT.V,  ii.  :{7:{-8U;  (imi.,    h'croj).  /,,ii., 


i.  27;{;    fit  ,  Moutiifiu;  /I'l-ti-iiii  J/i.st..,   i.   ]")(»  8;   .Sijiiii  r,   < 'oni}"  inf.    Hi.tl.    ('ml. 
Am.,   ()1;  Siiiiicr't   Tnir.   Cent.   Am.,   i.   370   I ;    ii.   H'JO  4;    'J'/ioiiip-^nii'n  d'liiil., 


I4r)-."i0;  Sti>iU'.'<  M>:,  140  .")!;  ('miir'.i  (Ins^xl.  \'i;\  W'l,  i:{5,  /,'eir/iiiri/t,  C'lii. 
Am.,:i'.);  C<i'.  Oirrlmi'!  .'\fonl/,li/,  xiv.  KiO  1;  Dinihji'x  CeiU.  Am.,  178,  l^'l 
180;  xV^c,  El  I'onrmr,  Oi:t.  'J-.',"  1 87 1 ;  Feb.  |(i,  bS7.1 


RELirJIOUS   FllEKDOM. 


Ol'O 


32 


Finally,  in  18^2,  religious  ireedoni  was  proclaimed, 
and  it  was  niorcc  er  declared  that  the  ajutointnunt  to 
church  dignities  pertained  to  the  nation,  and  should 
he  made  l)y  the  executive*.'''*  The  cliurch  was  tliu:; 
l)rouglit  low;  hwl  a  reaction  came  erelong,  antl  with 
the  practical  dissohitio)!  of  the  confederation,  the  ser- 
viles,  then  in  pow(>r,  undid  what  their  op)v.);irnts  had 
done,  and  among  other  acts  restored  the  j>''vileges  of 
the  clerufv,  and  also  the  monastic  orders.  '  For  all 
that,  the  church  Jiad  l)een  struck  blows  fron"!  which  it 
never  fully  recovered.  It  is  true  that  tlie  masses 
still  cherished  a  portion  of  their  former  relioious  \n<j;~ 
otry,  but  from  year  to  year  it  has  been  giving  way  to 
move  liberal  seiitinn  r^-,  and  foreigr.r'rs  never  I'licoun- 
tered  any  dilhculty  ;.•,>  icmain  on  the  score  of  religion, 
so  long  as  they  respected  thi'  prejudices  of  the  people.'''"^ 
The  shameless  in  morality  of  the  priests  has  tended  to 
develop  a  feeling  of  indifference  to  religion,  aiul  to 
weaken  the  reverence  formerly  felt  tt)waid  its  niin- 
isters.  Being  shielded  by  the  fuero  eclesiastico  from 
trial  by  the  connnon  courts,  the  clergy  wi-re  practically 
rxem})t  from  J(>served  punishment,  })rovided  they  were 
sul)missive  to  their  superiors."'*'  Superadded  to  wiiich 
was  the  repeated  interference  of  the  clergy  in  political 

^•' Under  this  law  Fred.  Crowe,  an  EuglUli  protestaut  missionary,  and  the 
;uitii()r  of  the  Ooipil  in  Vitutnd  A.iieri  i,  resided  several  years  in  (inat.,  till  lie 
was  driven  away  by  the  ser'iU's. 

■'■' I'ursiiant  to  wliirh  Fallen*  Di^gadowas  eiioseii  and  aeti^l  as  l.ishop  of 
S  ui  Salvador,  thougli  witinmt  eontirniation  hy  the  ]iii[)(',  lor  al)our  .our  years. 
Ill' was  never  eonlirnuil,  Imt  retained  as  viear-yeneral,  ii-.der  the  arelil).  of 
'Iiiat.  Moiitiifiir,  liisii'iji  Hist.,  ii.  l;>-17;  Miirurc,  A'kxi/  llist.  licr.  ('int.  Am., 
r.'ii-!),  and  Does,  xvii'.-xix.,  xxx.-xxxii.;  Id.,  K/rm.,  It;  Mkil,  lli.<f,.  Ilco 
''nif.   Aiiu,  .S'2-7;  Cdlililo,  h'rii:<:.  Into.'iiir,  'A-li;  Sijiiicr .f  'irai\  Cint.  .\iii,,i, 

•'!7tl-l;    A'/7('.s'  A'r;/.,  Xxix.  I)!). 

'■■^<!mit.,  Ilrn-p.  Li  I/.,  iii.  TtW,  29-l-:!'J-t;  Montufnr,  fsv.iriin  fli.4.,  iii.  0122-4; 
iv.  ]4ii,  'Jd.'i-T,  fl.VJ;  (''m%",<  ,'it,it,>n.,    MS.,  01,   105-7,   110   11;  .*?7«/.  r'.v  Cnit, 

I ".,  oir.-iC);  n<it,i,  Mr.,  i.  \&2-:\. 

'  Infidelity  spread  extensively  among  the  mestizos,  and  tlie  white  iienpla 
il-i>,  so  tiiat  the  recinireniei'is  of  the  jlnirch  l)ee...iio  constantly  nei^lecii d. 
"'■iioxious  books  were  in  tht  hands  of  ali  classes.  iSome  ot  tiie  more  candid 
Jill  sts  a\-owed  deistieal  ami  itiieistu;al  notions.   Croirr'.i  tin.tprt,  '_'.'i(i-7 

■'A  lai  4C  numliei  were  eluirgeil  with  lil)iciinous  praetiees;  even  unnatural 
i.iiiiies  Were  among  the  uuiuln'r.  Kxeesses  ii'  eating  and  drniiiiu).',  ganibhng, 
li'iiiig.  and  l)ad  language  were  ([uite  eommon  witli  tl.em.  Ivxorlit.int  fees, 
^oi'l  extorting  ])ersonid  serviee,-;,  and  griniliiii;  the  pocir  were  ol  d  iily  oeeur- 
leino,     ..\iid  yet  tlie  otlelider.s  were  not  puiuslleil,  Uoi  even  suspended. 


!'i^5i  : 


G30 


INTELLECTUAL  ADVANCEMENT. 


affairs,  wliicli  liad  boon  so  baneful  that  the  people 
came  to  learn  wliat  was  the  proper  orbit  of  church 
and  state  respectively. 

Archbishop  Casaus  died  November  10,  1345,  agvd 
eighty  years.^"^  During  his  'bsence,  the  archdioceso 
of  Guatemala  was  in  charge  of  Fi'ancisco  de  Paula 
iV^laez,  archbishop  of  Bostra  in  partibus  infidelinm 
and  coadjutor  with  right  of  succession,  who  became 
C^asaus'  successor''"*  and  held  the  office  till  his  death, 
on  tlie  'iotli  of  January,  18G7.^"  The  next  occupant 
of  the  see  was  ]^crnar(lo  Pihol  y  Ayeincna,  late  bisliop 
of  Nicaragua,  from  September  IHOS.  The  expul.-icn 
by  the  }>rovisional  government,  in  1871,  of  tlie  Jesuits, 
tog(>t]ier  witli  the  confiscation  of  their  estates,  and  the 
apprehension  of  fuT'ther  action  against  the  cleigv, 
pr()nipt(Ml  the  archbishop  and  nuiny  of  his  subjects  to 
])r()mote  a  countt'r-revolution ;  their  plans  failed,  and 
the;  ai'c]ibis]io[),  together  witli  Mariano  Ortiz  y  I  riu- 
ela,  bisliop  of  Teya  in  [)artibus  infidelium,  was  ex])elK(l 
fi'oni  tlic  country;  neitlier  of  them  ever  returned."' 
The  (jruatemalans  have  been  since  without  a  pastor. 

The  government  soon  after  concluded  to  adopt  radi- 
cal measures  in  order  to  crush  the  power  of  the  cK'rgy." 

■'",\t  Ihiliauii,  Culm,  whose  iliocc^su  hv  h:ul  chuii^f  of  for  iiuiiiy  years,  iiivtr 
resij^iiing  tho  seeof  Ouiitemahi,  though  lie  repcatfilly  refuscil  toi'oturii  tlu'n  tn. 
His  reiiiaius  \v<'1H'  taken  there,  however,  hy  the  Siiaiiish  war  sehooiiri-  /'r.//,w. 
iiuil  interred  in  Sauta  Teresa  ehureli,  .hme  1,S4(;,  with  tiio  utmost  poiiqi  et 
c'hureh  ami  state.    Mdiilii/nr,  /I'lsiini  J/ls/.,  \.  iL'-l.S,  11)-'J,"). 

•"■  The  Man|uis  .lose  de  Ayeiueiia,  who  had  exju'eted  the  appointment,  was 
halked  in  liis  ainliition,  liut  was  made  hisliop  of  Trajanapolis  in  part,  inlid.; 
ho  died  Feh.  17,  LSI).").  A  few  months  earlier,  Aug.  '2.'{,  1S(J4,  occnrreii  iln' 
death  of  anotiier  prelate,  a  nalivi^  of  (iuat.,  named  Jo.sii  M.  Harrutia  y  (Vd- 
quer,  bishoj)  of  Camaeo  in  pait.  inlid.  A'/c,  d'arifii,  Sept.  'J4,  18()4;  Man  li  IS, 
]8(>5.  Antonio  l;arra/al)al,  anIio  had  also  heon  made  a  bishop  in  part,  iiili'l., 
had  died  l>ee.  2,  LS.");i.  ( 'cw/a  /,'.,  (Incata,  Jan.  7,  ISM;  BiUij,  A  trav.  L'Aiin'i: 
Cent.,  i.  i;{l»-7. 

'•'''.Xii'.,  Giircld,  Feb.  ](!,  1SG7;  Pan.  Mcrrnnfili'  Chronidv,  Feb.  17,  If^ilT. 

'"  I'inol  died  at  llabana,  .lune  'J4,  18S1;  L'rrnela"s  demise  was  on  .luiie  .S, 
187:?,  at  Leon.  AVr.,  <!,in/.i,  .lune  14,  I87;<;    I'ozi/r  M'J.,  .Inly  'AS,  KSt^l. 

^'  In  1872  the  Capuehin  friars  of  La  Antigua,  who  were  native.s  of  Spain, 
were  sent  out  of  the  country;  all  convents  of  fi'iars  were  elos(>d,  and  the  I'luj'- 
erty  of  tin;  several  ord<  is  Mas  eonlise.'iti'il.  In  187:5  the  eoiisolidation  of  ninit- 
main  pro]ierty,  jir.ieeeiling  troiii  jiions  I'ndownient.s,  eapellanias,  and  le-.trii's 
to  the  ehiii'i'h  and  benevolent  establishments,  was  deen'ed.  In  1874  nuniniiis 
were  closed,  and  the  eonliseatioii  of  their  estates  went  on.  The  goveiiiniiiit 
agnail  to  allow  pensions  to  the  nuns  and  native  friars  for  their  support.  At  ilif 
name  time  all  connnunities  of  religions  of  either  se.\  umltr  aii)  lorm  w  li  ittvcr 


*'''Fo,„ 

orders. 

'"The 

and  entire 

vals,  etc. 

*'   ifrlls 

THE  CHURCH  STRIPPED. 


65 1 


it 

wast 
lid.; 

'rii- 

li.l,, 


Itiun, 
liort- 

rics 

ri-ns 

■  lll'llt 
It  iIh' 
l.vrr 


which  being  accomplished,  the  governnient  has  since 
provided  for  tlie  su[»port  of  pubhc  worship  and  of  ilie 
benevolent  establishments.  But  freedom  of  conscience 
and  of  worship  is  fully  recognized  and  protected  by 
law."*" 

Bisho})  Barranco  occupied  tlie  see  of  Honduras  from 
IS  II  to  1819."'^  It  was  then  vacant  until  1841,  when 
Francisco  de  P.  Cam})oy,  a  S[)aniard,  was  made  bisli(»p. 
The  tithes  were  restored  for  the  support  of  the  church ; 
the}'  amounted  to  a  large  sum,  especially  in  Olanelio. 
Campoy's  death  occurred  on  the  24th  of  September, 
IS4'J.^*  The  next  incumbent  was  lii;;<jlito  ('asiano 
Flores,  appointed  in    1854,  and  conseci'ated  in    1855. 

Since  the  abolition  of  the  monastic  orders  by  l*resi- 
dent  Morazan  in  1821)  there  have  been  no  convents  in 
1  Honduras.*'  The  clergy  are  mostly  negroes,  mulat- 
to >-,  or  mestizos ;  their  power  for  (nil  has  been  greatly 
curtaili'd.'"  The  authoi'ities  and  ])eoph;  are  neither 
intolerant  nor  bigoted;  on  tin;  contrary,  they  are  very 
liberal  in  regard  to  religion.  Freedom  of  worship 
exists  by  law,  but  the  catholic  is  the  religion  of  the 
state.'" 

The  aristocrats,  who  in  the  early  days  of  the  Ccn- 

woro  foi'liidiloii  foriiVur.  Tlu'  fuei'o  cclesiastiio  ■\v;i.s  aliolishcil,  and  tlio  most 
uiilimitiMl  ti'iLiloiii  iif  ruliyioii  priiclaiiiiod.  Civil  iriarriagL' was  lUclarfil  legal, 
aiiil  w  lien'  till.'  parties  ilisiriMl  a  religious  ccn'moiiy  tliu  former  imi.st  jirecedo 
It.  Eeclesiasties  wiie  t'orliiddeii  to  ajiiiear  with  frocks  or  other  ollicial  iu- 
.si^llia  ill  ^)iihlio  out  of  the  eiuueh.  Cemeleries  weru  sociilaii/ed.  /S'iriiii.i, 
Miiisnjf,  Selit.   11.   KSTd;   Clint.,   /,'r,V);i.   /,«//.  duh.  Dciun,-.,  i.    l.V.t  (il,    I'.fJ   (i;   ii. 

1:1-14;  'I'M,  oS,  (14  .'),  -JOr);  AY  I'onrnir  dr  Xir.,  Aim  UO,  '27,  187:5;  ('■  S.  (.'or. 
I>nr.,  \\.  Ex.  Doe.,  Coiig.  4:?,  Soss.  'J,  i.  '.>'.»  101.  UMi,  147;  /'<(//.  Shiraml  llvr- 
nil/,  Oct.  •_'.'{,  1S7:{;  Siilr.,  Dinrio,  Dec.  1*1,  1.S7.S;  <!)iiit..  Mini.  Sic.  (Jolnnu  y 
JitM.,  KSJSO,  2  .");    IS.vJ,  U -]•_>. 

'-Ill  lSS;t  a  protestant  eiia|iel  was  estalilished  in  tlie  capital,  in  charge  of 
Ucv,  Mr  Dill.   I'm,.  Slir  mill  llinilil,  March 'j:!,  lS,s;f, 

"Tiieie  liail  hecii  liefo'-L'  him,  from  l."i;i',l  to  |.s|(»,  twenty  lu.sliojis,  the  im- 
iiiediatc  iiredeccssor  of  Barraiieo  heiii^f  .Manuel  .1  iiliili  Kodrimicz,  who  ruled 
lilIIMO.  IJcinardo  J'avoliwas  aiUMilllled  liut  died  helnre  liis  consecration, 
./iiiirriis,  ({lint.,  i.  ISi;  .I/ca'.,  Conipi hi/.  Cniirilio  ///.  in  Mi.f.,  418-'J1;  Mordli, 
J'nst.  \oi\   OH,.,  1(17. 

**iVii:,  Co,;:/st.,  Dec.  I,  184!);  Giinl..  (.'in:,  Nov.  ;«),  I84'.t. 

''' Formerly  tlicro  wi're  convcntH  of  Franciscan,  Mcijcd,  and  Carmelite 
orders. 

'"The  ehurcii  has  no  property  wliatcver;  the  priests  are  generally  pcor, 
and  entirely  ilepeudent  on  fees,  and  on  eontrihution.s  of  the  devout  for  festi- 
vals, etc. 

*■  ]Vdls  Hand.,  551-2,  555;    UV(;)jV/«.s  .)/'r.  ii„i/('nit.  Am..  :105. 


<.    *)' 


G32 


INTELLECTUAL  A 1  )VANCE.M EN'J'. 


tral  Amuricaii  conlcdcratioii,  "ppo.sed  tlio  cneutiou  of 
a  bishopric  in  Salvador,  cor.^luded,  in  1842,  upon  its 
creation  with  a  bishop  wlio  should  uphold  their  ideas. 
Jorge  Viteri  y  Ungo  went  to  lionie  on  this  mission, 
and  its  object  was  granted.*^  Yiteri  himself  was  made 
the  first  bishop'*"  and  took  possession  of  his  office  on 
the  25th  of  Se})tember,  184;5,  after  swearing  allegiance 
to  the  state  of  Salvador.  His  career  has  been  detaiUd 
elsewhere,  as  well  as  the  cause  of  his  banishment. 
After  his  departure  the  pope,  at  the  request  of  tlie 
Salvadoi-an  government,  made  Tomils  Miguel  Pineda 
y  Zaldaha,  bishop  of  Antigora,  in  partibus  infidelium, 
guardian  of  the  diocese,  and  upon  Yiteri's  translation 
to  the  see  of  Nicaragua,  he  l)ecame  the  real  bisl\o]i.'" 
Zaldaha  had  troubles  with  the  government,  and  Kft 
the  diocese,  but  after  the  overthrow  of  President 
Gcrardo  Barrios  returned,  and  ruled  till  his  death  on 
August  7,  1875.''^  His  successor,  Jose  Luis  (Aircanio 
y  Rodriguez  is  represented  to  be  intolerant  and  httstilt' 
to  the  supremacy  of  civil  over  ecclesiastical  authority. 
However,  freedom  of  thought  and  of  religion  has  ex- 
isted in  the  country  since  1872,  and  in  1881  marriage 
was  declared  to  be  a  civil  conti'act. 

The  diocese  of  Nicaragua  has  had,  from  its  creation 
till  the  present  time,  41  bishops,  though  only  ;)7  have 
ruled  over  it.''"     It  was  originally  a  suffragan  of  the 

'"The  papal  bull  to  erect  the  diocese  of  San  Salvador  is  dated  4tli  day  nf 
the  Kalends  of  Oct.,  1842.  Montn/ai;  Itcicna  IIM.,  iv.  171-85. 

*'lle  was  a  strong,  lincly  furnicd,  and  pi'cti'ntious  individual;  a  count 
palatine,  and  attendant  on  tlie  pontilical  tlirone,  one  wlio  had  a  right  tn  In; 
preceded  by  a  tiutiunabuluni.  lie  was  not  like  the  poor,  meek  man  who  waa 
born  ill  a  stable  at  IJethlehein. 

■">/</.,  lifsciia  Ihst.,  V.  t)4'.),  GGl-'J;  Snlr.,  One,  July  29,  1853;  Id.,  Dhirio 
VJic,  Nov.  4,  1875;  Aic,  ('(in:  Jsf.,  .May  23,  1851. 

•'^Salv.,  DiarioOjic,  Aug.  8,  l.S,  1875. 

•''^ The  most  noted  were:  Friar  Heiiito  de  Baldonado,  l()20-9,  wlio  fouiidnl 
two  liospitals;  he  diccl  in  Leon;  Diego  Morsillo  Kubio  de  Aunon,  ]704-'.t,  \\  ho 
being  afterward  transferre<l  to  La  Taz,  was  twice  viceroy  and  captain-geiiiral 
of  I'eru;  Isidro  Marin  de  HuUon  y  Figueroa,  174(i-8,  who  began  the  cuii- 
Btrnctioii  of  thi.' calliedral  of  Ix^on,  and  die<l  in  Ouateniala;  Estevan  Loreii/o 
de  Tristan,  1775-83;  in  17M)  Ik^  lini.slied  and  inaugurated  the  cathedial,  and 
it  is  added  that  through  liia  exertions  t'ent.  Am.  obtained  tlie  privihue  nf 
tree  trade;  Jose  Antonio  de  la  lluertaCasso,  17!I5-1S04,  notable  for  liis  elicits 
in  developing  education.  Montufar  makes  severe  comments  on  some  ol  tiie 
prelates,   livton'ia  JlUt.,  iv.  130-9.     Nicoliis  Uarcla  Jerez,  a  I>ominican,  becuniu 


CHURCH   AND  STATE. 


g;{3 


archbishopric  of  Lima,  but  in  1743  was  transferred 
to  that  of  Guatemala.  Shico  the  decree  of  IM'J'.), 
sup])ressini4"  the  monastic  orders,  there  liave  l)een  none 
in  Xicaragua.     There  never  was  any  nunnery.''"* 

The  government  allows  for  the  sup|)ort  of  the 
church  a  sum  exceedinu'  I?  14,000  vearly.''^ 

According  to  the  national  constitution,  tiK;  lionian 
catholic  is  the  state  religion,  but  there  is  no  la\\' 
against  other  creeds.  Treaties  with  foreign  nations 
guarantee  to  their  subjects  or  citizens  the  most  perfect 
religious  liberty,  and  worship  in  ])rivate  houses,  cluii)eis, 
etc.  They  may  also  have  their  own  cenu'teries. "' 
The  relations  between  church  and  state  are  h<ld  uiiclcr 
a  concordat  with  the  holy  see  of  August  'J',),  iSdi!. 
Since  then  there  liave  been  dissensions,  i)Ut  they  were 

Iii.slioi)  in  1810,  and  figured  prominently  in  the  rcvohitioiiury  poiifid.  TIo  li.nl 
t(i  emit^ratu  iu  I8'J4  to  (luatenial.i,  whcro  lie  died  in  ISJ,").      \icar  Ciiadra  \\a.s 


till  1S.")1    when  und<T  a  reeonNtriietioii  o 


ini;  been  detached,  .T;irge  Viteri  y  L  iigo  was  transferi 


f  ti 


le  ilioet;.>e, 


Costa  11 


liav- 


He  die'd  .lulv -5,   IS,").'!.      The  see   ha 


l.i.sh- 


till   11 


,1  t. 
le  ai 


it  trDiii 


Sah 


iipointiiieiit  <if  Ber- 


nardo I'ifiol  y  Ayi'ii:ena.     It  took  jdaee  ia  Nov.   IS,")"),  aii<l   tlio  ])ajial   hulls 


L'hed  (i 


ranada  in   ]S,")0,  where,  owing  to  Walker's  wai',  they 


keiit 


the  parish  eluireli,  and  liiially  destroye<l  with  tiie  eity.     I'iiiol  was  eonsecrated 
iu  (Juat.  July  17,  1S.")<),  and  periorincd  his  functions  till  Sept.  11,  ISOS,  wluu 


dt 


hish 


par 


ted   for  (iuat. 


as  are 


hi).     During  his  rule  M; 


■I    Ull 


oa  was  made 


'1' 


)f  L 


enura,  m  part,  ii 


li.l. 


d 


iljut( 


he  was  made  hish 


iu  1S71,  and  resi^'iied  tlio  otiice  in  ISS.S.   El  Ciistd 


'1' 


.f  Xi 


txe,  Nov.  10,  ISli);  Sulr 


(I'lurla,  March  8,   1S.")0;  Auj.'.  12,   I8.")3;  /'h  JX.,  Curtn.  S'lnicr'.^   Tnir.   <,„t.. 


Ai 


i.  391;  Nh:,  V 


1st.,  Fel).  G,  Mareh  7,  Juno  'JO,   1  >ec.    l'_>,    lS,-)0;  A/., 


due,  Aug.  i;{,  Sei)t.  3,  IS,"),'?,  Dec.  10,  ISd.j;  Jan.  0,  Apr.  '_'!,  ISiit);  /'/.,  .SV 
viuinil  Mr.,  Oct.  10,  1S7'J;  Id.,  JlnlHin  Olir.,  \\\r.  VI,  ISOli;  l<l.,  Jhr.i/Aruir 
</(w,  IS,")'.),  ii.  1()2;   ISCX  '.'l.';   ISi;."),  l.'iO; 'A7  y,'o/,  March  I."),  18.').");  Jh-nrtn  snhr 


In  l.iila  d,'  S.  S.,   P< 


Me 


A'; 


i.  8  St;  A7  / 


orri  iiir  U' 


A'/ 


Fel).  -J." 


187 


'.('(•//, 


A>.,  (JlMI:  Pun.  Sinrnnd  Hinibl,  .lulv 'J,  1S8;{. 


■'•'In   1871   a  ininiher  of  Jesuits  expelleil  from   (!uat.  managed  to  get   into 
country,  and  were  allowed  to  leniaiu  svveral  years,  hut  m 
ly.      Details  have  l)een  given  in  a  farmer  chapter.      Iu   INT 


tiiiiillv  si'Ut 


■al  f 


I'lars 


Ued  fr 
tMstay.  El  I 

lll'IIKll    A'i 


)tlier  parts  tried  to  enter'  the  eouiitr\,  hut  were  ni>t  periuiitcii 


orn'uir  i 


le  Xh:,(\'t.  I,  InTI,  to  I'el).   iG,  isT.H,  \y. 


•lune  18,  187'-':  Id.,  Mi 


Mill.  diJiii-u.,  ]S7."),  -j;?-!:  iss:{, 


luiux  ]i,  '27-8,  F,  14. 


■'*  For  the  seminary  ,'^-,(KK):  the  hishop  .'?;i,lKK);   tiie  chapter  anil  other  ei 


clcsiastics  ."'l,  1">8;  mu.  io  }>l.00it;  otii 


ir  exi)eu 


ises  ahont  .':r-l,()t)().     T 


le  eliapter 


ClilC 


.:ts  of  dean,  archilisienu,  chaucellur,  three    anons,  and  six  or  siveu  other 
lis.     Tlie  cliurek  j;  ts  the  tirst-lruits  frori   farmers.     Tithes  have   l)ecn 


shed  I 


18,;2, 


300  or  4(H_>  ]iriests  without  parishes  dc[)enil  entirely  on 


The  eatheilr's".  has  no  valualdes,  haviniJ  hee.  sackeil  several  times.   A'l 


UiM'm  Our.,  Dec.  t»,  1' 


Marvk  1,  KSti'J;    U 


Mareh  2,  ISG 


iJer 


y 


.1- 


■d;)x,  ^■,"7-8,  i".!-.");  Id.,  a 


'See  treaty  witli  I'rance  of  .Vpr.  11,  IS.j!), 


.\ug.  G,  1870;  J.u-y,  Mr.,  WH'.i^. 


G34 


INTELLECTUAL  ADVANCEMENT. 


settled  at  Roiiie/'"  After  several  vain  attempts,  Co.sta 
lliea  was  finally  made  a  separate  bishopric  by  a  bull 
of  l*ius  IX.,  dated  March  1,  1850,  and  since  that  time 
the  see  has  been  ruled  by  only  two  bishops." 

Under  the  concordat  with  the  pope  of  ()ctol)er  'J. 
1882,  the  government  of  (.'osta  Rica  is  bound  to  make 
the  church  an  allowance  of  $9,000  yearly,"'*  but  it  has 
almost  invariably  paid  more  than  double  that  sum.  ' 

Tlie  conconlat  places  the  clergy  under  restrictions. 
Theie  exists  iu  Costa  Rica  but  little  bigotry,  exc('[)t 
in  the  lower  people.  In  fact,  the  educated  classes 
merely  acquiesce  in  the  pretensions  and  fornndas  n\' 
the  church.^"  The  most  perfect  freedom  of  rcliginn 
exists,  find  those  not  [)rofessing  the  catholic  are  pro- 
tected in  the  exercise  of  their  owmi  forms  of  worship.'" 

•''"'  Ai>iioiiuiiu!iits  of  p.iii.sli  priests,  ;iii(l  puMicatioiis  of  j)iH);il  l)iills  nr  In  itis, 
aiiil  (Icti'i'i's  of  ix'clu.'sia<M(';il  ooniiclls  must  lii.st  ulituiii  an  uxeciuatur  fiiini 
tlie  prfsiileut  of  tlu'  ru mlilic.  Paiisli  ]iiit'sts  before  assiiiniiijf  tlieir  otlif  s 
mist  take  the  oatli  t(/  siipixirt  tla  coiistitutiou,  ami  to  do  no  act  against  tl 


uatiou's  iuilrjiondcuix'  or  tlio  pu))lic  ])ea(.'o.   A' 


Mr 


Mill.  FiiDiviilo,  iMiH, 


i:!  10;  1871,  y  10;  III.,  M< 
'M\,  KS,;8;  Oct.  21».  N( 


Mhi.  ltd.,  1871,  7-10,  "Jo-S;  1,1.,  (!.u;t<,,  .M,. 


187'). 


■' Ailsflmo  LlnruiiU    y  Lafiunte  was  tlio  first  cailed  to  till  the  posit 
bishop  of  Sau  Josu  du  Cost.i  Kica,  Ajiril    U),  1S,")1.      llu  had  not  bic  n  lo 


mi;  ot 


lUiii'  when    ho  tried  t< 
greatly  displeased  tiie  pi 
matter  was  finally  sell! 


't  tithes  on  cotl'ee,   bnt   faih 


d, 


d   I 


IIS   eoiirso 


d   lov^erecl  their  reirard  for  the  eli 


)V  a  ^oiico/diit  entered  into  at  Roiiie,  Oct.  '_',  l.s.'i"J, 


tithes  M  eie  deelareil  abolished.      Jli    died  in  1872;  and  the  goveriiiiK  iit 
■d  a  sueeessor,  wlio  was  not  apjirovecl  of  by  the  Ivonian  em  1 1. 


.soon  alter  pi 

Fiiiallv,  Oet.   il,  187'.»,  tli 
1 


e  government   nomiii 
native  of  (iermany,  ami  prolessor  of   the   iiniv 
filliee,  aui' 


ited   I5ernard  Aiiuiist  Tiiiil,  ;i 
■rsity  of  Costa  i^iea,  for  tin: 


filliee,  and  he  was  eonlirmed  by  the  po[)e  Feb.  '11,  1SS().  F)uring  the  va<aih  y 
the  see  was  under  the  ^;uardiaiiship  of  tin-  bishop  of  Abydon,  />;  jiirt.  nilM. 
CiwAi  n.,Ciil  Lnj.,  V.  1,"m-I;0;  M<,nur.  IU-<,i.  Jli.-t.  Jt,<:  ri„i,  ,\if,,^  'Hd:,;  J/„„ 


liiliii 


lt> 


nu.. 


•247-!);  tVw/,(,  A', 


M< 


Mill.  /,'</..   J8.-)l,  J  J,  JO  I 


/ 


JS.-)4.    li-l-_>:  /,/.,   /»/;,/;,;...  Src.   nil.,   1S7-2,    I'.t  '_'(»;   1S7.»,    lU;  J8"/f    f'/i  IN^», 
]lt--JO;  Mnhiiii,    /.W/.  Cn..ta  /,'.,  O:?,   lll-l'J;  Kl  Si:,hi,  July  j8,  J8f;/ 

For  the  bishop  .S.'J.OJO,  the  eeeleslastieal  chapter  s;!, ()()(>,  and  the  I  lAiui 


Trideiitino  i-'.i   WO.  Miiiitiifn 


I  lliM.,  ii.  -207;  Vostn  It.    i/r 


Ml 


7t 

18,V.t,  11;  /,/.,  (inc.  6'o'y.,  July  IC),  2:?,  .SO,  ]S:):i;  Howl.,  Giii:  t///i:,  J:m.  -Ii. 
18."):{,  suppl.;  Siilo.,  (I'lir.,  Aug.  12,  1853;  GmiL,  Gac,  Sept.  10,  (Jet,  14/  l""'-*! 
A.slaliHiuaiiii,  Villi.  Am.,  4!)  50. 

■"••  ( 'osta  If. ,  Mrm.  Sec.  Il,  I. ,  1 884,  31 . 

''"''The  clergy  have,  indeeii,  lost  nnieli  of  their  intlueiiee.  '!''lie  mode  of  Ii!'- 
of  the  majority  of  them  cannot  inspire  respect.  lictter  from  (  osta  K.  by  ;i 
British  consul,  quoted  in /S''///'(v',s' ^(7/^  ,(//(.,  4<iS{(;    H'ti)''/ni 


Mr 


!(/    <    V   //'. 


.1; 


'M<0.     Laferriere,  writinj;  for  1873,  yivc 


church,  its  priests  and  feasts.   Jir  P<iii.<  n  llmiUi, 


disereditalilc  picture  of  tlio 


There  is  a  protestaat  church  and  cenieteiy  in  San  J 


l.ho  g. 


ment  cordially  upholds  the  liberal  lawa  on  the  tiubjuct  of  religion.  Coiti'i  /■'• 
Man.  Sec.  lid.,  1884,  32. 


INQUISITION  ABOLISHED. 


635 


Harmony  had  prevailed  for  years  in  the  relations  of 
the  state  with  the  church,  until  Bishop  Thiol  and  some 
of  his  priests  undertook  to  assume  a  superiority  over 
the  government.  Their  attempts  failed.  President 
Fernandez  expelled  the  bishoji  in  August  1884,^"  and 
Vicar  Antonio  C,  Zamora,  wlto  took  charge  of  the 
diocese,  restored  friendlv  relations.  After  the  death 
of  President  Fernandez,  l^ishop  Thiel  was  recalled. 

Before  bringing  the  ecclesiastical  subject  to  an  end, 
I  must  add  some  remarks  on  churcli  alfairs  of  the 
Isthmus  of  l^mamil.  The  ilioeest^  of  the  Isthmus  has 
had,  from  its  creation  in  1514  till  1884,  45  bishops 
appointed."^ 

The  iii(|uisition  wasahol'islied  in  18:^1.  The  bishop 
and  his  clergy  were  [)artly  sup})oi'ted  fi-om  the  tithes, 
wliich  at  that  time  yielded  about  $"J5,00()  a.  year.  'I'he 
nund)er  of  clergy  was  then  89  secular  and  '2')  regular."' 
Panama  had  been  well  provided  witli  religious  build- 
ing's, most  of  whicli  have  since  been  com',)letelv  ruined."' 

"- H if  salary  was  also  MU.sj)L'Uilc<l.  Coxtn  /'.,  Mem.  Sir.  lid.,  188."),  17. 


(,)f  whtim  .'i'.t  recL'ivtMl  tlioir  ofiico.s  during  tliu  CDJoiiial  pcriixl,  tlio  last 


one 


bcii 


LI-  Hi_ 


I  >ura 


lit  tliu  oriliT  (it   M 


vvv\  am 


a  native  o 


if  L 


Hl'  took  posst'Hhiou  m  1818,  and  iliud  in  (  licpo  on  tin;  'I'lA  of  Out.,  18'2;}.     Tiii.s 


M.-,li 


]i  Mas  oni!  ot  the  signers  ot  the  th'i 


f  th 


rlarati 


ion  of  independ.  of  tiie  Istiinius 
.luan  .1.  Caliareas  (ionzale/, 


in  18vJI.  His  siiecossors  wore  Manuel  ^'asl( 
ilu.Ui  l'\  del  K.  Mantieilo  y  Ballestas,  Kriar  Eduardo  Vasquez,  vlio  ilied  in 
KiMue,  .Ian.  '1,  1870,  Ignaiio  Antonio  J'arra,  wim  took  ]Hissessi(in  .Innc>  ,'{, 
\S71.    //'    iiiii'Z,  Ejinirtn  ill  I  Liliroili  In  Cuiii]).  </<•  J i. ■«(■>',  in  Mnlilnnnilo,  A-iinilii.i 


I'niii  •/,-  r 


MS.,  U~^K   /'">!. 


Col.   IM 


MS.,  nos    l'J."i-(i:  y 


Jh 


M'Vitiil'nr,   Jii.-ivnn 


/fst 


IV. 


:{44;  Mr  ,    Boll  fill   (ili<:,  Nov.    1,    isirj;    /', 


Rhlin  Ojir  ,  Murh  4,  KVl'.l;  ///..  iluntit,  .lum^  C,  1871  I'arra  held  tiie 
ollieo  only  a  few  ye  irs,  and  was  sueeeeded  liy 'i'eU'sluid  I'atil,  who  <ieeu]iieil 
it  till  l>ee.  lN.>4,  when  he  repaired  t«i  Bogota,  hi.-i  native  eity,  to  till  tliat  areh- 
e[iiseojial  see.  The  usst-iidily  of  tlie  .state  on  tin  'l'li\  of  l)i  e.,  ]8.s4,  adojiled 
;i  resolution  reco;:tii/.in}i  t.i.-.  ellorts  to  jnoniote  harmony,  and  appointed  a  eoni- 
ni  ttee  to  eseort  him  as  tar  as  I5iirranguilla.    Ijii  L'-ilrrlla  i/r  i'lin.,  Jan.  1,   l8S,i; 


/u  rroiiU'i  (I'an.),  Jan.  8,  188,"). 

•J4-J.     Tl 
lalarv  at  .■^(.OlIO.   X.  <! 


6'  linhnll '..  Istli.  F, 


le  i.onjirre 


'ss  ot  Nueva  <iraiuula  in  1^.'!7  li 


tlie  I 


islioli  s  s 


'nniiui'i,  l{'''ii<tro' tjii 


2\. 


'''(h'iginally  thern  wei'c  11  eluirel.es,  4  convents  of  friars,  one  nnnnery, 
a  eathedral,  an<l  one  ooelesiastieul  college  estahlished  hy  the  govt'rnnieiit  of 
Old  Coloudtia  under  a  reetur,  viee-reetor.  and  assistant,  with  ;',  sutiicient  re\  - 

jirop- 
itioiial 
iisure.s 


eiiue.  A  law  of  ?sew  (iranada  provided  foi'  the  sale  at  fMic^io.i  of  all 
erty  that  had  formerly  heloiiged  to  (he  jesnits  not  re(|uired  for  na 
use.    Pun  ,  ('/•<(«.  Ojic,  Aug.  5,  18r)'J.     Stories  are  relati'd  of  liuried  tre 


Ih 


iving  heen  disintei-red  in  after  years  liy  jes>iit  agents,  from  the  groun 


ohl  1 


fi'oni  the  orchard  ei  T.  M.  Feuillet.     Tlic- 


storit 


,d  of 
lea/' 


iiou.se, 
mblaucc  of  truth.     See  Menioraii<l.i,  in  MiUhnado,  Ajuitih.-',  .MS.,  'M 


et  sen 


I  H 


m 


INTELLECTUAL  ADVANCEMENT. 


There  existed  tVoiu  the  earliest  <lays()f  tlie  repubhc 
an  intimate  alliance  between  the  national  Ljevcrnnient 
antl  the  ecclesiastical  authorities,  ant!  they  aided  oiu; 
another,""  The  elcr^y  were  (juite  wealthy,  possessing' 
many  valuable  estntes,  and  moi'tj^ages  on  almost  all 
the  landed  jtropcrty  in  Colombia."'  In  the  coui'sc  of 
ciMiturics  till'  church  became,  if  not  the  sole  owner, 
the  co-owner  of  all  estates.  It  also  derived  a  large 
revenue  from  tirst-fruits,  tithes,  fees,  etc. 

The  republican  L(t)vernment  from  a  very  early  time 
understood  that  the  inunense  power  wielded  by  the 
church  was  incompatible  with  the  s])ii'it  of  the  aj^c, 
and  beujan  gradually,  almost  year  by  year,  to  curtail 
it,  and  to  loosen  the  ties  formerly  existing  between  tlie 
civil  and  ecclesiastical  authoiities.  In  the  decadt^  from 
18.")  I  to  iS()0,  the  church  lost  nmch  of  its  ])olitical 
sway,  but  still  held  the  powerful  lever  of  its  grt'at 
Wealth.  It  was  afterward  deprived  of  that  Wi'alth, 
and  its  much-abused  power  ceased.  This  occurred 
duiing  the  war  begun  in  1800  by  the  liljcral  party 
under  (jeiu>ral  ]\Iosquera  against  the  conservatives,  in 
uhich  the  clergy  took  sides  with  the  lattei'.  Mos(|uera 
triumphed;  and  his  first  measure  was  to  destroy  the 
power  of  the  church.  He  issued  decrees  confiscating 
its  whole  property."'^  That  was,  of  course,  accoiu- 
panied  with  banishments  of  bishops  and  ])riests."''  But 
afterward,  when  atfairs  became  more  settled,  they 
returned  poor  and  submissive  to  live  on  fees  for  tlie 

'"'Tho  bishops  in  the  exercise  of  their  functions,  ami  adniinistratioii  nt' 
church  jiroiicrty,  hud  tlio  assistiiuce  of  the  civil  .autl.oritica,  wlio  earrii'd  out 
their  oriU'rs  without  questioning  tiieni. 

"'I'^'ery  New  (iranadan  or  Colombian  assigned,  t(.  tlie  prejudice  of  liis 
heirs,  a  certam  amount  to  tlie  church  for  niasst's  and  oilier  supposed  henelits  it 
could  do  to  his  soul.  Successive  descendants  foUowi'd  '^lie  e>;auipl';.  The 
]Mic,^ts  oft.n  threatened  the  dying  with  the  pi'iialties  of  Ik  U  if  they  did  not; 
purcliase  tlioir  salvation.     Clerical  intolerance  knew  no  limit.'. 

''■"ICxcepting  only  cathedrals,  the  chief  cliiircli  of  each  pan- h,  iind  the  sa- 
cred vessels  and  oinaiueiits.    M<ildniiit(li\  A^Hiiloa  I'oli!.  /'(hi.,  MS.,  3  ."),  lo,  17. 

'''"  i'lie  hisliop  of  r.uiama  hit,  and  his  priests  followed  his  e.xainpl"  "ue  hy 
one.  Panama  was  thus  hit  wit  liout  a  priest;  the  dead  hail  to  he  luiried  WK'nnit 
the  otlices  of  a  minister;  for  more  than  a  year  the  churches  had  no  luil-tolliii^' 
or  ollieiating  minister.  An  Muglish  catholii;  niLssionary,  p;isiiiig  to  San  I'rin- 
ciseo,  ventured  to  say  mass  and  baptize  in  private.  He  was  arrested,  though 
finally  alloweil  to  embark.   Bitlwvlls  Isth.  I'm,.,  'jaS-iS. 


PANAMA  CHUllCir   AFFAIRS. 


637 


ministration  of  ivliu^ious  rites.'"  From  all  accounts  the 
people  had  not  lost  iniicli  \)y  the  absence  of  the  pi'iests. 
The  cler<i;'y,  taken  all  in  all,  did  not  deserve  any  con- 
sideration, and  with  a  few  honorahle  exceptions,  do 
not  deserve  it  now,  for  th(\v  have  taken  no  pains  to 
enlighten  the  masses,  and  their  disci[)line  and  morals 
have  not  heen  and  are  not  exemplary. 

It  was  made  unlawful  to  settle  pro[)erty  on  the 
church.  Jleligious  communities,  such  as  friars,  or 
monks,  nuns,  etc.,  were  strictly  forbidden.'^  Church 
and  state  have  heen  since  that  time  independent  of 
one  another,  but  by  law  no  person  can  become  a  bishop 
or  the  guardian  of  a  diocese  who  is  not  a  native  citi- 
zen of  the  republic.  All  relii^ious  sects  not  indulgin*;' 
in  immoral  jmictices  ai-e  recognized  and  protected 
by  tlu^  laws.'"  In  Panama  tlic  cemeteries  are  in 
charge  of  a  commission  deriving  its  powers  from  the 
civil  u-overmnent. 


"'■'Tlio  laws  wiTo  iiiodilicil  in  May  18()4.  The  govt  rcscrvt'cl  the  right  of 
ins[i(:(,'Ui>ii,  l)ut  luaile  the;  oath  of  suhiiiisaion  obligatory  oil  the  chief  of  the; 
L'hurcli  liaviiig  authority  a.-i  such.  Hulls  or  onlcrs  emanating  from  any  on(! 
rcsiiling  in  a  foreign  country  could  not  bo  puhlishcil  or  enforced  without 
lirst  ol)taining   iicrniis.sion   from  the  national  executive.    I'nn.,  Jinlcthi  Oji., 

.Ian.  Hi,  isr.s. 

''  I'ndcr  Mosquera's  doorccH  when  he  was  dictator,  the  few  nuns — four 
aged  and  one  young — occnijjying  the  convent  of  I^a,  C'oncc{)cion  iu  Panama 
were  made  to  abandon  it  in  Sept.  18{)'J.  A'/>.,  llililiii  "jir.,  Oct.  4,  l8(i"J. 
TluMc  Women  would  not  forsake  the;  cloister,  but  sought  au  asylum  in  Lima. 
W'itli  tearful  eyes  they  exiled  themselvm  from  their  hc)me,  and  from  friends, 
many  of  whom  had  received  their  education  fi'om  tliem.  'iheir  departure 
caised  no  little  feeling  in  the  imb.  heart.  Mtililninnln,  Aionitoa  Poll/,  /'d/i., 
MS.,  IS. 

"■'Dee.  15,  ISliS,  a  charter  was  granted  by  the  state  govt  to  a  protestant 
<hurch  association.   I'mi.,  JJulclin  <>jlr.,  I'eb.  IS,  18G9. 


■1'    ' 
i, 


pi      S 


wA^ 


!■    ■'! 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 

JUDICIAL  AND  MILITARY 

1887. 
.Ti'DiriAL  Systkm  of Oi'atemala — -JiKY  TitiALs  IN  THE  Sf.veral  Statks— 

ColHTS  OK  JIOXDIUAS — Ab.SKNX'F,  OF  CoUES  IN  THE  REPUBLIC — J)ILArii|;Y 

Justice — Impunity  of  Crime  in  Honduras  and  Nicaragua— Sal\  a- 
hok's  Judiciary — Dilatory  Pro(;edure — Coiufication  of  Laws  i\ 
NicARAoiA — Costa  IIuan  Administration- -Imi-roved  Codi.s— I'av- 
ama.  Courts — Ooon  Codes — Punishments  for  Crimf,  in  tiik  Six 
States — Jails  asi>  I'enitentiariks — Militaky  Service — Avau.ai  i,k 
Force  of  Each  State — \hi\v  Oroani/.ed — Naval — Exi'enditurks — 
Military  Scuools — Lmprovements. 

During  the  Spanish  rule  the  admmistrati*m  of 
justice  in  Central  America  was  vested  in  the  rcil 
audiencia,  composed  of  a  regente,  several  oidores,  ;i 
fiscal,  and  secretary,  the  governor,  captain-general  of 
the  provinces,  being  ex-officio  the  president.  The 
courts  of  first  resort  were  filled  by  alcaldes  maycms.^ 

One  great  stop  taken  early  in  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury was  the  abolition  of  torture  of  prisoners  and  wit- 
nesses." The  cortos  had  previously,  in  Septcnilirr 
1813,  decreed  the  abolishment  of  flogging  for  crime, 
or  in  liouses  of  correction,  seminaries,  schools,  etc.'' 

Soon  alter  the  establishment  of  the  Central  Amer- 
ican confederation,  the  national  constituent  assembly 

'  Some  of  the  alcalilos  mayorcs  had  in  1810  only  .§.300  allowed  them  yoirly, 
others  !<'M),  an<l  the  luL'hest  paid  reeoived  .*!l  ,200.  The  system  did  not  reciini- 
jueiid  itselt'.  diiitt.,  Jpnnf.,  (i.")-71.  There  was  ahn  a  eoiisulado  or  trihuii:d  •if 
eommerce  established  in  (iiiat.  A))Til  30,  17'.t4.  Juan-O'i'  Stat,  and  Conim.  llisl. 
a  not.,  14'2  .3. 

nioyal  decree  of  .Tuly '.'5,  1814.   Fenmmlo  VII  ,  Dec,  12. 

^  The  king  ratified  it  June  4,  1820.  The  Indians  were  lienefited  thereby, 
for  even  priests  were  strietly  forbidden  to  flog  them.  Id.,  301-2. 

(638) 


orgj 

Gu£ 

tion 

iind( 

muc 

my.s. 

I'arti 

In 

trust 

of  sec 

rcsor- 

fir.st 

petty 

Tlie" , 

era]  o 

TJ'h 

ing  tl 

is.sue  1 

goveri 

tentiai 

in  Que 

Unc 

_<Tho.s 
1872  may 
51 -(III;  j,i. 

iL  3;!(;-.}| 

■'Th.Hi 

creation  o 

'''"'It.,  ];,,- 

'■'  f^upremu 

'i-ilied,  hoc 

■I'liiiinistra 

lliei'(j  was 

five  seutidii 

"Trial   1 

<'«le  in  ,Iaii 

'■lee  of  .Mai 

'iiil"'<'l'are  . 

'';i-84;   Sal, 

411),  420. 

'  In  eons 
file  civil  coi 
■'liiiost  as  ex 
■'''le  nunihei 
'■■""<.,  Mi-m 
"(ruat.,  J 


PRKSENT  JUDICIAL  SYSTEM. 


039 


organized  a  supreme  court  of  justice  for  the  state  of 
Guatemala.  Since  tlie  dis.solution  of  the  confeik'ra- 
tion,  the  judicial  system  of  the  several  states  has 
undergone  many  changes,  which  it  would  occupy  too 
much  space  to  detail  here.^     I  will  therefore  confine 


Oftoth 


otl 


ler 


my.seit  to  tlie  present  organizations,  giving  sucli 
particulars  as  are  of  general  interest. 

In  (jtuatemala  the  administration  of  justice  is  in- 
trusted to  a  supreme  court,  tour  chamhers  or  sections 
of  second  resort  in  tlie  capital,  and  one  court  of  second 
resort  in  Quezaltenango.''  There  are  also  courts  of 
first  resort  and  lower  courts  for  the  adjudication  of 
potty  civil  cases,  or  the  correction  of  trivial  olfeiiees. 
The  jury  system  was  formally  established  by  the  lib- 
eral government  in  187iJ.^ 

The  legislature,  recognizing  the  necessity  of  amend- 
ing the  existing  codes,  authorized  tlie  executive  to 
issue  laws  conducive  thereto,  whieh  was  done.'  The 
government  has  caused  the  construction  of  two  peni- 
tentiaries, one  in  the  city  t)f  (jluatemala,  and  the  other 
in  Quezaltenango.** 

Under  the  late  organization  justice  is  administered 

*  Thosi'  ili'.sinms  of  Ktuilying  thu  judiciary  (if  Oiuit.  as  it  uxistt'd  ilciwii  to 
1872  may  liiul  iiifoi'iiiatioii  in  (liitif.,  A'lcnp.  Liii.,  i.  '-'41  'J,  (K)."}  -J;  ii.  L'l  4r>, 
51^(H»;  iii.  L'l.")-'^'.),  :ilM-(;;  Itoi-lm,  <'<>il.  Xir.,  ii.  'l\'l-,^;  Motttiifar,  Jti-siim  Ji;.<l., 
ii.  :i.%-ll;  <!mit.,  Ihihtiii  Ojir.,  V.Vl  ~. 

•'Tliu  fir.st  coiiiiilcte  rooiuaiiizatioii  was  l)y  tlio  law  of  May  'l'l,  1S7-.  The 
creation  of  the  superior  court  at  (^'uc/altuiiango  Mas  liy  law  of  July  -'.I,  IST'J. 
(j'liiU.,  I'lnij).  Liii.  (Idh.  Dniioi'.,  i.  fSS-l»,  lU-lo.  Oil  tiu;  I.'ilh  of  Oct.,  ISTti, 
a  supremo  court,  compo.sed  of  a  ]iresiileut  and  four  mauistiados,  was  estah- 
li.slied,  liecausc  the  organization  of  tlie  superior  courts  liiudered  tlie  proiii|it 
administration  of  justice.  Suti:,  (i'ln /n  "jir.,  Oct.  Ki,  14,  ISni.  Sulisr(|ueiitly, 
tiicre  was  an  i  rease  in  tlie  muulicr  of  ju.-tices,  the  court  was  (lividcd  iulo 
five  sections  or  ..'liamlicrs,  of  wliicli  the  fifth  was  sup[irrssed  ^lareh  '_".!,  IN.^'J. 

''Trial  by  jury  had  lieeu  decri'eil,  on  the  promuli,ation  of  tlie  l,i\  iii;,'.-ton 
code  in  iJau.  18."i7,  under  the  law  of  Auj,'.  '-'7,  IS.'Ui.  It  was  suspended  liy  de- 
cree of  March  ]'.\,  IS.'tS,  on  the  gi-ound  of  its  impraetiealiility  in  a  country  : o 
unprepared  for  it  us  <  luat.  then  was.  Mniifii/nr,  /ii-.-nini  //«/.,  ii.  'JS',)  lU.'!;  id. 
tl.'{-S4;  Sd-lr.,  J)iin-ii>  Ojir.,  Feli.  14,  I87r);  'I'imiln  ilr  Mmif,  A'-.A(,  in  (inn/., 
I'ifop.  Laij.,  i.  404;  l)iiiihyp\-i  Cent,  ^liii.,  I'.t'J;  Si/idcr's  'J'rar.  Ciiit.  A)ii.,  ii. 
4 lit,  4-.'G. 

'  In  consequenco  .'{"lO  reformatory  articles  were  adopted  in  connection  with 
the  civil  code,  and  the  reforms  to  the  code  of  procedure  in  civil  cases  were 
aluiost  as  extensive;  a  few  were  also  made  to  the  commercial;  and  a  consider- 
■ihle  nundjer  to  the  penal  coile,  and  to  that  of  procedure  iu  criminal  causes. 
'.'uiit.,  Jfcm.  Sei:  Gohcni.,  etc.,  1880-3. 

^  Guat.,  Mem,  Sec.  Fomento,  1880,  38-9,  05-0,  1885,  5.'!,  and  annex  111 


3 

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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  S'tREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  M580 

(716)  873-4503 


^°  //^ 


^ 


O^ 


Hi  JUDICIAL  AND  MIIJIARY. 

with  fair  regularity  and  promptness. "  During"  Barrios' 
rule  an  ettiriont  police  was  orjj^anizod  in  tlu;  capital. 

In  Honduras  the  absence  of  a  penal  coile  caused 
delays  in  the  prosecution  of  criminals,  and  there  heinj^ 
no  L?ood  jails  or  prisons,  thoir  offences  often  went  uii- 
whij>ped  of  justice.'"  Hence  the  numerous  rohhers  and 
assassins  then  infestinuf  the  frontiers.  However,  we 
are  assured  that  in  the  well-settled  p«)rtions  of  the 
country  life  and  property  were  secure.  Capital  pun- 
islnneiit  Iteiui^  abolished  by  the  constitution,  tht; 
severest  punishment  that  could  be  indicted  was  that 
of  r)00  blows  with  a  heavy  withe  of  the  consistency 
of  India-rubber." 

The  government  in  1870  and  succeeding  years  in- 
troduced n'forms  in  the  police  department.  The  polit- 
ical disturbances,  which  had  nullified  the  action  of  the 
courts,  being  now  at  an  end,  the  supreme  and  lower 
courts  were  at  once  reorganized,  and  permitted  to  ex- 
ercise their  functions.  But  the  non-existence  of  suit- 
al)lc  penal  establishments,  and  the  antitjuuted  legis- 
lation, were  pi)werful  drawbacks.  TIk^  ministiT-gc  ii- 
eral  was  directed  by  the  president  t  cure  the  best 

works  on  legislation,  and  the  um  lotcd  codes  on 
civil  and  criminal  matters,  as  well  as  on  mining,  com- 
merce, etc.,  with  the  view  of  placing  the  materials  in 
the  hands  of  competent  persons,  who  were  to  I'orm 
codes  suited  to  the  rcniuirements  of  the  country.'" 
Such  work  demands  careful  study,  an<l  time  to  accom- 
plisli  it.     I  din  not  aware  that  it  is  even  commenced. 

•During  1S81  tlio  sui)rc'iiio  court,  issued  1,905  Hcntcnces  in  criminal  aumn, 
only  two  of  tiu-m  witc  capitiil,  one  of  wliifli  was  coininuttMl;  in  ISS'i,  1,4(»7; 
1SS,'{,  l,7-t>;  1.S.S4, '2,489 offi'niu'Hwuro  classilicil  as  criuic's,  anil  10,  l.'tOas  iniTts 
niisilcMicanors;  of  tl>u  fornuT  1,15-1,  and  of  tliu  latter  l,4t)0,  wcro  ac(|uittc(l; 
1,1  (IS  of  the  fiirnier  anil  8,(170  of  tliu  latter  wero  sentenced,  nono  to  doatli, 
and  only  two  to  extraonlinary  iniuri.sonnient. 

'"It  M'as  notorious  tiiat  eseaiied  criminals  freely  moved,  menacing  the  lives 
of  those  who  had  had  liny  agency  in  their  arrest.  The  facility  for  evading  the 
a<;tion  of  tiie  law  was  such  that  criminals  did  not  fear  it.  llontl.,  Mem.  Min- 
iMrodni.,  1S.V2,  9-10. 

"A  roMier  and  murderer  named  Umansor,  who  oflTected  his  esca])'  froiii 
the  fort  at  Omoa,  survived  under  400  Mows  on  two  occasions;  l)ut2()0  hlous 
on  the  hare  back  generally  ended  the  sufferiuga  of  the  culprit  when  applied 
with  that  design.    Wrll.H  Jloml.,  'JtKJ-.SO. 

^*Prmd.  Soto,  MeinHye,  May  '27,  1877 


!§ 


SALVADOR  XSD  McAKA«;UA. 


041 


Tho  lawH  of  Salvador  wrro  cotlifitd  in  1875.''  The 
judiciary  is  vi'stcd  in  aHupreinecourt,  tribunals,  juries," 
and  inferior  judges  ostaKlishcd  by  the  constitution  and 
tho  laws.^'  The  president  in  his  inessaije  of  liS78  to 
eonj^ress  stated  that  the  administration  of  justice  was 
not  yet  as  ex[)editious  as  it  should  he,  owinj;  chieHy 
to  confusion  in  the  laws,  to  obviate  which  he  liad  a|)- 
pointed  ooniniissioners  to  study  theni,  and  introdue*' 
harmony  in  tlie  IcLjislation."'  Duiinj;  thi' year  1H7H 
the  clunnber  of  third  resort  issued  1H8  decisions,  com- 
prising^ final  sentences  and  decrees  in  civil  an<l  criminal 
causes.'" 

The  administration  of  justice  in  Nicara^^ua  is  vested 
in  a  supreme  court  and  a  variety  of  lower  courts.'^ 
The  supremo  court  is  dividtid  into  two  sections,  one 
residin<^  at  Lison,  and  the  other  at  (iranada.'"  The 
alcalde  of  each  town  has  coijnizanc((  of  civil  cases  not 
exceeding  !i5lOO  in  value,  and  of  sim[>le  infiactions  of 

'^.S'.(/r.,  Mini.  Sir.  (.'oIktii.,  IST."!;  A/.,  / Hiirio  > {/!•:,  M:iivli   17,  IST.'i. 

'*Trial  l>y  jury  in  criiiiiiial  I'asrs  wiis  lirst  cstalilislicd  in  Aii.'.  I.S.'t'J,  Imt 
lii'iii^  found  ini|irartii'al)lf,  owin;.'  to  tlio  i;,'hiirancc  nt  tlic  masses,  it  was  alml- 
isliciT.  /)iiiilnji'M  Ciiil.  .\iii.,  I'Sli.  Tlic  systrniwas  rL'stortMl  l>y  tlu'  constitulmn 
lit  IST'J.   Snh:,  Diiirin  Ojir.,  Oct.   17,   iNj.'i. 

'''i'lif  suprcine  odiirt  is  coinpusfd  of  clfvtin  inaj^istradns,  oni:  nt'  wIkpih  is 
tin-  jircsidi'iit.  ]n  San  Salv.  tlirrr  an'  twn  I'liandn-rs  of  "Jil  rcsdi't  with  t«ii 
justio's  ill  each,  and  oiir  nt  ltd  resort  eoinposed  of  the  jircsidi'iit  and  l\\>-  two 
>inior  justices.  A  majority  of  tlie  nia},'istrados  constitutes  tlu'  full  supn me 
court.  'J'lien^  is  also  a  cliamlier  of  'Jd  instance  in  San  Mi;.'iiel,  ami  anotlier  in 
Santa  Ana.  Seven  suplcntes  or  substitutes  lill  teiniiorary  aliseiices  of  the  ui- 
cuinlK^nts,  three  for  the  c.iiiital,  and  two  for  each  of  the  oihers.  No  iiiai:is- 
trado,  or  judge  of  a  court  of  first  resort,  can  hold  ollice  in  tlii^  executive  or 
l'';;islative  deliartmeiits  of  tiie  govermnent,  'J'lic  sii|)reiiie  cotirt-inarti.d  was 
abolished  hy  law  of  Aug.  .'tl,  IS7«").  Military  courts  of  lirst  in^taiu'e  exi-.tiiig 
ill  the  depts  weresuppressi'd,  excepting  that  ill  tlu'eapilal,  and  tlieir  fiiiietions 
ilevolved  oil  the  coinaiiilaiite.s.  Sutr.,  IHirio  '>!'<'.,  Seiit.  .'{tl-.Sth;  lil.,  <!iirila 
"lii:,  Sept.  i:<,  J.S7(i. 

'"/•/MfW.  ZnUiinr,  Miii.'inji;  .Ian.  14,  1H7.S. 

'"The  Ist  chaniher  of  'Jd  instance  in  the  capital,  l,7:iti;  the  'Jd,  l.MSK;  that 
of  Santa  Ana,  'J,!il2!<;  and  the  one  at  Sail  Miguel,  l,:(7<(.  .^'ilr.,  M'ln.  Sir.  l.'iL 
./list.,  ,h:,  187!l;  Suh.,  /Hiirio  njir.,  ,luin?'JC>,  'JS,  .Inly  4,   i:»,  I.S7S. 

'"The  Livingston  code  of  J^ouisiana  with  trial  hy  jury  was  estaldislied  in 
|.s:<(),  Imt  susjifiuU'il  in  lS4.'i.  l>uiiln]i.'<  i,  nt.  .\m.,  I'.t-J;  Snwloml,  Un:  I'ulU, 
'J'J.  'I'lie  organic  law  of  the  courts  is  dati-d  duly  4,  I.S."i7,  and  underwent  iiinili- 
tications  Sept.  3,  IS58.  Jtorhn,  i'mi.,  A'/>.,  ii.  I(>7-'.IH;  Sir.,  I)n:  y  Arwriiut, 
IS.-)!*,  ii.  27-8;  In/hn,ii;  Miii.  (iolifrn.,  1H.V.». 

'*Tlio  former  has  jurisdietioii  over  the  di-pts  of  Lena,  t'liinaiidega,  .iiul 
Segovia;  and  the  latter  over  thoau  of  (ironudu,  Hivos,  Chuntalea,  aud  MuUt- 
galpa.  L^i'jf,  Nir.,  ;i44. 

IIiHT.  Cbnt.  Am.,  Vuu  IU.    41  • 


n 


•I 


;:i:'| 


l^'^l 


G42 


JUDICIAL  AND  MILITARY. 


ix)licc  ordinances.  Cases  of  greater  iuiportanee  must 
go  liefore  the  judge  of  first  resort.'" 

Tlie  laws  liave  never  been  collected  and  revised  to 
form  one  body  of  legislation.  Tlio  only  ones  publisiied, 
to  my  knowledge,  are  the  code  of  connnerce,  on  March 
12,  18GD;  the  civil  code,  on  March  81,  1871;  that  of 
civil  procedure,  in  May  1H71;  and  lastly,  the  laws  xii 
hacienda,  in  1872."'  The  executive  in  his  message  of 
1871  complain(!d  that  the  legislation  was  defective, 
and  that  it  was  almost  innH)ssible  to  terminate  suits 
at  law."  In  criminal  causes  the  constitution  enjoined 
the  greatest  precautions  and  restrictions  for  inliictiiig 
the  death  penalty,  which  was  by  shooting  the  prisoiiii-. 
IJut  that  penalty  was  finally  abolislied  on  the  olst  (•!' 
^larch,  1 87iJ."'^  Trial  by  jury  for  grave  oflences  was  es- 
tablished on  the  .'Ust  of  March,  1871.  J?unishments 
for  other  ollences  are,  under  the  [>enal  code  of  18;VJ,"' 
(K'tention  for  a  long  or  short  term,  with  or  without 
pecuniui-y  fiiu-s,  in  chains  or  without  them,  and  with 
hard  lalxjr,  or  none.  Women  sentenced  i'or  serious 
erime  are  made  to  work  in  tiie  hospitals.  Incorrigible 
erimiuals  of  t]ii>  male  sex  may  be  sentenced  to  receixc 
a  number  of  blows  on  the  l>are  back,  even  as  many  as 
500,  as  elsewliere.-'' 

The  number  of  criminal  })r(»sc;cutions  initiated  Iroiii 
December  1,  1880,  to  Nov.  ;{0,  1882,  throughout  tin 


■-'"Tlieiv  is  in  ciii'li  (Icicirtimiit  or  ilistriot  a  eoiirt  for  i~ivil  anil  oriniiiiil 
all'.iirs;  Imt  in  larm'ly  |)<)[>ulati'il  (lc)>.irtiiii'iit-<  tlicro  is  also  a  oourt  of  I'riiuiii  il 
jiiri^<(lK'tion.  /'nr/ri,  CinL  A'/i'.,  ii.  'J17,  '1\\  'Mi'i.  TIumh;  should  aNolioa  jui/ 
lie  ajiiiiiiltura,  and  a  jui'Z  do  la  nii'.st.i,  iiiider  ixi.itini.'  laws.  Cases  involv  in, 
oidy  .S|(H>  an'  acted  upon  vcrlially:  all  oUuts  in  writinj;. 

■''A«\,  lii/iifmi'  Mill.  Foiiini/'t,  Isti'.l;  A/.,  />ii\  1/  AfHrntai,  1S71,  l-.'t  •"'■'; 
III.,  (.'imlti,  .Manh  IS,  Apr.  I,  '_>i',  .luni!  :{,  |S71:  Ki/'nnn,;,- >/<■  A' ;-■.,  Oct.  •.'•_'. 
1S71;  Fiili.  2.">,  IS7'J;  AV  ,  Mnn.  Miii.  Hm:,  1S7'J;  A/.,  /n/'oriiii'  Min.  (.'nl^ri'., 
lS7."i. 

'•'- '  Lox  |)l('it(is,  jior  di.'cirlo  asi,  sc  ctcini/an,  y  cs  iiniy  raro  vor  uuo  (pi' 
Uo^nt' ii  coni'luir.si!. '  Mviixiije  di'l  I'rc'nl.,  Mar/o  1,S7I. 

'•'■  Xir.,  Si  III, mill  Ai.:,  Oct.  I(i,  JS7:{. 

'*  Miinirc,  I'Jj'i  III,,  4'.l.  It  lias  liccn  asscrti'l  that  as  a  rule  otl'cndcrs  arc  net 
vijjorously  [(ro.sccutcd,  and  for  various  I'casons  often  gt>  uniiuuisliod. 

-'  /.(I/  '/«  vriKii/iiiM,  Aut'.  IH,  IS.VS;  Li  1/  i/c  I'dliis,  Sv\>i.  I,  lS."i,S.  Prisoinr-i 
ficntonci'd  to  liard  lalior  nitvi;  out  thoir  terms  on  tho  works  in  forts  San  .In  I'l 
and  San  Carlos,  hy  jiresidcut's  order  of  Oct.  li,  lS6t).  AVc,  Mum,  Min,  O'ljlimi., 
issa,  '2'2-;\,  and  unncx  11.  'J7. 


rcpu 

of  2, 

C( 

Cout 

bunal 

of  tov 

dictio 

suprei 

wliich 

niembi 

iitivo, 

lative 

being  i 

'»f  tile 

■■^ectioMi 

<'tc.-« 

stance  i 
lia\in(r 

j'l'ovJMC 

•■'»urt,  d 
Oo,st; 


-■"Of  ,vi,i 
]"ndnijr.   A/ 

"C,«/„  / 
'•■^">!';  M,„i/,i 

■■'^Thc  V,: 

'■•'I'    for  the 
''^''<4,  annex 

'■'"Nil its  f,. 
•■'I'lMcs  and 
.i'"'ii;atc  II,,,,, 

"'  "Helices  ,|; 
■  >lH'nse,,|  ()■, 
'  '"'  acts  as  ji 
' '""tlieacli;' 
'  l"'iiditure  , 
','-■'  "I*'  rcclu, 
""yar  |.S,S4 
:'^"''<i"d  niilii 
'"'">,'  an  inhe; 


COSTA   RICA  JUDICIARY. 


rrpul»lic,  woiv  1,070  of  men  and  IGl  of  woinon,a  total 


of  2,1:57. '" 


Costa  ]li(;a,  as  soon  as  slio  i)ccanio  a  nicniluT  of  tlio 
(  V-ntral  /Vinorican  conftMloration,  ori^anizi'd  a  jucJiriary 
of  her  own,  fonsistinj;  of  a  su|H'rior  court,  several  tii- 
I>unals  of  first  resort  in  tlie  provinces,  antl  the  alcaldes 
(•f  towns,  wlio  were  justices  of  tlie  |»eac(\  with  juris- 
tliction  over  ]>etty  afi'airs  Itoth  civil  and  criminal.  'I'lie 
supreme  court  has  since  underi;one  many  chan«j;es, 
wliicli  would  occu[>y  too  much  space  to  detail.  Its 
members  have  been  sometimes  appointed  by  the  exec- 
utive, and  at  others  chosen  l)y  the  jteoph;  or  the  leij^is- 
lativt!  body."'  At  present,  they  are  elective,  the  court 
biinir  formed  with  the  foUowinij  [»ersonnel :  president 
of  tile  full  court,  presidents  of  the  first  and  seiund 
sections,  six  justices,  secretary,  and  the  recjuisitecK-iks, 
«'tc.''**  The  administration  of  justice  in  the  first  in- 
stance is  vested  in  courts  sittin;^  in  each  province,  and 
liavin^'  civil  and  criniinal  jurisdiction,  except  in  the 
jirovince  of  San  Jose,  which  has  a  <nvil  and  a  crimiuid 
lourt,  distinct  irom  one  another."' 

Costa  i^ica  adopted  in  or  about  1 S  1 1  a  civil  and 
ponal  code,  and  likewise  a  code  of  [>rocedure.  witli 
which  slu'  rid  hersell' of  the  old  cund>ersome  and  ex- 
pensive lei^islatijin."^"      i^ut  nothing'  was  done;  towaid 

-"Of  which  tuH  rcsiiltcil  in  t'oiivictidii;  '2l\  Mere  (liHiiiismti;  and  I,(IS7  \\  iie 
]ii'U(liiij,'.  A/.,  iiiini'X  (!,  no,  vi. 

'''' ('(i.i/ii  A'.,  ('ill.  L<  II.,  iii. -xxii.,  |i:i.s.siiii;  A/.,  .Mrm.  Mhi.  (tulnrii.,  I.S57  aiicl 

is.v.(;  M„i,i,ij\ii;  l!"<ifni  //;■</.,  V.  :fu,  :ns. 

-*''riio  ycai'ly  salaries  arc:  chiif  pn  sidirit,  S'-'Jtld;  the  othir  )ii(siil(  nts, 
."■-'.(MO  Ciicli;  justices,  .*I,.S()(»  iMeii:  sr.iil,ir\ ,  Sl.'JIMt.  'llie  yearly  a|i|pro|iria- 
Imu  I'oi-  tht;  su|)i'enu'  lOUf't  is  nearly  Sj;(,(M)(l.  ('n.-^fn  It'.,  Mem.  Sir.  (,'iil,trii., 
iNS-t,  annex  I). 

"■•  Suits  fcr  sums  not  exceeding;  .SlO.tand  trivial  oH'enees  are  attendeil  to  Ipy 
.•ilraldes  and  jneees  de  jia/.  There  is  aiso  a  speeial  eourt  of  haeienda  to  ail- 
i'ldieatt^  upon  elainis  of  tiie  treasury  against  private  ]iailies,  and  to'.'  the  tlial 
<  "(len(;es  aj^ainst  the  ri'Venue,  ia<'luding  also  the  eounterieitin;;  of  coin.  Tho 
1  \|)ense  of  this  eoiirt  is  nearly  i^'^M  per  month.  In  l.imon  there  isan  ah-ahle 
N  lio  acts  as  juilge.  Till'  civil  and  eriminal  judges  of  Sin  .lo.sc  recei\e  .'r^KC)  ;i 
luiiiith  each;  the  other  judges,  .SI-.");  tlie  alcalde  at  l.iinon,  !!<.")((.  The  yearly 
'  Npcniliture  of  the  judiciary,  including  the  sniiremo  court,  liscal  agencies, 
1  isa  dc  rcclusiou  !r>7-0;  presidio  de  .San  riUea.s  !<1 1, ")()();  and  contingents  for 
tlie  year  l.S,S4  Was  a  little  over  .s'.H>,  KM).  In  former  ytsirs,  when  the  ecch  si- 
.i-^iic  and  niilitiiry  fueroswcro  recogiii/.cd,  each  had  its  own  courts,  tluiHyHtoiii 
i"'ing  an  inheritance  from  the  oM  .S]ianisii  rule.     It  hiui  buuik  alinli-shud. 

'"L'oxUi  II.,  /n/'ornit!  Sn:  Int.,  IStM)  ami  18(i5. 


~"  i' 

■ 

n 

'    /  >  3  >!■     11 

;-::lil    n 

l;     |H| 

1 1 

1  1 

I 

(M4 


JUI'ICIAL  ANJ>  MILITAUY 


iiaproviii}^  this  %v()rk.  Indeed,  tlio  adiuiiiistratioii  (»t' 
justice  ill  Costa  liica  is  not  what  it  sIkjuIiI  he,  not  for 
laitk  of  hoiu'stv,  ahility,  <>r  lahoriousiiess  on  the  jturt 
of  the  courts,  hut  hecause  of  the  antiijuated  and  inudo- 
quat»!  civil  h^islation  and  mode  of  procedure."'" 

The  iTovernuient,  after  ohtaininjif  the  autliorizatioii 
of  the  nati<jnal  conijfress,  appointed  a  coniniission  tn 
form  new  codes."'-  Xo  ditticulties  were  a[)preheiul«  d 
in  reo;ard  to  tlie  civil  code;  hut  the  penal  code,  invoh  - 
iiit^  the  manner  of  deahuij^  with  criminals,  has  re(juiit(l 
a  more  careful  studv,  with  the  view  of  abaudouinj^;  th* 
old  vindictive  svstem." 

Under  the  new  penal  code  there  were  to  he  three 
separate  presidios  for  «lilferent  i^radc  s  of  criminals; 
hut  owinj^  to  scarcity  »»f  funds  only  two  were  estah- 
lished,  one  on  (\>co  Island,  and  the  other  on  San 
Lucas."'*  But  later,  under  an  executive  order  of  Xu- 
vemher  6,  1S8"2,  the  prisoners  on  Coco  were  removed 
to  San  Lucas,  and  thus  ^^ere  the  thre(>  presidios  which 
should  have  been  separate  merjj^ed  into  one. 

Under  the  latest  constitution  of  the  .state  of  Panama, 
the  judiciary  was  com])rised  of  the  following:  asuperim- 
court  in  the  state  ca[>ital;^'  one  district  court  for  civil 
and  one  for  criminal  aliairs  in  the  same  city;  in  iIk; 
other  departments  the  district  judge  has  jurisdiction 
over  civil  and  criminal  causes.  In  each  ward  of  t'n' 
capital  there  is  an  alcalde,  and  in  the  country  a  regidur 
for  each  canton.^" 

^'This  w;i8  rccogiuzcd  by  tlio  inin.  of  justice  in  his  report  of  May  \'i,  1>M. 

Coal.l  It.,  Mini.  Sor.  Jiisf.  y  dnii-il,    hSS4    'J'.K 

^-Tlit^  coniinisdioiis  l>c;;.iu  till''!'  I'll  11  IPS  at  oiioc,  Imt  had  not  coiiiplutcd  tin  in 
ill  .lulv  IS.S.">.    ('duIii  J'.,  Mini.  Jiixt.  11  (I'filciiL,  ISTlJ-.S."). 

■'■'A  hiwof  July  1(1,  1.S7;{,  iiitroilucud  this  jury  tiystoni  iji  criminal  can ->  >. 
Co-itii  n.,  Col.  /.:'>/.,  xxii.  5'_'-GU;  /'/.,  liifhrim:  !<'<:. I u.^t.,  11S7:<, 'J:<-4;  \^',^'<, 
111  •_'(). 

^*  Tlic  jiriaon  on  Coco  wius  fir.st  dccrciil  July  H,  1S74,  Imt  tlic  law  nut  li  i^  • 
ing  Iit'cn  carried  out,  it  was  reiterated  Jan.  21,  IST^.     'ilie  regulatiuu  of  Id'. 
U."),  i>S74,  for  San  Liieas  j'laied  it  uuiler  tliu  control  of   (lie  governor  of  i1k' 
coniarca  of  Puntarenas.   Vn^ia  1}.,  Cul.  /.<;/.,  xxii.  3.">-4.\  S'.l-'.hi;  Id.,  hij'.  ■**'•■ 
(,'ofiini.,  1874,  28;  lS7'.t,  1(1  IS;  Iil.,  <  „/.  j>is],n.i.  Li./..  IS78,  IfJ-S. 

•"('onuiosed  of  thret;  justices,  whoso  terms  of  ollico  are  of  four  yto-. 
There  are  suhstitutes  to  till  teniiiorary  vacancies. 

^'' The  alciildea  and  regidmes  h  ive  cliarge  of  th<!  preservation  of  onlti  in 
their  renpcctivu  districts,  uud  initiate  proceedings  lor  oU'eiiccs  againat  ti^: 


I'AXA.M.t    MAITKIIS 


G45 


A  jM'iUil  ((mIc  was  adopted  by  tlie  constituent  assciii- 
l)ly  in  July  ISC)."^,  under  which  capital  j)unishnient 
was  alM)lished,  and  the  liinj^hest  penalty  established 
was  that  of  ten  years  in  chains  with  hard  labor.^'  V 
contract  was  entere<l  into  with  .Tusto  Aroseniena  in 
18(18  to  revise  some  cotles  and  form  others,'"  and  in 
ireneral  to  c(Klirv  all  existiuLT  laws.  The  contract  was 
fully  carried  out,  and  tlh;  state  became  j)ossessed  of  a 
full  and  well-arranged  system  of  IcGfislation. 

Of  the  criminal  prosecutions  initiated  in  187<»  only 
tliirteen  ptT  centum  resulted  in  convictions,  which 
•  licited  from  tli(!  <^oviTnnient  secretary  some  dt'preca- 
tory  reniai'ks.'"  The  state  had  in  1880  an  ori^auized 
body  of  police;  of  a  little  over  fortv  men  includin*''  the 
otfici'rs.  The  men  are  armrd  with  a  club,  an<l  on  ex- 
traordinary <»ccasions  with  carbines  or  riHes/"  The 
prison  arrangements  have  nothing  to  commend  tlu-m/^ 


P\ 


i  s 


In  regard  to  the  military  de[»artment  of  the  Isth- 
mus, hardly  anything  can  be  said  with  certainty.  it 
might  possibly,  in  an  emergency,  kei'[»  under  arms 
.'5,000  or  4.000  nien  for  a  short  peritxi.  The  force  in 
active  service  has  varied  v/ith  cireumstancrs  from  4o0 
or  500  to  75.''"     The  mnnbcr  of  commissioned  oiliccrs 

l:i\vs,  and  after  tho  iiiVL'stigatioii  h.i-i  Ixcii  cfiiiiplotcd,  |iaMs  the  ](a|nrs  to  tlie 
(imiier  eiiiirt.  TIh'.sc  ((lliciuls  also  liave  juri-iiliftioii  over  civil  imumcs  not  tx- 
ceeiliiii;  S'J(K)  in  value.  Wlitii  tiic  cliiiii  ilocs  not  exici'il  ,«•_'."),  the  eouit'H 
ileeisioii  i.s  tinal.  If  it  dors,  the  court  Jiears  tlii'  jiartics,  ri'C(  ivcs  th(;  te^ti- 
iiuiiiy  of  \vitnt^s.se.s,  and  ri'udirfi  a  di'eision,  whirh  may  In'  apix  ahd  fi-inn  to 
the  sniierior  eourt.  .Imljes  and  alcahU's  in  foi'uiri-  jiars  were  gri  atly  n  - 
v|>eeted  Ipv  the  jieople.  and  their  decrees  ohcyrd  witliout  diniur.  .Slidihuiaihi, 
Aonifox  hdil.  /'"ii.,  MS.,  '2,  T). 

■''Other  penalties:  ini]irisonnu'nt,  hani.-shuicnt,  ilejirivation  or  .suspension 
of  political  rijihts,  surveillance  of  the  authorities,  tines,  oti'.  Creihts  are 
allowed  prisoners  for  good  hehavior.  Trial  hy  jury  in  eriiniiial  I'a.scs  (  xists. 
A  .jury  of  seven  meet  at  tho  ehii'f  town,  he.ir  the  evidence,  aiul  hy  an  ahsolute 
uKijority  convict,  nualifying  thu  otl'cnce,  or  acrpiit.  I'mi.,  (inritu,  Au^^  .'{(), 
to  Sent.'  'J4,  ISti.'l;  Fit).  !!>,  iSNt;  Ji/.,  Jinbihi  O/ir.,  Nov.  is,  Ist;."). 

■^  riio  civil,  penal,  procedure,  inilitarv,  and  eoinniercial  codes.  Iif.,  Sejit. 
.">,  KSiW;  /,/.,  I,,/.  Mnn.  Scr.  AV.,  187'.',  l':{;  1877,  'Ml 

^^  He  drew  the  conclusion  that  the  jury  system,  in  tho  state  of  ignorance 
so  general  iimotig  the  nias.ses,  instead  of  heing  a  safeguard  for  society  mtvciI 
toalFord  impunity  to  criminals.  M.,  Mem.  Sec.  Jin.  Est.,  1876,  I'J-'i*.';  lfS7'.t, 
l(C2-». 

♦oAiH.,  Af»/.,  1879-80,  52-5. 

*^  Pan.,  In/'ornie  fto/x'rnnifnr,  \7-\9. 

*' A  decree  of  Dec.  23,  1879,  fixed  tho  force  at  140  with  the  officers;  a 


f 


m 


G4ft 


JUDICIAL  AND   MILIIAUV. 


has  ever  bct-ii  lai*:jc',  and  not  a  fuw  of  them  rectivt-d 
juiy  without  rondurinjLf  any  servico  worth  mentioning;/' 
The  general  government  of  Colond>ia  usually  kee[»s  a 
force  of  its  own,  vary in<,H)etw(!en  150  and  r)00  nun, 
with  the  douMi!  ohicct  of  ijuardinn'  the  transit  fioni 
interru[>tion,  and  of  controlling  the  ]»olitical  situation. 

The  available  military  force  of  ( 'osta  ]lica  for  ai^tivc 
service  is  ch>so  upon  15,000  men,  to  which  must  he 
add»'d  a  reserve  of  nearly  (»,000,  the  national  guard  of 
ahout  .'},500,  and  the  field  and  com})any  otKcers  nuni- 
beriniT  2,4S5.  The  yi^arrisons  of  San  Jose,  Cartauo. 
Hereiha,  Alajuela,  J^iberia,  and  l^untari'uas  in  Ihs;; 
a<rnrre<ifated  less  than  500,  inchulinu'  oliicers,  and  S.i 
nmsicians,  a  reduction  of  rJ8  from  tin-  preceding; 
ycar.^'  Tlie  garrison  formerly  ke[>t  at  tlie  pn'sidi  nts 
liouse  was  suppressed.  Schools  exist  for  instructing 
the  militia  officers.  A  good  sup})ly  of  arms,  ammuni 
tion,  and  other  war  material  is  kept  in  .servic*  jililc 
condition.*'  Costa  Hica  formerly  had  a  navy  (»f  tlircr 
steam  vessels  and  one  schooner.  The  latter  is  all  she 
has  now,  besides  two  small  steamers  used  for  the 
protection  of  the  rcfvenue.    ., 

In  Xicai-agua  the  army  cKiitinued  in  the  biennial 
period  of  1881-2,  as  formerly  organized,  in  tliree  divis- 
ions of  .'5,200  men  each,  which  might  easily  bi'  in- 
creased, but  that  number  was  dtemed  sulHcient  to 
cover  the  garrisons.*"     The  repiiblii;  is  provided  with 

so('(iii(l  of  March  1,  18S0,  onU^red  tlu;  orgaiii/atimi  uf  tlii'  l>att:ili(m  Anooii  im.  I 
with '.I,')  to  !'_'.">;  aiiotlicr  of  Kd). '.'"J,  ISSl,  rLMlui'fd  it  ti>  T.'i.  'I'lit'  jmy  <il  tlir 
riiik  mikI  tiln  was  lixud  in  IS.sOas  fnlluws:  lstser;it,  S-7;  2il  Htf;,'t,  S-4;  Isi 
coi'fMiial,  .§'21;  2il  cui'|).,  SicS;  jirivato,  .^1.").  No  r.itioii.i  alluwt'il.  /'mi.,  f<'"- 
of',  Jail.  8,  Mardi  '21,  May  it,  .liiiic-  '2i,  '27,  l.SS(»;  Si'i-t.  !.">,  1'."),  ISSl.  Tlir 
liii-ci'  Mas  greatly  aui,'iiiL'uti;il  iluriiig  the  (listurltaucca  of  ISSu.  I'lin.  SUir  nir/ 
//(/•'./-/,  Dec.  '2'2,  1S.S,-.. 

*^A  law  of  ISSl  cst;il)lisliu(l  tlu;  ranks'.'  gi'ii.-iii-i'hiof,  gcu.  of  ilivi.^idii, 
gen.  of  Ijrigadc,  colonel,  lii'iit-col,  iiiajnr,  'aj  ^..,  liiiit,  and  suli-licut.  On  tln' 
l:<t  of  i'cc,  1S77,  tlicro  Were  8  generals,  4"i  col(,>!i<;ls,  lieut-enl,  and  majors,  .mi 
'2'>i  from  captains  ilown.  Tlie  apprnprii'tions  for  1877  ami  1878  were  .iM»4,(HH) 
eaeh,  of  which  $45,000  was  for  pay.  I'mi.,  Mem.  AVr.  Jen.  Eat.,  1878,  y. 
xxvii.-xxxii.;  Id.,  lit.,  Iliicwiula,  IST'S,  annex  X. 

**  l>iife,riere,  writing  for  1873,  si'.ys  tiiat  the  regnlars  did  not  count  U>i- 
niiieli  as  to  nunilHJrs,  tliough  the  country  had  been  of  late  years  under  a  inii- 
itary  gov.  l)e  Pari»a  (htatiin.,  5.")  (J. 

*'<'iMtnli.,  Mem.  Mhi.  (iiier..  ISS.'l  and  1884. 

'"There  were  garrisons  in  Managua,  Granada,  Leon,  Coriuto,  Sau  Carlos, 


<  'astillo  V, 
•■•'Venue  ^i\ 
''lit'  hattal 

'Ic  los  suii; 

tive.     'J'l„ 

yt  a  jijiir  . 

"■"Lilians. 

''■■'3';  tlie  j„ 
"111  Is.'i 

Mi/i.   due, 

,  *"Tliear 
June  •_>,  18J 
■iiid  f,„.ee  t 
I'liagiiied;  . 
I'l'iihahly  Ji;, 

^O;   l.nt'er, 
'"Tliee.' 


AllMV  AND  NAVY. 


•147 


artillery  and  other  arms,  as  well  as  with  the  re<(ui- 
site  ainiimiiiti<i>ii.  Invalided  men,  and  widows  and 
orphans  of  the  soldiers,  n-eeive  pensions.^' 

Nicarau^ua  mav  in  the  course  of  time  heeome  a 
maritime  nation.  At  pri'sent  there  is  no  Nioaraij^uan 
navy.  The  naval  service  is  reduced  to  tlu'  mere 
police  of  tlie  j)orts  of  San  Jua!i  del  Norte,  San  Juan 
del  Sur,  and  Corinto. 

Honduras  has  hut  a  small  mnnber  of  men  under 
arms  in  time  of  peace,  hut  all  male  citizens  from  IH 
to  50  years  nnist  do  military  service  in  tim«^  of  wai.^"' 

The  men  do  not  make  a  fine  display,  hut  will  march 
from  :)0  to  (iO  miles  a  da>  with  no  other  food  than  a 
plaintain  and  a  little  cheese,  and  when  well  othcired, 
will  Hi;iit  <les|)i'rately. 

The  <>fovernment   has    jiad    it  in  contemplation   to 


itrodi 


U(M'  some  order  ni  the  sci-vice,  and  to  develop  a 
sentiment  of  respect  and  ai»pre<'iation  of  the  military 
profession;  hut  I  am  not  aware  that  any  change  for 
the  hettcr  has  taken  place.  Honduras  has  forts  at 
( )moa  and  Tiujillo,  the  .same  which  existed  in  the 
Spanish  domination;  they  coidd  oiler  resistance;  to 
scarcely  any  foi'ce  homhardiniL''  them  from  the  sea. 

The  govermnent  of  Salvador,  in  May  IS7!i,  ordc^red 
a  compk'te  reorjLianization  of  the  army,  fixing-  its  force 
at  20,000  men  in   four  divisions,'*"  whose  connnander- 


»  .if' 


i  'iistillo  Viojo,  and  Matatialpa,  af;grL'i;ating  with  tlio  oflloers  .VM}  iiioii.  'I'lic 
icveiiiu' piaiil.s  ami  ]icilii('  imiiilior  almiit  4t)0.  Xir,,  Mvm.  Miii.  dmr.,  ISfiK. 
Till'  liattalioiis  statiiiiicil  at  Managua,  tlic  (  .iiiital.  Iic.irs  tlu'  naiiii'  of  Liiianlia 
lUi  los  sii)ireiii()>i  poilcri'S,  Ixiiii;  tin-  liuanl  ol  lioiior  nt  coii^iross  or  the  fXiu'ii- 
tive.  'i'liu  tiliiccrs  anil  solclicr.s  an;  well  iIicnsimI.  Tin.-  <itlii;r  tmojis  iniTfly 
m't  a  j>air  of  pants  ami  ii  shirt.  Tin;  In  iulit  triniiiiin;^s  clistin^uisli  tlicin  from 
livilians.  As  to  pay,  tin'  mineral  of  liivisioii  in  active  scrviix'  receives  ^  per 
'lay;  the  jirivato  only  ;{0  cts  per  <l,iy  and  no  rations.    /,( /•//,  Xii\,  ;U.'<-4. 

*' In  l.SfS'J  the  monthly  appropriation  for  pensions  was  SI,1S,S.  Nii\,  Mim. 
Mill.  (I'liiT.,  liSS.'J. 

*"  The  army  niijjht  be  rai.sod  to  SO.tXH)  or  40,  (KX)  men.  /'((/).  StJir  ninl  //init  /, 
•lune  '2,  laSit.  The  practice  lias  been  to  send  out  press-gangs,  to  seize  men 
.iml  force  them  into  the  ranks,  thus  forming  .as  motley  a  set  as  can  well  be 
imagined;  some  have  shirts,  some  jackets,  and  «>thers  neither.  Most  of  them 
probably  have  breeches,  but  exceedingly  short  at  the  legs.  MV//.i'  IJiiuil.,  '2H8 
40;   Lit/vrriin',  De  Parin  d  Ounti'iii,  KHi-l;  Si/iiii'r'n  Tntr.,  ii.  liS.T-4. 

''••The  eastern,  furnished  by  the  de)>artmeiitsof  Siui  Miguel,  Usulutan,  La 
Tnion,  and  (iotera;  the  central,  by  San  Vicente,  Cabaflaa,  Cuscatlan,  and 
Chulateuango;  the  western,  by  Santa  Ana,  Sousouat,  aad  Abuachapan;  and 


iMi 


648 


.ILlJiLJAL  AM)  MIIJIAIIV, 


in-ciruf  shoul«l  l>o  tlic  prcsulcnt  of  tins  ropuljlic,'"*  mIid 
ttllowed  liimsclf  lour  ui«lt's-(K'-camj»  of  tlif  rank  of  roln- 
ml,  four  of  tlie  ^rjulc  of  Ik-utciiunt-coloiicI,  and  fi^^lit 
others  from  captains  to  suh-litutt'iuints.  T\\v  term  of 
military  si-rvico  was  fixtd  at  six  yijars,  cacli  man  \n'\\vj; 


•ri'ditt'il  with  tloul)K'    timo  for  activo  srrvic 


'I' 


cost  of  tlic  force  tloiuLT  j^arrison  (hity,  wliicli  in  Ih7<i 
had  Ik-cu  Hxi'd  at  1,427  nu-n — cxchisivi-  of  tlio  ^^'i'licnil 
staff,  otlier  »)fHccrs  ^A'  all  irrades,  and  two  music  luinds 


-was  computed  at  J?.)l,7^i8  per  month. 


An  a( 


■t  of 


coni:;ress  o 


f  Jai 


luary 


u  I 


^ui>pi 


'essed 


pensions  of  oflicials  on  retirinj^  fr(jm  service,  and  ex- 
tended the  rule  to  militarv  nien  liavinu'  means  of  their 
own  for  suppoit.  The  retirtd  pension  was  to  he  paid 
onlv  to  destituttr  ones,  and  in  no  case  was  it  to  exceid 
fifty  dollars  a  month."  A  new  military  code  was  |tiii- 
muluated  on  the  1st  of  January,  LSHO.'"' 

In  (Guatemala  military  service  is  ri(juired  of  every 
male  citizen  of  the  au'isof  IS  to  ;")(),  exceptinj^  Indians, 
jiriests,  'students,'  and  thos'e  who  pay  fifty  dollars  a 
year  for  exem[ition. '^  The  strength  of  the  army  is 
estimated  at  1(),0()(),  but  there  is  no  <loul)t  that  a  lar^if 
forci'  can  he  I'aised  when  needed.  The  followiny'  arc 
the  <>radcs  of   conunissioned    officers  in  tin-  service: 

o 

till'  rcscrvo,  liy  San  Salvailor,  La  J'a/,  ami  F.a  LiliiTtad.  Kacli  (Hvisimi  \v;i-i 
t'oriiu'd  with  I'dur  lirigadcH,  and  aiiotlu  r  (il  artillery;  isicli  luigadf  to  liav^' 
I, Olio  inrii  ill  two  Uattalioii.s;  tivi-  coiiiipaiiii's  oi'  IO(t  iiiuii  to  furiii  a  liattalinii. 
.V.f/r.  /Jiarif,  njir.,  Ajir.  (5,  May  lii,  July  it,  10.  1S7'.». 

■"'  Itivisioiis  to  111!  coiiiiiiaiidi'd  liy  gciicials  of  division,  lirigades  liy  guiii'ials 
of  liiigadc;  battalions  to  have  coldiuls  and  liuut-coloiu'l.-,;  an<l  uarh  coiniiaiiy 
a  cajit.,  iMt  lii'iit,  '_M  lii'Ut,  and  '2  suli-licuts,  5  SLTgoaiits,  and  S  coi'iioral.-. 
lil'cvi'ts  were  rccognizud  in  all  givult'.s  of  cMiinniissioncd  ollictrs,  under  an  t  \- 
eciitivi'  docTL'c  of  i.S7"».   /'/.,  Aug.  I'A,  IS7."). 

•''Tlie  j)ay  of  a  gen.  of  div.  wa.s  Sl.">()  per  iiionth,  of  a  ).'en.  of  lirig.  •*li'">, 
col  .■?1(H),  lieut-col  S'.Kt,  cajit.  s.'iT,  lieiit  S4r»,  .sulidieiit  s:{7..")0,  seig.  S\:i,  eor]- 
orals,  .si;ii,  and  nrivati!  .'*1I.'J.').  The  new  orfianizatioii  given  the  army  :it 
that  time  was  saiil  to  seeure  a  .saving  of  S'J(K),0(K)  a  year.  Snli'.,  (l<u\tii  "//i-., 
Oct.  7,  II,  l.s7ti. 

■''■' The  seale  was  li.xed  in  Mareh  1S77,  from  SS*)  for  a  general  of  ilivisinii 
down  to  ^10  for  a  suh-lieut,  sergeants  .*>7  and  .*t(,  eorporals  .S"),  and  jirivati's 
.^.  The  sanio  scale  stimding  for  widows  and  orphans  to  whom  pensimis 
miglit  he  allowed.  /(/.,  Feb.  Iti,  March  0,  IS77. 

'•' It  went  into  effect  oil  the  15th  oi  tliat  month  and  year.  Salv.,  Di'irm 
Ojir.,  Jan.  2-14,  1880. 

^*A  few  paid  for  their  exemption  till  1892.  GiuU.,  Mfm.  Stc.  Ihic.,  1!>»^, 
24,  and  annex  19. 


gone 

ant-c 

lieut< 

Th 

siduoi 

pliueii 

the  (.t 

armv. 

/Ill  offi 

men    I 

'|Uentl 

•inion"' 

looked 

instead 
provide 
\\ent  ill 

The 
Hscjil  y» 

"The  r 

'•■ircia  (Jrai 
"f  tlie.ili^,, 
t'lyetliir  wi 
■iiiiiiill,.il  tl 
K«"ido  coin,- 
ii.  Il'  l.(, 
"^Tlu.  ,., 

■ilid  elutlies 

''  The  .sei 

I'ara  il  ^>r,v\ 

«''Kfd  in  cMu 

line  with  M, 

'd'*o  assign,., 

"iliex  iio.  J. 

'"Odioci^ 

"■"•.  Mhi<-h  1 

-'■'•viee.    /,/. 

.  .'"It  lias 'l, 

''  ".  annex  :!• 

""A/.,  I, vs. 

"iilitary  alliiii 

'•  "•  K'-"!  ■"•,  i;i 

-'  Ii.    table  (i; 
•'"'•.  2UJ-S. 


<;rATKMAI.A  AKKAIIIS. 


iLjom'ials  of  division  ami  of  hri»^a<lc,  "  colonel,  lieuten- 
aiit-«'(tloiu'l,  first  anil  s('c«»nil  coniancluntt's,  captain, 
lieutenant,  and  suU-liciitciiant."*' 

The  1,^0 vernint 'lit  of  Pn-sident  Barrios  laliored  as- 
sidiionslv  in  i»rovi«lin''  tlu!  eountrv  with  a  will-disci- 
plinrd  militia,  liavini,Moin|M'tent  ofHeers,  as  Well  as  witii 
tlu'  otlii'i'  necessary  rlrnnnts  of  a  perfe«*tly  organized 
army.  Tlie  military  school  has  already  furnisiied  use- 
ful (»tli«'ers/^"  Tile  ranks  are  filletl  without  dra-'uinj' 
men  from  tluir  usual  vocations;  garrisons  are  fre- 
ijuently  relieved,  the  aetive  servici'  heini^  distiiltuted 
.imony' the  siveral  depaitments.  Citizens  have  since 
iookf'tl  on  the  profission  as  one  of  hon(»r  aiul  j^lory, 
instead  of  sjiunninin"  it  as  in  former  times. ''^  A  well- 
|trovided  hos[tital  was  estal dished  in  the  capital,  which 
went  into  o[»eration  on  Mareji  1.'),  ISSI.''-' 

The  exjHiiditures  of  the  War  dei)artnient  for  the 
fiscal  vear  ISS:!  were  si  ,o:n.  jOl."" 


^1 


■''Till!  ranks  of  riqit;iiii-u<iifr.tl  ami  liciiti'iiaiit-yi'ii.,  (.TcaU'il  fdp  Mii,'m'l 
I  i  ircia  ( iraiiiuliis  aii<l  .1.  IJuliiin  IJiirii<i-<  rc«<|H'ctivcly.  sikiu  alter  tlie  ovt  itliniw 
<■!  till'  iili^ari'lis,  wt  rr  suii|)rt-<^'<il  I'V  tin-  lattir  in  liis  ilw  it.'c  of  Kcli.  !>,  IST.l, 
tomtlur  with  tlic  grade  ot  niari;<i'al  'If  ranii><i  toriiit-rly  I'xistiiiL'.  Hi'  likfwist! 
Jiumlli'd  the  gradf  of  .sar>;i'iito  mayor,  cruatiiij4  in  liuu  tliureof  tliosu  of  ho- 
L'liinio  coiiiantiaiite  and  prinier  comundaiite.  (iimf.,  llcri/p.  Liy.  (t'oli.  JJcnioc., 
II.  I-'   1.1,  •_'.■>. 

'•'l  h»'  jiay  of  a  jirivate  i.s  thri'tj  reali.-H  jut  day,  out  of  wliich  he  Hiipiiorts 
ind  ehithcs  liiinscif, 

■'' 'I'he  s(!crit.irv  of  war  said  of  it:  '  Ustc  cstalileciinieiito  promote  iimcho 
para  el  imrvciiir.  And  intleeil,  a  nundx-r  of  it.s  ;^radiiattM  were  alre.idy  en- 
iriyed  in  eiiniiieeriui,'  work  on  tlie  northern  railroad,  in  rnniiin^the  houndary 
line  with  Mexieo,  and  in  instrueting  tin-  several  liattalions.  Some  had  lieeii 
:il^o  a:<signeil  to  the  artilUry  ilepartnii'nt.  (liml..  Mi  m.  S"\  liinr.,  1.S84,  (>, 
annex  no.  1. 


'""OHicers  in  aetive  serviee  cannot  marry  without  leave  from  tlie  wee.  of 
war,  whieli  i.s  not  >.'ranteil  if  tlieir  marriage  may  prove  detrimental  to  the 
Miviee.    A/.,  IS.v.',  .-..  i:(-U. 

■'"It  has  lieen  ]iro|)erly  kejit,  with  l)enelieial  re.sults.  A/.,  ISSl',  K");  1883, 
11  7,  annex  H:   I-SS4,  '.»   10."  doe.  X 

'"'A/.,  ISSJ,  annex  no.  I.  Other  authorities  cniitainini;  information  on 
military  allair-s  of  (Juat.  from  IVJ'J  to  \s':i:    '/7«.-;,;i...//'< ','».//..  4".tii-."HW:    Dun- 


<<'<!>/.  Am.,  ICi.S   It;  ^■»ll^,  A''.-..Ji.  /.';/..  11.  CM   T.V.I,  pissini;  hl.Jloh.  / )r 


(i,  Iti:;  .'>,  i:{'_'-7;  A/.,  l><r,-iii,.-<,  n 


II. 


::».  :ni 


A/.,   lA 


III.  ,'ill'. 


\s:ii 


.'I  (i,   talile  0;  Squkr'i  t'tiit.    Am.,  oXii-l';  BdiIiIhih    W'liit/iiiiii'"  -Ji'/'o.<.<   Crnl. 
!'».,  205-8. 


CHAPTER   XXXII. 

INDU.STIUAI,   rU(MiUKS.S. 

18()(>-I8«7. 
Kaklv  Acini(;uLTrnE — PitoTKiTnts   ok  tiik   iNnrsmY — finEAT    pR(Wii!Ks-i 

AlTAINKK—  CoMMI  NAI,  LaNHS  -AtllMCII.TI  ItAt.  VkaI.I  II—  I  »KC  A  V  i)l 
C'OCIIINKAL — |)K.\  Kl.dI'MK.Nl'  OKOTIIKU  SiATLKS      ImiKIO,  CoKKKK,  Sii.M;, 

Cacao,  ani>  Toiiacio— Fook  am>  Otiikk  ruoix  <  ts— Pukciois  \Vihii>s 

AN1>  MllilCINAI,  Pl.ANIS  -l,l\  K-SKM  K—  VaI.I  K  OK  AsMAI.  I'liolH  ( HON 
IN  Ka(  II  SlATK— \Alti;AI.  J'lJOIMCI.S  OK  pANAMA — NkcI. K.fT  OK  Ai.liUll.- 
•rrUE — MiNEHAI.  WkAI/IM  — ViKI.Ii  OK  ]'KKrli)|-.S  M  K.TAI.S— .M  ININC  IS 
lIoShlKAS,  SaI.VAIMM!,    ASI>   \lCAItA<M-A — I  (Kl'OSITS   OK  ^JrATK.MAI.A  AMi 

t'osiA  liicA- -Mints— KuiiMKii  Yiki.h  ok  Panama  — Minim;  Nkui.kcii  i> 
ON  Tin;  IsTiiMis — Incu'IENcv  of  Manufacix'kes — Puourcj's   Km;    \h< 

mkstk;  Usk. 


•;i 


It' 


Ix  the  early  part  of  tlic  ])roseiit  cntury  cattle  wti 
the  iiiainstii3'<)t' tlie  large  estates  iii  Central  Aiiieii( 
but  the  j^-reat  sbiple  was  indigo.'  Sugar  and  ras|>ii(liii'; 
Avei'e  also  important  erops,  hut  the  most  \aluahle  \\;i- 
that  of  Indian  corn.  Some  tohaeeo  was  also  grown 
The  cacao  plantations  hatl  ceased  to  exist.  The  eiil 
tivation  of  ji(|uilite,  cochineal,  and  vanilla  liad  alsi 
declined." 

(Juateniala  passed,  from  time  to  time,  laws  for  ti 
protection  and  development  of  agriculture,"'  and  yet  it 
made  no  notal)le  progress  down  to  the  end  of  tin 
sovontli  decade.*     But  with  the  cstahlishment  of  ;i 

'  HumboMt  estimated  the  iiroduction  at  the  value  of  .*!4,50O,000.  L'^-<"i, 
Potit.,  ii.  440;  (iiint.,  Ajmiif.,  17-'i(»;  OikU.,  Oaredi,  vi.  70-1,  '_".».3-337,  iKissiiii 

'^Tlio  yearly  products  of  Cent.  Am.  were  estimated  in  1820  at$52,r)Ull,^"ii 
OcioH  E*p.  Eiiiii/i:,  v.  3-11. 

'(!««/.,  Jiecop.  Ley.,  i.  058-89,  744-00. 

*  Though  land  was  free  to  all,  agriculture  was  so  low  that  even  on  fin' 
richest  soil  staples  were  scarcely  produced  in  sufficient  quantities  for  the  cuii- 
sumption.   Berendt,  iu  Smithsonian  L'tpl,  1807,  424. 

(650) 


(iUATEMALA    I'LANTATIUNS. 


m 


more  liberal  sy.stein,  a  jjjroa!  ':iuinj;e  socm  hcfaiue 
manifest.  Tlio  cultivation  of  coci, !".;;!  havini;  ln'conu- 
iinprotluftive,'' the  jj^overnnient  turm  <l  its  attention  to 
the  (levelo{)nient  of  cortee,"  until  it  hecanie  the  first 
source  of  wealth  of  the  countr}'.  In  Anti;^ua  (Juat«'- 
niala  cf)fFee,  and  in  Anuititlan  sujjfar,  havt;  taken  the 
place'  of  ('(M'hineal.'  Kveiy  possible  encourjiLjen»(  T't 
has  been  <;iven  to  other  products,  such  iis  suyar, 
wheat,  tobacco,  cinchona,  ji<piilite,  spices,  and  iLjrapes, 
with  y^ood  results  in  some  of  them,  and  ]>r»»spect  '•!' 
the  same  in  others.^  1  i^ive  in  note  statistical  duUi 
on  the  country's  ])roductions.'' 

Uondur'iis  ]tr»/aii,  fs  all  tlie  oj-eat  stjij-les  of  the  tro| 
ics.  TUv  land  on  both  coasts  is  adapted  *';»i"  cotton.'" 
A  soft,  sl«nder,  and  juicy  sui;ar-cane  is  indigeiious; 
two  and  even  tlin^e  croi>s  are  taken  annually.  Tliis 
cane  requires  replantinj^  oidy  once  in  ten  or  twelve 
vears,  Ivxcellent  eolVee  mav  be  had  in  abundance  if 
cultivateil.  Cochineal  and  crapes  were  obtained  in 
former  years."  The  nopal  is  indigenous  and  abun- 
dant in    ( 'omavauua.      The  tobacco  of   Honduras  has 


a   well-deserved    reputation 


Ind 


igo   is   pn 


duced 


111 


■''Tlic  aiiiiuul  export  was  ostiiviiiteil  at  nearly  .?1,1(X),(XM),  Imt  fheinical  siili- 
stiiiit'is  liaviii;^  lici'ii  (liscfiveri'il  to  take  its  jilaeu  tor  ooloriii<;,  the  ileuadeiii'i' of 
I  In'  iiiiliistry  soou  loUowed.  Cocliiiical  I'ouM  not  fetch  over  2  to  .'t  francs  ]»  r 
kil<if;r.  ill  Fraiict!.   l.n/irni  ri',  ])f  I'ar'is  ii  (liiuli  in.,  'iVi. 

''It  had  yoiiiii;  trees  iilaiited  in  every  department,  and  for  the  fiirtiier  iii- 
I  least;  of  tlie  staiile,  exenijits  the  jiroijiirt  from  interior  taxation  and  export 
ones.    I'm,.  Si'iritwl  lln-alil.  May  'JK,  l.SSt;. 

''  I'ri^hl.  I'm r rill",  Jliiiinjf,  Sept.   II,  IMti. 

''(•'wit.,  .)/<■;;/.  Sn:  (,'i,li,'ni.  1/  .IukI.,  I.SSO;  a/.,  .\f,in.  Sn;  /'nnn-tito,  KS.SO  •_'; 
/■/.,  .Vtr.  //-(.-.,  lS.S-2  ;{;  J'.iii.  .Sfur  <i,i</  lh,„l<l,  Manth  '_',  May  •-".».   lNS(i. 

'•'Cochineal,  reduced  from  (i7,7(l'.»  ([Is  in  I.SdO  4  to  •_VS4.">  in  IM'.t  S.">. 
I  (liee,  I.S(JO  4,  none;  crop  of  lf>S;{  4  was  4'.>."),:!,srj  i|ls;  next  year's  estimated 
.V-'ll.tHMt,  valued  at  S.'i.'J'.tl, 074.  Sugar,  ISlKl  4,  I  l."i,4X(i  .[Is;  the  proclnction  of 
l"^s;$  of  sUL;ar,  Jjaiiela,  muscovaclo,  and  molasses  vahied  at  S",  17 1 i, '.((»'_•;  IS,S4. 
>l.(l."i.S,.Vii;  188."),  .*!t|."),78!t.  Hul.her,  IS7'.I  S:{,  <.t.()74  <|ls.  Sn  dries,  |S7".I 
N'>.  11.">,!I!)!>  (jls.  Flour,  1.SS4,  proliahle  proiluctioii  !»:{|,144  ijis.  Toliacco 
iiilt.  pi'ogressiug.  Live-stock,  1884,  horses,  107,187;  liiuh's  and  asses,  41,. "ISti; 
111  at  cattle,  441,307;  sheep,  417,577;  goats,  'J7,<'»18;  swino,  177,118.  'J'oial 
vdue,  ^l.'j, i]'i,'2;W.  (hmf..  Mini.  Sic.  Foiiiinitn,  188.'j-5;  El  Gualemnlteco,  .lau. 
i.  Sept.  lo,  1884;  Poi).  hVij  Tiliyntm,  May 'iO,  1880. 

'"As  early  iis  1800  there  were  9,<)00  trees  of  China  cotton.  Quititii  Juiitii 
I'll').,  14-15;  JwirroK,  fiiinf.,  i.  38-4(). 

"  rimj.  Univ.,  xxvii.  172-4.  The  Sp.  gov.  had  all  the  vines  destroyed  for 
fe.ir  of  injury  to  the  wine  industry  of  the  mother  country.  Sijiiier's  Cent. 
.l//(.,  273;    W.  /ltd.,  Denci:  lip.  Siitliri,  i'h 


n32 


INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS. 


(juantities  for  commercial  purposes.  Food  staples  are 
varied  and  abundant.  The  country  has  also  a  wealtli 
of  precious  woods,  and  indeed,  of  every  variety  com- 
mon to  the  tro})ics.  Of  fruit-trees,  there  are  many 
indigenous.  Sarsaparilla,  of  which  there  is  none  sujx - 
rior,  is  found  in  abundance,  particularly  on  the  nortli- 
ern  and  eastern  coasts.  Vanilla  grows  in  the  same 
districts.'^  Agriculture  is  progressing.  The  cultiva- 
tion of  fruit-trees  on  the  northern  coast  has  drawn  tli(> 
attention  of  capitalists.  Coffee,  indigo,  sugar-cane,  and 
tobacco  are  the  chief  staples.  Neat  cattle  were  tlie 
most  obvious  source  of  wealth,  tlio  interior  country 
being  favorable  for  their  increase.'^ 

Salvador,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Rica  enjoy  tht 
the  same  advantanes  as  the  other  two  stiites  alreadv 
described,  and  have  within  the  last  thirty  years  de- 
veloped agriculture  in  a  remarkable  degree.  Tlic 
great  protiucts  of  the  first  named  are  indigo,  coffee, 
maize,  sugar,  and  rice.  A  variety  of  other  articles 
contribute  to  increase  the  country's  wealth.^^  The  old 
system  of  comnmnal  lands  prevails  throughout  Cen- 
tral America. 

The  chief  staples  of  Nicaragua  are  cacao,  sug;ii. 
indigo,  tobacco,  cotton,  coffee,  wheat,  and  otlu  r 
cereals,  and  plantains  and  fruits  in  great  profusion.'' 

^-  Si/iiicr'i  Ctnl.  Am.,  li)'J-*_'()4;  Ln/crririr,  I)i:  /'uriji  <i  GikiU'iii.,  !I7 

'^ 'I'hi'y  ilo  not  yield  a  higli  iiiooiiio,  however,  tlie  coiisuiiiptioii  at  lupiiie  In- 
iiig  coiiniurativi'ly  small,  ami  tiie  tlemaml  of  the  iieij,'hl)oriiig  states  limiteil. 
/(/.,  '2{)lt-l  1,  'J7'2.     (Jov.  is  emleavoriiig  to  improve  tlie  hreed. 

"(-'omparative  values:  lmlij,'o — as  early  as  Ki^O  tiie  yield  was  |(I.(HKI 
(|iiiiitals  a  year;  the  prodiietioii  from  1791  to  18(K)  was  8,7iV2,")*»-  Ihs.  at  >'_'  a 
It..;  I8(>4,  "*1,I1SM0">;  1877,  SIM 4(>,4'2;{.  C'oU'ee— 1804,  about  §!80,(M)(t:  l.*>77. 
!:<'_M  I. "i, (•»•)<).  Maize— 1877,  S'-',78t>,4;«.  Sugar  and  muscovado— 1877,  •Si.'M. 
:<t>l.  Ki(( — 1877,  .^154, 7l'8.  Hides  and  deer-skins— 187(),  *444,80r>.  (attlf 
-187(),  .S<»7-,'.(48.  Aggregate  values  for  187*>-7— including  rum  made  fidiii 
molasses,  ami  set  down  at  ^!hi."i,457 — wcu'o  SI  "1,448, 7!)4.  These  tigiuvs  .uc 
from  otiicial  sources,  liut  may  not  be  altogether  reliable.  Salr.,  DiarioOp'., 
Oct.  121,  1875;  /./.,  (liiotaOjic,  P'eb.  7,  t.'4,  1877;  Feb.  li),  1878. 

''The  cotton  is  of  superior  quality,  ami  grown  iu  considerable  quantities; 
the  cacao  is  second  only  to  Soconusco;  the  sugar-cane  is  indigenous,  an. I 
yielils  beautiful  sugar;  the  indigo  has  a  high  reputiition;  the  cofl'ee  is  fully  as 
good  as  Costa  Rica's,  and  Hourishes  well  in  the  higher  grounds.  The  saim: 
may  be  said  of  tobacco.  Maizo  and  rico  grow  in  perfection  and  abuiiilaiuc. 
Stont'a  Nic,  7:t-85,  345-53;  Dnnlops  Cent.  Aiii.,  2(>5-7;  B<vli/"n  Cml.  .!"■  . 
ll'O-t;  Si,uierxVent.  Am.,  303-4,  377-8,  0tJ3;  Id.,  Tmv.,  i.  34-9,  158-(>:i;  A/, 
A'ic,  O'.»0-l!;  Ury,  A'/V.,  458-81;    WdW  Itoml.,  141-3;  1<1.,  Walker's  tVpnl., 


COSTA  IIICA  AND  PANAMA. 


658 


The  departments  of  Rivas,  Granada,  Leon,  and  Clii- 
nandoga  supply  trade  with  the  most  valuable  staples. 
Tlie  government  has  endeavored  to  promote  agricul- 
ture, particularly  the  cultivation  of  cofieeand  tobacco.^^ 
Among  other  productions  mention  must  be  made  of 
the  inexhaustible  quantities  of  medicinal  plants,  and 
valuable  cabinet  and  dye  woods. ^'  Cattle  are  another 
source  of  wealth,  but  cattle-raising  has  its  drawl)acks.^'^ 
Costa  llica  produces  indigo  and  sugar  of  excellent 
<iuality,  and  some  of  the  best  cacao  in  the  Matina  Val- 
lcy^^'  Wheat,  potatoes,  and  other  vegetables,  apples, 
and  other  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone  are  also  found; 
but  the  republic's  chief  staple  and  source  of  wealth  is 
coftee.'^     The  plantations  are  small  and  looked  to  with 


the   utmost   care. 


The   largest  one  of  Costa   liica 


1 10;  Lofernfre,  De  Paris  a  Oiuift'm.,  77-80;  If.  S.  Oor.  Dor.,  H.  Kx.  Doc,  75, 
'JlO-l-J,  '21ti,  vol.  X.  Cong.  31,  So.s.s.  1;  /'.(/(.  Star  Olid  Hn-ubl,  .March  13,  INSO. 

'" Exempting  tlieiu  from  tiixatioii  and  otherwise.  lioclut,  Cinl.  A'/c,  i.  l'.)l- 
\,  20()-ll;  li.  lUG-11;  A>.,  /.'.</.  Ojh:,  3-J8-'.t;  /(/.,  Die.  y  Anirnhi.i,  vol.  for 
IS.'il-til,  passim;  Liy  ile.  A<irir.,  Feb.  18,  18(»'2;  Nic,  Boktiii  '>J<C.,  Feb.  1."), 
lSli'2;  /(/.,  tlitcita,  years  lS()5-74,  passim. 

"  Mahogany  abounds,  especially  on  the  margins  of  the  branches  of  the 
large  rivers.  I'ho  cutters  are  mostly  Moscjnitos  and  Cariiis,  who  jiire  theni- 
silves  for  the  season  at  .*10  to  §15  a  month  and  fed.  In  l.S(I'J-9  tlie  govt 
adopted  the  plan  of  farming  out  the  privilege  of  cutting  mahogany.  Tlie 
eiontchouc  trees  were  by  law  declareii  in  ](S(>0  govt  property.  Xir.,  J/ein. 
Mill.  Ihu:,  KStJ'J;  /-/.,  Gn'ri/i,  Apr.  1,  ISCi.");  El  X<irioiiul,  Nov.  10,  ISOO. 

'"Nutritious  grasses  antl  water  are  scarce  in  tiu;  summer.  On  tlie  other 
hand,  an  immense  (juantity  of  vermin  constantly  torment  the  animals,  and 
ilisease  takes  hold  of  them,  killing  many.  Cows  yield  oiily  a  small  ipiantity 
of  milk.  A  dairy  possessing  l.'>0  to  200  mileii  cows  is  said  to  do  well  if  they 
.\  ii'ld  ,")0  lbs.  of  cheese  per  ilay.   /,» /•//,  AV<\,  478. 

'^Said  to  be  as  good  as  thatof  Sucouusco;  butthe  country  is  generally  too 
high  and  colli  for  cacao  culture;  !ior  is  the  climate  favorable  for  cochineal, 
I  niton,  or  grajie,  o\\ing  to  excessive  rains.  MnHmi.  /Ihm/.  ('ds/a  A'.,  3tt-l; 
Asliiliitniiiijii,  < 'nit.  Am.,  37.  Spec,  laws  have  been  jiassed  for  tlie  ]irouiotiou 
of  cacao  and  indigo  culture.  CcWn  /'.,  Col.  L<i/.,  xi.  •J'.tO-JJOl ;  xii.  l.'10-17;  />/., 
Col.  Liif.,  IStU;,  1(>1-'J;  III.,  xix.  lS4-(i. 

■■"•.Vs  late  as  IS'J!)  her  sole  article  of  export  was  Krazil  wood.  Tlie  miser- 
able comlition  of  the  country  maiie  its  name  ridiculous.  ]{ut  in  a  few  years 
the  situation  become  changed.  An  act  was  passeil  Sept.  7,  ISItl,  to  Jiromote 
entree  culture,  and  in  IS.'lo  the  first  export  of  the  article  took  place.  Another 
iliciee  for  the  same  imrpose  was  issued  in  1843.  A/.,  iii.  1)4  ti;  Kl  jyiinnitjii' 
<"<'',  Jan.  9,  IS")!).  In  1845  no  le^s  than  4r),(MK>  quintals  were  produced;  in 
IS48  double  that  quantity;  and  in  I8jO,  140,(HX)  qts;  from  18."4  to  I8.")(i  there 
"as  no  increase,  owing  to  cholcni,  locusts,  anil  the  Walker  war  in  Nic. 
Ibiwever,  the  crop  of  185(5  was  about  5."),tJ00  qls.  Co.<t<<i  I{.,  (liiriiii,  Jan.  20, 
IN.IO;  July  I  to  Sept.  •-..!,  1854;  LL,  Bnktiii  Olic,  June  2'.»,  18.-.4;  IiL,  Miin. 
!<■<:  h'll,  ISfiC),  10-12;  OwU.,  (facrtn,  Oct.  7,  1853;  Warjnn;  Caita  R.,  4\,  :H)~- 
-I;  Sifiii'r's  (\'nt.  Am.,  454-72;  Ln/'erricre,  JDe  Paris  a  (Juatim.,  48-U;  BtUy, 
A  t'\u'.  I'Amci:  Cait.,  i.  397-400. 


IXDUSTULVL  I'KOGKESS. 


would  be  considered  small  in  Guatemala;  but  ou  tlic 
other  hand,  men  and  women  find  occupation,  and  tliLii; 
is  no  actual  ;'ovcrty.  The  production  of  cofFcc  hns 
steadily  increased,  except  when  rains  have  l)e(ii 
scanty  or  excessive,  or  locusts  have  caused  devastation 
in  tlie  fields.-^ 

Fiscal  monopolies  have  kept  back,  in  a  great  meas- 
ure, tlie  development  of  the  cultivation  of  suj^ar  and 
tobacco."  The  country  is  well  supplied  with  live- 
stock of  all  kinds,  and  is  also  ricli  in  valuable  cabintit 
and  dye  woods  as  well  as  in  medicinal  plants. 

The  soil  of  the  Isthmus  of  Pananui  is  well  adapted 
for  all  tropical  productions.  Tlie  country  only  needs 
an  industrious  population  and  peace  to  develop  its 
immense  natural  wealth.  The  chief  productions  aw 
Indian  corn,  sui^'ar-cane,  rice,  a  <:;reat  variety  of  fruits, 
veijfetal )les,  and  nutritious  roots,  such  as  yani,  yucca, 
etc.  Atjriculture  lias  been  limited  to  the  supply  ot 
e(Ubles,  and  of  late  years  to  the  shipment  of  some  fruit 
to  the  United  States.  Tlie  cultivation  of  sugar  and 
coftee  miglit  be  made  profitable,  thougli  requiring  a 
large  outlay,  but  for  being  dependent  on  an  uncertain 
suj>])ly  of  labor.  In  18G2  and  1803,  cotton  cultiiiv 
was  undertaken  in  the  interior  with  fair  success,  ;in<l 
in  18G4  had  spread  all  over  the  country."^  The  plant 
is  perennial,  and  yet,  with  this  and  other  advantages, 
the  natives  have  not  become  awake  to  the  importance 

"In  lS(i2  there  M-as  a  fair  crop:  ISTii,  ;};i:{,84.3  qls;  1.S74,  alxnit  .TOOjIKX) 
valued  ill  ruiitareiias  jiDrt  at  ^lo.oO  jier  iiiiinlal  cif  lODlln.;  lS7(i,  a  SLVnity 
crop;  1S77,  1S('),(M)0;  1S77,  ISOjO.VJ;  1870,  exce.ssive  r:iiiis  caused  heavy  ln-is; 
JSS4,  about  H7r),000  quintals;  but  LSSj  only  yielded  ii'r),().;0  or  J:i0,(!>)0.  (o.~V', 
y.'.,  lii/oniieSrc.  Interior,  lS(i'2,  10-11;  /'/.,  S<r.  A',ir!i:,  IVui,  l>8;  1S7(J,  'JO-I; 
1S7S,  14;  1S7'.>,  22;  Lafcrriirr,  J)c  Paris  aOiuttri.,  '.H;  Jii(;\  DkScchtjhu  H^; 
I'iin.  Sf'ir  (tiid  Jlcntl'l,  Apr.  9,  'S.i,  ISSo. 

--The  manufacture  of  ruin  from  .suj^ar-cane  is  a  government  monopuly. 
The  cultivation  of  tobacco  has  been  for  many  years  uudiT  tlie  strictest  re;iU- 
lations;  its  ma  .ufacturc  and  sale  was  exclusively  in  the  hands  of  govta^ellts. 
In  LS.")0  it  was  declared  free  from  Jan.  1,  IS.VJ,  but  the  law  was  rei)caled  .hiuo 
il'.i,  1851.  lu  IS^I!)  the  monopoly  was  abolisiied,  but  restored  again  by  law  of 
Feb.  4,  1S84.  Moliwt,  7i.w/.  Cos/a  Ji.,  30;  Cw(aJ{.,  Cul.  L<,/.,  x.  i;!2-40;  m. 
:«l-:i;  IiL,  Col.  Ley.,  1809,  15-17,  219-20;  Id.,  Mem.  Sec.  jjac,  1852-3;  J'/., 
Mem.  Sec.  Gohcrn.  Hoc.,  etc.,  1884,  25-G. 

^*The  U.  S.  govt  evinced  in  18()3  a  tlisposition  to  promote  its  cultiv.  See 
correspond,  of  agric.  dept.  with  U.  S.  consul  in  Pan.  liUUcell's  IkIIi.  Pan., 
2(>S-70. 


VEliAGUA  AND  flllKlgUl 


C«M> 


of  it.  Cacao  is  another  article  that  might  be  grown 
to  advantage.  The  government  has  tried  to  promote 
the  culture  of  coffee  and  cacao. ^* 

Coffee  and  sugar  are  cultivated,  but  not  in  sufficient 
(quantity  to  meet  even  the  home  demand.  I  append 
in  a  note  an  official  account  of  agricultural  production 
for  1882,  though  not  giving  it  much  value. "^ 

Vcragua  and  Chiriqui  have  good  plains  for  raising 
neat  cattle,  goats,  pigs,  horses,  asses,  and  mules.-" 
Poultry,  and  a  great  variety  of  wild  annuals  exist  in 
.abundance.  The  seas  on  the  two  coasts  are  well  stocki'd 
with  fish. 

The  Isthmus  has  plenty  of  timber  of  the  best  kinds 
and  of  enormous  size,  found  in  South  Darien,  and  in 
all  the  mountains  on  both  coasts,  and  in  the  islands; 
also  cabinet  and  dye  woods,  and  medicinal  plants."' 

Of  the  five  states  of  Central  America,  Honduras 
appears  to  be  tlic  most  plentifully  su^jplied  with  min- 
eral wealtli.  ^[ount  Merendoii  was  long  celebrated 
ior  its  silver  and  gcjld  mines.  Until  about  tliirty  or 
forty  years  ago,  mining  a\  as  the  most  prominent  intor- 
ist  in  the  state,  but  wars  and  political  disturbances 
caused  the  abandonment  of  the  mines,  and  tlie  works 
fell  into  decay,  after  which  there  was  neither  enter- 
}nlse,  capital,  nor  skill  to  restore  them.  The  owners 
(if  the  property  afterward  became  owners  of  immense 
l^razing  estates.     Some  mines  were  continued  in  oper- 

-*Exeniptiug  from  taxation,  and  liy  other  priviloms.  Pun.  Lci/.,  187<>-7, 
7:  /./.,  (,'or,'f,i,  Jan.  7,  \bll;  Ji'MhnU'^  /.-fli.  I'^ni.,  i;..'1-7l';  I'.  !i.  (lor.  Dm:, 
li.  Kx.  Doe.  li:<,  vol.  vi.  l-'J,  ;{,1-7,  Com.'.  41,  Slm.s.  •_'. 

^■'ToUacuo,  'J, 770  quintals;  grain,  I'.l7,.'i'_'()  qls;  cacao,  'Jill  cjls;  HU;,'ar,  ].V> 
(|l>;  panda,  21>,44.")  r(ls;  mola.'^.-n'.s,  4,(i'.l4  juiis;  cotlVc,  "J.S.",:;  <|ls;  riiliUii-,  SO 
<|1-:  sunili'ii!.s,  3o4,'JS5  qls;  mudlcinal  roots,  IWO  «[ls.  Total  value,  .■r.'ilS.tKii.'. 
/''/'.,  Mciih.  Sec.  Foiiiciili),  ISS'J,  annex  L. 

-''No  sheep  are  raised,  and  the  J,'o.■lt^,  sometimes  killeil,  are  a  poor  .sulisti- 
tiitc.  The  pork  is  exeelluut.  Live-stock  said  to  exist  on  the  Isthmus  in 
l^S-':  neat  cattle,  114,  l.")7;  mules  and  assi's,  470;  hor.se.s,  t),',l4'_';  goats,  'J4,- 
7;i-';  hogs, '20:i,'_'0y.     Total  value,  $1,'->70,'.I4.\  Jh. 

-'It  would  fcike  too  nnich  spaco  to  enunierato  them;  hut  ii  li'  may  he 
l"iind  in  the  report  on  the  phy.sical  ami  polit.  geog.  of  the  Htate  of  I'an., 
ih-.iwn  up  hy  a  ctunmission  despatched  thither  for  that  purpose,  hy  the  govt 
ei  Xett'  (Jraiiada,  in  ISo'.l.  See  also  reporl  of  ^[artin,  New  Cramida  minister 
in  London,  .May  ISoS,  iu  UidicclVa  hlh.  Pan.,  3'_'2-40. 


656 


INDUSTRIAL  I'RlXiKESS 


ation,  however,  on  a  small  scale,  and  in  a  rude  manner."' 
In  18G0  and  for  some  preceding  years  the  Ijullioii 
export  of  Honduras  amounted  to  about  $400,000  uii- 
nually,  most  of  it  being  gold  collected  by  the  Indian, 
from  shallow  washings. 

The  develojjment  of  the  mining  wealth  of  Hondu- 
ras is  engaging  the  attention  of  foreign  capitalists."' 
Several  companies  have  been  organized  in  the  Uniud 
States,  France,  and  elsewhere  to  work  the  niiius  in 
the  departments  of  Tegucigalpa,  Santa  Barbara,  Yu.s- 
caran,  and  Jutigalpa.^" 

Guatemala  has  not  been  noted  for  mines.  H()\\- 
ever,  the  district  in  the  Alotepec  mountains  was  ri<li 
toward  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  centun, 
yielding  large  quantities  of  silver. "^^  The  river  .sands 
of  the  department  of  Chiquimula  are  auriferous,  and 


the 
de])o 
lead, 
Xi 
whicj 
small 
Gold 


'^^  Silver  ores  are  the  most  almudant,  antl  chiefly  located  on  the  Pac.  grnuii 
of  mountains,  whereas  the  gohl  washings,  if  not  the  guhl  mines  jiroiitr,  arc 
most  nnnienins  on  the  Alhmtic  side.  The  mineral  districts  in  the  dcpart- 
ments  of  Te^iicigalpa,  t'holuteca,  ami  Oraoias  are  very  rich  in  silver  in 
various  cond>iuations.  The  iipiier  or  old  mine  of  C'oloal  yielded  .'iS  per  <t.  of 
c'<>p)ifr,  and  78  to  84  ounces  of  silver  to  the  ton;  the  ores  of  the  new  niiiu-s 
of  i'dliial,  a  condiination  of  chloride  of  silver,  a  little  sulphuret  of  silver, 
<ixide  of  iron,  and  antimony,  mixed  m  ith  earthy  matter,  yielded  8,470  oinu'es 
jier  ton  of  'J,(KK)  lbs.  (!old  mines  ahoniid  in  llonil.,  hut  only  a  few  have  lieeu 
Morked.  Tiie  chief  supiilies  have  hoen  ilrawu  from  the  wusliings  of  Olamlin. 
The  rivers  of  (liiayajio  auil  .Talan,  as  well  as  the  streams  running  into  them, 
are  decidedly  the  richest  in  auriferous  samls.  The  linest  gohl  is  from  tjic 
<iuayaj(e,  .lalan,  and  Mangnalil,  and  from  tlu^  Sulaco,  (."aimito,  and  I'acaya, 
in  tlie  di'iit  of  Yoro.  The  southern  disti'icts  horilering  on  Kic.  have  rich 
placers.  Homl.  has  also  mines  of  eojipcr,  iron,  platiua,  cinnahar,  ziiu\  and 
coal.  Vt'ry  productive  opal  mines  are  worked  to  some  extent  in  <!racias. 
Amethysts  are  sai4l  to  he  found  in  Campuca.  S'/iiicr'n  Cent.  Ant.,  14."i-."il, 
178  S'.tl  /,/.,  Howl.  U.  It.,  So-'.n-,  Mnntqnii,n-ii''f  X'ln:,  W.W;  J}<i!li/\i  <''»'. 
Am.,  KH)  •_•;  llonil.  Oaf.  O/c,  Felt.  '20,  Slarch  10,  18r.;{;  Wrlt.t'  J/nml.,  •j:i;)- 
OH!),  ])a.ssim. 

-'■'  Kiireigncrsare  alloweil  to  work  and  own  mines,  under  the  federal  lawnf 
.T\iui'  'J7,  IS'.^.").  'Jhe  ordenan/as  of  New  Spain  regarding  mines  were  declan  d 
to  1)1!  in  force  June  17,  IS-O.  itorlni,  Onl.  iVir.,  i.  'iOit;  limit.,  /iV«'o;<.  l.nf^, 
i.  2;18. 

^'' The  absence  of  roads  and  ditliculty  of  travel  make  mining  ui\prollt.iIilc 
as  yet.  I'lriul.  tSnto,  Mnixnjf,  Feh.  10,  ISS.'l;  l\iii.  Star  mnl  Jlendil,  Mai'.li 
'A  ]S8:{;  Feb.  'IW,  18SG;  11.  S.  Jhirijx'  O'olil  FicuU  olomj  the  liwii/ape,  <!■:.  in 
CiiiniiiKi/i  L HI/HI  re i: 

^'  Combined  with  leail  and  copper,  and  also  as  a  siilpliido  of  silver.  Mate- 
rials convenient  for  working  them  were  at  hand.  Tlie  I'entral  Am.  Mining 
Co.  operating  on  the  hicality  sold  between  )S.")8  and  18('m  ore  ami  bar  sil\i'r 
to  the  amount  of  ()'_'1,()(X)  ounces,  worth  over  .*7(M),(KW.  U.  S.  Hot:  Jhtr.,  II. 
Ejc.  1>oc.,  Cong.  40,  Sess.  '2,  ])t  1.  212-14;  Si/iiirr'.t  ('ml.  Aifi..  52(5;  U.  S.  LuikI 
Off,  lii'p.,  18G7,  110-17,  131-2,  188-90;  Kic,  Gaceta,  Apr.  28,  1806. 


MINERALS  AND  METALS, 


OST 


the  Indians  wash  them  for  gold.^-  Recently  several 
deposits  have  been  reported  to  the  government,  of 
lead,  silver,  gold,  cinnabar,  coal,  kaoline,  niarl)le,  etc.'" 
Nicaragua  possesses  an  inmiensc  wealth  in  minerals, 
which  has  not  been  developed  as  yet,  except  on  a 
small  scale,  and  generally,  without  any  intelligence. 
Gold  and  silver  and  several  useful  metals  are  found 
in  great  abundance.^*  There  are  also  deposits  vi' 
gypsum,  marl)le,  alabaster,  lime,  saltpetre,  etc.  Sul- 
phur is  sometimes  found  pure.  The  mining  laws  favor 
the  industry  by  either  natives  or  foreigners.  A  mint 
has  existed  in  the  republic  for  several  years. '^' 

'^  Early  in  the  present  century  nuggets  of  '22  ciirats  were  found  near  Choi. 
In  some  niiaes  the  ore  treateil  with  (juicksilver  yiehU'tl  one  ounce  of  gold  to 
the  100  tbs.,  or  S«'20  to  the  ton  of  2,000  tt>s.  Bluajuvz,  Ojwiioii,  in  l>or.  Ori,j. 
( li'umis,  5. 

'Mlold  placers  in  the  dept.  of  Iwibal  were  being  worked  on  a  large  scale. 
Several  silver  mines  promise  large  yields  when  thej*  become  exploited.  The 
Indians  of  Zunil  repeatedly  offer  for  sale  in  (juezidtenaugo  (juicksilver  obtiiincd 
from  a  mine  which  they  keep  strictly  secret.  In  the  lU'partmeiits  of  (Quiche, 
Alta,  Vera  Paz,  and  Huehuetenango  are  salt  springs  and  depo.sits;  in  Chimal- 
tfiiango  peat  and  lignite;  between  (luastoya  and  Izabal,  niarlilc;  aiitl  in  sev- 
eral places  on  the  Atlantic  slope,  coal.  The  government  had  a  mincralogical 
survey  of  the  country  made,  ilmtt.,  Mem.  Sir.  Ifnc,  1882,  28;  1888,  ."U,  72-4; 
/'/.,  Mem.  Sec.  Fomento,  1884,  42;  Waifner,  CmUi  li.,  30;  Pun.  Star  und 
Jlerald,  Jan.  17,  1883. 

^*  Among  them  must  be  mentioned  zinc,  iron,  copper,  lead,  tin,  antimony. 
The  mines  of  lead,  iron,  and  copper  are  believed  to  be  inexhauittible.  Tlicy 
are  situated  in  ii  fertile,  cool,  healthy,  and  pictures(iue  region,  affording 
every  other  facility  for  working  them.  The  whole  northern  frontier  abounds 
iti  silver,  a  little  of  it  being  obtained  by  primitive  processes.  (^>uicksilver 
itiincs,  though  not  rich,  are  eonnnon.  The  gold  vcms  of  Nic.  come  from 
ilond.,  rumung  along  theconlillera  to  the  San  Juan  River,  where  they  become 
somewhat  ramitied  before  crossing  it,  and  reappear  in  Costa  R.  Tlie  chief 
one  crosses  tlie  Machuca  River.  The  gold  is  almost  pure  when  washed  from 
river-beds,  an<l  more  or  less  mixed  with  wilver  when  ilug  out  of  tue  eartii. 
In  tlie  districts  of  Juigalpa  and  Libertad  hundreds  of  mines  liave  been  en- 
tered. The  Jir  1-0  mill's  near  Triiiidatl,  and  those  of  Sai.ta  Rosa,  .\chuapa, 
San  Francisco,  ;iave  been  famous.     The  I'otosi  and  Corpus  in  colonial 

times  yielded  laigi;  quantities  of  gold.  Tlie  whole  upper  region  of  tlie  Coco 
River  is  rich.  It  may  be  asserted  that  the  mines  of  Nic.  are  excellent,  Imt 
the  miners  are  generally  incompetent.  They  use  the  crowbar,  avoiding  gun- 
powder as  too  expensive.  Men  are  easily  procured,  who  work  steadily  though 
slowly  and  by  primitive  methods,  earning  ^8  to  §10  per  month,  and  tlicir 
rations.  The  mills  are  mostly  poor.  Sixteen  carat  gold  is  worth  at  the  mine 
•S12  an  ounce,  but  the  average  jirice  paid  by  fai-tors  was  4>8  or  $!>.  Co;isiihr- 
alile  quantities  of  gold  are  taken  by  the  Indians  from  river  sands  and  bed, 
and  washed  in  pans.  Li'nj,  Sic,  IdO-lS,  482 -(i;  S'liiier's  Cent.  Am.,  304,  .S'.t2- 
•HK);  /(/.,  Xic,  O.'53-O;  Is'ic,  Mem.  Miii.  Fomento,  1871;  /'/.,  Mem.  Min.  Itii, 
INT.");  V.  S.  (Jor.  Dor.,  H.  Ex.  Doc,  212-13,  vol.  x.,  Cong.  31,  Sess.  1;  JMl;/, 
Xii:,  i.  340-0;  A>.,  (,'neetii,  Nov.  11,  180.'>;  May  20,  1800,  suppl. ;  Sept.  7, 
1m;7;  Jan.  11,  July  18,  Aug.  8,  1808. 

'^■'Nir.,  Oiireta,  March  1,  1873;  liocha,  C6d.  Nic,  L  103-72;  Nic,  Correo 
/>/.,  Aug.  2«»,  18.50. 

Hist.  C'k.nt.  Am,,  Voi,.  HI.    4Z 


i   • 


658 


INDUSTRIAL  PUOORESS. 


Ill  Salvador  there  can  be  no  mines  of  precious 
metals  out  of  that  iK)rtion  of  the  state  wliich  is  j^eo- 
logically  depciident  on  the  mountain  system  of  Hon- 
duras. The  silver  mines  of  Tabanco,  Encucntros, 
Sociedad,  Loma  Larga,  Divisaderos,  ('aj)etilla,  Santa 
Jlosah'a,  etc.,  in  tiie  department  of  San  Mii^uel,  on 
the  north-eastern  part,  and  horderinji^  on  Honduras, 
have  had  a  wide  celel)rity.  Some  of  them  Merc  ex- 
tcvislvely  worked,  and  with  great  profit.  The  group 
called  Arinas  de  Tabanco,  holding  the  ore  in  combi- 
nation witli  galena  and  sulphuret  t)f  zinc,  are  easily 
woiked.'"' 

Salvador  has  rich  mines  of  iron  near  Santa  An.i, 
and  of  brown  coal  throughout  the  valley  of  tlie  ]  4em[);i, 
and  in  the  valleys  of  some  of  its  tributaries,  over  a 
region  of  100  miles  long  by  'JO  miles  broad,"'" 

(A)sta  Rica  has  been  less  favored  than  the  other 
states  in  mining  wealth,  liich  gold  mines  are  sup- 
posed to  exist  near  the  border  of  Pananul.**  In  tlir 
Aguiate  ^lountains  and  at  cuesta  del  Jocote  gold 
mines  were  worked  by  foreigners  with  a  moderatf 
profit.  It  is  stated  that  the  country  also  possesses 
mines  of  silver,  copper,  nickel,  zinc,  iron,  le  d,  and 
coal."'"  The  republic  keeps  a  well-organized  mint,  tlu' 
imj)rovements  having  been  first  introduced  by  Chiil' 
]\[ora;  since  then  none  of  his  successors  has  neglected 
that  establishment. 


'"It  is  said  their  yield  waa  47  to  2,r)37  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton.  T)uidin> 
has  it  that  they  yioldi'd  at  one  time  .^1,000,000  annually,  tliough  wmlu'd 
rudely  and  witliout  niaeliinery,  and  the  ehief  one  of  tlieni  onee  iJi-oiliucd 
^'200,(XK)  annually.  Tnir.  in  ('int.  -Im.,  '277.  A  Freneh  coinpaiiy  undertook 
to  work  the  'lahanco  and  Kneuentros,  invested  a  largo  eapital,  and  isustaiiud 
losses.  The  Louia  Larga  and  Divisadero,  though  represented  as  rieluT, 
ju'ohahly  fared  not  much  hetter.  Dnnn'n  Omit.,  'i'Jo-C);  li'iili/'s  Cod.  Am.,  !•- 
H;  Squitr'ti  Ci'iit.  Am.,  '291-4;  Salr.,  Diario  Ojic,  Dec.  1,  2,  1873;  J:in.  '2.'!, 
1870;  Jan.  '28,  1875);  Id.,  aaaita  Ojir.,  Oct.  24,  1875;  Jan.  30,  Aug.  15,  Nov. 
11,  1877. 

^'  iiiiiitern  Conl-mincs  of  I'iv.  Lcmpn,  3-13. 

"It  is  believed  that  the  Tisingal,  which  gave  the  country  its  name,  lies 
near  the  Coloinhian  frontier  on  tlie  Atlantic.  Molina,  Bosq.  Costa  R.,  33. 

'■^^Siiuirr'n  Cent.  Am.,  457;  Lond.  ('eoij.  Soc,  Jour.,  vi.  128;  T/iomp'ioii'ii 
Owit.,  214-15;  DunlopK  Cmt.  Am.,  42;  Costa  ]{.,  OaceUt,  July  15,  ISM;  /-/., 
/;(/.  Svc.  Hoc.,  1872;  Lnjcrriire,  De  "aris  a  Cmxtim.,  3G;  Wheclriijid's  hlh. 
Pan.,  7. 


YIELD  OF  PRECIOUS  METALS. 


G59 


The  yield  of  gold  and  silver  of  the  five  states  of 
Central  America  for  the  years  1804-1808  is  cstunated 
at  $13,800,000  of  the  former,  and  $7,400,000  of  the 
latter,  making  a  total  of  $21,200,000/"  The  yearly 
supply  since  has  been  roughly  calculated  at  $300,000 
in  gold,  and  $200,000  in  silver/' 

The  Isthmus  is  reputed  to  have  a  great  mineral 
wealth.  The  mines  of  Darien  have  been  renowned 
from  the  earliest  times  after  the  conquest.  A'^asco 
Nunez  de  Balboa  speaks  enthusiastially  of  them.*^ 
They  were  not  worked  till  the  second  half  of  the  seven- 
teenth ccnturv.  The  richest  of  tliem  were  those  of 
Santa  Cruz  de  Cana,  where  of  the  Espiritu  Santo  was 
the  chief*''  In  1708  the  king's  fifths  were  t'ljuivalent 
to  $210,500.  The  mines  had  attained  a  liigj)  state  of 
prosperity,  when  an  end  was  put  thereto  by  tlie  In- 
dian revolt  in  1720  and  1727."     Since  then,  though 


*•  Information  for  thu  years  precoding  ISOO  may  l)e  gleaned  from  JiinrroA, 
Ou'U.,  1(5-79,  passim;  /'/.,  Slot.  tnuH'oiit.  Ilitt.  (Imtf.,  'JI  -105,  y-AHMin;  Motitmiun, 
Dif  yieuii-e  Wccndit,  -7.*)-7;  Anvulo,  ('oiiiytnil.,  17");  /,'ns.iill',i  HiM.  Am.,  lit], 
:{'J1  *2;  VlinrrliUCn  Coll.,  viii.  7(>4~r);  />»"«,<  Uiiiit.,'2'2'2-'t;  Si/nkr'.i  Trnr.,  i.  ,'{'.)- 
40;  III.,  OiKit.,  r)S()-7.  To  the  end  of  tlie  Siiatiisli  rule  most  of  the  precioiis 
motals  from  Huiul.  wore  smuggled  out  tiirmigh  Helize  and  iMo.s(niito,  proha- 
iilv  one  third  only  reaching  the  mint  at  <Juat.  Tiie  eoinage  in  1S17-I>'>,  vas 
S!»8:i,'2'2r>;  18'J0-4,  ?:l,319,l(H).  7'//ow;w.i«'.y  ^^m^,  •J!7,  .'■c'O.  The  .superintend, 
of  the  old  (Juat.  mint  ealeulated  tiio  eoinage  in  gull  and  silver  for  tin;  15 
ye;irs  anterior  to  1810  at  §•_',  193,832,  and  for  the  lo  years  posterior  ats:i,810,- 
.'{82,  adding  that  much  of  the  produetion  had  been  exported  in  its  native  state 
or  maniifaetnred.  He  estimated  tlie  aetnal  produets  of  the  mines  in  those  30 
years  at  ten  times  the  amount  eoined;  his  estimate  eould  prohahly  hear  some 
deduction.   Df  Boir'.i  R(  view,  Jan.  ISoo,  77-8. 

<'Tho  Gnat,  mint  has  coined  in  tlie  years  1879-83  8974,9r)7,  all  in  silver 
pieces  from  one  dollar  down  to  3J  cents,  d'naf.  Mini.,  Sir.  //nr.,  ISSO— t,  in 
tables  (},  11,  14,  '20,  18,  respeetividy.  The  coinage  of  the  (^osta  ivicMii  mint 
from  18'29  to  1880,  both  inclusive,  was  as  fullows:  gol  t,  s;'2, ."!.")  1,8  IN;  silver, 
.*r)l)8,(U8;  copper,  §l,ti8-2;  total,  §'2,922,138.  Co.^t  i  I:.,  Man.  Min.  JJar.,  1SS3, 
table  11. 

*- '  Hay  oro  en  inucha  cantidad;  estan  descubiertos  veinte  rios,  y  tninta 
i(ue  tienen  ore  saleu  tie  una  sierra  (jue  csta  fasta  dos  Icguas  de  esta  villa.' 
Ciirfii,  Eno^il,  l.'il.i,  ill  Xitninrti',  Col.    I'i  i>/i:i,  iii.  3(13. 

*''They  were  several  times  plundered  by  buccaneers.  Harris  in  1(>.S4  timk 
away  !'20  lbs.  of  g<ild.  Hampier  sp>aks  glowingly  of  them  in  that  year;  '  the 
richest  gold  mines  ever  yet  found  in  Ameiica.'  S'eto  Voy.  nmiiil  i/ic  Worl'l,  i. 
158-9.     Another  exped.  in  170'2  carried  oil'  50  11)3. 

**  An  extensive  amiable  n^port  by  the  governor,  many  years  after,  give.i 
nnieh  information  oa  the  whole  Darien  re  lion,  especially  on  its  mineral  wealth, 
making  particular  mention  of  the  ('u(|ne  '^old  mine,  and  of  a  silver  one  in 
the  country  of  the  Curias  Indians,  wlio  allowed  no  whites  to  vi-it  it.  Arizi, 
CoiHciilon  dc  la  rica  yj'ertilitiiiiit  I'ror.  dil  D^irhn,  A]\t.  5,  1774,  MS.,  '2,  1'2,  19- 


bOO 


INDUSTRIAL  I'RCKJllESS. 


the  mines  luive  been  granted  from  time  to  time  to 
several  partii's,  nothing  lias  heen  done  worth  mention- 
ing/'  It  is  believed  that  the  yield  of  these  mines  liiid 
reaehcd  18,000  to  20,000  pounds  of  gold  yearly.^" 

Aerording  to  a  report  addressed  to  the  Colombian 
secretary  of  the  treasury,  and  published  in  the  Diario 
Oficial  at  l^ogotd,  the  whole  production  of  gold  and 
silver  in  New  Granada  or  Colombia,  from  l5o7  to 
1800  was  $414,000,000,  and  from  1801  to  1882,  it 
was  $210,000,000;  total,  $030,000,000,'''  of  which 
amount  $74,000,000  is  credited  to  the  Isthnuis  of 
Panamd,  ft)ur  niillions  of  them  being  the  yield  of  tlie 
present  century.  Chinabar  and  manganese  are  re- 
ported to  exist  on  the  Isthmus,  and  coal  in  Chiriqui, 
Bocus  del  Tore,  and  the  bottom  of  Colon  harbor.^ 


Manufacturers  are  as  yet  in  their  infancy  in  Cen- 
tral America.'*'*  Since  the  separation  from  Spain, 
every  inducement  has  been  ofl'ered  to  develop  them, 
anil  more  especially  after  the  change  of  governmental 

21,  .12-7;  /f/.,  in  Amies  Instntc.  Pilb.  Colonilwi,  May  188.1,  361),  380,  C87-!t, 
397-401. 

*'■' ftiihorni's  iMh.  Diirlt'ii,  173;  Pan.,  Boletin  Ojic,  July  4,  Any.  1,  1807. 

*^  Jicsti-fTpo,  MiiMs  de  (froy  PUiUi  ile  Colonifmi,  in  Aiiale-i  Inxtnir.  Piili.  Cn- 
lomlm.  Mar.  1884,  230-45.  Many  rivers  are  representotl  to  contain  abuiidaiu'c 
of  gold,  namely,  Maroa  and  Ikilsas  in  Darien,  Code,  Ik'lcn,  Indins,  and  their 
tributaries.  Their  iire  mines  in  Las  Tablas,  etc.  (fold  has  also  heen  takiti 
from  Indian  graves.  SeeimmnH  Narr.,  i.  242-3;  Pmi.,  Craii.  Ojic,  Mareh  fl, 
1853;  III.,  (lacetadd  Eit.,  Dee.  1."),  1855;  Juno  14,  lii5(i;  June  22,  1857;  Sijit. 
23,  Oet.  22,  1859;  May  4,  18(50;  /./.,  Gm:,  Sept.  «,  1873;  Feb.  20,  lS7(i,  t.. 
May  8,  1881,  pa-ssini;  U.  S.  OoH  Doc,  54,  109-72,  vol.  i.\.,  Cong.  40,  Sess.  .'f. 

*'  Six  huuilred  and  four  millions  in  gold  and  auriferous  silver,  and  u'i> 
millions  in  silver.  Restrepo,  Vicente,  Indimtria  Minera,  in  Pan.  Star  awl 
Jhrald,  Jan.  2,  1884. 

*^Boiiota,  Gaceta  OJic,  Feb.  6,  1848;  Pan.,  Oac  EsUido,  Aug.  4,  1855;  Jan. 
5,  185«;"  May  10,  1802;  Id.,  Oac,  Aug.  22,  1874;  Feb.  27,  1875;  Jan.  12,  I87(i: 
Nov.  7,  1880;  Id.,  lioktin  Ojic,  Dee.  7,  1807;  Id.,  Star  and  Herald,  Feb.  2S, 
1870;  Wlicelrii/fit'n  Isth.  Pan.,  8;  Pan.  livpt  on  Coal  Boron  del  Toro,  in  Vo.ita  It. 
Bound,  3  19;"  Siifndije's  Ej-ylor.,  177-80;  U.  8.  Gor.  Doc,  H.  Ex.  Doe.,  41, 
45-53,  vol.  vi.  Cong.  30,  Sess.  2;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  July  20,  1873. 

"They  were  known,  however,  from  the  earliest  times,  and  the  needs  of 
the  inhabitants  in  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  pottery,  etc.,  were  mostly  suii- 
plied  at  home.  The  decline  of  cotton  manufactures  began  in  1773,  after  tlie 
ilestruotion  of  old  Guat.  city,  and  was  completed  when  permission  was  gi\iii 
a  little  previous  to  1799,  for  the  importation  of  foreign  manufactureil  goods. 
Diario,  Mix.,  March  29,  1806;  JuanQs,  Guat.,  i.  10-82,  passim;  Sararia, 
Bosq.  PolU.  Est.,  12;  Otiat.,  Asnintavu,  12,  138-9. 


,  ""Exemi 
dueing  skil 
»•  •<-'!;  Guai 

"Guat. 
tions;  she  li 
sieiire  patei 
''iiatenuiltiro 
Guat.,  J/e„i, 

■'^A  cotto 

finest  selling 

"'.Some  1, 

cleaning  eofi 

^^"-..Mcm.  J 

^  '*Mats,  bi 

of  Masaya  an 

strong,  and  d 

fiiake  good  re 

into  tlie  manu 

t'lo  govt.     Th 

'"'■.  373;  Hoc 
PolU.,  68. 


MANUFACTURES 


re<,nmo  of  1871.'"  In  later  times  wo  find  in  Quezalto- 
nan<^()  <jfood  factories  for  spiiininj^  and  weaving  tex- 
tiles. In  Cliiquiniula  they  manufacture  palm-leaf 
liats,  mats,  and  maguey-fibro  baskets.  In  Vera  Paz 
the  natives  make  excellent  hannnocks,  hags,  rope.  etc. 
But  the  fact  stands  otlicially  acknowledged  that  (Gua- 
temala has  not  made  a  sufficient  advancement  to  enable 
her  to  export  any  manufactures,  or  even  to  compete 
in  her  own  markets  with  the  better  and  cheai)er  pro- 
ductions of  other  countries/' 

In  Honduras  manufactures  arc  at  a  low  ebb,  owing 
to  tlie  condition  of  afijiirs  before  and  after  her  in- 
dependence, not  less  than  to  the  composition  ')f  her 
l)eoj)lc. 

There  are  in  Salvador  several  factories  at  which 
cotton  and  silk  rebozos  are  made,  which  meet  with  easy 
sale  in  all  the  Central  American  markets.'^"  Ham- 
mocks, earthen- ware,  straw  hats,  cigarettes,  sweet- 
meats, etc.,  arc  manufactured.  Rum  is  made,  as  iu 
(jI  uatcniala,  from  sugar-cane. 

In  Nicaragua  mechanics  are  scarce.  Manufacturing 
is  yet  in  the  incipient  state.""^  However,  the  Indians 
make  excellent  pottery  and  other  articles  for  homo 
consumption.^* 

^  Exempting  from  taxation,  establishing  schools  of  mechanic  arts,  intro- 
ducing skilful  muchauics,  granting  iiubsiilics,  etc.  MnittiiJ'nr,  lifmiinfn  JJint., 
i.  ;}'21;  amti.,  Mem.  Sec  Foiiinilo,  )8S(>-4;  Butirs,  Sketr/i,  b:\,  (iO. 

•'Miuat.  lias  heoii  creditably  represuutotl  at  several  international  exliibi- 
tions;  she  has  also  entered  into  conventions  with  several  I'oreigu  powers  to 
secure  patents  for  inventions.  Coxtn,  A'.,  Mfm.  S<r.  Htl.,  1S84,  annex  8;  AY 
<lH<itemnlUi-o,  Sept.  24,  Oct.  12,  Nov.  1,  1884;  Kos  de  M(j.,  Sept.  14,  1878; 
<lwU.,  Mem,  Sec.  Fomenlo,  1885,  ;{t]-8. 

■'■^A  cotton  rebozo  may  be  had  for  .*4  or  $o,  and  a  silk  one  for  .?12,  tho 
tinest  selling  at  from  !*1(»  to  §20.    Ln/trriire,  De  I'arit  a  Hunte.m.,  2()1>-10. 

"^Sonie  machinery  for  relining  su^'ar,  ginniiii,'  cotton,  distilling  liiiuors, 
cleaning  coflfee,  sawing  lumber,  and  extracting  libres  have  been  introduced. 
iV(>.,  Mem.  Mill.  Fomcnto,  1871,  3. 

**  Mats,  baskets,  p;ilni-leaf  and  maguey  hats,  and  cordage.  The  hammocks 
of  Masaya  and  Sultiaba  are  much  esteemed.  Cotton  fabrics  are  coarse  but 
strong,  and  dyed  with  permanent  coK)rs,  and  of  original  design.  Tbey  also 
ni.ike  good  relwzos,  Init  the  silk  in  some  of  them  is  imported.  Hides  enter 
into  tlie  manufacture  of  several  common  articles.  Rum  is  made  ami  sold  l)y 
the  govt.  The  miller's  art  is  in  its  infancy.  Levy,  Nic,  480-91 ;  Si/iiier'a  Cent. 
-(/«.,  373;  Rocha,  Odd.  Nic,  i.  188-90;  Nic,  Reg.  Ojic,  328-9;  Samlovul,  Rev. 
Polit.,  58. 


662 


INDUSTIUAL  riU>iKE.S.S. 


In  Costa  Rica  there  is  hardly  any  domestic  manu- 
facturing.'^* Efforts  are  made  by  the  government  to 
develop  the  industry."* 

As  regards  Panamd,  it  may  be  said  that  manufiic- 
tures  are  almost  unknown,  save  such  as  are  import(;d." 

^'^Aaido  from  Bomo  furnitiiru,  arms,  etc.,  their  liammocks,  nets,  cotton 
^ocmIx,  1111(1  pottery,  arc  all  made  in  a  very  primitive  iiiaiiiier.  There  is  no  HkiU 
whatever.  Fcniamli"-,  Col.  Dor.,  iii.  3i>G-8;  Cofstn  !{.,  I'enun,  l}«i4,  p.  xxv. 
]k>er  and  nun  are  also  made,  the  latter  uaid  to  be  a  )(ood  imitation  of  .la- 
maica;  distilling  rum  iit  a  govt  mono{>oly.  La/ei'ridre,  Ue  Paris  a  Uuatim.,  !'i'i; 
Coula  /(".,  Col.  Lrij.,  v.  122  4.'):  xi.  .SSI -46. 

'>*' Sul)i<idieH  granted  in  1885  for  silk  culture  and  manufacturing  paper, 
rehozoa,  cotton  gooda,  and  sacks.  Costa  R.  Gnceln,  Aug.  2,  5,  12,  \',\,  ISS.'i; 
Pun.  Star  and  iTernlil,  Sept.  1),  1885. 

"An  official  report  for  1882  gave  the  following  as  about  the  extent  of  hm  h 
industry  in  that  year:  1,(500  rush  hats  and  1, GOO  of  jipijapa,  200  M  tiles,  7  M 
jars,  .525  M  bricks.  Pan.,  Mem.  Sec.  Fomento,  1882,  annex  L.  It  is  said  that 
a  factory  for  making  carriages  was  opened  in  1885.  Pan.  Sl>tr  and  Herald, 
Jan.  5,  1880. 


CHAPTER   XXXIII. 


COMMWUH  ANJ»  FINANCE. 

1801-1887. 

Early  Statk  of  Trapk— CoNiiNrKi)  SrAdNATios  after  iNnKPKNnKNrr. — 
Stkam  on  tmk  Coa.sts  lis  Uknkkk  i.m,  KKKK.rrs  N'akikiv  t)K  .Statlks 
— PoRTH  ()»•  Kntry  am>  Tahikj-s— Imports  anu  ExroRTH— Fairs — Ac- 
cessory Transit  Comtanv  -  Intehnai.  Nwioaiion  —  HitiiiwAYs  — 
Money— Hankinu  —  I'osTAi,  Service-  Panama  Railway  Trakkip  — 
Local  Trade  of  the  Isthmis— Pearl  Fishery— Colonial  Kevknoe 
IN  Finances  of  the  Federation— Soiuces  of  Uevenie  of  Kacii 
State — Their  libcKii-is  and  Exi-e.nditlre.s— Forekjn  anu  Internal 
Debts. 


During  tlio  first  years  of  tlio  present  century, 
toward  the  end  of  tlie  Spanish  domination,  after 
many  restrictions  to  trade;  liad  been  removed,  and 
Ontral  America  liad  obtained  leave  to  traffic  direct 
witli  ^It^xico  an«l  other  Spanisli  American  colonics, 
there  were  oidy  30  or  ;{5  mercantile  houses  through- 
out the  country.  Merchandise  to  the  value  of  one 
million  dollars  was  yearly  imj)orted  from  Spain  through 
the  bay  of  Honduras.  The  returns  were  chieHy  in 
indigo,  coin,  and  bullion.  There  was  some  trade  also 
with  Peru  and  Cuba.*  Snuiggling  was  carried  on 
quite  freely,  even  the  officers  of  the  revenue  cutters 

'Two  or  three  vessels  at  most  came  every  year  to  Acajutlafrom  Peru  with 
wines,  olive  oil,  and  other  articles  for  tlie  tahle,  and  i;0(),(XH)  or  SOO,(K)()  pesos 
in  specie  for  the  purchase  of  indigo.  From  Cuba  came  ci^'lit  or  ten  vessels 
with  petty  cargoes  of  rum,  onions,  etc.,  the  average  worth  l>cing  ^J.IKM)  or 
^,000.  They  each  took  hack,  liesidea  indigo,  30,000  or  40,000  pesos  in  coin 
and  in  gold  and  silver  bullion.  Mex.,  Oaceta,  1804-.'>,  xii.  178-80;  < 'miaitda, 
liuimi  X.  Esp.,  48-9;  CdrtfS,  Col.  Dor.,  ii.  341;  I/cii>lerson's  liritixh  Ilnml., 
30-1,35;  Ount.,  Ajnintavi.,  130^1;  A'ir.  y  Hond.,  J)ocn.,  11-12;  Ariillatia, 
Infomie,  in  CeduUirio,  iv.  60-1;  UrrutUt,  Afodelo,  2-3;  Hunt.,  Oaz.,  vii.  201^320, 
passim;  iii.  70,  464,  504. 

( C63 ) 


COMMKUCK   A!":!*   FIXANCK. 


takin»jf  a  liaiul  in  it.     The  lar^t;  ainount  of  jjfoods  tlnis 
imported  caused  a  tlraina^e  of  sju'eie." 

After  tlu!  separation  from  Spain,  then;  was  little 
commerce  for  many  years,^  until  the  construction  of 
the  railway  across  the  Isthmus,  and  the  establishment 
of  a  line  of  steamers  makinj,^  periodical  visits  at  the 
several  Central  American  ports  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
afK>rded  facilities  for  the  dovelopment  of  both  ap^ric  iil- 
ture  and  fcjreijjn  trade,*  which  under  liberal  IcLrislji- 
tion  has  since  assumed  larjjfo  proportions,  commerce 
being  free  with  all   friendly  powers.     In  a  note'"  arc 

■' Tliis  hybrid  coinmerco  was  cffucteil  thrnugli  Hulizoand  C'uriu,'oa;  ami  also 
by  foruigu  whalers  at  Kcalejo  and  Acajuthi,  whcro  they  were  wmit  to  ciitt  i' 
witli  the  pretext  of  prociiriiij,'  water  and  fresh  stores,  and  wlide  in  port  sol. I 
P^nj^lisli  goods,  receiving  in  return  copper,  wool,  sugar,  cacao,  etc.  UiiiiiIkiIiIi, 
E^:iiH  I'oUt,  ii.  41)7-73. 

■^  Jiiixtn  Hill  lite,   Vaz  ili:  la  Putrid,  iv.  no.  18,  4-8;  ({iiat.,  /{irfi]!.   f^n/.,  i.  '■{'> 
7;  ii.  'M\;  U.  S.   iloi\  Doe.,  H.   Kx.   Doc,  7."),   '-'Ij-IO,  x.,  I'ong.  .'ji,  .Sess.  I; 
Squiers  Tnir.,  i.  44-5. 

*  In  1S5.S  the  several  governments  entered  into  contracts  with  the  C'c  iiti:il 
Am.  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  an  American  concern,  to  run  a  line  of  stfannrs 
once  a  month  between  Iztapam  in  (iuatemala  and  i'ananui,  toueldng  at  Acii- 
jutla.  La  Libertad,  La  Union,  Amapala,  Kealejo,  San  .luan  tlel  Sur,  and  I'un- 
tarenas,  for  the  conveyance  of  passen>,'ers,  nuTcliandise,  and  mails  at  lixiil 
rates,  each  government  paying  a  subsidy,  and  allo^\ing  exemptions  from  [init 
dues  and  other  privileges.  The  service  began  early  m  lS,"i4,  and  continind 
M'ith  repeated  trips  in  each  month,  first  by  tlie  Panama  Railway  Conipanv's 
steamers,  and  subsequently  by  those  of  the  U.  S.  I'ae.  Mail  Steamslii|)  ( 'inji- 
pany.  CoMa  Ii.,  BoletiiiOjic,  Feb.  1(5,  1.S54;  A/.,  Col.  Lei/.,  xii.  •J.'H!^;  Sulr., 
Our.,  3a\\.  20,  1854;  Id.,  El  linl,  Dec.  1,  IS.H;  Cent.  Am.  MUeel.  Dm:,  4»; 
Hunt's  Merchnttts  Mmj.,  xxiii.  111}. 

''(luatemala:  chief  articles  of  export,  cochineal,  coflFee,  cotton,  wool,  8UL:.ir, 
Lulia-rubber,  hides,  and  indigo;  also  rice,  mules,  cacao,  pork,  horns,  timbir, 
sarsaparilla,  vanilla,  tobacco,  etc.  Cochineal  at  one  time  wiis  a  great  stiii'lc, 
the  export  being  nearly  68,000  centals  in  18(»0  4,  and  about  59,000  centals  in 
1870-4;  reduced  to  about  '2,84  '  in  1879-8.3.  The  princi^  al  importations  wcii! 
comestibles,  wines  and  liiiuors  cotton,  linen,  woollen,  and  silk  fabrics,  clotii- 
ing,  hats,  fancy  goods,  furniti  ->,  arms,  articles  for  agric,  arts,  and  scicmis. 
Anns,  lead,  and  gunpowder  n  ;  'it  not  be  imported  without  special  permissinu 
of  the  govt.     Some  articles  w«      exempt  from  duty,  such  as  material  for  slii[i- 

le,  surgery,  science,  schools,  arts,  implements 
-  manuf.,  steam-engines,  money,  gohl,  silver, 
es  of  luxury  paid  an  import  duty;  forciu'u 
h  duty.  Small  amounts  should  be  paid  at 
larger  sums,  part  at  the  adjustment  of  the 
duties,  and  the  rest  in  iustalm<  .ts  of  from  one  to  three  months.  The  rcpiili- 
lie  has  several  ports  open  to  foreign  commerce  on  both  oceans;  namely,  Santo 
Toniiis,  Livingston,  and  Oolfo  Dulce,  which  is  navigable  only  for  vessels  ot 
light  draught,  on  the  Atlantic,  and  San  Jose,  San  Luis,  Champerico,  and 
Ocds  on  the  Pacific.  Iztapam  or  Independencia  was  closed  in  185.3,  and  the 
custom-house  removed  to  the  roadstead  of  San  Jose,  which  is  sheltered 
by  a  bold  breakwater.  Actual  value  of  foreign  trade:  imports,  1851-7, 
8i7,()72,082;  1860-4,  S«,268,227;  1871-.5,  fl2,.'W4,289;  1876-80j_  815,054,152. 
The  average  of  importations  in  the  five  years  1880-4  was  §2,700,000.     The 


Kiven 


r 


five 


building,  instruments  for  med 
of  agric,  machinery,  and  tools 
guano,  mineral,  coal,  etc.     Art 
manufactures  entered  with  a  1 
the  time  of  entry  in  cash;  am 


largest 
V.  .S..  i 
Sjiain,  J 
<  'olombi 
ill  Pan., 
greati.T  ] 
are  gr<  a 

J  870.  4,  ; 
l8(;(>-4_  , 

was  also 
•  liant  vi 
«f''amors 
of  the  K< 
•'uat.  go 
ami  1  Sa 
and  (Die 
flag.  Ve 
'••8  tons, 
•'ountry. 

Hoiiilti 

sarsaparili 

>*  arc,  etc. 

I'al.i  on  tl 

Ihitain;  1; 

IS82  '.\,^2 

lv>:p«rts;   1 

•••«••«;  1877. 

.':<2,,")(H>,(M»(i 

•'!'l,92;{,()()(), 

lvxpf>rts:  .«! 

'l"he  princi 

nuts,  c<.ttV(j 

Salvado 

ri'bozos,  bal 

lotton,  line 

Mere  1.^1  L' t 

cording  to  \ 

.'<ides,  20  p, 

states  on  In 

-Articles  int 

•xempt.     T 

alcohol  and 

''•as,  saltpeti 

>>  ere  free  frt 

jewelry.     I„ 

5="),  799,912; 

Kx  ports:  the 

I'lace:  J855-( 

among  the  ex 

staple  cea-sod 

Nicaragua 

ixports,  cotlc 

^*"<>ds,  indigf 

^^I'flls,  etc     J 

'  I'rinto.     Tin 

'?«!  -73,  $3,3i 

"^'c,  OaceUi, 


] 


FOUKICN   TKADK   UATA. 


«^ivon  copioiia  data  «)n  the  f«>rci«jjii  trado  of  oarh  of  tho 
five  re[»ul)lic's,  Hliowintv  nn  iiivariaMe  l>alaMre  in  their 

lirgestt  iinportiitidiiH  in  IfWUwerc  fiom  <!.  Hrit;iiii,  iiiclinliiin  Iti  li/i',  .»i.SS|,'_»().'i; 
V.  S.,  «t.VJ1>,45,S;  I'ruiui,  .*l4!t.tW7;<i<riimiiy,  ?i|-.'N,'_«Ml;  Swit/«rl;iii.l,  .s7(i.-_'7.S; 
Spiiiii,  ;?«t.'>,470;  Cliiiiii,  ."SM.Hru.  Tlif  nst  from  ll<  l).'iiiiii,  (unt.  Am.,  Italy, 
('iil()ml)iit,  iiml  iKiiimitrk.  Tlif  w:ir  Ix'twccii  iiuat.  ami  Salv.,  ami  ri'Voliitioii 
in  Pan.,  iiaralyzoil  traili!  in  INS.").  It  in  miticcd  tliat  nntwitlistauilni^'  fliii 
),'iTat«!r  proxiniity  ami  wciiltli  of  tlu!  U.  S,,  (iiiatcmala's  cummfD-ial  nlitKum 
art!  gnat- r  with  Kn^^laml.  KxjM.rtM:  1H.")|_7,  SK.CI.S.O'.tJI;  IStM)  4,  S7,.'1.SC..:)4I ; 
1.S7(»  4.  !?li;.41H,(>>s:{;  |.s71t  .s;{.  ?>••.'•.'. .").VJ,Hti7.  r..trL'>(  l.M.mivl  up  fn.m  n.MK'  in 
\>iM-l,  (Jit">,(;71  ciiital.-i  in  ls7tl  4,  t..  I,">l'.».4!t4  initaU  in  l.S7'.t  h.'J.  SiiLiar 
was  also  a  ju'iiinincnt  «ta|iU',  foilnwuil  liy  Imlia.  .ihIht.  'I'lic  numlnf  of  imr- 
I'liant  vt'ssclft  wliii'ii  visitcil  (!uat.  imrts  on  the  I'ai".  (lining  IHs;{  wen'  7 
.sti-ainorH  of  tin;  I'ac.  Mail  S.  C'o.,  wliicli  maiii-  tlifir  jnTioiliral  ti'i|>.M;  :(  stmcH 
of  tiiu  Ko.snios  ((Icrniun)  line,  to  wiiii'li  HjH'cial  |iiiviligc«  Witi'  graiitcil  liy  tlin 
<Jnat.  govt,  in  ISS'J.  S'  ling  vcsscl.t,  <>  Am.,  1  Kn^;.,  li  Kri'm'li,  .'<  (iirman, 
anil  1  tSalvailoran.  To  LivingMton,  on  tiic  .Atlantii',  canii'  iiiontlily  4  .\ni. 
ami  omi  Kiig.  MtcannT.  Sivcn  Vf.sscl.s  iliil  i-oasting  trade  nmlcr  tin'  Kiig. 
Ilag.  Vi'sscls  arrivLtl  in  1S>S4,  171  with  I7:{.'.>S'J  tons;  d.i.artr.l  Ki.Switli  17:<,- 
7.">H  ton.s,  carrying  away  l(H(,4()'_'  packancH  of  mcroiiamli.sc  ainl  proihu'ts  of  tho 
I'onntry. 

HouiluraM:  t-.x ports  cnnHiHtcil  of  Imllion,  mahogany,  ami  other  woimU,  hiiicH, 
.sarsaparilla,  tohacfo,  cattU-,  ami  imligo;  tiie  import.s,  of  cottons,  silk,  liard- 
wari',  etc.  The  chief  jiorts  are  Omoa  and  'rnijilloon  the  Atlaiitii',  and  Ama- 
paid,  on  the  I'acilic.  Values  of  imports:  l.S.'ili,  .'<7."><>,<NtO,  diielly  fi-oin  (ireat 
IJritain;  KSt>7,  !i!i7.'>0,(HH);  l.S7;<,  «;l,(HH).(»«H);  l>S77,  .':<(i40,(MH»:  I.SSO.  .N.">(I.(HK>; 
ISS'J  :\,  g'.'.8S.">.(HH»;  ISWi,  from  s:'_',(MH),(HH»  to  S'-',."t(HMMM».  The  taritl'  was  low. 
Kxports:  18.')(>,  ft«'.'"),()(H»;  18(i7,  !<.S'_V.,(MK);  1S7--'  '.i.  .•<-',:{7(>,(HM);  |S7(i,  .''l.-J.'a,- 
'.«:<;  1877,  $.V.>r.,lHK);  18.S(»,  .--i^i.^O.tHM);  188'_'  :{,  .S'{,4I.'>,(HK);  ISSIl,  .yj,(HH»,(KM>  to 
!>!•_', r)<K),(HK).  Briti.sh  II md.  or  Belize:  imports:  187:<.  -"^I,  l.s:<,i>74;  IS7.S  HI. 
."<l,y'j;{,(HX),  nearly  two  thirds  froniti.  Hritain,  and  the  rest  from  the  V.  S. 
Kxports:  S>1,'J.")1,(HK),  ahout  two  thirds  to  <i.  ISritain,  and  the  rest  to  the  U.  S. 
The  principal  exports  to  the  latter  country  were  woods,  raw  sugar,  fruits, 
7iuts,  cotFce,  drugs  and  dyes,  ruhher,  hides,  etc. 

Salvador:  articles  of  export,  indigo,  coffee,  sugar,  tobacco,  caoutchouc, 
rehozos,  halsani,  hides,  and  cotton.  Imports:  comestihles,  wines  ami  li(|nors, 
cotton,  linen,  woollen,  and  silk  fabrics,  hardware,  etc.  The  ports  of  entry 
were  La  Union,  La  Lihert^id,  and  Acajutla.     Imported  goods  pay  duties  ac- 


conlillg  to  the  tariff,  which  were  mostly  specilie,  lint  many  artu  les  paid,  he- 
sides,  '20  per  cent  ad  valorem.  I'roducts  of  the  other  Central  American 
states  on  oeiug  imported,  reciprticity  existing,  paiii  oidy  4  per  cent  ad  val. 
Articles  intendctl  tor  the  development  of  inilustries  and  education  Were 
exempt.  The  importation  of  arms,  without  special  leave  of  the  govi  rnmtMit, 
alcohol  and  common  rum,  cognac,  gin,  ahsintlie,  anisesi;ed,  coiiander,  sassa- 
fras, saltpetre,  and  obscene  images  was  forbiilden.  I'roducts  of  tlie  country 
were  free  from  export  dues,  e.'cepl  indigo,  ores,  gold  and  silver  bullion,  and 
jewelry.  Import  values:  ISiW-til,  .•:;(i.Mt),S7'.t;  I8C.4,  .'Sl,'_':W,71 1 ;  I.Sti(;-8, 
!<."), 7iM»,(Hi.';  1871-4,  $1-J,8(;'.»,:)I4;  1877,  .V-MS(J,(KK);  1S.S()  ;i,  .*.">, 7.">0,()(H). 
Exi)orts:  the  grciiter  part  to  (ireat  Hritain,  the  U.  S.  occupying  the  second 
place:  1850-01,  ^S,t>;{l,l)'.H);  18ti4-S,  .^i;>,ii;)l,()7."),  cotton  counting  somewh.it 
among  the  exports  during  the  war  in  the  U.  S. ;  but  after  its  termination  tliis 
staple  ceased  to  tigure;  1871-8,  .vJ'.l,i;0li,'.».".;5;  188i»-:{,  .v8,708,(XK). 

Nicaragua:  principal  markets,  U.  S.,  Kng.,  France,  and  l.'eut.  Am.;  chief 
exports,  coffee,  India-rubber,  cattle,  hi<les,  and  gold;  also  cabini't  ami  dye 
Woods,  indigo,  sugar,  rum,  cacao,  dairy  products,  gums,  pearl  and  tortoise 
sheila,  etc.  Ports  San  Juan  del  Norte,  San  Juan  del  Sur,  and  Uealejo  or 
Corinto.  The  first  named  was  declared  a  free  port  in  liHH).  Imp<irt  values: 
1801 -7,3,  $3,355,600,  exclusive  of  coin,  and  not  including  the  years  1870-2. 
■Mc,  Oaceta,  Feb.  i21,  1874.     Levy,  a  good  authority,  gives  the  imports  for 


rill 


6CG 


COMMERCE  AND  FINANCE. 


favor,  which  steadily  increased  their  wealth.  As  to 
internal  trade,  there  is  very  little  to  say.     The  several 

1865-71  at  ^),275,324,  adding  that  in  the  first  two  years  the  balance  of  tradu 
was  against  Nic.  to  the  amount  of  $453,429;  1873-6,  $4,313,876;  1877  SO, 
$5,117,661;  1881-4,  $7,157,525;  these  figures  include  about  half  a  million 
dollars  in  coin.  Wholesale  merchants  sold  at  long  terms,  often  18  montlis; 
most  of  the  buyers  disposed  of  the  goods  iit  once,  with  20  per  ct  loss,  but  for 
cash,  and  during  17  months'  use  of  the  capital  making  as  much  as  50  per  ct 
profit,  which  enabled  them  to  pay  for  the  merchandise  originally  Iiouglit. 
Exports:  1861-73,  $4,153,677,  without  including  for  1871-2.  I^-vy  h;m  for 
1865-71,  $6,789,841;  1873-6,  $5,694,009;  1877-80,  $6,303,589;  1881-4,  .S8,. 
926,965.  In  view  of  the  fall  in  the  price  of  coflfee  in  late  years  in  foreign 
markets,  and  of  the  decrease  in  the  production  of  rubber,  there  was  cause  to 
fear  that  the  ilay  was  not  distant  when  the  balance  of  trade  would  be  against 
Nic,  unless  with  the  facilities  afforded  bj'  the  railroads  the  exportations  of 
timber  and  dye-woods  should  be  greatly  developed,  as  expected.  The  exports 
of  cattle  to  the  other  states  of  Cent.  Am.  have  become  quite  considerable. 
The  two  chief  centres  of  internal  trade  were  Granada  and  Leon,  which  sup- 
plied their  own  departments.  Chontales  was  supplied  from  the  former,  .Se- 
govia from  the  latter,  Matagalpa  from  both.  Rivas  and  Chinandega  imported 
a  portion  of  their  supplies,  buying  the  rest  respectively  at  Granada  and  Leon. 
Rivas  furnished  cacao;  Jinotepeque  and  Chinandega,  sugar;  Leon,  corn  anil 
salt;  Masaya  and  other  towns,  edibles. 

Coita  Rica  imported  cotton,  linen,  woollen,  and  sil  •  fabrics,  fancy  articles, 
comestibles,  wines,  liquors,  and  other  things,  fronx  England,  France,  U.  S., 
etc.,  and  exported  chiefly  coffee,  tortoise-shells,  hides,  rubber,  vanilla,  sarsa- 
parilla,  timber,  etc.  Her  ports  for  foreign  trade  are  at  present  Linion  on 
the  Atlantic,  and  Puntarenaa  on  the  Paeilic;  the  latter  being,  down  to  l.SS;{, 
almost  the  only  port  of  Costa  Rica;  but  of  late  the  former,  owing  to  railroad 
facilities,  has  obtained  the  first  rank;  shipments  through  Puntarenas  being 
mainly  of  j)roduce  from  Esparta,  and  other  places  near  it.  It  was  a  free  imi't 
at  one  time,  but  ceased  to  be  such  in  Jan.  1861.  In  earlier  years  Matiiia 
and  Caldera  had  l)eeii  open  ports,  and  even  Guanacaste  was  made  a  tree  port 
in  1848.  Port  Linioii  was  created  in  Oct.  1852;  it  has  a  free  zone  under  di'- 
crees  passed  in  1883.  Costa  Rica's  import  values:  1845,  $'463,000,  tliroiigli 
Matina  and  Puntarenas;  1852-9,  %;7,330,3!>8;  1804,  iijil, 718,000;  1871,  .?2,22.-.,- 
OOC;  1873-4,  $(i,980,000;  IS77,  about  $2,000,000;  1880-3,  $7,220,000.  Ex- 
ports: 1845,  $631,700;  1852-9,  .$7,458,913;  1864,  $1,812,682;  1868,  .*2,189,1]8; 
1871,  $2,288,450;  1873-4,  .^8,192,517;  1877,  $5,308,000;  May  1,  1879,  to  Apr. 
30,  1881,  .$7,724,810;  1882-3,  .$6,470,000.  Tlie  exports  of  cofl'ee  from  Punta- 
renas and  Limon  in  1884  were  191,719  centals.  Large  quantities  of  bananas 
were  also  exported  from  Linion.  Vessels  arrived  in  1882-3,  at  Limon  8(1,  at 
Puntarenas  /5;  in  1883-4,  at  Limon  77,  at  Puntarenas  110.  Muriin;  lin-^'i. 
Hid.  Cent.  A.iu,  i.  147;  linili/'s  Cent.  Am.,  158;  Si/iikr')i  Cent.  Ant.,  269  Ttt, 
310,  4.'j8  9,  471-2,  526;  S'jniers  7'ravel>,  i.  83;  MoUnn,  JJoikj.  Costa  /.'.,  31  ."t, 
C4-6;  liellii,  Nic,  i.  9."^;  Liij'rrnire,  X>c  Paris  a  Gmxtnn.,  :i4-7,  51-4,  168  il, 
261-3,  4;i(>;  Atn.  Ci/rlop.,  v.  290,  395;  viii.  790;  xiv.  610;  Montiifar,  A'esinmn 
Hist.,  V.  519;  I'Jiici/elitp.  Brit.  (Am.  ed.),  vi.  398;  xii.  135-6;  El  OnatenHtl'jro, 
March  19,  May  19,  1884;  Wny'p'ins,  Mer.  vwl  Cent.  Am.,  322,  3,")9;  Jiiirs,  />{<• 
Seehiij'en,  36;  Levy,  Nic.,  512,  516-17;  Batret'  Sketch  Giuit.,  862-6,  73;  Camy's 
Year-Hook,  1861,  527;  Sale,  Constitiicional,  no.  6;  Id.,  Diario  Ofc,  June  3,  7, 
Oct.  21,  1875;  March  4,  187<i;  Sept.  17,  1878,  suppl.;  Jan.  11,  May  3,  ISTU; 
/(/.,  Gac,  Aug.  i2,  1853;  Oct.  27,  1876;  Fob.  27,  1877;  Nic,  daceta,  Dec.  2:'., 
1865;  Dec.  15,  1866;  Aug.  22,  1868;  March  12,  1870;  LI.,  Dccreto^,  1869  To, 
141-i;  Id.,  Boletin(JJlc.,Ahu-ch8,  1862;  Id.,  Mem.  Min.  Fomento,  for  yea:s 
1867-71;  Id.,  Mem.  Min.  Hoc,  1871  -83;  Presid.  Cardenas,  Mensaje,  .Ian.  15, 
1885;  G.  -t,  Recop.  Ley.,  i.  771,  785-92;  Id.,  Id.,  Gol>.  Democ,  i.  2  3;  Gwil.^, 
Mem,  Sec,  line,  for  years  1880-4;  Id.,  Mem.  Sec  FomenUi,  for  years  188;}  ">; 
U,  S,  Gov,  Docs,,  Comm.  Bel.,  for  years  1856-77;  Id.,  H.  Ex,  Doc,  Cong.  43, 


Sess.    ],  1 
Sess.  2,  x: 
14;  v.  23i 
/'/.,    Col. 
1875,  M; 
308;   /,/., 
J  879.  22,  i 
Id.,  Mem. , 
1883,  1-1.-, 
Feb.   1,   17 
1885;  Junt 
Apuntain., 
«The  p 
Miguel,  in 
two  weeks. 
Feb.,  to  wli 
from  Hoiid 
namely,  E- 
also  a  cattle 
cacao,  dry  i 
stock;    Que; 
Jocotcuang( 
izod  at  sevei 
faja,  Santa 
S</iiier's  Cent 
I  ail.  Star  ai 
'The  An 
Vauderbilt 
interocoanic 
to  the  coinpa 
Lake  Nieara; 
rest  of  the  i 
govt  the  mo 
It  is  unneces: 
it  to  say,  it  v 
H.  Ex.  Doc, 
Cong.  .S4,  S(. 
Walker's  Exp, 
245-6.  ^ 


FAIRS  AND  IMMIGRATION. 


667 


republics  have  regularly  established  fairs,  which  are 
attended  by  those  wishing  to  purchase  national  or 
foreign  products  or  manufactures.*' 

The  republics,  having  special  facilities  for  internal 
navigation,  endeavored  to  make  them  available.  Guate- 
mala granted  privileges  with  the  view  of  having  a 
steam  line  established  between  the  fluvial  port  of 
Panzos  and  Livingston,  and  also  on  Lake  Amatitlan. 
In  Nicaragua,  under  a  contract  entered  into  on  the 
22d  of  Septembe.',  184D,  and  amended  April  11,  1850, 
between  the  government  and  an  American  company, 
transit  was  formally  establislied  between  the  two 
oceans,  by  way  of  Lake  Nicaragua.^     The  American 

Sess.  1,  vol.  i.  years  187.3--t,  440-7;  Sesa.  2,  xvi.  188-9."),  200;  Cong.  40, 
Sess.  2,  XXV.  pt  1,  27;  Cong.  47,  Soss.  1,  xiv.  38;  CwtaJ{.,  Col.  Lei/.,  iv.  112- 
14;  V.  232-4;  vi.  3U1-3;  x.  78  •»,  1124,  148-57;  xvi.  l'.)<)-2()0;  xvii.  13.".  (i; 
I>1.,  Col.  Dispo.t.  Leiii.<l.,  1878,  113  14;  /-/.,  Mem.  Sn:  J/,,,:,  lS.-)3,  11  12; 
1875,  :U;  18«0,  annexes  15-23;  1S83,  annexes  11-12;  18S4,  24,  241)-U(j,  304, 
308;  /'/.,  Infhniie  Sir.  0/>nw  Pii'/.,  1878,  15-17;  Ii(.,  Infoniio  Str.  Ai/rir., 
1879.  22,  anil  tal)le  4;  1880,  23-4;  /(/.,  Oirrta  Goh.,  ,Jan.'20,  Feb.  l(i,  i8.")(l; 
/(/.,  Mem.  Sec.  Mdriiui,  1883,  7,  and  twotable.-i,  annex  5;  IiL,  Htyl.  Fnini/uicitx, 
1883,  1-15;  Pa)i.  SUtr  and  Herald,  Marcli  23,  1881;  Sept.  13,  1882;  Jan.  17, 
Feb.  1,  17,  March  23,  1883;  .March  8,  15,  Dec.  10,  18S4;  :Mar(li  9,  Oct.  24, 
1885;  June  2,  188(5;  La  Estrella  de  Pan.,  Nov.  G,  1884;  Sainui/oa,  J.  M., 
Apuntam.,  1885,  5. 

"The  princii^al  fairs  were  held  at  Chalatenango,  San  Vicente,  and  .San 
Miguel,  in  Salvador.  That  nf  San  Miguel  took  place  in  Xovembur,  and  Ousted 
two  weeks.  There  was  another  fair  at  the  same  town  about  tlie  beginning  of 
Feb.,  to  which,  as  well  as  to  the  lornier  one,  large  numbers  of  cattle  were  taken 
from  Hond.  and  Nic.  In  Ouat.  annual  fairs  were  held  in  .several  2>laee.-j; 
namely,  Plsquipulas,  where  large  quantities  of  merchandise  were  sold;  it  was 
also  a  cattle  fair;  Rabinal  in  Vera  Paz,  for  dry  goods;  M.izatenango,  for  cattle, 
cacao,  drygoo.la,  etc.;  S. ;:  Pedro  Ayampuk;  Sulola,  for  <lry  goods,  fruit,  and 
stock;  Quczaltenanjjo  and  (.'hinialtenango,  for  woollen  manufaetui'es.  In 
Jocoteuango  a  fair  was  held  every  -Aug.  In  later  times  fairs  have  been  author- 
ized at  several  other  places,  to  wit,  at  the  hippodrome,  near  thy  ca[)ital,  Sal- 
caja,  Santa  Cruz  del  Quiche,  Jalapa,  Santa  Itosa,  and  Sau  Pedro  I'innla. 
Siiuier\i  Cent.  Am.,  3J0-5.3O;  O'mit.,  Mini.  Sue  Foim-nto,  1882,38;  1885,  39-40; 
Pan.  Star  and  Herald,  ;>ept.  14,  1SS5. 

'  The  Am.  Atlantic  and  I'acilic  Sliip  Canal  Co.  of  New  York,  of  whicli 
Vanderbilt  and  White  were  the  chi^f  owners,  undertook  to  construct  an 
iateroceanic  canal.  Tlicir  contract  with  the  Nic.  govt  inV(jlvod  the  privilege 
to  the  company  of  exclusive  steam  naviijatiou  in  the  interior  waters,  meaning 
Lake  Nicartagua.  The  company  concluded  to  separate  this  privilege  from  the 
rest  of  the  contract,  and  succeeded,  Aug.  1S51,  in  olitaiiuag  from  the  Nii;. 
govt  the  monopoly  of  transit  from  San  .Juan  del  Norte  ti>  San  .luan  del  Snr. 
It  is  unnecessary  to  go  into  details  as  to  how  this  was  con..ummated;  .suthce 
it  to  say,  it  was  by  fostering  the  iiii,estiue  war  then  raging.  U.  S.  (lor.  J'nc, 
H.  Ex.  Doc,  75,  141-5,  x.,  Cong.  31,  Sess.  1;  /'/.,  Sen.  Doc,  08,  84-103,  xiii., 
Cong,  m,  Sess.  1;  Cent.  Am.  Muicel.  Doc,  45;  Stimt'.H  Xlc,  272-91;  iVelk' 
WaScer's  Exped.,  203-5;  Rekhardt,  Cent.  Am.,  210-1  Ij  Scherzer,  CeiU,  Am., 
245-0. 


COMMERCE  AND  FINANCE. 


Accessory  Transit  Company,  as  it  was  called,  went  into 
active  operation  and  carried  thousands  of  passengers 
to  and  from  California.^  The  first  interoceanic  trij) 
was  made  in  An<T^ust  1852,  and  the  service  continiud 
successfully  until  February  18,  185G,  when  it  was 
suddenly  closed,  and  the  company's  charter  was  re- 
voked by  the  government  of  liivas,  at  the  dictation 
of  William  Walker.''  The  transit  continued  for  a 
time  under  Walker's  control,  mainly  to  furnish  his 
army  with  recruits,  until  the  steamers  fell  into  tlie 
hands  of  his  enemies.^"  Xavigation  on  San  Juan 
liiver  and  Granada  Lake  was  regulated  in  June  ISO  I. 
In  18G8  a  convention  was  concluded  between  Nicu- 
rauua  and  Costa  Kica  for  the  na\i<«'ation  of  the  rivers 
San  Juan  and  Colorado.  In  IBTO  a  contract  was  made 
with  Hol](>nbeck  and  his  associates  for  steam  naviga- 
tion on  Lake  Granada,  and  it  was  inaugurated  in 
1872." 

'The  first  stcamboab  used  in  Nic.  waters  was  the  Ohm,  wrecked  on  the 
MacliuiM  rapids;  the  next,  the  JJiirrlor,  was  worlied  over  tlio  rapids,  and  plied 
on  the  lake  for  several  years,  being  the  sole  transport  for  ])asseiurrrs  from 
Sau  Carlos  to  La  Virj{en.  The  increase  of  the  Transit  company  >  Imsiness 
liroiight  the  Ciiitnil  America  and  other  steamers.  Xic,  Con:  /■ft.,  Sept.  .">, 
IS,")!);  S/ntU'.'i  j\i<:,  or)-)). 

"The  particidars  of  this  transaction  appear  elsewhere.  Previous  to  tin's, 
in  18.")4,  there  had  lieen  serious  difierenees  lietween  the  gov.  of  Nie.  and  tho 
company,  ahout  the  settlement  of  accounts,  anil  even  then  the  govt  threatened 
to  cancel  the  charter.  (Innt.,  (lorctn.  May  l.'t,  July  8,  18.">;i;  I'ln-z,  Mini.  Ili.<t. 
J'cr.  ^V(V'.,  ;").")-();   /</.,  Mnn.  ( 'miip.  \iii:,  '2~-'M);  El  Xicdniijiioixc,  Fel).  'I'A,  IS.'ili. 

'"la  18."i8  the  Nic.  govt  confiscated  the  company's  property,  and  the  next 
year  made  the  transit  free  to  all  nations.  However,  under  a  sul)se(|iuiit 
arrangement  between  it  and  the  original  Traisit  eo.,  uniler  the  name  of  ( 'cut. 
American  Transit  (.'o.,  ratified  in  March  ISiil,  vhe  latter  agreed  to  reopen  the 
route;  but  failing  to  do  it  within  the  required  f.ime,  the  govt  seized  all  tlui 
property,  as  agreed  in  tlie  contract.  The  matter  Mas  settled  in  diplomatic  cur- 
resp.md.  AviUi  Ww  V.  S.  govt  in  ISfiS.  Bnrhn,  (Y»l.  Mr.,  ii.  133-4,  141  2;  A'/'-., 
J>ir.  11  .\ciwn/os,  ]Sr.7-8,  44  5;  bS.")'),  ii.  78-0;  Jil.,  (Imrta,  Jan.  l(i,  18('>4.  The 
comjiany  renewed  its  ojierations,  and  continued  them  until  annihilated  liy 
the  overland  railway  to  S.  F.,  in  18(11).  Li'rii,  Xic,  434. 

"  Costa  11.  in  1!S7'2  foi'bade  the  navigation  of  the  Colorailo  River  by  llol- 
lenbeck  &  Co.  AVc,  Lii  Union,  .Tune  'J'.t,  1801;  Id.,  Dec.  i/  Ac,  1801,  iv. 
.")7-08;  ISOI)  70,  l()()-0;  /-/.,  G,wUu  Aug.  8,  1808;  Marcli  12,"  July  '23,  Aug. 
20,  1870;  l)ec.  7,  1872;  /</.,  Mvm.  Mia.  (iin'i-ni,  1872,  12;  Si'mtinnl  Xic,  I'ec. 
5,  1872;  AY /'tir»r«!/' (/(' AV.,  May  20,  June  2,  1872.  Trade  between  <  I rauada 
and  San  Juan  del  Norte  was  continued  iu  piraguas  and  steamers,  the  forunr 
measuring  from  15  to  2.')  tons.  There  were  river  and  lake  steamers.  Mi  r- 
ehandise  was  first  transferred  at  San  Carlos,  and  often  in  the  summer  a  second 
time  at  the  Castillo.  For  some  time  the  steandwat  jdying  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  river  passed  by  the  Colorado  branch  because  of  scanty  water  iu  the 
San  Juan. 


ROADS  ANI>  CURKENCY. 


The  national  liighways  of  Costa  Rica  are  not  all  in 
the  best  condition,  which  is  due  to  the  destructive 
force  of  the  winter  rains.  The  government,  however, 
endeavors  to  render  them  serviceable.  In  Xicara<rua, 
the  public  roads,  prior  to  the  construction  of  railways, 
were  only  fit  for  nude  travel,  except  at  short  distances 
from  towns,  which  wagons  could  traverse.  In  the 
rainy  season  they  were  imj)assable,  owing  either  to 
mud  or  swollen  streams.  The  same  is  to  be  said  re- 
specting those  of  Honduras.  Much  has  been  success- 
fully accomplislied  in  late  years  in  the  improvement 
of  roads  and  construction  of  bridges.  Salvador  appro- 
priated in  187G  funds  for  macadamizing  the  public 
highways.  Guatemala  is  well  provided  with  roads 
and  bridges,  and  derives  ft  consideraljle  revenue  from 
tolls  to  keep  them  in  repair,  and  to  construct  new 
ones.^^  Railways  and  telegraphs  are  treated  of  else- 
where. 

The  monetary  unit  of  Costa  Rica  is  the  peso  of  one 
hundred  centavos,  with  25  grannnes  of  silver  of  the 
standard  of  0.900.  The  government  mint  coins  gold, 
silver,  and  copper.^'' 

Gold  coin  became  very  scarce  in  Nicaragua.  There 
was  no  copper,  and  the  smallest  of  silver  was  the  half- 
ical.  Gold  coins  of  tlie  United  States,  Great  i:5ritain, 
and  France,  and  the  silver  money  of  those  countries, 
Switzerland,  Belgium,  Mexico,  Peru,  and  Spi/iti,  v.ere 
current  for  their  full  value.^*     In  Salvador  nearly  all 


^'CoDta  /?.,  Iiiformc  Obrm  Piih.,  for  years  187(>-80;  hi.,  Mem.  Sec.  Fonmiti', 
years  188.'^-4;  Brlli/,  Xi,:,  i.  :{•_>!;  L>n/,  Xi,-.,  4I'2;  Xir.,  M,;„.  Mi,,.  (Invrni, 
is;."),  pp.  x.-xv. ;  t'lin.  St<n- and  Urnilil,  Apr.  2,  18,SI;  Vvh.  I,  '_>,  ISH.'!;  A/., 
Croiiistii,  Jan.  '20,  188.'{;  Sub:,  din:  Ojic,  Sept.  5,  7,  KS7t);  I',-i.siif.  BuvHim, 
McMtje,  1870,  ;$!>-()();  (iiKit,  livcoji.  Lii/.,  d'oli.  JJcinoc,  10-1'J;  Ji/.,  Mint.  ,•»><•. 
Foiiiciito,  for  years  IHSO  o. 

'^(iold  pieces  of  10,  5,  2,  aiul  mie  dullar,  the  lirst  naiiieil  luivi!ij{  tin; 
weight  of  l(i,  I'JO  graiiiiiies.  Informer  years  it  eoiiied  gold  oiinees  with  tiio 
Weight  <if  2r),8H0  grnnuiies,  worth  §!(!,  and  halves,  (piarters,  eighths,  and  six- 
tei'nths;  silver  peso,  and  its  subdivisiotis  worth  TK),  '2'),  10,  and  o  cts.  Copper 
one-cent  pieces  containing  9")  parts  of  copper  and  .")  of  nickel.  Silver  in  coins 
of  10  anil  fy  cts  in  legal  tender  only  to  the  .siiin  of  §100;  and  cents  not  exceed- 
ing 100.  The  money  coined  in  Costa  Kica  in  the  years  18'2lt-82  has  heen  as 
follows:  gold,  ^2,3:)1,K08;  silver,  ^'>(J,(>48;  total,  .**J,<f2LM;$.S.  A.it,ilmi-ii<i,,<i, 
rriif.  A,,.,  41;  Conta  It,  GnceUj,  Nov.  21,  1885;  Id.,  Mini.  Sir.  llm:,  1883, 
annex  no.  10. 

"  There  is  a  nominal  money  iiseil  in  retail  trade  called  peso  sencillo,  worth 


670 


COMMERCE  AND  FINANCE. 


foreign  coins  were  received  for  their  face  value.  In 
Honduras  the  currency  was  much  vitiated  by  the  in- 
troduction of  the  moneda  provisional — copper  slightly 
alloyed  with  silver — of  the  denominations  of  quarter 
and  half  dollars,  of  which  probably  $1,500,000,  nominal 
value,  went  into  circulation  smcc  1839/^  Besides  this 
coin  there  has  been  in  circulation  the  cut  money  of  the 
old  kingdom,  a  portion  of  the  Hondura:s  government's 
own  coinage,  and  that  of  the  federal  republic;  all  of 
wliich,  together  with  Englisli  and  American  coins, 
make  u})  tlie  bulk  of  money  in  circulation.'"  In  a  de- 
cree of  September  21,  1870,  the  government  of  Guate- 
mala endeavored  to  introduce  in  its  coinage  the  deciinjd 
system,  recognizing  the  peso  as  the  unit.^^  Another 
law  of  November  15,  1878,  provided  for  the  coinage 
of  gold  pieces  of  1,  2,  5,  10,  and  20  pesos,  and  silver 
pieces  of  8,  4,  and  2  reales,  and  half  and  quarter 
reales.'**  Foreign  coins  circulated  at  the  rates  fixed  by 
the  government.^"  There  have  been  banks  in  most  of 
the  states  of  Central  America  for  a  immber  of  years, 
several  being  now  in  successful  oi)eration.'"" 

80  ciMits.  The  old  Costa  11.  doiil)loon  passes  for  .§14.40  only,  and  the  siili- 
ilivisioas  in  iii'o])()rtion.  Tlie  nuw  Costa  11.  piece  of  .•<.")  is  worth  only  .'<1."'0. 
Cliiliaii  and  Coloinliiuu  condors  pass  for  !?'J.    Li'i'ji,  Nic,  ;$70-l,  o'il. 

'•'  It  paralyzed  forci;,'n  trade,  I)ccanie  deiireeiated,  and  caused  other  evils. 
Jloii/iij'iir,  J>'i':.  Hist.,  ill.  'J77.  The  govt  endeavored  to  retire  this  coin  hy  a 
gradual  redeinptioii  every  year. 

"'  Foreign  coins  pass  at  their  true  valuation.  Very  little  motiey  leaves 
Jlon<lnras.  IFdikL,  (I'toia  Ofic,  May  'JC,  18.")H;  .Si/uicr's  ('int.  Am.,  '2''2;  W'rlU' 
llwiil.,  .')(>7-7'J. 

''  In  former  times  there  was  the  ounce  of  810  and  its  suhilivisions,  and  \.\\r 
silver  peso  with  its  sulidivisious  down  to  medio  real,  or  (if  cents.  Most  el 
the  silver  coin  in  circulation  was  the  niacuipiina  or  cut,  which  was  a  nuisance. 
The  Ljovernment  in  1.S7.H  ordered  it  reti''eil,  which  was  iti  the  course  of  tiiiiij 
done.  The  system  estahlished  in  tlie  l.iw  of  1870  found  favor  with  the  ]icii|ile 
as  regarded  gold  coin.  Not  so  with  silver;  the  pulilic  clinj^ing  to  the  old  ili- 
nominatii>ns,  and  refusing  to  accept  hase  metals  which  this  law  hail  also  pro- 
vided for. 

"■  Standard  of  the  coin  O.IKK),     Weight  of  the  peso  'Jo  grannncs, 

'"  Mex.  eaLile  !?•_'();  its  subdivisions  in  proixirtion.  Peruvian  pieces  of  ."^'JO 
and  tj^lO,  ami  ( 'olomhian  condors  of  ."r^'JO  ami  .510,  at  their  face  value.  Chili:ni 
condors  of  .SIO,  .'j^O.oO.  (iermangold  piece  of  'JO  marks,  .'i<4.'.K{.^.  American, 
Fri'iu'h,  and  lOnglish  gold  coins  have  tiieir  fidl  value;  though  they  generally 
t'ommand  a  high  premium.  Further  ih^tails  may  Ik;  found  in  dinit.,  /Jiroji. 
Leij.,  ii.  r.78  8'J:  Iil.,  (loh.  Deiii.,  i.  8,1,  H»7;  Sutr.,  Jyuirh,  Dee.  14,  1878. 

-"There  were  in  I88H  two  hanks,  the  Internacional  aii'l  Colondiiano,  in  tlio 
city  of  (iuatemala;  hoth  having  ample  capital  for  a  time  stood  high.  Tin' 
former,   founded  in  1878,  suspended   in   1885.     The  latter,  founded  iu  187'J 


only 
of  E 

rest 

'^y  cap! 

"perati( 

exclianj 

Quezalt 

ngricult 

standing 

in  Sej)t. 

ragua,  a 

heen  qn 

<  'ostariei 

000,  un.i 

Salvador 

peroii.s,  e 

quent  re) 

toiy      1,1 

Jos(5,  witl 

under  a  c 

Dec.  J,  It 

with  a  cai 

<>f*l,000,( 

'neiit  susp 

traiisfern.' 

*'f  that  ha 

erec  of  ])t 

include  th 

a  liiineo  i  1 

laws  Were 

ill  Paris. 

i-'o,   188-,; 

,    »(»,  1-S7.S; 

f''!h,   -xvii. 

iiOo;  XXV 

''In   181 
I'anainii,  vi 
"P  witli  So 
<iuat.  ami 
■^^'iN  a  moil 
Nonie  sort  ol 
I'slunent  of 
gres,  ami  ill 
••'^Kia  post-1 
l^rit.    govt. 
■^tcaiiKM'.s    fn 
■"^'I'P  Coinpa 
"ct.    their  p 
intervals  Iiy 
■'iuccoaa  \,-as 
'■'«'«t.     The 
'^'I'fc  up  tile 
;;  F    via  aJ 


BANKS  AND   MAILS. 


071 


The  states  of  Central  America,  including  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panamd,  maintain  communications  by  mail,  not 
(mly  with  one  another,  but  likewise  with  other  nations 
of  Europe  and  America,  and  through  them  witli  the 
rest  of  the  world."^     The  several  republics  use  their 

by  capitalists  who  wore  mostly  Colombians,  has  no  a;»encie8,  and  limits  its 
operations  witliin  the  capital  of  the  republic,  anil  to  tlie  sale  of  bill.s  of 
exchange  on  foreign  markets.  Tliere  was  also  the  Banco  de  Occiilentc  at 
Qnezaltenango  with  a  capital  of  .*1(X),(X)0;  its  main  object  being  to  assist 
agriculture  and  maiuifacturcs  in  the  wealthy  departments  of  Los  Altos.  Its 
standing  was  somewhat  shaken  by  its  bills  having  been  largely  counterfeited 
in  Sept.  IS82;  but  it  managed  to  weather  the  storm.  The  Banco  de  Nica- 
ragua, a  bank  of  issue,  loans,  and  discounts,  with  a  capital  of  §(i(M),()(Mt,  h.is 
been  quite  successful  It  was  chartered  in  Miiy  1871.  The  Banco  Aiiglo- 
( 'ostaru'cnsc  went  into  operation  at  .Managua  in  lS7.'t,  with  a  capital  of  810<),- 
000,  under  the  management  of  Allan  Wallis.  The  Banco  Intcrnacional  of 
(Salvador  began  business  on  the  20th  of  Aug.,  ISW,  and  has  since  been  pros- 
perous, exce])ting  in  18S5,  owing  to  tho  war  with  (Guatemala,  and  a  subse- 
quent revolution.  However,  the  results  of  the  lirstsix  months  were  satisfac- 
tory In  1807  tiie  Banco  Nacional  de  Costa  Kica  went  into  operation  at  San 
Josc',  with  a  capital  of  .*r)00,(M)0,  and  power  to  incre;ise  it  to  one  million  dollars, 
under  a  contract  for  ten  years  between  .John  Thompson  and  the  government. 
Dec.  I,  1870,  the  g((vernmeut  decreed  tiie  statutes  of  tiie  Banuf>  de  Kmision, 
with  a  capital  of  .*^.j(K),0(X)  secured  with  mortgages  on  real  estate  to  the  amount 
of  .<]!  1,000, 000.  But  tlic  stockholders  failing  to  pay  in  the  capital,  tiie  govern- 
ment suspended  the  bank,  whieh  had  lieeii  ojteraliiig,  and  ordered  tlie  Imoks 
transferred  to  the  Banco  Nacional  of  San  Jose,  which  was  to  redeem  all  notes 
of  tiiat  bank  in  circulation.  The  Banco  Nacional  had  been  created  by  a  de- 
erec  of  Dec.  25,  1877,  with  a  ca])ital  of  $250,000.  Its  operations  were  not  to 
iiicliule  the  issue  of  notes.  A  charter  was  granted  in  Jan.  1881,  to  estal)l;sh 
a  Banco  lUpotecario  Franco-Costaricense  with  a  capit;d  of  .*!5(X),0<H).  The  by 
laws  were  apjirovtMl  by  govt  in  July  1881.  The  bank  was  to  havo  a  braiiciv 
in  Paris.  li'i/n.f'  Skr/r/i  ilwit.,  24;  S.  F  Crnmslo,  Feb.  3,  188.'!;  .Ian.  ;{1,  Ajir. 
'J5,  1885;  A'(V..  (■'ncHa,  Aug.  3,  1807;  July  8,  1871;  A/.,  Si'ii.vind  Xi-.,  A]ir. 
10,  1873;  /'<(//.  Slai-  and  J/irtdd,  Aug.  3,  b8(17;  Sept.  2,  18S5;  Ciw^t  /{.,  Col. 
hi/.,  xvii.  45  50,  51-5;  xx.  410,  1 10  10,  2'.)5-7,  304-0,  311-12;  xxiv.  107- 
205;  XXV  245  i;0;  /-/.,  1878,  104-0;  1881,  17-20,  04-0,  143-08;  (;uid.,  Man. 
iS(T,  Fnini'iiln,  1882,  37 

■^'  In  I8()'.(  thi're  was  a  postal  service  between  (iuatcmala  and  David  in 
I'anama,  via  Caitai'o  in  Costa  Uiea,  by  whirh  route  cnrrespoiKh  ne(^  was  kept 
up  witli  Soutii  America.  In  18!  1  a  tii-inoiitiil y  mail  was  (.'stablislied  lietwcen 
(liiat.  and  Mex.,  .Meriila,  tlie  Windward  Jilamls,  and  Spain.  In  1820  tliero 
was  a  monthly  packet  between  New  York  and  the  Isliimiis.  Alter  tliat, 
some  sort  of  mail  service  was  kept  ni>  till  it  liecame  regular  with  the  estab- 
lishment of  steamshii)  lines.  In  1814  the  first  mail  steamer  touched  at  Ciia- 
gres,  and  in  1845  a  line  was  CMtablishe<l  between  Panama  ami  Valparaiso.  In 
IS  to  a  post-route  l)ctween  tln^  two  <iceaiis  was  estalili.iluMl  under  a  grant  of  the 
Mrit.  govt.  At  this  time  the  U.  S.  contemplated  estallishing  a  lim,'  of 
steamers  from  I'an.  to  (^r.  via  Cal.  The  present  Pacilic  ^lail  Steam- 
sliip  Company  was  organi/oil  in  1847  for  that  purpose,  and  on  the  5lli  of 
Oct.  their  pioneer  steamship,  tiiu  Vidiforniit,  went  to  sea,  followed  at  short 
intervals  by  tiie  I'ainiind  and  Oriijan.  At  the  inception  of  the  eiiterpii  se, 
Mucess  \."as  looked  for  only  from  the  agricultural  resourcoa  of  tiic  Pacific 
eiiast.  Tho  discovery  of  gold  in  Cal.  secureil  that  success.  Tho  company 
kept  up  the  service  between  N.  Y.  and  Colon,  and  between  Panama  and 
8.  F  via  Acapulco  and  Manzanilhi,  anil  later  sent  ships  to  Ciiina.  yUes' 
lieij.,  xxxvii.  242;  Pun.  CoustitucioiuU  del  Istmo,  Oct,  30,  1834;  Maijtra  Mex, 


I  Ik 


COMMERCE  AND   FINANCE. 


best  endeavors  to  perfect  the  internal  mail  service. "- 
Tiiey  pay  subsidies  to  steamship  companies  for  bring- 
ing and  carrying  their  mails,  and  are  members  of  the 
Universal  Postal  Union. 


The  discovery  of  gold  in  California,  as  is  well  known, 
restored  life  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panamd.  In  Decem- 
ber 1849,  the  first  emigrants  went  across,  bound  for 
the  new  El  Dorado.  In  1850  there  was  a  large 
travel,'^  notwithstanding  innumerable  difficulties  and 
discomforts.  After  the  construction  of  the  railway 
the  traffic  over  it  still  increased;  most  of  it  was  in 
transitu,  but  the  local  trade  was  not  insignificant.' 
The  note  at  foot  contains  data  mainly  procnretl  from 
official  sources  on  the  amount  of  transportation  from 
the  eitrliest  days  of  the  opening  of  the  road  to  a  ro- 

as  it  Was,  etc.,  3G9-74;  Pan.,  El Movimieiito,  Dec.  22,  1844;  Seemanns  HUt.  1.4. 
Pan.,  in  Pan.  Star  and  Herald,  Apr.  17,  1847;  Cronhi/'s  Statcm.,  MS.,  S-]0. 

'^'^  Costa  R.  has  been  quite  successful.  Tlie  nuinuer  of  pieces  receiveil  at 
anil  forwarded  by  the  main  office  at  San  Jose  in  1883  were  1,377,243,  against 
540,OyG,  in  1880,  and  1,172,259,  in  1882.  In  Nic.  the  service  is  a  source  (if 
considerable  expense  to  the  govt.  In  1861-2,  the  expenses  were  only  .i<."»,34'.i. 
In  1881-2,  §;i9,327;  the  receipts  $19,476,  leaving  a  deficit  of  SVJ,8ol.  This  is 
owing  to  long  distances  and  sparse  population.  In  Houd.  i,ne  exchaii^'c  of 
mail  matter  amounted  in  1880  to  937,331  pieces;  the  expenses  of  the  dipiirt- 
ment,  S17,102.  In  Guat.  the  aggregate  amount  of  mail  matter  was  as  folldWs: 
1880,  8.35,906;  1881,  1,039,652;  1882,  1,400,043;  1883,  2,111,366;  1884,  2,91:.',- 
411.  The  receipts  in  1884,  $48,342;  expend.  846,017.  The  aiipropriation  fm- 
the  fiscal  year  1886-7  was  compiit'.d  at  §58,812.  Costa  li.,  Mem.  Sec.  Goheni., 
years  188;}-4;  Id.,  Oiierra,  1880,  1883;  Id.,  Ilac,  1884;  /(/.,  Gaccta,  Feb.  3, 
1885;  Pan.  Canal,  Jan.  13,  1833;  Id.,  Star  and  Herald,  July  2,  1881;  Feb.  M, 
1883;  Sept.  9,  1885;  AV.,  hifonne  Sec.  Hoc.,  1875;  Id.,  Id.,  1883;  Id.,  Man. 
Sec.  Gohern.,  1883;  SaU:,Diario  Ojic,  Feb.  18,  Nov.  30,  1875;  July  12,  Nov.  '_>, 
1878;  March  5,  1879;  Giuit.,  Mem.  Sec.  Fomento,  1880-5;  Id.,  Prestipuerto  (!<ii., 
1886,  18-19;  Enryc.  Brit.,  xvi.  492;  El  Gmtemalteco,  Feb.  2,  Sept.  24,  1884; 
Ba^res'  Sketch  Gnat.,  09-76. 

'^^  Crotilii/s  Slatem.,  MS.,  3-10.  At  the  sailing  of  t\io  Panamd  there  were 
2,000  persons  to  embark  for  S.  F.;  four  steamships  to  sail  for  the  same  desti- 
nation; namely,  Sarah  Sands,  Carolina,  IxthmiM,  and  Gold  Hunter.  Early  in 
the  summer  of  the  same  year  there  were  4,000  passengers  waiting  for  vessels 
to  take  them  to  Cal.,  in  a  place  which  could  hardly  afford  acconmiodations  fur 
100.  Hundreds  of  deaths  occurred.  Pan.  Star,  March  29,  1850;  Sac.  Pl(u-i  c 
Times,  i.,  Apr.  26,  1850;  Advent,  of  a  Capt.'s  Wife,  18;  Cal.  Courier,  Sept.  14, 
1850.  The  steamer  W.  H.  Aspiniuall  then  began  to  ply  on  the  River  Chagres, 
between  Chagres  and  Gorgona,  which  did  away  with  tlie  bongos  uuisauco. 
Stic.  Transcript,  March  14,  1851. 

'•'*  1850-5  were  years  of  brisk  business  for  the  Isthmus.  Gold  circulated 
so  abundantly  that  few  did  not  handle  gold  coin.  I'rovisions  ruled  high. 
Silver  was  so  scarce  that  in  1850  a  five-dollar  gold  piece  could  buy  only  40 
dimes.  Americans  said  that  Panama  was  a  better  place  for  business  tluiu 
S.  F.  Maldomtdo,  Anaka  PolU.  Pan.,  MS.,  7. 


ISTHMUS  TRAFFIC. 


073 


cent  dato.-'^  It  will  be  noticed  that  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  sixth  decade  of  this  century  the  transit  traffic 
through  the  Isthmus  became  greatly*  diminished. 
This  was  mainly  due  to  the  construction  of  the  over- 
land railway  to  the  Pacific  in  the  United  States,  and 
to  the  establishment  of  a  British  line  of  lanxe  and  fleet 
steamers  running  from  Europe  to  ports  in  the  south 
Pacific  through  the  straits  of  ^Magellan,  afi'ording  ad- 
vantages over  the  Panama  railroad  transportation. 

The  transportation  of  passengers  and  merchandise 
to  and  from  tlic  Isthmus  has  been  mainly  effected  by 
steamship  lines — American  and  British  during  the 
first  fourteen  or  fifteen  years,  to  which  were  subse- 
quently added  those  of  a  Fr<  ncli  company;  and  still 
later  those  of  a  German  one." 

•'^  1852-06:  passengers,  517, 8o2;  gold  and  silver,  .984'J,  157,070;  i)ai)er  money, 
§19,002,507;  jewelry,  S!5i;{,001;  1855-00:  merchandise,  mail  matter,  baggage 
and  coal,  014,5.35  tons.  Mail  matter  averaged  '.iHO  tons  yearly.  Merchandise 
steadily  increased  from  10,0."Stons  in  1850,  the  lowest,  to'.).'{,414  tons  in  18ti(i, 
the  highest;  ami  coal  from  8,'.»:{4  in  1S.')()  to  i:},41.S  in  ISOO.  In  ISOO  and  1801, 
the  coal  transportation  exceeded  ](J,0()0  tons  a  year.  The  total  tonnage  traiis- 
portecl  across  the  road  in  1850  was  20,053,  which  increased  every  year  till  it 
reached  107,590  tons  in  1800.  The  largest  nniuher  of  passengers  crossed  was 
in  1859,  40,970,  neiirly  5,000  in  excess  of  1858;  tlie  smallest  iniinher  was  in 
)SiJ2,  20,420,  being  5,28!)  less  tliau  in  JSUO.  The  large  travel  of  1859  was  due 
to  great  reduction  of  passage  money  by  steam  lines  running  in  op]iosition. 
Tlie  gold  transported  in  ISi'^O  was  .<18,047,092;  in  ISCO,  !?48,2:U,4(i:{;  at  no 
other  perifid  diiL  it  e([ual  these  amounts.  Silver  showed  a  graihi:d  increase 
from  .s9,4.39,64S  in  1850  to  .S18,05:!,2:^9,  deeliuing  in  1800  to  .*14,.'W  1,751. 
Taper  money  was  transported  by  the  U.  S.  govt  during  tlie  war.  tiewelry 
varied  from  !?192,7]8  to  .S844.49i),  but  gradually  declined.  The  tarill  rates 
established  by  the  company  Jan.  1,  1805,  were  as  follows:  passengers,  foreign, 
!r-25  each,  children  of  0  to  12  years  one  iialf,  undi'r  0,  one  (piarter;  ('oloiubians, 
•SIO  each.  Baggaue  exceeding  50  lb.,  5  cts  per  lb.  Merchandise,  special  I'ates: 
1st  class  paying  50  cts  per  cubic  foot;  2d  to  Olh  1  Ji  cts  tf>  \  cent  respectively 
per  11).  All  payments  in  Am.  gold,  or  its  ecpiivahnt.  <>fi'<'  Hi"!.  P'lu.  II.  /'., 
l;i9-45;  Ji!>hr,ll'.-i  Is//,.  P,n,.,  277-80,  .SSO-'.C!,  In  bSCu,  the  value  of  the  transit 
trade  in  merchandise  and  treasure  over  the  route  was  .$92,191,980,  and  35,070 
passengers.  In  1872  the  road  conveyed  194  millions  pounds  of  weight,  '1\ 
millions  of  feet,  besides  215,000  gallons  of  oil,  13,9.">2  of  wine,  and  13,9.52  pas- 
sengers. JiUj'a,  DieScvhiifni,  11.  1878  9,  nn^rehandi.se,  314,220  t(ms;  188((  4, 
1,033,590  tons;  the  (puuitity  in  1884  was  287,243,  not  including  ]0,0(M(  tons 
of  bananas,  an  increase  of  71,518  over  188.3.  1880^,  passengers,  1,024,128; 
the  number  in  1884  was  515,.")20,  an  excess  of  75  per  cent  ov(;r  1883;  the 
luge  increase  being  mainly  due  to  the  operations  of  the  iuteroceanic  canal 
riiinpany,  and  the  transportation  of  their  vast  material.  Pdii.  Slur  and  llrr- 
(il<l,  May  2,  14,  1807;  May  17,  Sept.  5,  1877;  Juno  23,  1881;  Apr.  22,  1885; 
S.  F.  Er'ij  Bulletiu,  Apr.  12,  1878;  Apr.  2,  1884;  S.  F.  Chromrle,  Apr.  3,  1884; 
Superint.  Burt'a  Report,  March  7,  1885;  (j.  S.  Govt  Doc.,  Comm.  lUL,  years 
18.57-77. 

•"'The  steamship  lines  doing  such  service  in  18C7  were  the  following:  Ist. 
The  Pacific  Mail  Co.  of  N  Y  ,  whose  capital  in  1847  was  $400,000;  raised  in  1850 
Hist  Cent,  Am.,  Vol  m    43 


074 


COMMKIU'K  AM)  FINANCK. 


The  Isthmus  traffic,  from  the  earliest  days  of  Sjiuii- 
isli  occupation  of  Soutli  America,  was  carried  on  \>y 
pack-mules  at  excessive  rates. '*^"  In  the  early  part  of 
this  centurv,  the  condition  of  tradi^  beinijf  unsatist'ac- 
tory,  reforms  wei-(!  loudly  called  for  hyhotli  Spaniards 
and  Ameiicans.'"'^  A  brisk  contraband  tradi-  wa>  ((in- 
stantly .u^oing  on."^  After  tlie  war  of  independence, 
the  traffic  between  Spain  and  South  Anierica  erased. 
In  1825-JJO  trade  was  at  a  low  ebb.'"'  With  tlie  view- 
to  8l.',000.(M)0;  in  ISfiO  to  .«-t,f)<)0,OrtO;  and  in  18()0  to  $'20,(MK»,(MK);  tli.'  l.nMst 
eHtiiuiiti!  of  its  jn'oinrty  liciiig  set  dnwii  in  1SI>7  at  .SH','MM),(MM).  'I'IiIm  ciiiii- 
paiiy  lias  jiasscil  tlirouj;li  many  vicissitu'ics,  as  iinlicatiMl  liy  t'n'  sl(ici<  niaikit. 
Tlu!  liij^ln'st  rail's  attained  liy  its  uliarcs  Mere  'JIS  in  ISiili,  .'{'J.")  in  INCil,  ,'f'J!) 
in  ISl!."!,  'SAi  in  ISlid.  Kvi  ry  ntlu  r  year  tlicy  lia\i'  Immii  ummit '_'tM»,  tlic  lii^li'-st 
licinj,'  in  17.'!'.  in  |S('>7.  Knmi  that  tiiiic  tiiry  sanU  v<iy  low ,  even  to  Idj  ccMt.s 
in  lS7<i,  tiuriii^li'st  tliat  year  hi'lni;  .•{•»].  •_M.  Brit,  ami  \V.  JniliaaiKl  I'.r. 
running  ln-twi'cn  Jji\'t'i')M»>l,  \V.  Jml.,  W.  cuast  of  S.  ami  Cent.  Am.,  aiiil 
Colon.  '.\i\.  JJrit.  Itcyal  Mail,  In  twciii  Souiliam|it(in,  W.  Iiui.,  oastcrn  ('(i.i.-l 
of  Muxieo,  S.  .'uul  Cciit.  Am.,  ami  Culon.  4tli.  IJrit.  I'.in.,  Nc.v  /ealaml,  aii'l 
Australia,  "itli.  Hril.  I'ac.  Sttam  Navigation  Co.,  lntwccn  I'm.  and  ]Mirts 
of  Colomliia,  Iv'uaildr,  I'lfii,  Holivi.i,  and  Chili.',  (llli.  I'.ui.  Jt.  I{o:id  Cci.'s 
Hti;;imi'rs  ln'twi'tn  Pan.  and  Aciqiuloo,  toncliing  at  all  Cent.  Am.  ])orts.  'I'liis 
line  liu.illy  was  nui>;i!(l  in  the  Pafilic  Mail  Co.  7lli.  Am.'C.il.  Or.  and  M(\. 
Co.'s  line  rumiing  lu'tween  S.  F.  and  Mex.,  and  lictwi'cu  S.  I'',  and  I'ortlaml, 
Or.,  and  Island  of  X'anfonvi.'.  it  was  afti'rward  discontinurd.  Stli.  Kri'U(  li 
Tran.satlantie  Co.  riiiniing  bitwren  Si:  ><'a/airo  in  l''ran<o,  W.  Ind.,  Mi'X.,  and 
< 'olon.  Ittli.  ( icrman  lino.  In  I.S7I  the  following  .arrivals  of  vossils  occuricil: 
steamers,  IJrit.,  84,  with  l."),S,.'")7'.*  tons;  Am.,  '2'),  with  (>(i,.Si;{  tons;  (iermaii, 
'Mi,  with  4-J,7U)  tons;  Frencii,  '2i,  with  1.-),7N'2.  Sailing  vessels,  .'iti  IJrit.,  ■).'! 
Am.,  Iil(!erman,  4  Kreneh,  8  It.ilian,  111!  Colomliiiii,  mostly  small.  Ciainl 
total  of  tonnage,  :nt>,'J71  tons.  (t/!.i'  J/M.  /',iii.  li.  /.'..  r>^)  C,  US-tiO,  Kl'.t  •.'::■-'; 
Pun.  Sfiir  (Hill  //triilif.  May 'i,  18(17;  Ajir.  J4,  1877;  //.  S.  (inr.  I)iir.,  ('mmii. 
Kel.,  1871 -'J,  "i.VJ,  'Jli:!;  Jih'/in  ll'.s  /.■<//,.  P<ni.,  WXV  7.  The  author  of  the  la-<t- 
ijiiotetl  woik  was  British  viee-eonsid  at  I'anama,  and  enjoyed  leisure  arirl 
miliortnnity  forgathering  facts  fr-om  many  .sources,  eoueerning  the  ji.ist  and 
jiresent  history  of  J'.inamii,  as  well  as  on  her  resources,  trade,  i^tc.  'I'ln' 
ari'angement  of  the  hook,  as  lie  aekm)\vled,L;es,  is  defective,  tiier'c  luiiii; 
uo  order — chronological  or  other— in  the  information  lie  gives.  'J'lie  deser  i|'- 
tioii  of  the  social  and  iiolitieal  eondition  of  the  city  ami  country,  to  the  time 
of  his  writing,  is  ijiiite  accurate. 

'-'  Bi^twicn  I8'J.")  and  IS.'H)  the  exiien.so  of  conveying  a  bale  of  goods  over- 
land, including  duties  and  taxes,  was  .'jM)  or  .S1-. 

■^"  In  18'J(>  it  was  deplorahle.  C.-zYcv,  Diuiin,  1820,  iv.  180- '2;  (lnr,lim'.-<  lll^'. 
iiml  <lfO(j.  Mini.,  48  !t. 

■■''•'  It  was  said  that  .?4r>,(X)0,0()0  of  Kngli.sh  manufactures  unlawfully  crossed 
the  Isthmus  for  Sp.  .\ni.  between  181(1  and  1817.  Arrillih/d,  Jii/.,  in  (.'cihiliiri", 
iv.  no.  1,  7-,  AliiiiKiii,  ifi-'f.  M'J.,  iv.  47.'{  4. 

^"Communication  was  kept  nj)  on  the  Atlantic  siilo  with  Jamaica  by  aKril. 
man-of-war  which  t\\  ice  a  month  carried  letters  and  specie;  with  Cartagrii.i 
by  government  vessels  binumtlily;  ami  with  the  same  and  other  points  hy 
independent  traders.  On  the  Pacific  tratlic  was  better  along  the  whole  coisl. 
In  I8'2.")  the  spirit  of  enterprise  was  rash.  K.xclusive  of  small  coasters,  tin  ic 
came  to  Chagres  1  ship,  7  brigs  from  France,  '21  schooners  from  the  W.  Imli'  >, 
0  schooners  from  tho  U.  S.,  and  li  from  Cartagena.     In  18'28,  thuso  uuiul" n 


"f    ] 

184 
i*aii 
to  t 

trav( 
CaUi 

eorivi 

for  J), 

abun( 

'■dvze( 

"Th, 

^)  iia 
bet\v,v 
few  ox 
lied  () 
(•Very 

in*sJiij)n 
<''>'nin(>, 
Iar^-c3  ii 
.i^Teatly 
^\'er(>  h-i 
of  nio/i 

<'<>niMian 
<'nrivnc^ 

"''■re  r<.,ln,., 
I  anam.-i  we, 
"'  '^'"gnati,,, 
^^••xvin-.  141 
.11  u 

Boeas  , 

'  ''I'  I>as 
""  toC„l„„. 

-'•'■«   ce;i,s,.,|. 
""'   "lllux  „f 

■■^"I'l|ort  the  I, 

■';'  .A  porti( 

""  ''-"rop,.,  .s, 

iMKii'.s.     The, 

■;"'■' to stca,,,.. 

India-rubber/ 

"j''el.  the  rub, 

'•^•^';  to  an   in: 

'■'■■•iclied  .«!(!  .ssf 

fi.<K)0,(HK).      ] 

^nc  uatioi 


I) 


676 


COMMERCE  AND  FINANCE. 


silver  coin  was  genurally  scarce,  and  there  was  no 
copper  currency.  Tliere  were  no  banks  of  issue,  thouj/'h 
some  merchants  did  a  banking  business.  Bills  of  ex- 
change on  England  usually  commanded  a  premium. 
Those  on  France  were  about  par.  The  canal  company 
sells  exchange,  receiving  the  existing  currency  in  pay- 
ment. 

The  Pearl  Islands,  comprising  sixteen  islands  and 
numerous  rocks,  had  a  population  of  about  2,000  souls, 
about  700  of  whom  were  engaged  six  months  of  the 
year  in  pearl  fishing,  which  yielded  about  1,000  tons 
of  pearl  shells  valued  at  $70  per  ton,  and  pearls  enough 
to  raise  the  value  of  both  to  $300,000  yearly.  This 
industry  had  almost  ceased  to  exist  in  187;?,  owing  to 
recklessness.  Fishing  for  pearl  oysters  was  forbidden 
by  law  on  the  7tli  of  May,  1872,  for  the  term  of  five 
years,  in  order  to  allow  the  mollusk  time  to  renew  its 
vitality,  which  was  in  danger  of  destruction;  but  so 
far  tlie  measure  has  had  no  visiblv  ufood  efi'ects,  and 
the  fisliery  has  not  been  revived.  Pearl  fishing  was 
carried  on  with  success  by  the  Indians  of  Costa  Jiica. 
on  tlie  coast  of  Xicoya,  tlie  shell  being  an  established 
article  of  export.'"''  Pearl  oysters  are  also  found  near 
the  south  of  Caroon  Island,  but  yield  so  few  pearls 
as  to  make  it  unprofitable  to  search  for  them."" 

tliat  tlu'  notes  of  tlie  Niitioiuil  B;iiik,  Nilvcr  coin  of  the  liiieiiL'.ss  of  O.oOO,  and 
nifktl  ciiiri,  should  ho  thu  oidy  legal  tender  leeeivahle  at  imlilic  oltiees  of  the 
nation,  states,  and  deiiartinent  of  I'ananiii.  The  enforcement  of  the  deene  in 
I'aiianiii,  wliere  the  money  in  cii'cidation  is  sudieieiit  for  all  jmrposes,  is 
deemed  ruinous,  as  the  paper  thus  forced  into  circulation  is  irredeenialjle. 
There  are  )io  manufactures  nor  jiroducts  that  merchants  can  send  abroad  in 
jiayment  of  the  articles  of  daily  necessity  whicii  are  iuijiorted.  I'mi.  Stiir  «uil 
Jln:<bl,  May  ;iJ,  188G. 

'■^'^  J)iiiilo}>'s  Vent.  Am.,  ,S9-40;  Woijiici;  CoMti  11.,  458-05;  Snuicrii  Ciiif. 
Am.,  457.  The  exportation  of  shells  on  a  large  scale  upon  the  coasts  of  tlu; 
mainland,  gulfs,  and  islands  was  farmed  out  in  Oct.  1885,  to  a  private  party 
for  II)  years,  the  lessee  paying  for  the  privilege  as  follows:  1st.  .'?1,00()  a  year 
during  the  Hrst  six  years,  and  .yJ.UlU)  a  year  for  each  of  the  otlier  ten.  "Jd. 
§*()  for  every  1,000  kilog.  of  pearl  shells  taken  out  in  the  lirst  .six  years,  and 
$8  per  1,000  kilog.  the  next  ten  years.  Co,st(i  H.,  Ganta,  Nov.  7,  1885. 

^'  Findloji,  JJinctori/,  i.  230.  J  JAi/irriiir,  J)i'  I'lirit  a  (UuUimala;  Nol'-'f 
de  Voi/<i<jcn  (HI  (Jciitrc  Ainvnuw,  Paris,  1877,  fol.  448  pp.,  4  sheets,  and  wood- 
cuts, is  a  narrative  of  a  commercial  traveller  of  three  journeys  to  and  throui:!! 
the  five  republics  of  Cent.  Am.,  in  1800,  1870,  and  1874-5,  containing  gen- 
eral information  on  their  history  and  resources,  agriculture,  and  otlur 
industries,  and  the  character,  manner,   and  customa  of  their  inhabitants. 


REV  EN  UK  MUD  DEBT 


077 


As  to  finances  prior  to  the  separation  from  tlio 
mother  country,  and  the  disruption  of  the  Central 
American  confederacy,  it  can  scarcely  he  said  tiiat  tliu 
country  had  any. 

A  sketcli  of  the  revenue  of  the  so-called  reino  de 
Ciuateniala,  made  in  1818  for  the  five  years  1817- 
1821,"^  si  lows  the  various  sources.  The  ordinary  im- 
posts yield(Ml  402,944  pj-sos,  and  the  special  2i)(),'J75 
pesos,  making  an  aggregtite  of  711),1)1U  pesos.'"  The 
scale  of  expenditure  to  the  day  of  independence  had 
heen  kept  down  ;  financial  wants  hciniif  few,  the  needed 
resources  were  easil}'  collected,  and  did  not  wti^li 
heavily  on  the  peo[)le.  The  ruin  of  the  treasiiiy 
hcgan  in  1821,  hut  was  not  felt  till  later,  during-  tlie 
})eriod  Central  America  was  harnessed  to  the  Mexican 

*  4(1 

em[)ire. 

On  the  2d  of  July,  1822,  the  conoress  of  the  Pro- 
vincias  Unidas  de  Centro  America  decreed  the  recog- 
nition of  tlie  ])ul»lic  debt.  In  Decemher  1824,  the 
government,  duly  authorized  by  congress,  contractid 
a  loan  with  Harciay,  Herring,  Hichanlson,  and  Com- 
pany, of  J^oiidon,'*'  recognizing  an  indebtedness  df 
$7,142,857,  and  the  receipt  of  a  net  sum  of  about 


Statistical  ta1)lc.s,  .and  nninerous  cuts  of  important  towns  and  of  natives  arc 
acconiiiaiiipil.  Tin-  stylu  is  plain,  clfar,  ami  ooncisc,  ami  tliu  nioilc  uf  tri'at- 
nicnt  sliows  an  intelli;,^t;iit  observer.  In  an  uii[>ri'tfntious  manner  the  author 
gives  much  tliat  is  valnaMt-  on  tiiose  eountrifs. 

^"Tiio  information  wliicli  lias  reaclieil  us  for  tlic  years  previous  to  I.SI7  is 
liotli  meagre  ami  conti-adictory.  One  aiitliority  lias  it  that  Spain  uuilimht- 
etUy  received  every  year  till  ISOVt  a  net  ri'veinie  of  a  little  over  riOjlMM) 
pesos;  aiiotliei  elaiiiis  that  a  3'early  allnwaiiee  of  I'lO.OOO  jtesos  eaine  from 
the  treasury  of  New  Spain.  Ti<ri< iil<,  J'l  rul.  J/i.ip.  Am.,  i.  'JH  o;  Mr.r.,  M'm. 
Scr.  J/ac,  187"),  tJ.").  In  IM'J  tlie  Sp.  cdrtes  aliolishial  the  tribute  till  then 
exaeted  from  the  Indians.   Cnr/is,  JJinrin,  J)SI1-P2,  xi.  37<). 

^■'Including  I.">7,<)S1  pesos  from  excise,  ;{,.S7l!  pesos  from  gunjiowihr,  and 
2r)(>,!>7">  from  tohaeeo.  Oiiring  those  live  years  the  tohaceo  Tiionopoly  had 
sales  amounting  to  'J,'.f20,,'{l'^  pesos,  the  expenses  being  l,I{'_'."),8t>!t  pesos,  hav- 
ing a  clear  prolit  to  the  treasury  of  l,.V.t4,447  pesos,  or  an  average  of  ;{|S,iS'.iU 
pesos  a  year.   Dinin's  (Iwit.,  'J 1 4. 

*"  '  Habia  desapareeido  durante  la  esclavitud  del  imperio.'  Muntrr,  JIom/. 
Ilixt.  CaiL  Am.,  i.  140. 

*'  The  public  debt  amounted  to  .*3, 7*2^,1 44,  and  the  yearly  expenses  were 
nearly  ^?9(K),00(),  to  meet  which  the  revenue  was  totally  inade(piate.  Tiie  sev- 
eral states  were  in  no  better  con<lition,  inasmuch  as  the  revenue  from  stamped 
paper,  rum,  excise,  and  other  small  sources,  which  had  been  assigned  them, 
■was  not  enough  for  their  needs. 


678 


t'OMMEKCE  AND  FINANCE. 


^5,000,000.'*'  The  banklnj^  house  a;j;reeil  to  mlvance 
^•JOO.OOO  at  the  end  of  two  months,  and  61^0,000  ut 
the  end  of  seven  and  nine  resj>eetively.  To  make  tlie 
story  short,  tlie  federal  j^overnnient  leeeived  only 
^.'528, .'Ud,  notwithstanding  which  its  del >t  had  risen  in 
the  early  })art  of  1830  to  one  million  dollars.^'  After 
the  dissolution  of  the  Central  American  union,  the 
si'veral  states  assumed  a  share  of  the  foreign  (kiht, 
and  adopted  measures  to  j»n)vlde  their  j^overnments 
with  means  to  cover  their  expenses.  Most  of  them 
depended  ehieHy  on  receipts  from  customs,  and  the 
monopoly  of  spirituous  Tujuors  and  tobacco,  stamped 
pajur.  excise,  and  a  few  other  sources." 

The  i^ross  receipts  for  the  fiscal  year  188:?,  inchul- 
iu^y  a  balance  of  .5104,;]"J7  on  hand  from  the  })recediiit; 
year,  were  }i5<J,728,G07.*''     The  expenditures  amounted 


^'^  A  security  for  tlio  payment  nf  the  interest  iunl  of  the  .sinking  fund  ti> 
cxting\ii.sli  till!  iirinci]ial,  tlie  revenue  from  toli.ieeo  anil  custonis  was  liypotlic 
cate'l.      UniliT  the  contrai't  the  interest  was  jiayahh'  (|iiarterly  together  with 
S,")(),(MM)  for  the  linking  funtl.     It  was  caleulate.l  that  the  ihlil  wouhl  he  ex 
tinuuished  in  twc^nty  y<ars,  anil  tliat  the  interest  vouhl  eonic!  to  S4,S'_',,")7I, 
El  /ii'/lnii/or  i/r  <;ii,i/.,  Apr.  '_'!,  May  IS,  iM'li;  <;,i>if.,  Mn,i.  Mm.  Iliir.,  ISitd   I. 

'■'A  natural  result  of  selliug  J^iOU  honils  at  •'■;il»,  anil  paying  .-KM)  the  next, 
year.  The  govt  was  shamefully  swimllecl  hy  tlie  few  men  who  hail  a  share  in 
the  trau.sai'tions.  lit.,  1S4(),  ;")!-().  On  the  other  hanil,  the  funds  received 
from  the  loan  wi're  inisai)|ilied.    Muriirc,  Jin.^i/.  J  list.  Ciiit.  Am.,  1  l"J-7. 

**  Direct  imposts:  (iuatemala's  sonrei's  ot  revenue  were  3  pir  thousand  on 
the  ii.ssessed  value  of  real  estate,  military,  and  I'oad  taxes.  Seveial  otheis 
existing  as  late  a.s  IMS'J,  such  as  a  tax  on  sngar-eane,  were  .suppres.sed.  Inili- 
reet  dntie.s  on  imjiorts  and  exports,  and  port  charges  jiaid  liy  ships.  Stamped 
paper,  shiughtering  cattle,  inijivsts  on  nati,'  ihiur,  .s:ilt,  inheritances,  and  en- 
dowments, and  T)  per  et  on  sales  and  traiiMcvs  •  f  real  estate.  Monopoly  ol 
spirituous  liiiuors,  tohaceo  since  18711,  guujiov. i  er,  and  saltiietri'.  'i"o  thesi' 
are  to  ho  added  a  nninher  of  other  means  '-t  hsser  import,  hut  which  in  the 
aggregate  yield  eonsiderahly  over  .'r^l()t),(;iM'. 

'"  From  the  following  sources,  iianudy;  .lireot  taxation,  .S17<i,!'0S;  inilirii  I 
ditto,  .sl,'Jl(i,!*87;  govt  monopolies,  .Sl,o4'.t,  17.'1;  s|)ecial  ri'Vcnuc,  .SIW^,-!'-; 
divers  and  extraordinary  receipts,  .>SS,."(77;  contracts  and  divers  negotiaiioiis, 
8-,.")t'>'.',4KS,  heing  for  temporary  loans,  etc.  The  total  amount  of  revenue 
from  customs  included  in  the  item  of  imiirect  taxation  was  .'?l,4!S."i,-fS'i. 
mostly  collected  at  the  geneial  custom-house  in  (Uuitemala  city;  to  whirli 
must  he  added  §.")_', 7'.l.'i  collected  on  the  frontiers,  !5:<,7;{4  for  export  duties, 
and  .'T^1,.");J0  for  port  charges.  The  revenue  from  imports  in  the  ft)ur  preced- 
ing years  were:  lS7'.t,  !<1, 501,712".);  ISSO,  §-J,008,'_';i7;  JSSl,  §211,7().');  ani 
]S,S2,  .Sl,()7!(,047.  The  total  revi:nue  from  all  sources  from  18.V2  to  1iS(;l' 
footed  up  .>8,44'j,8:j.j;  from  kSilS  to  1871,  .i?8,547,.")'J!»:  1871  yielded  oi.h 
{r7.")0,S4S;  187'_M),  .^l!),r)71,-j:«;  1880,  .s4,l. ".8,1 '.)<»;  1881,  5!4,4'j;{,m;4;  l.SVJ. 
!?'4,  Kil,'.(4r).  The  net  j.roceeds  or  actual  revenue  from  the  sale  of  Hpirituoi> 
li((uors  for  1878-83  was  .St>,178, ()".(.");  '  jm  tobacco,  187'J,  for  licenses,  ,*8,(l")(i: 
1880,  twomouthf,  $32,2;V2;  l,S;:i  3,  .184,203.     The  total  amount  of  munici- 


pal reven 

1884.  <;,i, 

^'•The 

"J'plied  ti 

as  follows 

the  railwa 

porarv  hi.i 

tor  ex])iiis 

tlie  halano 

for  the  ac 

1S(J!),  ],-,27; 

■*' In  on 

tleht,  the  n 

also  est;ihli 

after  coiisoi 

reserved  f„ 

^^Thei.J 
a  year;  viz. 
actually  rec 
l."l;"'),000  for 
the  federal 
(■.  S.  Gov.  1 
ll<^<'.,  187.3, 
f^'Uat.,  Mem. 


G  U  ATEM  A  LA  1 N  DEB  i  EUN  ESS. 


079 


to  $r»,(;i;},()07,  of  whidi  3:5,027,5 11  was  tlic  actual  ox- 
peiises  of  adininistiatioii,  and  .^;!,j8G,0'J()  went  toward 
extinguisliinijf  the  internal  debt.'* 

Tlio  indebtedness  of  (iuateniala  at  the  end  of  188.'5 
was  as  follows :  Internal,  including"  interest,  .$4,'Jo7,C».!  1. 
It  is  understood  that  on  the  .'UJtli  of  Septeniijer,  iSSo, 
it  was  estinuited  at  $(;,l:;8,000/'  The  foreign  debt 
resulted  from  the  loan  made  in  March  1809,  in  Lon- 
don, for  the  nominal  sum  of  .£aOO,000  at  (>  per  cent 
annually,  and  ;}  per  cent  for  a  sinking  fund/"*  The 
government  remitted  to  London  from  1870  to  187(», 
on  account  of  that  debt,  for  interest  and  sinking  fund, 
$1,;377,000,  which  was  somewhat  more  than  it  had 
received.  Xo  further  payments  were  made  after  Oc- 
tober 1870.  Conse«juently,  at  the  end  of  1885  the 
nation  was  owing,  on  account  of  that  loan,  X-MIojOOO 
of  princii)al,  and  .£"_'7<),474  for  interest,  aggregating 
£745,074,  which  with  exchange  at  20  per  cent  mal<e 
$4,470,444.  ^[oreover,  there  is  due  by  (jluateniida, 
on  account  (jf  her  share  of  the  federal  indebtedness — 
she  haviuij,'  assumed  £100,000  oi'  it — a  very  hirj,."  sum. 
Tlie  debt  had  been   reduced   in    187;}    to  £70,(iOO   to 

pal  ruvt'iiiie  tlinmylumt  tlio  rLpiihlio  wa.s  s4S."),(i'J"2  in  ISS.'i,  iuiil  S"):i."),:(ii-4-  in 
1SS4.   <;haL,  Mi'iii.  Sir.  Iliw.,  J.S7.S,    ]SS(»-4;  /-/.,  Foimiilo,  ISS.'i. 

*''Tlio  outlay  ill  ])S.m  apitcars  to  have  hcoii  $'.»',»,'{,.■)•_"_*,  iinluilitii^  .SilT.O'.M 
applied  to  payiiiunt  of  tlio  piililic  ildit;  l.S()4,  Si,  l:!0,7()S;  ]N7'.»,  St..V_'(;,'J(i:i, 
as  follows:  Ordinary  e.\])LiisL's,  .■:r'J,7-'S,4">7;  pulilio  worlis,  S'_'7,M'>7;  advaiui' to 
tlio  railway  coiiipaiiy,  S'J(K),(MM);  payiuoiitof  warrants,  rciitiliursfiiiciit  of  ttm 
porary  loans,  ftc,  SLrji;'.!,!)!;!);  ISS],  jr;7,;{i:{.,vv.),  of  which  only  .s:i,:i:i;i,-l7<)  vas 
for  expcnsfs;  !?1().S,1.'41  was  for  purciiaso  of  toliacccp,  powdur,  and  saltpctri'; 
tlie  halani'o  to  payment  of  dclits;  ISN'i,  .*(),")().■{, 4 "J'J,  of  whiili  S.'>,414.747  «as 
for  the  actual  expenses.  Ax/idinrwi'/d,  <'(iit.  Am.,  84-");  Viniq)'.-i  Yc'-JSinik, 
ISGO,  1")L'7;  <,'ii„t.,  Mnn.  Si;:  J/.ii:,'\SSi)A. 

*' In  order  to  lie  cnaliled  to  nut^t  expenses,  and  payments  of  thi'  iutoMial 
debt,  the  rate  of  duties  on  imports  was  j-aiseil  in  1.S7I!  and  aiiain  in  J.S7'.>.  Jt 
also  estalilished  an  export  duty  of  ll",  cents  per  quintal  on  cotl'e  •.  in  liS7U, 
after  consolidating  the  wliolc  debt,  41)  per  cent  of  the  customs  revenue  was 
reserved  ior  its  gradual  payment. 

*'*Tlie  interesi,  and  portion  of  tlie  sinking  fund  were  made  payable  twiei' 
a  year;  viz.,  April  Isv  and  Oct.  1st.  Aftei-  several  ih  dnctions,  the  amount 
actually  received  in  (iuat.  was  Sl.Ittl.tKilt.  One  of  the  ileiluctions  was  of 
,tJir),(K)5  for  retiring  from  the  London  market  .i''2(»,000  five  per  cent  liouds  of 
the  federal  loan,  purcli.iseil  at  7")  per  cent.  Siiiimi/fxi,  Apuiitiim.,  1H,S5,  2'.(- S7; 
(r.  S.  Gov.  Dor.,  H.  Ex.  F>oe.,  Cong.  48,  Sess.  1,  pt  1,  72;  Mi-.c,  Iii/orw:  Sa: 
r/iii\,  187.'^,  24-5;  Pnit.  Cnml,  Jan.  13,  1883;  M.,  CroimUi,  Feb.  21,  1883; 
Guat.,  Mem.  Sec.  Hue,  1880-4. 


680 


COMMERCE  AND   FINANCE. 


which  must  bo  added  the  dividends  accrued  to  the 
present  time.*" 

The  national  assembly  voted  on  the  5th  of  July, 
188G,  for  tlie  fiscal  year  from  July  1,  188G,  to  June 
30,  1887,  appropriations  for  expenditures  of  adminis- 
tration, aggregating  $2,252,471,  and  afterward  granted 
the  extra  sum  of  $320,800  for  contingent  expenses.'" 
No  provision  was  made  as  regards  the  foreign  debt. 

The  revenue  of  Honduras  in  188()  has  been  esti- 
mated at  about  two  and  a  half  million  dollars,  beinof 
considerably  in  excess  of  the  expenditures.^^ 

Honduras  has  a  foreign  and  a  home  debt.  The  lat- 
ter is  partly  consolidated  and  the  rest  floating.  The 
consolidated,  which  was  one  million  dollars,  had  been 
in  1883  reduced  to  $885,000.  All  treasury  notes  had 
been  cancelled.  The  floating  debt,  amounting  in  1880 
to  $578, GOD,  had  been  reduced  in  1883  to  $244, G94.'' 
The  indebtedness  to  Britisli  subjects,  inckiding  the 
})ortion  of  the  old  federal  debt  which  Honduras  as- 
sumed, was  finally  (.'xtinguished  by  the  jiaynient  of 
$50,000  in  1882,  and  the  country  was  freed  fmui  the 
burden  lon<>"  weisj^hinu'  on  the  custom-house  at  Tniiillo 
The  rest  of  the  foreign  debt,  amouiitiuu'  in  187()  tn 
$29,950,540,  is  lield  in  London  and  Paris,  liaving  bee  ii 
issued  at  high  rates  t»f  interest  and  at  a  low  valuation. 

*"  Accoriling  to  the  calculatinu  of  the  secretary  of  the  trea, my,  it  hail  bu- 
coiiic  incretwud  on  Apr.  1,  ],SSO,  to  .*;?,404,1M)7. 

■"'(I'liiit.  /'rc-<iqiii<  r(i)  tnn.,  188(1,  11 1-1-1. 

•''Tliu  chief  souroL's  uru  inniort  (lutiL's  ami  ])ort  cliargcs,  export  iliity  on 
woods,  tax  oil  siiiritiunis  liipiors,  staiiipeil  papur,  toliacco,  ami  guii|ii'>'.(K  r 
monopoly,  etc.  Scpiicr,  ('rut.  Am.,  '271,  cstiniatcil  the  ruveiuie  in  IS.'id  at 
about  ir^'iijO.OOO;  Imt  Astabutuaga,  Cent,  .iin.,  'X  '.],  sets  it  down  at  .T'LVljl'lS, 
and  deducting  S.'!7,7i:5  for  loans  and  other  receipts  not  belonging  to  oriliiiary 
revenue,  and  .if'J4,(KM)  for  two  year.s'  interest  on  the  Kuglisli  debt,  theie  ic- 
inilinod  .s^'J,.")!!.")  to  meet  an  expenditure  calculated  at  i?!  1(),8!IS.  Tlie  assenibl-, 
votcil  for  18.")7,  Si:W,'J.").'};  18.\S,  ,sll'.>,8.-.-J;  18,'i'J,  !5l.'5--',!U2.  In  18.")7  and  IS."i8 
84(1, tXK)  more  liad  to  lui  added,  owing  tf>  political  disturbancis.  ]V(i2i]iiiii.-<. 
Jli'.r.  uml  Vent.  Am.,  IttXi.  In  lSi»7  tlie  receipt.s  seem  to  have  lieen  about 
.S-l(i),lXK),  exceeiling  tlie  expense  some  .*17,<M)().  (.'(imp'x  Ycir-IlnDk;  ]S(i!),  o'JT. 
Those  of  18(>!)  are  set  down  at  alnnit  .SolJO.lMJO.  J/w.,  hiformi-  .Sir.  J/n'-.,  ISTH, 
88.  For  1872  they  were  estimated  at  .'<10(),000.  .!«/.  ty/-);).,  viii.  7'.tl.  Ac- 
cording to  President  Soto's  mea.sugc  in  1883,  the  revenue  in  1S81  was  .SI,  1-0,- 
175,  and  in  1882,  §1,21)8,878.  J'ait.  StMi-  ami.  Jlc.nild,  March  2:5,  1SS:{;  .l\uie  'J. 
188(1.  , 

'-  It  is  understood  tliat  President  Bogran,  in  his  efforts  to  diminish  tho  ex- 
penditurtis,  reduced  in  1880  his  own  and  otiier  .sahiiies.   lil.,  June  2,  188G. 


RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDITURES. 


681 


Since  that  time  the  accumulated  interest  has  never 
been  paid.^*  It  is  unknown  what  portion  of  the  bonds 
issued  has  been  negotiated.  The  actual  indebtedness 
may  fail  short  of  the  above  amount  after  a  thorough 
investigation  of  the  financial  aftairs  connected  with 
the  mil  road. 

The  revenue  receipts  of  Salvador  from  all  sources, 
according  to  President  Zaldivar's  messages  of  1883 
and  1884,  were,  for  1882,  .$4,549,201),  and  for  1883, 
§4,001,020.  The  expenditures  as  stated  by  the  same 
authority  were  $4,410,454  in  1882,  and  $4,001,054  in 
1883.''-'  In  18()0  the  budget  presented  by  tlic  execu- 
tive to  congress  estimated  the  receipts  at  $2,211,013, 
and  the  expenditures  at  $2,710,505,  leaving  a  deficit 
of  $50 1,801), 

Salvadijr  had  in  1853  a  foreign  debt  not  far  from 
$325,000.''  Between  1801  and  1803  the  government 
made  an  arrangement  for  the  foreign  debt,  giving 
bonds  to  tlie  amount  of  $405,2()0  to  cover  princij)al 
and  interest.  They  were  paid  in  due  tiuK;,  and  sincc^ 
then  the  re[)ublic  has  kept  itself  free  from  foreign  in- 

■'■'Presi.  Soto,  in  hi.t  inesaage  of  1S83,  says  that  the  opinion  prcvailcMl  in 
Europe  tiiat  Homl  iras  iiail  buou  viotiiuizoil;  ho  bolievotl  that  iu  truth  and 
justice  the  repuhlic  cannot  he  lii'M  responsildu  lor  the  enormous  debt.  In- 
iked,  it  is  of  a  very  qiie.stional)le  origin.  It  was  contracted  for  tho  alle;,'ed 
purpose  of  constructing  an  interoceaii'o  railway.  Tlieru  wire  four  '.nans 
negotiated;  namely,  two  in  Loudon,  in  iSliT,  for  tiie  nominal  .mioijit  of 
£1,000,(K)0,  i.ssued  at  SO  villi  10  p«.'r  ciit  interest;  another  in  IStis  at  I'aris 
for  the  nominal  sum  of  t;'_',l2<""J,70lt  I'rau  >,  issued  at  75  and  ti  per  cent  lu*^, 'rest, 
aiul  tlie  last  iu  London  in  1870,  for  fl:,"  K),Ol)0,  issiujd  at  81)  and  10  pci  cent 
interest.  Am.  C'/yi/o]*.,  vin,  7U1;  J'l'ii.  .Star  and  llvrdd,  March  2.%  18.S.'{;  I,<t 
Edrelln  de  Pan.,' ,]i'.\i.  i<»,  1884. 

•'*Tho  chief  sources  wure  customs,  monopoly  of  spirituou.s  liquors,  tobacco, 
and  giinjiowder,  stamped  pa[i  r,  etc.  Tlie  rccii[its  of  1848  .">(),  including 
.'*17."),41'.l  for  loan.t  iu  18.")li,  wc  re  s:{,4u8,<l('>8,  !iv(;ragiui,'  .*.'^")!l,  18')  a  year;  for 
18l)(J-<»,  .S{,"_'L'4,:i48,  or  .•SS,)(),(t87  per  year;  for  1S7;»  4,  W,'.t:!(t,'::i8,  or  ftil, '_'.'(•-',- 
.■)i')0  yearly;  for  18".")  8,  .'-'7, 88. ),:>!(»,  or  .iii  avi  imlci'  hi'  .'^l,".>7t',(t7'.l.  Ilxpiiidi- 
tures:  1848-."(i.  .-?;{, •-'.'l.sOl.';  l8i'.7-8,  .<l,4i;S.8,")();  187:5-8,  .-^'.t,  Jli'.l.  1 1;{.  S^/iilrr's 
('int.  Aiii.y'M'f,  S'llr.,  (liint.i.  Oct.  ol,  18,'il ;  .March  -JO.  1877;  /'/.,  Dinio 
nj!,:,  March '.'4.  "J."),  187.");  March  Ki,  14,  1878;  r„.,/„  /,',,  Bo/,i/,i  Oji'-.,  March 
14,  18.").");  .V  .  '  urtii,  March  'J:!.  181)7;  Fcli.  •_•■_•,  18liS;  A.-<t"I^HiUi",i'i^ C  „/.  .\iik, 
7ti;  Cihiijy'i  1  lur-Book;  18(19,  .VJ7;  /'■'//.  S'ni  iiii<l  lliiidd,  Apr.  J,  iMill;  Aui;. 
•J'.),  1874;  May  10,  187o;  Feb.  'JO,  1884;  Wept.  'J',>,  lS8(i;  A/.,  (:.-(^„ht<i,  Jaii. 
•JO,  1883;  Jnij's  Dk  SahUJ'in,  30;  .1/t'./'.,  InJ'onne  Sf<:  J/ar.,  tSl^,  d8:  ,?■//.••., 
Miin.  .Uin.  line,  187o-l);  l.nj,  riiiri\  De.  Paris  a  OmiUUii.,  HHi  I. 

"The  greater  portion  was  Salvador's  share  of  the  federal  dibt;  ivhicli  was 
a.igmenteil  by  several  foreiiin  cl.iims  at^i^regatiug  about  JSllHl.OOO.  Vi  -uterest 
on  the  federal  debt  had  been  paul  since  1848.  S'lukr'i  V<iiL  Am.,  ;1()  '>. 


682 


COMMERCE  AND  FINANCE. 


debteclness.  Her  internal  debt,  con^jlidated  at  the 
end  of  U'82,  was  $1,589,861,  and  became  slightly  in- 
creased in  1883.'^  In  June  1885  it  was  $7,147,359. 
The  financial  condition  of  Nicaragua  at  the  present 
time  is  quite  easy.  Her  revenue  has  been  steadily  on 
the  increase  for  several  years  past,  except  when  inter- 
rupted by  political  disturbances,  such  as  that  of  1875, 
which  caused  a  considerable  diminution.  The  receipts 
from  all  sources  in  the  biennial  term  of  1883-4  were 
$3,238,3G3,  an  excess  of  $359,420  over  the  two  pre- 
ceding" years. ^^  The  expenditures  in  the  biennial  term 
of  1881-2  were  $3,240,940,  as  itemized  below. ^=^ 


^"I  find  that  tlie  rcpiil.lic  paid  up  in  24  years,  prior  to  1875,  .<^,8.'}3,77r)  to 
cover  l)oth  tlie  t'i'<k'i"d  debt  and  its  own — uii  oipiiv.iluiit  of  about  a  inillioii  and 
a  (lUiirtor  every  five  years  by  a  population  of  only  G()0,()00  souls.  Snlr.,  lHnriit 
({fit:,  Apr.  (},  Aug.  4,  Oct.  'JS,  187.");  Oct.  17,  1878;  A/.,  <i<iMii(>fii:,  Feb.  IT), 
1878;  Am.  Ci/rloji.,  xiv.  (HO;  Mcx.,  Jii/oniw  ii<r.  Jlii<\,  187;{,  2.j;  Ijiij'vrni ri\ 
J)t'  PnrU  a  (ritadJin.,  I'M;  iSnh'.,  Mem.  Mill.  Ifur.,  1875;  iV/'c,  Sciuanal  A'ic, 
Apr.  IC),  1874;  Pun.  Star  awl,  jrcniM,  Feb.  20,  1884. 

''  The  chief  sources  of  revi'nue  are  those  of  customs,  slaui;hterint,'  cattle, 
aiul  sales  of  spirituous  licjuors,  tobacco,  gunpowder,  and  stampe<l  paper. 
1'iie  total  revenue  of  1845  .iiiiounted  to  .S74,'.>1 1,  a  sum  entirely  iuadecpiute  to 
meet  the  most  necessary  expenses  of  the  government.  The  ini])ort  duty  w;is 
20  per  cent  ad  valorem,  to  wldeh  was  added  8  per  cent.  The  only  eximit 
duty  was  1  to  ',\  per  cent  on  gold,  .silver,  ami  precious  stones.  A  transit  iluty 
of  5  per  cent  was  levied  ou  goods  passim;  through  Nic.  to  tiie  other  stato. 
Merchant  vessels  paid  50  cts  per  ton.  Tlie  total  revenue  from  custoin-  in 
1840  was  -S'li.ShS;  from  internal  taxation,  J?:?,!)!*!);  from  rum,  etc  ,  .'^24,L'li() 
The  revenue  from  tobacco  was  pledged  to  the  Brit,  govt,  in  order  to  ran-oiii 
the  iiort  of  Sun  .fnaii  dil  Xorte.  Other  sources  were  iiisigiiiticaiit.  Ueccipts 
of  1S.'>|,  .Sl'_'2,t)8();  1S.">7-I'>0,  .sl,.S27,(i;J7;  18(11-70,  !*5,()(i."),877.  The  t;iritl  oi 
imports  was  moililicd  ill  l)ec.  IS()8,  anil  increased  10  per  cent  in  Feb.  ISTO. 
Agricultural  implcmiMits,  materials  for  iiiiuiiig,  and  otiier  articles,  were  e.\- 
empted  from  import  duty  by  a  law  of  Nov.  2,  ]8(i!l.  The  revenue  from  cus- 
toms liecame  ilourishiiig,  and  yielded  in  IS8;{ -SI, 275,50(1,  ihu;  to  tiie  law nf 
Sept.  25,  IS7!>,  which  raised  the  duties  ou  several  articles,  and  cliaiigcil  the 
mode  of  collecting  from  ail  valorem  to  weight.  It  seems  that  most  goods 
paid  no  more  under  the  new  .system  than  formerly;  but  much  fraud  w.is 
averted.  Imports  generally  p:iid  50  per  cent  ad  val.  Tlie  port  of  San  .luari 
del  Norte  and  the  Mosijuito  reservation  have  a  free  /one,  the  merehants  ol 
Sail  Juan  paying  a  tax  in  lieu  of  iiniiort  duties.  Receipts  of  1871,  •'^".t58,!(22; 
lS7:i-S0,  .s8,"41(i,S7!t;  1881   2,   .S:J,:i5 1,7(17,  an  increase  of  !*'.>51,()74  over  the 

iircceding  two  years,  liilhi,  Xic,  \.  'M\;  Jjt'rii,  iV/c,  H5H-8;  Xir.,  (Im-itit, 
Jarch  6,  18(i;{:  March  18^  Aiir.  2!),  18(15;  .laii.  20,  1S(1(1;  .Marcii  21,  18(18; 
.Tan.  2,  23  .SO,  Nov.  (1,  18(11);  May  27,  1871;  Jan.  20,  1872;  Id.,  Dvento-s 
J8«!l-70,  123;  run.  Shu- and  Jfn-nlit,  Feb.  1,  188:}. 

''"  Kxpeusea  of  the  supreme  powers,  !?!  12,548;  departments  of  the  interior, 
$513,0()!t;  war,  .«!38l>,4(10;  treasury,  ."?!, 353,012;  foreign  relatioiu^  !«!7<)2,457: 
sundries,  .*!10y,787.  During  this  term  was  paid  !?57,58U  outstanding  Iroin 
the  prcceiling,  the  ordinary  expensea  of  administration;  for  improveinciits. 
.?5(i3,lH8;  and  extraordinary  exjiensea  caused  by  ilisturbances.  The  evponil' 
tures  in  184()  and  1851  were  .'Sl0(),145  ami  .'?173,(J4(i,  respectively,  in  both 
cases  creating  deficits;  in  18.5i»-(l(t,  .s(i.-.2,515;  18(11-70,  !*5,31(i,!t51:  IS7I  •.', 
11,721,355;  1873-4,  ft!l,y'.)5,()4').     Tho  e  of  the  foUowing  years  kept  p-.  e  \,  itl, 


NlCAllAGUA  AND  COSTA  KICA. 


At  tlie  end  of  1880  Nicaragua's  share  of  the  old 
federal  indebtedness  to  British  creditors — £31,510/' 
as  per  adjustment  made  in  London  on  the  27th  of 
March,  1874 — had  been  reduced  to  £4,170  15s.  6d., 
which  remained  unpaid  because  the  holders  liad  failed 
to  produce  their  claims.  Since  then  the  balance  was 
further  reduced  to  £4,011  15s.  Gd,and  the  funds  were 
on  hand  to  pay  it  off  on  demand.  This  was  the  sum 
total  of  the  republic's  foreij^n  liability.  At  the  end 
of  1882  tlio  internal  debt  was  $1)20,258,  of  which 
$044,218  were  subsequently  paid,  leavin»r  a  balance 
<'ue  of  $);}28,()C7;  adding  thereto  balances  of  special 

.ounts,  tlie  whole  debt  of  the  republic  at  the  end 
of  1884  was  .$1)08,707;  but  as  the  amount  of  consol- 
idated bonds  was  l)eing  met,  the  whole  indebtedness 
would  really  be  $802,3^0."" 

Costa  liica's  financial  condition  is  anything  but 
an  easy  one.  The  receipts  of  tlie  treasury  for  the  fis- 
cal year  1883-4  amounted  to  i^  1,580,501.*"  The  re- 
ceipts for  the  fiscal  years  1884  5,  and  1885-0,  were 
estimated  at  about  r^2, 551), 8()G  and  .$2,1)3(5,750,  resj>ect- 
ively,"'     The  expenditures  for  tlie  fiscal  years  IH82-3, 


the  incruiiisoil  revunucs;  but  liirgo  sums  were  npprdjiriated  to  internal  iiii]iro\  e- 
nient-.,  eiliicii'ici:,  iiml  other  piirnose.s  eonihicivu  to  the  intelhetuiil  .uid 
material  ad'  .uiri;ii,, nt  of  tlie  repiihlie.  Xic,  Mem.  <V''C.  line,  tor  years  lS-((i 
to  JSS.S:  ar'i  rl."  iriirctd-i  ijuoteil  in  the  preeeding  note. 

•''•'.She  )Md  u:  ;hi!  l.")tli  of  Sept.,  1807,  reeognizud  1I45,(KX)  as  her  innpoi- 
tion     A  A,  '.  ■re  ',  Mareh  'J8,  JSOS. 

'»•  '-•,  iiir-  ("/;•(■  /,((.<,  .^Ii'ii.idji',  ,Jan.  ]."),  18S5,  in  Cwtti.  li.,  (.'"frin,  Ojir.,  F.li. 
I.  IS^ii.  Fci  f'li'tlier  inforniat'^-'i,  ^see  the  liiennial  reports  of  tiie  minister  of 
tlie  trea.-ih  •:  j  '  >/,  >  ■''  ,  .'i.'iS-Ou;  Am.  Ci/rloji.,  xii.  4'24;  J'ait.  SOirantl  J/i  rud/. 
Fell.  1,  iss':}. 

'''  From  eustonis,  .St'^T.-W."),  which  was  1  'ss  than  had  lieen  ex[>eeteil:  liijnor 
monopoly,  i^'JOO,  ItiS;  stamped  paper  and  stamps,  .'<(i.'{,u;(;t:  jiaper  mones  issued, 
•"»:il().7()4;  the  lialanee  from  sundry  .soiirees.  The  ieeei[its  in  specie  Mere 
!i>l,0Ui,iMi7  The  law  of  l>ee.  10,  KS.'V.t,  lirst  estalilished  the  sources  of  revenue 
for  the  state  ^ovt  as  follows:  Maritime  and  internal  duties  on  nierchamlise; 
purchase  anil  coinage  of  liuUion;  sales  of  piildii^  lands;  monopoly  in  cultivation 
and  sale  of  toliaeeo;  Kale  of  gunpowder,  stamped  paper,  domestic  ami  foreinn 
liijiiors;  ]iostage,  excise,  eonliseation  of  eontraliand  j^oods,  and  tines.  Muntn- 
/■ir,  y.'rv  .,  (.  JI,4.,  iii.  l.'72,  f)70. 

"'■A  IV 'V  taritV,  to  go  into  efi'ect  .Jan.  1,  188(1,  was  decreeil,  snlijecting  im- 
portco"  i^-.  I'l  r.aiidise  to  specitie  duties,  and  consideralily  nio(lit\ing  the  turiti 
of  IS77.  '     and  silver  in  liuUion,  liars,  dust,  or  coin,  as  also  fence  wuc, 

lightuiii,^  ■  's,  T(i;'.jliinery  for  agiieulture,  material  and  tools  for  shipdmild- 
mg,  ships,  and  animals  were  exempted  from  duty.  Caitn  II.,  < Inn  in.  S.'jii, 
1'.',  m,  1885;  /it..  Col  /y<7/. ,  XXV.  l.")-47.  The  following  figures  .slmw  approxi- 
mately the  receipts  of  the  goverument  for  about  forty  years  past,  to  wit:  1840, 


084 


COMMERCE  AND  FINANCK. 


and  1883-4  woro  respectively  $2,790,408  and  $1,9«5,- 
42G;  the  former  leaving  a  deficit  of  $1,240,448,  and 
the  latter  of  $;{98,805.  Congrews  vt)ted  for  expenses 
of  the  fiscal  year  1885-0,  $2,930,750,  and  for  1880-7, 
$2,007,0 1  3.*" 

The  following  statement  exhibits  the  financial  con- 
dition of  the  re[)uhlic  at  the  end  of  1882,  as  re[)resentcd 
hy  the  secretary  of  tiie  treasury.  It  will  he  well  to 
state  here  tJMc  until  1871  Costu  Kica  was  free  from 
foreign  <lebt,     .  .portion  of  the  old  federal  iiuKht- 

edness  in  Ijondt.  .ving  been  paid  ofi'at  an  early  day 
of  her  independeuo  life."*  The  government  owed,  on 
the  30th  of  Ajail,  1871,  $!)2,878;  adding  thereto  the 
disbursements  of  eleven  years — 1871-82-  $.")0,2r)l,- 
284,  and  $2,110,905  paid  the  railway,  in  bills  of  ex- 
change on  the  national  agent  in  London,  and  not 
included  in  the  aforesaid  outlay,  we  have  an  aggregate 
of  $32,455,007;  and  deducting  therefrom  the  revenue 
of  the  same  eleven  years,  a  deficit  results  of  $0,524,- 
510,  which  is  made  uj)  of  $1,454, 08(5,  excess  of  expen- 
diture over  recei})tsat  the  end  of  1882,  and  $5,070,430, 
the  e(juivalent  in  Costa  Hican  money  of  £895,221  3,s'. 
1  !(/.,  net  })roceeds  of  loans  negotiated  in  London  at 
0  and  7  per  cent."'     However,  the  council  of  bond- 


Sl'W.<M)l) — tliiTc  is  no  (tuhliiihed  history  of  the  Uiiiiiices  of  Costa  R.  prior  to 
1S4.");  KS47  o(t.  sl,(K»ti,'_'()7;  ISol-CO,  .S'>,<.t.'>(>.H7:i;  181)1-70,  sS,:>lS,(i:{(l;  1S7I- 
M'J,  s;W,47r),Sl*J>,  loss  arMouiits  iiiclinlod,  wliuli  were  incicly  casual  rccciiits, 
>4..")4."),'J77,  leaving  for  actual  rcvi'iiuc,  .yJojlKJO,. ")■")!.  MhUiki,  /{an/,  ('nsfn  /,'., 
4."):  iSi/icirr'tt  ('ill/.  Am.,  470-1;  A-<liiliiiruii'jii,  ('ciif.  Am.,  4.'{;  I'Jiici/rl(>]i.  Jiril. 
(Am.  cil.),  vi.  ;{'.I,S;  (',).■</, I  /,'.,  Iii/uniir  Sir.   //,ir.,  IS.VJ  8."). 

'^'As  near  as  1  liavc  In-eii  alilc  to  asciTtaiii,  vac  outlay  of  the  Costa  Ricai; 
treasury  has  l.ccii,  for  IS47  ."iO,  .'<'.tS0,'J4.");  ISol  tiO,  "!5(),tW,  l'J4;  IS(iI-70, 
!<!t,('8'J,i:i)r);   I871-8'-',  ••?:iL',;{(i'2, 181».   Id.:  J'aii.  Sim- ami  lln-alil,  Aug.  14,  ISSH. 

'"'.So  logrii  la  total  chauculaciuu  ilu  la  ilcuda  iiiglcsa.'  t'osUi  It.,  Iiij'oniii; 
Mill.  n<u:,  rtr.,  IS4S,  It). 

"•'The  history  of  those  loans,  as  furnished  in  the  rci)ort.sof  the  Costa  i\icaii 
treasury  departuiciit,  is  the  foUowiug;  Ju  1871,  Costa  Rica  contracted  witli 
liischoil'sheini  and  (luldinidt  for  a  loan  of  the  nominal  amount  of  .L'l,0(K),- 
(KK),  at  7'2  with  (i  per  cent  interest,  antl  '2  per  cent  for  a  sinking  fund;  liow- 
ever,  per  agreement  of  May  5,  1871,  the  rate  was  reduced  to  oti,  and  only 
yiehled  ,t'500,000.  Hischoli'shciiu  and  (loldsmidt  retained  ,i;iO."),0(K),  wliich 
reduced  the  proceeds  to  t'4.V),000,  and  tiiis  sum  was  further  diminislicd 
t' 42,000,  leaving  only  1'41.S,()(K),  or  somewhat  less  tiiau  42  per  cent.  A  new 
loan  wivs  negotiated  in  1872,  with  Knowles  and  Foster  of  Tjondon,  whieli  a|i- 
peared  as  for  f2, 400,000,  hut  did  not  exceed  ,f2,22(),.")00,  the  difl'ercnce  ii.'t 
having  hcen  taken  up.     The  negotiation  was  at  82,  with  interest  at  V  I't-'i" 


Accqiting  t! 
S'12,i:{4,k 
total  sum  IK 
to  whieli  m 
!SS,2<.M,082. 
the  deht,  w 
$!ll,!>!t0,0()() 
railway.  Tl 
1883  at .?«,(;( 


FOKElCiN  INDEBTEDNESS. 


(kk> 


holders  formed  in  1883  the  followirii^  statement  of 
Costa  Rica's  foreign  debt,  namely:  outstanding  of 
six  per  cent  loan  of  1871,  £941,200;  overdue  interest, 
£504,720,  making  .£1,505,1)20.  Outstanding  of  seven 
per  cent  loan  of  1872,  £1,4G0,200;  overdue  interest, 
.£1,07;J,175  lO.s-.,  making  £2,553,273  10.^.  Grand 
total,  £4,030,11)3  10.9.  The  home  debt  was  set  down 
in  1885  at  $519,000.^ 

cent,  and  1  por  cent  for  a  Hiiiking  fund.  This  loan  actually  yielded  to  Cootii 
Kicii  L'r>!)8,(ill  18.V.  '«/.,  wliic'i  is  (^xidained  thus:  Knowltw  and  FosttT  paid 
over  to  K.  Krlanger  and  Co.  oi  ^jonuon  in  money  ill, 570, 240  •••.■(.  !</. ,  the  dif- 
ference between  tliin  sum  and  '■lut.  taken  up  being  .t().")0,i.'5y.  Erlanger  an<l 
Co.  were  the  syndics  of  the  loan  under  the  8tli  clause  of  the  contract  witli 
Knowlus  and  Foster,  ami  had  bound  themselves  to  fciko  up  £800,<MX)  of  it. 
Under  the  3d  anil  4tli  cl;ii,.ses,  they  were  empowered  to  repurchase  bonds  for 
account  of  Costa  Kica,  though  subject  to  tlie  foUowinL' conditions:  1st.  That 
the  repureha.sing  sliould  be  indispensable  to  secure  tliu  success  of  the  loan; 
iJd.  It  was  not  to  be  <hmo  with  the  f8(M(,00()  Krlanger  and  Co.  were  l)ound 
for;  anil  .'{d.  Tlie  operations  wi'ro  not  to  be  efl'eeted  but  witliiri  .'{()  days  of  the 
isiuo.  Tills  condition  Mas  violated.  Erlanj,'er  and  < 'o.  clairiieil  to  liave  re- 
jiurchased  with  tlie  nioui^y  received  by  tliem  bonds  of  both  the  (i  per  (cnt  and 
7  p'T  cent  loans  to  tlio  value  of  .fl,4l.'t),ri()().  The  result  of  this  transacrtion 
was  that  the  loan,  save  tlie  t.'8(K),000  taken  up  by  Krlanger  and  Co.,  was  ex- 
hausted; and  yet  it  wa.s  said,  in  and  out  of  Costa  Kici,  tliat  lur  miveniiiient 
had  received  !?I7,<MM),0()0.  Eiiri/rlnp.  Brit.  (Am.  ed.).  vi.  ;«>S.  The  wliolo 
yiehl  of  botli  h)aKs  was  but  fl, 01 1,011  IS.'*,  ail.,  or  .S'l.oriS.OC.O.  Iksidos  tlie 
L"1().'),(H)()  retained  by  Hlschoft'sheim  ami  (roMsmidt,  uiidir  tlie  in-etext  of  se- 
curing the  interest  of  the  (i  per  cent  loan,  the  government  remitted  for  inter- 
est and  sinking  fund  l'i;{.j,0(X),  which  were  taken  from  tlie  very  funds 
receiveil,  and  reduced  them  to  t'87C,()ll  18.-(,  ."vA  Moreover,  under  an  agree- 
ment witli  Krlanger  and  Co.,  tlie  governmeni  of  Costa  Rica  wasauthorized  to 
driw  on  tliem  for  t'l."i(l,0(H).  Its  ilrafts  were  allowed  to  go  to  protest,  ami  the 
ai.ioiiiits  drawn  for  li.ul  to  be  replacecl.  The  govurunieiit  felttliat  it  had  been 
vietimi/.ed,  and  in  order  to  protect  the  country's  good  name,  after  eonsulta- 
tion  with  legal  lights  of  London,  estalilished  suits  at  law  anain.-it  the  parties. 
The  suit  lias  eoit  a  great  deal  of  money;  early  in  1S77  SlM-'i.IWO  li.id  bein  paid 
for  expense.  Cfisln  It.,  Mem.  Sv<\  llii,\,  1S74  7.  Should  the  decisions  of  the 
IJritisli  courts  b<!  against  Costa  Rica,  iier  li.ianeial  situation  sliould  not  be 
deemed  very  alarming,  as  is  ma<h,'  app.ireiit.  'llu;  7  per  cent  loan,  reduced 
to  Costa  Riean  money  at  !»  per  cent,  i'L'.'J'JtsDOO,  nominal  .$12,134,4'_'r>. 

IJon.ls  repnrehasud,  fl.O-Jt >,")()() >?r),r)'.»4,42r} 

Received  t'rom  F.rlauger  and  Co.,  and  appearing  among  the  liabili- 
ties, ta'js.di  I  iSs.  ix/ ;t.--'(;'_'.4:t,") 

Ajuount  not  appearing  among  the  liabilities,  .i;(iOI,;{S8  ].•(.  Id. ...     ;<,'-.'77,.">(i.5 

81'-M:{»,4lM 

Acccjiting  the  responsibility  for  the  whole  7  per  cent  lean,  it  would  aiiMUiut  to 
S^r.M.'U.l'-'."),  deducting  SJ.ai'i,!;!."),  and  S.">,r)<t4,4-_'"  for  leliureha.sed  bonds,  the 
total  sum  not  iiieludeil  in  the  lialiility  in  187ti  would  be  reduced  to  •'<'{,'J77.;"it).">, 
to  wliii'h  must  be  adtled  t'?l.'l,517,  l)alance  of  the  0  jier  cent  loan,  making 
§;i,'J'.M,08'J.  Advantageous  offers  were  received  from  Furope  to  e.vtingiiisli 
the  ilebt,  which,  if  aei'cpted,  would  reduce  the  nominal  in<lel)tedness  of 
§li,<.HK),0(M)  to  .*2,:i<»8,lK)0.  This  loan  was  negotiated  for  funds  to  build  a 
railway.  The  road  has  cost  .?rj,'2;{l»,2SM),  and  its  three  sections  are  valued  in 
1883  at  ?«,(i(K),(KM).   A/.,  1872 -."i,  1 88;<,  annexes  7  and  8. 

^l\m.  Htav  and  lleniUl,  March  29,  1884;  Conhi  /?.,  Gaceta  Sept.  4,  1885. 


686 


COMMERCE  AND  FINANCE. 


Ill  Panaind  the  receipts  of  the  treasury  from  all 
sources  in  1812,  a  few  years  previous  to  the  separa- 
tion from  Spain,  this  nation  being  then  at  war  with 
lier  American  colonies,  were  $740,241.""  In  1827, 
six  years  after  the  independence,  the  receij>ts  were 
$241,08:3,*'  and  the  expenditures  $238, 920.  Under 
tiie  law  sup[)ressin_i(  custom-houses  in  the  ports  of  tlie 
Istlimus,  the  revenue  of  the  province  in  1847  hecaine 
reduced  !i?77,880.  Tlie  amount  appropriated  l)y  tlie 
provincial  lei^islature  in  October  1849,  for  expenses  of 
the  fiscal  year  1840-59,  was  )?5 1,220."" 

After  the  organization  of  the  Isthmus  as  a  state  of 
the  Colombian  confederation,  there  being  no  vecei[)ts 
from  customs,  the  chief  pcjrtion  of  the  expenses  has 
been  met  \\\th.  a  tax  assessed  on  merchants  and  simp- 
keepers,  estimated  on  the  amount  of  business  done  Ity 
each,  the  lerjislative  assembly  fixing  annuallv  the  sum 
re(|uired  for  the  next  year's  expenditures,  and  tlic 
pr()])ortion  of  it  t<>  be  covered  by  the  commercial  tax. 
The  state  received  $50,000  out  of  the  animal  subven- 
tion of  )ii?250,000  paid  by  the  railway  company  to  the 
(\)loml»iau  goviu-nment.  Other  sources  of  reveimc 
have  been  the  taxes  levied  on  steamshi[>  agencies, 
consumption,  slaughter  of  cattle,  ice,  distilleries,  and 
several  others  which  in  the  aggregate  are  not  insig- 
nificant. 

The  republic  of  Colombia  being  on  the  point  of 
changing  her  organization,  Panaiml,  consequent  ujion 
recent  political  events,  was  at  the  end  of  1885  under 
a  military  government,  the  chief  of  which,  exercising 

Half  a  iiiilliou  dollars  was  voted  by  congress  in  July  188(5  to  the  extinction  of 
tliu  internal  dultt.  J<1.,  Aug.  14,  188G. 

"•  From  customs,  Sl4."i,(KM»;  rum,  .*i'J4,000;  loans,  §42,500;  received  from 
Spain,  §10,000;  voluntary  and  forced  contributions,  .sl50,000;  judicial  Je- 
jiosits,  §101,000;  papal  dispensation  bulls,  !j'27, 000— were  among  the  items. 
Lloi/tl'n  Xolcs  lath.  Pan.,  in  lioi/.  Omij.  iSm:,  Jour.,  i.  99. 

'""Including  §4,r)'27,  balance  from  the  prccediug  year;  §86,820  of  loaus; 
§70,000  from  customs;  §lu,8'20,  duties  on  tobacco.  Id.,  98. 

•""The  general  government  decreed  in  1849  the  suppression  of  tithes;  ro- 
quiring  of  the  several  provinces  of  the  Isthmus  to  make  up  the  amount  -vvhii'li 
tlie  suppressed  tax  yielded  the  previous  year.  The  aggregate  was  to  Im 
applied  to  cover  national  expenses.  Pinart.,  Pun.  Col.  Dor.,  MS.,  no.  SG,  y. 
14;  Pan.,  Cr6mca  OJic,  Oct.  23,  1849. 


DEBT  OF  PANAMA 


C87 


his  extraordinary  powers,  ordered  the  continuance 
after  January  1,  188G,  of  the  appropriations  that 
had  been  decreed  for  1885,  with  a  few  modifications.'" 
The  financial  condition  of  the  state  on  the  HOth  of 
June,  1878,  was  an  indebtedness  of  $214,317.'^ 

""  The  commercial  tax  was  not  to  be  more  than  dnnhlo  that  lOsscsscd  in 
1885.  The  general  govt  on  the  1st  of  April,  1885,  established  a  salt  monop- 
oly, and  in  tiui  same  year  decreed  the  reustiablishmcnt  of  eustoni-honses  at 
the  Istlniius  jtorts.  This  decree  was  subsetjucntly  Hiisj)ended.  La  Esfrflln  di'. 
/''III.,  May  1(1,  1885;  Pun.  Star  and  Jln-nll,  No\-.  1,  4,  IXo.  30,  1885.  The 
bu(lg('ts  for  the  ten  years  from  18(i7  to  ]87(J  amounted  to;,fctIier  to  .?.S,()1S,.'M)?, 
and  the  appropriations  voted  for  the  same  year  were  .':;;}, ,'{;{5, 084.  The  ab- 
sence of  reqidar  accounts  for  the  periocl  181)7-75  rendtn's  it  impossible  to  (iiid 
out  what  were  tlie  actual  receipts  and  expenditures.  Tlie  revenue  from  .Ian. 
I,  187(i,  to  June  30,  1877,  was  !?33it,.V2(i,  and  the  expenses  reached  $."5(i, 483, 
though  only  .*'_'74,lIflS  were  paid.  Tlie  revenue  collected  frnni  July  1,  1877, 
to  June  30,  1878,  §218,0!t5;  the  assembly  vf>ted  for  expenses  of  that  liscal 
year  8382,841,  but  the  gfivernment  seems  to  have  paid  out  f)nly  ;,i''Jt!,'J78, 
For  18S0-1  tlic  legislature  computed  the  revenue  at  .S:!;i0,(j28.  It  had  the 
preceding  year  authorized  the  executive  to  incniase  tlie  conimiTcial  tax  'J5  per 
cent.  The  expenditures  for  tlie  year  were  estimated  at  S3lt),077.  Pan.,  M< m. 
Sec.  Jen.,  1878,  43-(i,  48;  187i),  3,  3-_'-3;  Id.,  Lryrs,  1S7'.»-S0,  8,  <),  (54^78. 

".S81,375  of  it  bore  interest  at  0  percent.  I'mi.,  .Mini.  Sir.  J  far.,  187'.>, 
37.  Dec.  11),  1879,  the  lei,'i.slature  authorized  the  executive  to  borrow  8">i). - 
000  at  12  per  cent.  For  further  informaticm,  see  I'nu.,  Gaixta,  Nov.  17,  1870, 
to  Sept.  1,  1881,  passim. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

INTEROCEANIC  COMMUNICATION 
1801-1887. 

Ancient  Ideas  on  the  North-west  Passaoe — From  Perf  to  La  Plata- 
Cape  Horn  Discovered  —  Arctic  Recsions  —  McCliue's  SrrcEssKi  i. 

VOYAOE — CrOZIEK's  DISCOVERY — FrANKLIN's  AlTEMl'lS — FiNDIMi  IIV 
NoRDENSKliiLD  OF  THE   NoRI'U-EAST   PASSAliE — PROJECTS  TO   UniTE  TIIK. 

Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans  across  the  Isthmises— Plans  ahoi  r 
Temiantepec — Explorations  for  a  Ship-canal  Route  in  Nicarac!  a, 
Panama,  and  Dakien — The  Nicaraoca  Accessouv  Transit  Cumpanv 
— Constriction  of  the  Panama  Railway,  and  its  Great  Benefits— 
Fi'KiHEK  Efforts  for  a  Canal— Op>(!anization  of  a  French  Company 
— A  Suir-CANAL  under  Construction  across  the  Isthmus  of  1'ana.ma 
—  Difficulties   and    Expectations — Central    American  Railrhahs 

AND  TkLEORAPHS — SUBMARINE  CABLES. 


No  Hooner  liad  lands  boon  discovered  to  the  wi'st- 
ward  of  Europe  tliaii  tlie  minds  of  cosniojifrapliers  be- 
came fixed  in  the  idea  of  sliort  routes  to  Iniha  in  tliat 
(hrectioii:'  nor  would  they  abandon  it  until  lomx  aftci' 
both  shores  of  the  western  continent  had  been  explored 
from  the  Arctic  sea  to  Cape  Horn." 

'  Si'c  suiiiiiiiiry  of  ^'eograpliical  knowledge  ami  discover}'  from  the  earliest 
records  to  tlie  yoar  1540.   I/i.it.  i'cnt.  Am.,  i.  (iS-l.")4,  this  series. 

-They  tluis  argued  fnuii  tlie  lirst:  (i)uiiitiis  Metellus  Celer,  ])rocnnsul  of 
Rome  ill  (Jaiil,  was  )in'si'iited  l)y  the  king  of  Suevia  with  a  iiuiuher  of  nil 
iiKMi,  vholiad  heeii  tlirowu  mioii  his  coast.  So  said  Cornelius  ISejios,  and 
I'liny  ri'iieati'd  it.  Now  tliese  savages,  having  ii<i  knowledge  of  ships  or  navi- 
gation, could  not  have  come  from  America;  they  were  not  Mack,  and  conse- 
quently were  not  from  Africa.  There  were  no  peojile  in  ]'Airo[ie  lik(!  them; 
so  they  must  have  come  from  Asia.  But  liow?  Either  from  tlie  east  or  from 
the  west;  they  could  not  have  rounded  the  eastern  hemisjihere  eitlier  hy  its 
northern  or  southern  side,  for  obvious  reasons;  therefore  they  must  have 
come  from  tlie  north-west,  aiul  hence  tlicre  must  lie  a  way  from  Asia  nortli- 
eastward  to  Europe,  running  rouiul  tiie  north  pole.  U]>ou  tliis  logic  swy 
stiiked  thousands  of  lives  ana  millions  of  money.  Dominieus  Marius  Niger, 
the  geographer,  speaks  of  men  who  were  driven  from  India  through  the  north 
Bca  to  Germany,  while  ou  a  trading  expedition.     As  late  as  1  ]  00,  some  strange 

(088) 


IIAUI.Y    KXTLOKATIOXS. 


tl89 


I  have  elsewhere  presented  a  full  account  of  explo- 
rations hy  land  and  sea  to  establish  eonnnunieations 
l)et\veen  tlie  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans  prior  to  the 
openin<4"  '*^'  f^"'  pr^'^'^^'nt  ci-nturv.''  T\\e  most  important 
of  the  earlier  discove'rios,  since  ^Tainalhaes'  time,  was 
that  of  the  open  polar  sea  south  of  Cape  Horn,  which 
was  named  l)v  the  J)ut(h  naviLjators  Le  Maire  and 
Van  Schouten/  T\\c  noi'th-west  passage,  so  loni^  the 
object  of  search,  was  at  last  found  in  I  So  I  hy  an 
Kn<i^lish   expedition.      The  discovi'ry   was  effected   hy 


Robert  Le  ^lesurier  ALcC'l 


are,  wlio,  m  commanc 


1    of 


the  I)trc,sf/(/(i(<>r,  sailed,  together  with  the   KtiUrprixe 
under  J^ichard  Collinson,  fi'om  Enj^laiul  in  IS.JO.      I^e- 
fore  the  close  of  the  year,  McClure  passed  Point  I  Jar- 
row,  pushed  alonjv  tlu'   continent,  doubled  the  south 
end  of   Baidcs   Island,  and  sailed  throuj^h    Prince  of 
Wales'  Strait,  where  he  wintered  near  Melville  Sound. 
In  IHol,  the  west  side  of  the  peninsular  part  of  Wol 
laston  Island  to  Prince  Albert's  Soun  '  was  surveyed 
]^V  findin;*'  the  strait  connectini''  the  continental  chan 
nel   with   Melville  Sound,  ^fcClure  became  tlu"  «lis- 
c(»verer  of  the  north-west  passaije,  and  was  the   first 
navigator  to  pass  from   ]^ering  Strait  to  J^afhn  Bay.^ 

])erson.s  arrived  on  the  cciiist  of  (ieriiuiiiy.  HiimlMtlilt  tliouglit  tliey  might 
liiive  Ix'en  Kskiinos.  Otlion,  in  liis  Storic  of  tlif  <'ot/ir.<!,  sjioiikM  (if  such  arrivals, 
arguing  that  tliey  must  liave  ilrifteil  in  tlirdUgli  a  north-west  pas.sage.  <  iilliert's 
Discourse,  in  Jliildtnit,  iii.  1(1-17.  Again,  Hakluyt  tinds  it  reconlcd  that 
Home  'JOO  years  hofore  the  coming  of  Christ,  the  Komans  sent  a  fleet  against 


the  ( i 


d  Kh 


t  hicli,  crossing  the  strait  of  (iiliraltar, 


md  steering  toward 
the  N.  W.,  in  lat  .")()'"  found  a  cliaunel,  in  which  it  saih'cl  to  the  westward  until 
it  reached  Asia,  and  after  lighting  the  king  of  Cathay,  returned  l>y  the  way 
it  went. 


3//^^^  CiiL,  i.  l-lO'.t;   ///V.  Xortlnr(stCoi,.'<t,  i.   1   ;U'_';    IliM.  Xortk  Mi.n-ii 


a 


SUil>- 


d   T< 


1 -•_'()! ;  V/m/.  O 


nijiiii,  1. 


I   will  add,   in  tliis  coiincctii  n. 


that.hiau  iK'  Ayola,  with  '_'(H)  Sjianiards,  in  \7i\\7i  crossed  from  the   l'arai;uay 
Jliver  to   l\ru.     Jrol:.,  twelve  ycais  later,  a.scemled  the   Paraguay  Uiver  to 


IT'S. 


crossei 


I  th 


lisl 


1  lountains  to  tiie  (iuajiay  lliver,  and  succet 


(led 


<t.ali 


nng  connnunicatioi 


liet\ 


( 'iililiicl  ( 'iffii-jK,  ii.  iM). 


I'l'ru  and  her  deiiendency.  La  Plata,    Lunl- 


*They  titted  out  two  vessels,  Le  .\Iairc  advancing  most  of  the  money,  and 
going  on  the  voyage  as  supeicar^o,    \'an    SchontiMi   as   commander.     'I'hcy 


itiled  the  eafie  with  one  remaining  ship  in  Jan.  Kill 


Tl 


i(^  Spaniards  alter- 


however,  used  in  late  years 


ward  comideted  the  e.xjiloratiou,  and  their  forts  in   Magtdlan  Sound  hec: 
u.seless.     Tim  straits  of  .Magellan  have  In         " 
the  transit  of  an  Knglish  stcamshii)  line. 

■'  I'revioHsly  several  attempts  had  hcei 
navy,  went  in  ISl'i  to  Hering  Strait,  and  i\\v  next  year  discuxcrcd  tlu'  sound 


de 


Kot/.ehiii',  of  the  Russian 


IIisT.  CKNT.  Am.,  \'oi..  hi. 


II 


CIN) 


INTHIUX  KANK '  (.OMMUNKATION. 


Vet  lie  ju^avL'  to  Captain  Crozier,  .sccoiul  in  coniniand 
of  Franklin's  expedition,  the  credit  of  prior  discovery. 

beariiij(  lii.s  iiiunc.     (ioloviiin  made  a  voyage  aluo,  l)ut  accuinpli^liLMl  notliin^'. 

The  KiigliNli  made  a  uumher  of  etjorts,  wliiuli,  if  iiusucuessful  in  not  attaining,' 

till'  main  olijuet,  addeil  iiuicli  to  geographic  knowledge.      Ilurowitli  I  give  the 

I'XiPi'ilitiinis  litted  out  in  Kiighmd,  or  uiuUt  Kiiglisli  auspices.     In  ISIS  twn 

Nhi[w,    the    Dumlhcii   and    '/'nut,   under  Kuehau   and    Franklin,  went   to   the 

Spitzl)ergen  waters,  lint  eouhl  not  ailvance  far.     Two  otiier  ships,  the  ImiIhUh 

anil   Alc.niiii/tr,   under  John  Koss  and  W.  K.  I'arry,  were  ordered  to   I  (avis 

Strait  and  verilied  Biitfin's  exploration  of  Katiin  Itay.      Koss  entered  Lancaster 

Sound,  and  reached  SI  '  'M'  \V.  Iiy  74'  IV  X.     I'arry  made  three  other  voyages, 

in  ISli),   IS'Jl,  and  IS'24,  in  the  last  of  which  one  of  his  ships,  the  Fitri/,  was 
I — I     ; I.:... -..     Ai ,1.     II     1.     I.. I..*.        T..      I  U.1-?     1 


wrecked    in    seeking    a    passage    througl 
tempted  the  pola 


Ue.'ent    Inlet.      In     IS27     he    :il 


im  Siiit/lieriiei 


•aching  S'J' 4(»' :f(i. 

till!  farthest  point  hitiierto  attainiMl.  ('apt.  .lolin  Franklin  tried  to  tind  tin 
passage  overlanil  from  York  Factory  on  the  west  coast  of  Hudson  Bay.  Ih' 
wintered  at  Fort  C'hepeweyau  in  ISl'.t,  and  in  the  h'lU'iiiriic  in  IS'JO.  In  .Iiil\ 
iS'JI  he  navigated  the  Arctic  sea,  t'ast  of  Coppermine  River,  a  consideraMi 
distance,  hoping  from  the  trend  of  the  coast  to  reach  Hudson  Bay.  Want 
of  jirovisions  compelled  the  alianilonmeut  of  the  expedition,  ami  after  sevirc 
hanlsliips,  and  journeying  ."i,."i(M)  miles,  reached  <ireat  Sl.i\e  Lake  in  I'er. 
ISlM.  Lyon  in  ISl'4  attaineil  Sir  Thomas  Howe's  Welcome.  Franklin  n  ■ 
iiewe<l  his  land  survi^y  of  the  Ai'iic  coasts,  KS'J.") 


H. 


linterod  in  lS'_'."i  on 


•  Ireat   Hear  i-ake,    descended   Jie   .Mackenzie,   and   surveyed   the   coast   liiie 
Westward  to  Return  Reef  in  70' -l>' N.,  ami   14S    .VJ'  \V.      Meanwhile   Rich 


unison  ami  Ki'uilidl  of  his  jiarty  made  a  voyaue  fmni 


.Mack 


:Ri\ 


iiulil 


Mii;  several  caiies.  ami  idmii 


del 


iiu 


tl 


en/ie  to  C'oppt 


le  survey 


of  tl 


le   C(ia>l 


through  (iO  degrees  of  longitude.      Reechey  in  IS-JO  in  the  /ilo-i/'iii/t  expl 


iireil 


the  ciiiist  from  Kotzeliue  Sound  to  Icy  R.iy. 


Oi 


lia 

Horn.      Koss  in  18211  tried  to  lind  a  jiassage  tliiduyh   R 


f  his  parties  reached  (.'a 


lie  waited  foi'  J''ranklin  till  Oct.  IS'_'7,  and  returned  home  via  Cap 

it  Iidet,  hut  h.'i' 


to  aliam 


Ion  h 


sh 


d' 


Vieti 


Harh 


)]■,    hear  70  , 


I'.    W.     Dei 


id  T. 


Simpson  in  l.s;{7-y  made  im[)ortant  explorations  lietween  Point  iJarrow  an.l 
.Macki'uzie  River;  the  portion  on  the  east  side  between  I'oint  'I'lirnaiiain  ainl 
the  estuary  of  the  Rack's  ( ireat  Fish  River;  and  also  the  south  sides  of  Viifoiia 
Land  anil  King  William  Lan<l.  .Kilin  Ru'  of  tlie  Hmlson's  Ray  Company  siii- 
veyed  a  part  of  the  Arctic  coast  east.  In  I S4.'i  he  surveyed  Recent  Inlet  e.i>t 
and  west,  found  an  isthmus  Ipctween  Regent  Inlet  and  the  sea  explored  Ii\ 
|)ease  and  Simpson.      Franklin  and  Crozier  were  despatched  in  .May  184.'i  will 


two 


stout  ships,  the  h'n'lii 


d  7V 


expedition  sent  letters  from  Whalelish  Ishind.  near  l)i 


well  supplied  for  three  years.     Tin 


id  was  last  sei 


.liilv  '2(jth  waitini'  to  cro.ss  the  'mi 


ddk 


(in  to  Lancaster  Sound,  '_*•_'()  niih 


ilistant.  I  he  oider.-s  wi're  to  proceeil  to  aliout  74|'  N.  lit.  and  US"  W.  loui 
tlieace  take  a  S.  and  W.  course  for  Bering's  Strait,  the  passage  Mest  froiii 
-Melville  Ishind  being  precludoi'.  A  inimb;r  of  expeditions  were  despatclu  I 
in  search  of  F'ranklin;  namely,  one  under  .lohn  Richardson  and  liae,  1S47  '.'; 
ships  Kiili'r]iri.ie  and  Jiii'is/l./atnr  under  Ross  and   Bird,    1S4S-9;   llmdil  and 


I'll! 


niider  Kellct  and  .Nloore,  1S4S  .VJ;  Xorlli  Sfn;  commanded  bv  Saiu 


dcrs,    lS4'J~riO;    the  Inri -tfijatur  miA  Kiiti'r^h 


IS.-iO, 


( 'oil 


inson 


whaler  All 


'rlc<',  under  ( iooil.sir;  a  sciuadron  coinni 


ider  McClui-e  an 
arftlecl  bv  Austin 


consisting  of  the  /'rsolii/j  und  the  Assi.ifdiin'.  (.'apt.  Onnnaney  with  two  sti  mi 
tenders  under  lieuts  Osborn  anil  McClintock;  several  shiiis  sent  by  Franklin 
ife;  Rao  in  IS.-il;  expedition  iinder  Edward  Belcher,  lS.V_'-4;  ships  Am}'/' 


M 


/rile  an 


d  Plo 


18")2  .");  McCormick  in   IS.")!?;  R 


18r>:{-4;  Anderson 


IS,"i."i;  and  several  others,  among  which  cleservo  mention  the  American  e\- 
peditions  under  lieut  l>c  Haven  and  S.  P.  (iiillin,  E.  K.  Kane,  Hayes,  Hill, 
and  Schwatka;  most  of  whom  made  important  geographical  discoveries  an  I 

party.      It  was  ascertained  beyond  a  doubt  tli't 


f<iun 


d 


!• 


raiiklin  s 


MoC 

M'int( 

he  re 

Kivei 

whici 

April 

Tlie  : 

reach ( 

Th( 

Erick 

first  a) 

The 
the  t\\ 
day,  M 
coast  o 
islands 
tained 
canal  o 


3''iankliii  si 

•'ornwallis 

jKisitions  ol 

Island.     Fi 

aliove  sjiot 

<  fi'eat  Fish 

according  t( 

with   the  Hi 

nortii-west 

/■'"nliicr's  ( 

-'S:i  i»L>;    Fn, 

'»»  •2;  En,;, 

<!<■  1 1  (  'oiin-i 

'■Sent  bv 

'•y  -MeClure 

'  Nordt.ii,. 

fiteanier  IV,/, 

reached  Cam 

of  tile  ()I,l  \ 

''■ee  from  ice 

pa.ssed,  the   ] 

lier  course  ea 

but  toward  tl 

.'"  "'V  7'  N.  ai 

''iiimsonnient 

^;'.0:ige,  and  , 

ble  or  dama"» 

(Am.  ud.),  xtx 


NORIH  KAsr   I'ASSAdK. 


WI 


MoC'luiv  with  tlio  Invedlj/ator  was  shut  in  (.luriii^;  tlio 
winters  of  1851-2,  and  1852-3.  In  tlic  spriii'J!'  of  1853 
he  resolved  to  abandon  the  sliip  and  seek  Mackenzie 
River  and  l^ancaster  Sound  in  two  parties,  a  journey 
whioii  would  have  been  disastrous.  At  tliis  moment, 
April  Gth,  Lieutenant  J*ym  of  the  licsohitc  ai)peared." 
The  ^[cClure  party  wert;  taken  to  tlie  Rcsohde,  and 
reached  Enj^land  in  1854. 

The  north-east  passajjje  was  discovered  hy  Adolf 
Erick  Xordenskiold  in  187'J,  aftir  32<)  years  Irom  the 
first  attempt  by  Hugh  Willoughby  in  1553.' 

The  necessity  of  shorter  connnunietition  between 
the  two  oceans  becoming  more  evident  from  day  to 
day,  with  the  increase  of  traffic  witli  tlie  westei'u 
coast  of  America,  with  China,  and  witli  the  numerous 
islands  of  the  l*acific,  various  projects  were  enter- 
tained to  estal>lish  such  communication  either  bv 
canal  or  railway.  At  Tehuantejicc,  Honduras,  Xica- 
raijua,  and  the  isthmus  of  Panama  were  formed  the 

FiMiikliii  sailed  \\\>  Wi'Uinmtou  Cliunni'l  to  77  ,  dosfCiicU'd  l)y  the  west  side  of 
( 'oriiwidlis  Island,  uiid  wintered  l!S4."(  l»  ;tt  IJeeeliey  Island.  Tlie  winterin>{ 
jiDsititms  (if  the  shiiis  were  in  1S4(>  7  8  (ill' the  mirth  end  (if  King  Williiini's 
Island.  Fraidilin  died  .huie  II,  1S47,  and  the  sdiiii.s  W('ie  ahanihined  near  thu 
alxiv'j  sjiot  Ajir.  2'2,  KS4S,  C'ajit.  C'ni/ier  intending  to  lead  the  10.")  survivdi-s  to 
( ireat  Kisli  Kiver.  Only  40  men  reaclie<l  tiio  vicinity  of  thi.s  river,  and  all  died, 
aceording  to  Eskimo  aeeounts.  On  this  journey  Lancaster  Strait  was  connii'ted 
with  the  navigalilo  ehaniiel  along  the  continent,  and  the  existence  of  tln! 
north-west  pa.ssagc  jiroved.  J'ir/inri/sdii'.s  /'ulnr  Itii/ioii-t,  ]'Mi  ~,  14(1  !•,  I."il  '2li'2; 
Liiii/iit'r's  Vdliiiiit  <'i/rl<,]i.,  iii.  17ti-7,  I'.IS  •_'47;  'J'i//l<r'/f  lH<t.  I'inr,  ]'Xi  4, 
*JS:{  ifJ;  Friitildiii'.i  yurr.,  i.  ii.;  Qwu-tirbi  It<r.,  xviii.  '21'.»;  Am.  ./dui:,  .\vi. 
130  ■_>;  Enri/rlnp.  Brit.,  xi.  ;}47;  xviii.  .•{•_".»'-:!(>;  xix.  'XW'l,  .'W.".  S;  n;,-(wiiii,iln- 
fir  ti  <'(>nr(rs(t/iiiii,  xii.  'J;  xiii.  tiOS   10. 

''Sent  liy  (.  ajit.  Tellct  on  Harinw  Strait,  and  was  guided  hy  a  message  left 
)>y  McChire  at  NVintir  Harlioron  .M<lville  Island. 

'  Xordenski'ild,  a  Swedisli  jirofessor  ;"nd  e.\[ierienced  navi^^ator,  with  the 
steamer  I  ';/",  commanded  liy  Lieut  I'alander,  on  the  litth  of  August,  1S7S, 
reaclu'd  Cajie  Sevtio  or  Tchelyuskeu,  the  most  northern  jioint  of  Silieria  and 
<if  tlie  Old  World  in  77  41' N.,  and  steered  a  south-easterly  (durse,  tlu^  sea 
free  from  ice  and  quite  shallow.  Aug.  ti7th  the  moiitii  of  the  Lena  Uiver  was 
jiassed,  the  IV/'f  jiarting  comjiauy  with  li>r  temlei',  th(!  L<  mi,  and  continuing 
her  C(iufs(!  eastward;  she  almost  accomiilishcd  i\w  jiassage  that  lirst  season; 
liut  toward  the  end  fif  Scjit.  tlie  Vi'jn  was  frozen  in  oil'  tlie  sliore  of  a  low  jilain 
in  07'  7'  N.  and  17;i'  20'  \V.  ni'ar  the  scttlemeMt  of  the  ( 'hunaches.  After  an 
innirisonmeiit  of  2'.I4  days,  tlie  Vfja  on  tlit^  KSth  of  .Inly,  l.S7'.t,  continued  her 
voyage,  and  on  tlu!  ;.'Oth  jiassed  Hcring  Strait.  Nordeiiskiold,  without  loss  of 
life  or  damage  to  lii.s  isliii),  arrived  at  Vokohania  Sejit.  'J,  1870.  Kin-yrh}).  Uril. 
(Am.  cd.),  xix.  HIi7. 


I 


•;'.»•_' 


INTKROCEAMC  COMMUNICATION'. 


K 


X" 


U 


I  NTKIUMKANIC   CoM.MCML'.VnoN. 


most 

traii.si 

Tlu 

tJio  lia 

<'st    |»<: 

( '<  nit/A 

iiortliv 

l>ay,  ai 

tin's    i.s 

Tcliuai 

At  on  (J 

i-stJiniui 

coalcos, 

"For  c 

♦  'hiiiiilaiKi. 

iS.in  Carlod, 

<'ulf  of  Ni, 

IJiito.     Mv 

Koiisecii. 

<-'aiinitf>;  i; 

•Siiii  Jilas,  ai 

<iiilf  of  S,, 

iMiguol.     1< 

Kclley's   1 1 

Honduras  t 

•>_f   Foiiseua 

Cliirimii  on 

^iy,  lloaloj 

i  oy.,  cliii.  I 

*A  survt 

other  like  d 

t'ranier,  afte 

might  join  tl 

l)etH'euu  the 

isthmus,  and 

showed  that 

1 842-3  a  sur' 

><iul  otliers, 

Coatzacoalcoi 

shown  to  be 

iiiit  kvfl,  an 

:is  pnicticahU 

put  ini)o,sses> 

iiiatic  oonipli. 

•■"nipany.     F 

^'ollL\  Aiiimlr. 

'!!>;  HcHinnh 

I'rni'.  ChliijHi, 

I ''■!/■,  Ord.  y  L 

■'/('.'•.  Mem.  S( 

II.  3(!2;  iv.  211 

A«e.  lie  Geo(j., 


TKIIIANIKI'KC   ISTHMUS. 


608 


most    favomldu  oomlitioHS   for  u   fbrnd   or  artiliciiil 
triiiisit.'* 

Tlu'  lircjultli  of  tlio  isthmus  of  Tohiiiiiiti^ix'c  ht'twccii 
tlie  b.'ivs  of  ( 'am|>c('lM^  and  'rc'liuantcjjfc  at  i\]c  iiuitow- 
cst  |>oiiit  is    l.')0  miles.     It  is  <liaiiu(l  l»y  tlie  livers 


(t 


Coatzacoalcos  and  Teinuiiite|»ec,  i\\v,  formei'  runiiiii 
nortiiward,  discliarniiiL''  its  waters  into  tlie  first-named 
Imy,  and  extendinL(  over  three  I'onrths  of  tin;  width  of 
this  isthmus;  the  latter  ilowin^'  into  the  hay  of 
Tehuantepec.  There  are  s(!veral  lakes  and  lai^oons. 
At  ono  time  it  was  proposed  to  cut  a<'anal  across  tliis 
isthnuis,  and  to  im[)rovc  tlic  navigation  of  the  (*oatza- 
coalcos,  to  which  end  surveys  were  nuule.^     But  no 

*For  c<auiil:  I.  Tuliuaiitepec,  connecting  tlio  rivers  Coatzacoalcos  ami 
Chiniilapa.  II.  llomluras.  III.  River  San  Juan  dii  Nicara>,'ii:i :  .'{.  Kivcr 
San  Carlos,  (Julf  of  Nicoya.  Nicaragua  Lake:  4.  Ilivers  Nifio  and  'reniitiMi(ni', 
(iulf  of  Nicoya;  5.  River  Sapoa,  Bay  of  Salinius;  (>.  San  .luan  del  Sur;  7.  I'oit 
ISrito.  Managua  Lake:  8.  River  Taniarindo;  9.  Port  Realcjo;  ]().  Hay  of 
Fonscca.  IV.  Panama:  River  Chagres:  11.  (rorgona,  Panani.-i;  12.  Trinidad, 
Cainiito;  lU.  Navy  Bay,  Rivera  Chagrea,  Bonito  and  Bernardo;  14.  <!idf  of 
San  Bias,  and  River  Chepo.  V.  Darien:  1.").  Bay  of  Caledonia,  Port  Escoces, 
Culf  of  San  Miguel;  IG.  Rivers  Arguia,  Paya,  and  Tuyra,  (rulf  of  San 
Miguel.  River  Atrato:  17.  River  Napipi,  Bay  of  Cupica;  18.  River  Uruando, 
Kelley's  Inlet.  Ovi'rlaud.  1st.  Coatzacoalcos,  Tehuantepec;  '2d.  Bay  of 
Honduras  to  Bay  of  Fonseca;  lid.  River  San  Juan,  Nicaragua,  Managua,  Bay 
of  Fonseca;  4tli.  Port  Liniou  to  Caldera,  Costa  Rica;  utli.  Laguna  de 
Cliiriiiui  on  (Jolfo  Dulce;  (Uli.  Colon,  Corgona,  anil  I'anania;  7th.  (Jorgoti 
Biiy,  Realejo;  8th.  (Jorgou  Bay  and  San  Juan  del  Sur.  A'onv,  AumiliH  (Its 
Vol/.,  cliii.  y-10;  DavW  liq)f,  20. 

"A  survey  made  in  1715  was  sent  to  the  secret  archives  of  Madrid,  where 
other  like  documents  lie  hiildeu.  In  1774  the  Spanish  otiicers  Corral  and 
Cramer,  after  inspecting  the  route  reported  that  a  canal  of  aliont  eiglit  leagues 
might  join  the  Chimalapa  and  Malpiiso  rivers,  and  establish  a  conimunii^ation 
hetween  the  two  streams.  The  Spanish  general  Orbegoso  in  1821  explored  this 
isthmus,  and  formed  a  map,  which  was  imt  publisliud  till  ISH'J.  In  1S2.">  he 
showed  that  it  was  not  easy  to  carry  a  tlirough-caual  across  Tehuantepec.  In 
1842-3  a  survey  was  made  under  tiie  auspices  of  .Jose  de  (laruy  by  C.  .Moro 
and  otliers,  to  determine  the  practicability  of  a  ship  canal  by  way  of  tiie 
Coatzacoalcos  to  the  gulf  of  Tehuantepec.  The  objections  to  tlie  route  were 
sliowu  to  be  the  expense  of  cutting,  tiie  uncertainty  of  water  upon  the  sum- 
mit level,  and  inadeijuate  ports  at  tlie  termini,  (laray,  however,  announced 
;is  practical>le  a  canal  of  the  same  size  as  the  Caledonia,  in  Sidtland,  and  was 
put  in  possession  of  lands,  etc. ;  but  nothing  came  of  the  transaction  but  diplo- 
iiiatie  complications  resulting  from  (iaruy  s  transfer  of  his  grant  to  a  forcij'U 
company.  Finally,  the  Mexican  congress  in  1S,")1  declared  tlie  grant  forteited. 
Xtmv.  AunalcH  de-i  Toy.,  ci.,  iii.,  8-!t;  Diiflot  tie  Mo/nt-i,  L'.q^hr.  t/c  iOrn/oii, 
Hit;  IltitlitirtU,  C'cid.Aiii.,  183-4,  188-9;  Oi/'Ms,  Diiirio,  ISV.i,  xix.  ;{92;  AW//r.s 
I'rnr.  Vhiti'ptt,  70;  Cherali,,;  Ptiii.,  Gl-2;  Mt.r.  Cot.  Dcf.    i/<'>rtL,  11.");  /./.,  Col. 

JiunltiiiitiDli',  Mtil.  Piii-llir,  MS.,  ii.,  siii)lem.  15; 
Mt'.r.,  'u.  lit!;  J'l.,   //;-■'.   ./"/";'", 


hii/.,  Vrtl.  y  Uec,  ni.  Ji;{-ll; 
.!/(•,/•.  Mem.  Sec.  Rd.,  47-8;  /.' 


tni-ii, 


(i'i^Ik'i 


ii.  H(i2;  iv.  211,  22."),  2.%;  /)nlil,„i  and  Ltr.n 


'.'/'•-■ 


/.  .Wij.,  i.  7:!8-9;  iDstiUdo 


Xuc.  tic  Oeoij.,  Bol.  No.  1,  :J0-43,  with  map  and  prolile;    U'liril'i  .l/c./.,  i.  311 


<HM 


INTK'UH'KANU'   ('<»MMl  Nl(  A  llON 


action  Imviiit;-  luu-ii  taken  (i)\vai«l  «-oMs|iuctini;  a  can;!! 
by  tlu'  partit's  t«»  whom  iVaiirliiscs  liati  Ixrii  ii;i\<ii.  Ilu- 
.sclioiuc  ol'  a.  raili'oad  an-oss  this  soflioii  lias  Itrcn  also 
r(»Mt(Mii|>lati'(l.'"  and  tiiially  a  ;iaiit.  was  iiiadc  to  ,)anus 
l>.  Mads,  to  const I'Ui't  a  shij*  railway  hctwrcn  the  two 
jjjulls.  «'a|>ahh' ol' lia\iM;4  traiis|tortt>d  oxt-ril  th»>  larmsl, 
ships  with  their  i-afO()cs."  'V\\c  schemo  has  hmi  dc 
i'larod  hy  I'lails.aiid  hy  ot hci' »'noiMr«>is  ol' hii;h  rtputr 
ill  I'iUrope  and  Apinica,  to  ho  j»rarti«'ahh'.  His(>p|io 
HtMits  (h>iidt>  it.  I  lo  applifd,  without.  suc»tss,  to  thi' 
Ihiitt"*!  Stat«"s  oovtM'iuiicnt.  I'of  assistaiifc' ' 


TI 


lo  idea  ol    uiiitin<>"  th»'   two  oct-aiis,  l>\   iikjims  ol'  a 


d 


,11 


N^ 


ninal  a«'i*oss  Um-  isihimis  ol  A  u'araL;ua.  o«tii|>hmI  llic 
ntt»>Mti«»M  o\'  tht>  Sp.iJ'.ish  t'ou't  I'lom.  a  \«  ry  early  day 
ariof  tlu'  roiHiiU'st.  io  the  last,  yi-aivs  of  its  orciipation 
o\'    tlu>   I'oimtry.'''      Siiu-o    the    separation    iA'   ('ential 


/,.,.?■>•  /• 


\ir.  iiiiif  Tihiii}!!.,  (>    I'J;    /I'lii 


.1/. 


I    1(»S;  <; 


lllll/,     I'llfllt,/! 


I    'JS;   lit,  Siir  !-ii  Ist/i.    I'thihni.,;\    ISS;    ,»/,i/.t;i).   Xotii:  l/isf.,  :\\    ('.;    1<I.,  .{)<ii„/ 
lli.<t.,    V2   l:i:    .\l,:v.   Mnii.  S,,:  (.'i/r;ni.    IS.V.',    1«»  •.'•-':   /./..     M-iii.  tnsfni,:  ,/,    l.y. 


(/r»ri7/(W,   cti'.,   ill    .1/t 


i'»iM)»    r  iiiiinr^r  r,   no. 


I.  I  :i'.t.    Ill  IS.-.0  I 


t'OlllltllSSIHII 


Ii.m.I.mI  l.v    Mmi.    Ri 


.1.  I'.  S.  I 


iii;iiii'<'r.s,  .siiiA  i\  I'll    I  111'   I'niit 


\vlii>  rcpoili'il  it  to  jiosscss  lull  littli>  '  tiuTils  as  !i  |ir:n'l  u-aMi'  lino  lor  llu'  ion 
Btrui'tiouol  a  sliip  canal.'  !hiri.i'  Itrpnif,  ;">  (i.  In  I.Siiil  olliii  tm  of  tlio  l'.  S 
irvi'Vi'il   llio   lonto,   .aiiil    niailo  a    IivoimIiIo   ro|iorl.      In    \S!{)  l'a|it.    1\,    W  . 


SliiitlVMt.  of  tlio  I'.  S.  nav\,  niailo  .uioll 


iirxov,  wliiili  I'onliinuil  tlir  tuii 


I'lllSIOIIS    of     till'     ll 


'.It 


U'S     CMS 


tl'll. 


Mill 


to  Mu'cllcct    tint    no  c\tiaorilln,irv  cnjAiiiciTinn  ililli 
icii'iit  water  coiilil   lie   li.iil    from   rivers  in   tlic   Siciii 


Mailro  to  siipiily  llic  ca 


ll.      Tl 


ic  route  lu'ijiiis  alum 


t  ItO  niili'saliovo  tin-  iiieiilh 


«if  tlie  <"oat.'ai'o,\leos.  ami  jiflcr  Iravcrsiiii;  a   loiiji  ilislancc,  risc.H  to  .'i 


nliont    (>.''()  ft,  then  ile.-ccinls  to  tlu>  la- 


the  r 


icilie,  a  tot.ii   ilist.iiii 


I'Jt)    miles.       Tlie   i!i.>l.iiiec    from    New   Oile.ins   to    lloiijikoii);  woiili;    he  .S.'.'l, 
lilcs   less  th.in  l>y  rajie  Horn,  aiul  l.o.S.S  less  than   hv  >vay  of   ranaiiia.    .1    - 


(V/o)'..  iii-  '•'•'<>:    .U.I,', 


>liili 


i}'ii>;t.  Hist.,  i:t  i; 


(if  tlu<   MiAica 


n  congress. 


th 


inlract   of  the   .\iiicriiMi 


coiniiany  was  ileelareil  voiil   in  iK't.   ISS'J,  ainl  soon  after  the  yovt    made  an 
arraiijicineiit   to  li.ivc  the  road   luiilt    ;mi  its  own  aeci-uiii.    In'.,    I  r^i'i/Aw,  .s'e.' 
i/fuV.,  7    10;  .s".  /'.  <■.(//,  1>>I.  ■>,  IS.s-.';    .h'-.v.,  /»-.rWi >(>«,•.,  Oct.  10,  17,  IS,  -Jtl, 

Mr.,-.,  ni.irio  n<Ui/>.i.  null  I'olij;.,  i.  'J7;i    I'.KtO,  iiassim.;    /,/,.  /•.'/    \,>ti,-i,>s,; 


A, 
l.s.s-j 


Nov.  'J'.l,    ISSt):    /  ; 


/. 


.//. 


xwvi.  :>Jt»    »;   /./..   I>i<:ii,>  (II 


Ami.  10. 


I.-S-J;    M 


i.r  II  r  iiiiiiiri'  I 


.  Dee.  I.t,  -JO,  '.'7,  I.S.SI;  .111'.    Il>,  -Jl,   I.S.S,-, 


'5 "he   M.'Mc  in  uovt  );iiaraiitee>l  in  I.S,S,"(  one  aii.l  a  (|ii.irter  iiiillion 


]>'■,■  ,'iiuuim  for  l."i  jears.    /'.i/j.  Sfiir  iiinf  tlir.1,1,  .l.iii.   Ill,   l.SSii 


'(!ov.  Pcilrariis  P,i\ili   h.ii'  tl 


lllet  of    l.tUes  N 


.lis 
fal 


•ll.     Mi 


ii'ar.i^iia  ami 


M 


iiiacu.i 


IS  ol'ieeis  I.Ateaiul  Uoj.is  l.ivorc.l  thc|M,iiiol  a  canal  roiii 


ml  tin 


it    the  .S.m  .Ml. in,  ;iiul  auollier  on 


the    r.ieilie   sh 


•rii 


c  |iro|cct.  on 


jiieil   (lie  court   and  colony  for  many  years,    lliinnt,  iv.,   iii.,  ii.;  ('int.    .\i 
i:itr,ii-/os  SikIIoi,    in  Si/iih-r'.i    .!/.">'.,    Wli.    M.S;    /■';•../«/,    .III".  .1/;).,    i.    Ill,   •-111. 
'The  plan  not   only  cii;;,iv;i  d   the  Si>'.,ii,irils  Inil    the    Krciicli  and    I'lmjlish,  the 
latter  contenililaliin;   the  coiii|Hc  .1  of   tlie  coiilil  r\ .      'The  royal  engineer  Mm 
lU'l  (Jalistco  ill  i7!^li  thi'  [lysleni  of  locks  liciiij;  littlo  known  then,  declared  th.' 


w 


M.> 


GOG 


IXTEllOCEANR'  fOMMUN ICATIOX. 


This  arraugoinciit  ga^c  rise  to  coiii[)llcations  witli 
Groat  Britain,  wliicli  were  finally  .settled  by  the  Clay- 
tou-Jiulwer  treaty  to  perpetually  o-uarantec  the  neu- 
trality of  the  eaual  to  he  eonstrueted.  The  eoutractors 
tailed  to  carry  out  their  agreement  as  regarded  the 
eonstruetion  of  a  eanal,  hut  estahlished  the  Aeeessoiy 
Transit  Company,  and  hy  means  of  steauKn-s  on  tluj 
two  oeeans,  and  on  the  river  San  Juan  and  J^akc^ 
Xii-aragua,  risndered  valuahlc^  service  in  the  transpoi-^ 
tation  of  passengei's.  The  matter  was  given  in  detiiil, 
in  connection  with  the  relations  of  that  company  with 
the  Nicaraguan  government,  including  its  history 
from  the  date  of  the  foundation  till  18(ii),  when  it 
ceased  to  exist.  However,  their  engineer,  ().  Cliilds, 
made  a  survey  of  the  route  for  a  cj.nal  in  1851,  and 
reconuneuded  one  from  the  mouth  of  Lajas  River 
to  Port  Brito,  traversiny"  the  .Rio  (Jrande  Vallev.'' 
Since  that  time  many  schemes  have  been  contem- 
plated, and  contracts  entered  into,  but  none  of  them 
have  ijiven  the  desired  result/" 

I  have  yet  to  mention  Pirn's  scheme,  advanced  in 
1 80;],  of  building  a  railway  from  Punta  Mioo  on  the; 

'■'This  survey  was  considerutl  reliablu.  English  engineers  jironoiiiieiMl 
Ikito  'unworthy  of  this  groat  ship  navigation.'  J)iiris  lieyort,  G-7. 

"'S.  JJiiyley  in  IS.VJ  proposed  a  route  from  La  N'irgeu  to  San  Juan  del  Sur, 
nearly  foUowinif  that  of  the  Transit  Co.  without  passing  through  the  vdley  of 
the  Lajas,  wliioli  Baily  reeonuuended  in  IH-W.  In  \S7V.\  E.  (1.  Sqnier  tiiid  to 
revive  Ki'lelier's  plan  of  utilizing  both  l;>kes,  and  reaeiiiug  Fonseea  li;iy 
tlirough  tlie  Conejo  Valley  and  the  Ivstero  Real.  Siguier's  jiroposed  Honduras 
railway  also  was  to  reach  that  bay;  audit  is  (juito  ])(issil)le  that  hoeouleiu- 
plated  couneetiug  tlie  two  works.  Felix  IJelly,  for  Jielly,  Milliud,  and  Com- 
pany, in  a  contract  of  M:iy  18."iS  with  the  Nicaraguan  govei'iiuient,  pu/posed 
carrying'  into  execution  Oisted's  pro[)ositieii;  but  after  .several  years  waiting 
without  IJi  Uy  or  his  assigns,  the  International  C  anal  Co.,  aceoniplishiug  any- 
thini;,  or  otlcring  better  prospects  for  the  future,  il\e  government,  in  18118, 
<leclarcd  his  contract  forfeited,  and  entered  into  anotlier  with  Michel  Cheva- 
lier, fro-.u  which  better  expectations  Avcre  entcrtaiiu'd;  ))ut  tiicy  were  (KstMiid 
not  to  b,?  realized.  Chevalier  re(|uircd,  as  a  condition  sine  qua  non,  tliat  tlie 
contrM'.'t  should  be  ratilied  by  the  Costa  Uican  congress.  Tiiis  took  jilace  a 
year  later,  and  then  canu;  the  war  between  Franco  and  Prussia,  and  "''icara- 
una's  last  ellort,  like  all  former  ones,  was  frustrated.  IhUii,  Xir..  i.  ;>.  "lO, 
170-L  ItJl-G;  ii.  l-Ki,  •27-:!il,  r.lMtU;  LI.,  ('■uic  (i;/inlr.'<,  I'.I-'JT,  4iM)l;  Mr. 
CiUial  dc,  l-'Jl;  Col.  Dec.  i/  Ariirnlo^,  bSti.S,  'M  40,  118;  18t)'.»-70,  8-'j:{j  J'im'.-; 
a^iti:  of  Ihv  r,i,:,  1-14,  58,  IKi-.'U,  '2'2\--M\,  ;{'-"-'  70,  '.m-.  .Mr.,  (l,„;l<t,  dan.  7, 
Apr.  8,  18(15;  Marcii'.'O,  Apr.  17,  18(1'.);  Iil.,  /n/nniir  Srr.  ILL,  18(10,  8-0;  A/., 
a/.,  Ilai-iindit,  18G0,  ;<-5;  MaixoUta,  Miii.  AVc,  1-.'W;  Huiit\f  ilnrch.  Ma,).,  Iv. 
;il-4S;  hi.  »2-l. 


ACROSS   MOSQUITIA. 


tiDT 


Atlantic  to  San  Miufuolito,  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
the  lake,  traversinjjf  !M\)s<iiiitia.  A  coniiKUiy  was 
formed,  but  tlic  project  was  soon  found  to  be  ini])rae- 
tieable,'' 

Nt)  eti'orts  liave  been  spared  ever  since  i)y  Xica- 
ra^'ua  and  American  citizens  to  ))ring  about  tlic  ac- 
eompHshment  of  tlie  lon«j;-expected  canal,  under  the 
inijiression  that  it  is  tlie  most  <lesirable,  feasible,  and 
least  expensive  I'oute.  The  assistance  of  tlie  Tnited 
States  o'overmncnt  has  l)een  solicited,  an<l  tn-aties 
made  to  aflbrd  facilities,  but  the  American  congress 
has  thus  far  i(>fuseil  to  do  anytlup.j;',  except  send  com- 
missions to  i>x[)lore  the  several  lines,  and  their  re- 
ports seem  to  be  favorable.  ^^     The  last  treaty  concluded 

"Xic,  OucfUt,  Dec.  I'J,  24,  1S(;3:  Nov.  0,  1807. 

'"The  exploration  l)y  Com.  ]ju11,  of  tlie  f.  S.  ii:ivy,  estaltlisheil  the  ex- 
istence of  a  praeticahle  route  for  a  luiial  with  Lai<e  Nicaragua  as  its  suiiimit 
level,  107  ft  at)ovo  iiieau  title.  It  wa.s  proposed  to  eoiinect  the  lake  with  tiie 
Paeitic  hy  a  canal  \(\.'.\  miles  in  length,  from  the  month  of  the  Medio  Uiver 
to  I'ort  Urito.  The  lirst  7..">  miles  would  riijuire  an  excavation  averaging  M 
ft  in  dejtUi,  which  woidd  he  the  most  costly  p.iit  of  the  work.  The  plan  calls 
for  ten  locks,  and  one  tidedock  between  the  lake  and  the  .sea.     The  lake  iiavi 


cation  i.s  of  fHl  miles.     The  i-ivcrSan.li 


III 


imp 


four  dams;  liamily,  at  the  rapids  of  Castillo,  ]{.da.s,  and  ,Macl 


iroveil  l)V  means  o 


,f 


nn  M.  am 


1  at  th 


mouth  of  the  San  Carlos  Rivi 


all  of 


w  Inch  lilaet 


are  snitalilr  i^r  dams. 


short  si'ction  of  canal  with  one  lock  would  he  needed  t<i 


th 


upper  three  <lams. 


get  ai 


id 


From  the  fourth  dam  to  San  .Juan  del  .Norte, 


dependent  canal  41.4  miles  long  with  7  locks  must  he  constructed,  \\  hich  pri  - 
aunts  no  ap[iarent  engineering  dilliculty.     The  total  length  of  the  canal  woidd 


be  (>1, 


t  nulcs 


No  tunnellini'  needed. 


harbor  of   San.liiau  del  Norte 


list  he  dredged,  and  otherwise  improved,  to  insure  that  no  water  hut  tiiat  of 


the  canal  shall  run  into  the  harbor. 


rtl 


ireakwaters  inn 


<t  be  1 


uilt  to  jiro- 


tcct  the  entrances  from  the  surf.  Lake  Nicaragua  with  a  surface  of  'J, 700 
miles,  and  a  draimeje  area  of  8, (KM)  stj.  miles,  will  siipjily  'M  times  tin-  maxi- 
nnini  jiossible  de  iiaml  of  v.Mt'r.  Tlie  depth  (jf  watr  would  be  'JO  ft;  the 
width  at  bottoii  7-  ft,  and  at  surface  l.")0  ft.  'I'lu'  locks,  'Jl  in  nnndier,  with 
a  lift  of  from  8  to  10  ft,  would  be  4t»0  ft  long,  7-  ft  wiile.  The  cost  was  esti- 
mated at  about  eighty  million  dollars.  /.".  .V.  (lor.  Doc,  Sni.  Jmir.,  OUi,  <  ong. 
41.  Se.ss.  'J;  Id.,  H.  Kx.  Doe.,  Cong.  4'J,  Se.ss.  •_>,  i.  no.  i,  pt.  I,  (uO-S;  Id.,  Id., 
;{d  Sess.,  i.  p.  1(10,  4(i'_'  5;  A/.,  .Sir.  A '(/•//  i,'i]}/,  Cong.  4;{,  Se.ss.  1,  ji.  10  lli; 
J</.,  Nic.  ShipCanal  Koute,  ( 'ong.  4;?,  Sess.  ] ;  Ln-i/,  Xir.,  4'_*8-40:  ^'l'•.,  l,\irri.,, 
Aug.  'JO,  'J7,  Oct.  •2-2,  l>ec.  L^,  IS7(l;  Oct.  'Jl,  1871;  .Ian.  II,  I'eb.  "JJ,  .lidy  !J, 
I87';{:  Mardi'Ji,  ,111110(1.  Nov.  •J8,  1S74;  A/.,  Mriii.  Sn:  J,'<1.,  Ks7l,  10   Id,  J'.l 


.'{'.);    187."),  xiii.-MV. ;     87!),  xxvii. 
A/.,  Iiil'oniiv  Sir.  111..,  187'J, 
ItiL,  1884.  (1.  8,  !);  / 
14,   I88:{;    A,f  FMrilh,  ilr  J'lin. 


<;,n/ 1  A'.,  <\)i.  1.1 1 


I7-.'U.   180 


;   1877,  "J;    I S.S."),  4-t>,  47-^)4;  <;ii,i/.,  .]l,„i.Sir. 
'an.  (  iimil,  .March  ."),  I.S8;{;   hi.,  Stnr  iiinl  //i  nili/,  Feb.  I'J, 


.Ian.  1.").  ISV);  h'Ki 


llii/i  iiiilllii-o,   Marrli  4.   18,S4. 


It  has  been  asserted  that  formiilable<ibstacles  exist  toa  jiermain  iit  detp-water 
entrance  at  San  .luaii  di  1  Norte,  owiiiy  to  saml  and  other  detritus  carried  into 
it  by  the  San  Juan  River,  rendering  it  shallow  and  ilanguroua.  OUIjoni'ii  Isth. 


Di 


■irkii,  8-11. 


698 


INTEROCEANIC  COMMUNICATION 


between  the  two  ^overmiieuts  with  reference  to  a  canul 
was  rejected  hy  tlie  Ignited  States  senate.  The  last 
survey  umde  under  the  auspices  of  the  American  gov- 
ernment was  tluit  of  Euiiiiieer  !Menocal,  of  the  United 
States  navy,  who,  with  other  officers,  visited  Nieara- 
lyfua  in  January  1885.  His  report  was  presented  in 
November  of  tiiat  year.  The  plan  of  this  connnission 
had  been  at  first  to  convert  the  river  San  Juan  al)ove 
its  junction  with  tlu;  Sarapiqui  into  an  extension  of  tin; 
lake  by  constructinsj:  a  dam  74  feet  hii>h,  but  it  was 
f;)und  imi)racticai)le.  Tlie  ])roposed  route  extends 
from  San  Juan  del  Norte  to  Jirito.  The  total  longtli 
is  1G1>.8  miles,  of  which  38.98  miles  will  be  excavated 
canal,  and  130.82  navigation  by  Lake  Nicaragua,  tlie 
river  San  Juan,  the  basin  of  the  river  San  Francisco, 
and  seven  locks.  Lake  Nicaragua  will  be  connected 
with  tlie  Pacific  by  a  canal,  and  with  the  Atlantic  by 
slackwater  navigation  in  the  river  San  Juan,  by  a  short 
section  of  canal  from  the  San  Juan  to  the  basin  of  the 
San  Francisco,  by  navigation  through  this  basin,  and 
by  a  canal  thence  to  the  Caribbean  Sea.  The  route 
has  been  divided  into  three  divisions,  the  Avestern, 
eastern,  and  middle.^''  The  cost  was  carefully  csti- 
mated,  including  a  contingent  of  25  per  cent,  at  80-1,- 
043,097.  De  Lesseps  is  of  o[)inion,  however,  that  a 
canal  with  h^cks  would  be  inadequate  to  pass  the  tratlic 
that  will  frequent  it,  and  would  suiier  I'rom  uncertainty 
of  sufficient  water  to  supply  the  lockage  and  eva])o- 
ration."" 

One  of  the  four  routes  suggested  by  Antonio  Galvao 


'" Tlu!  report  of  conrso  jiivcs  in  iniiiutc  detail  the  engineering  features  of 
tlie  three  divisions.  The  jiroposed  hick.s  li;ive  a  uniform  li'iiytli  of  (i.")()  ft  he- 
twei'ii  gates,  and  at  k'ast  ().">  It  of  width.  Tlie  eaiial  i.^  to  liave  a  dejith  of  U'!S 
or  'M  ft.  It  i-!  uiitiei|)ate<l  that  .i  sliiji  ean  pass  fro:ii  San  .luau  to  Brito  in  .'<(> 
liours.  Thirty-two  vessels  ean  pass  tlie  eaii.il  in  a  day.  Exeelleiit-  ;i;,tieri.il  * 
for  eonstruction  are  at  hand.  /*'(;/.  lifur  oiid  Jlcruld,  Dec.  a,  188;'i,  and  San 
Kranciseo  newspapers. 

'^'Tliis  latter  olijeetion  seems  to  ho  ilisjirovcd  liy  the  rescareiies  of  the 
Anieriean  engineeiM.  Hut  the  great  dilHeulty  still  remains  aliout  tlu!  estah- 
lishmeiit  and  fuUiro  mainteiia.tie.!  of  a  deep-water  entrance  to  the  canal  at  San 
Juau  del  Norte.  Eiiri/(ioi>.  Brit.  (Am.  ed. ),  iv.  "01. 


rs 


PANAMA   ISTHMUS. 


em 


to  tlie  king  of  Spain,  for  cutting  a  canal  to  join  tlie 
two  oceans,  was  t]ie  Isthmus  of  Panama."^  Soon  after 
New  (jiranada  tlirew  off  tlio  Spaniali  yoke,  sevei'al 
surveys  of  Pananiil  and  Daricn  were  made,  and  ean.d 
piojeets  rc-'commcnded;"-  two  of  them,  deemed  tlie 
most  important,  were  that  of  Lloyd's  to  l)uild  a  railroad 
from  Panama  or  La  Chorrera  to  the  Trinidad  Pivrr,  a 
tributary  of  the  C'hagn.'s;  and  that  of  a  sluiced  e;uud 
reconnnended  in  184'3  hy  Garella  and  ( 'ourtines,  who 

'•"  Thi:s  Isthmus  was  survcyeil  in  l.ViO  l)y  two  Flomish  ongiiu'vis, 'wIki  n:- 
ported  ailvt'rs(dy.  The  king  for  politic  i'inisous  would  not  liivo  tlie  .sulijcct 
montioned  again.  So  it  has  lii^en  Huid.  iJiijhit  i/i-  J/';/';'(M,  E.rplur.  <!<■  t'On-joii, 
i.  ]  lit.  The  section  Mas  repeatedly  I'Xjilored.  Jn  ]~i,'ii  2)ri'li.iiinary  woih  for 
a  ship  canal  was  done,  xmder  royal  onlcr,  liy  ( lov.  ( lania.  Tlic  (.'iiau'ris  River 
was  made  navigahle  to  Mhere  the  wa^'on  roail  hegm.  J^mi.  Ck/.,  m  Si/nicr'.^ 
MSS.,  xi,  l-(i;  Aii(l(i<ioi/<i,  Ccrtn  ul  Ji(i/.,in  Ii/.,  S;  Onriil i,  L<fli.  i/c  I'ri,.,  .■^■"); 
J)atiM  Binij.,  in  ('(ir/iis  do,  Iii'l.,  7(>l.  Various  sche Mies  v  re  hroaehcd  in  the 
ITtli  century,  meeting  with  jio  eneourageinent.  la  K'» '7  Lion  1  Wiif  i-\\as 
guide<l  hy  Mandinga  Indians  from  tlie  gulf  of  San  Mii'U,  1  to  C'oneepeioii  on 
the  Atlantic  siile.  W.  I'aterson,  fro:n  hi.s  settlement  at  Cal  (Ionia  Harlior, 
made  several  journeys  into  the  interior,  reeoniinemliug  it  to  his  eoni[)aiij'  for 
interoeeanio  trailic.  Ulloa  and  >Iorgc  Juan  explored  I'anaina  fur  a  route  in 
17;>0.  JiKiii  and  illlo<r  I'oi/.,  i.  94;  Fifz-Itu;/,  in  Loud.  0<  >j.  Si'-.,  Jmn:,  x\. 
170,  17>S;  Jit'ir/iiinit,  Cent.  Am.,  101-5.  A  road  was  opened  o:i  the  i.ith.  of 
Darien  hy  Oov.  Ariza  from  Puerto  Kscoees  to  Puerto  <1(1  Principe  (>n  tlie 
Saliana  River,  which  enters  tlie  I'aeilic.  Arh.i,  D'irh  ii,  W  '\,  11-12;  Dc.  I'lii/i/f. 
in  Linnl.  (I'Dj.  i^o'\,  Joiir.,  xxxviii.  CD;  Cidlni'n  Dnriiii,  l.^J-'J'J-';  I'uh'k  (I'l/c  of 
the  I'm:,  KS;!'-4;  Sr/icrzer,  tent.  Am.,  i.  248-9.  In  ISJO  C  ipt.  illi:i;;sworth  of 
the  Chilian  corvette  La  I'osii  (a)  Aiidr-i  liad  his  .shallop  drawn  across  tlu;  Cor- 
dillera, and  launched  in  the  Napii)i,  whence  it  prociede  1  to  (^lili  lo  or  (.'iterii, 
near  the  iniuith  of  tlie  Atrato,  where  it  was  found  in  1SJ4  hy  Coelirane,  w  ho 
in  exainining  Darien  for  u  canal  route  found  the  obstacles  almost  i;i  urmoiint- 
ahle.  Aiiii(dcs  d('!i  V'li/.,  eliii.  8,  'J'J,  3;!.  l>omingo  Lopez,  a  I'olomhi  in,  traeeil 
a  line  for  a  canal  hctweeii  Panama  and  I'ortoh,  Uo.  Amo'iinii  i,  Apiiii/,.i  IHkI., 
4.  Ill  lSli7,  C  Friend  of  tlie  British  navy  made  an  excursion  fro.ii  tlio  Iiink.s 
of  the  Atrato  to  the  lay  of  t'upica.  15ut  tlie  li.st  formal  e:qil!>ri!ion  was 
made,  siiortly  after  I'rieiid's  tour,  hy  I.loyd  of  I'les.  liulivar's  stall',  and  ('i[it. 
Falinar'',  a  I'wede  in  the  Coloiiihian  service,  under  IJolivar's  an  apices.  After 
completing  their  lahors  in  KS'J9,  they  declared  that  a  radway,  if  not  a  canal, 
was  feasihle  between  t  liagres  and  P  inania.  T!n'  notes  of  t'.ie  expidition  wero 
piihlished  in  J'/iilosujildrid  Tr  'if.,  for  lolH),  and  in  A  iivl  >ii  <!  "./.  Si'.,  Jmir.,  i. 
G9-1  ,)1 ;  t  l,tr:dii-i;  I'mi.,  1 1'_*  - 1  .i;  /!idl.  S  irht-  i ,',)/.,  xiv.  88,  o.i-WJ;  lh.i:„,\  /,'<  c., 
vi.  297-8;  Niiiir.  Aiiiiiili:^  (Av  Vo;/.,  xlviii.  :i8()-i;  <l  •.nWi,  J.fli.  tie  I'mi.,  8  9. 

--Thierry's  canal  project,  IS.to;  IJildle's  unrvey  for  a  ca  i.l,  18:;.i;  Morel, 
soon  after  Lloyd  a  isurvey^  in  loilu-S,  sou;;lit  a  canal  route  so  iiewhat  south  of 
the  line  from  C'hagrcs  to  I'aii.  ia  the  angle  lietweeii  the  riv.rs  (.".i  i/res  and 
Trinidad,  tinoiinh  VinoTinto  Lal;e.  In  a  hit.  r  .survey  lu;  k  jit  nu  re  to  the 
left;  Watts' exiilorations  i.i  I8.'!8;  Barin't's  survey  of  Llilriipii  in  1  i.-.>.  ^N'(/i.s' 
Iiij.,  xlviii.;  .[roxitiKiiii,  Krihiicii,  8-;»4;  riiir.rl,  Mi:c.  J\rjii-i-s,  no.  1,  Decrees 
li:{-17;  /'nil.  Star  mid  If'  ndd,  Oct.  4,  ISS'2;  Iiifii.x:  Cm  Uiind  Monrie  Hurt., 
2.'{-4;  ('/tiisdii'i;  P'tii.,  ]l7--'2;  Jiiriiff.iSiirr.,  in  (  liiriipii  /.r;».  Oi.  (''ill.;  /'an., 
Ciurtih  I-:/.,  Sept.  20,  1841;  O.  JJ.  WaU-i,  in  Am.  Ocoj.  and  St  it.,  Sue,  IJtdl.,  i. 
jjt.  iii.  U4-ti0. 


::|!:.J 


i\ 


700 


IXTKROCKANIC  COMMUNIfATION. 


htudiud  the  Isthmus  under  a  couuiiission  of  the  French 
govi-rnmcnt.      And  there  were  other  projects."^ 

Tlic  attention  of  the  United  States  government  was 
directed  to  tlic  siibji'ct  of  interoceanic  routes  as  early 
as  1825.  In  1 8;!5  the  executive  was  recjuested  hytlie 
senate  to  enter  into  nt;gotiations  M'itli  the  Central 
American  states  and  New  Granada,  conducive  to 
treaties  for  tlic  })rotection  of  Americans  who  might 
attempt  opening  the  communication  between  the  two 
oceans.  A  treaty  was  made  by  tlie  United  States 
with  Xew  Granada  on  the  r2th  of  December,  184(i, 
under  which  the  latter  guaranteed  to  the  fornu-r  "the 
rio'ht  of  wav  or  transit  across  the  Isthmus  of  Pananui, 
u[)on  any  modes  of  conununication  that  now  exist,  or 
that  may  be  hereafter  constructed."  The  United 
States  government  on  its  part  guaranteed  to  Xew 
Granada  the  neutrality  of  the  Isthmus,  and  the  rights 


-' Garella's  canal,  Ixgiuning  at  Liniou  Bay,  vas  topus^  iukUt  the  Almg- 
aycgua  ridge  by  means  nf  a  tunnfl  iL't)  ft  high  and  17,.'{'.M  ft  long,  to  the  hay 
of  Vaca  del  Monte,  1-  miles  west  of  Panama.  The  route  follows  the  IJoinar- 
diiio  and  Caimito  valleys  on  the  southern  slope,  and  those  of  (^>uel)rado  anil 
Chagrcs  on  the  northern.  The  highest  elevation  4.V,)  feet  ahove  the  sea  kvi  1, 
the  mountain  being  tunnelled  324  feet  S)  in.  helow  its  highest  point;  so  that 
the  canal  would  at  the  summit  be  Kio  feet  above  the  sea,  and  recpiire  3.5  locks. 
Lloyd,  acting  for  the  British  government,  arrived  at  the  same  conclusions. 
Oari'lUu  Pnijct  (fun  canal,  ll-li)4,  2.'>0;  Xoui:  Ann.  </(w  To//.,  cvi.  3G-40;  [f.  S. 
G(w.  /Joe,  11.  Com.  Ri'pt,  14."),  p.  70-7,  500-71,  Cong.  30,  Seas.  2;  Aroscmina, 
Exdinen,  5-0,  11.  Hellert,  in  1S44-.5,  explored  the  Darien  from  Kio  Paya  to 
the  Atrato.  W.  B.  Liot,  of  the  Brit,  navy,  proposed  in  1845  a  maeadamized 
road,  or  a  railroad  from  Portobcllo  to  Panaina.  Capt.  Kellet,  bein^j;  informed 
by  Indians  that  the  Xapipi  lUver,  a  tributary  of  the  Atiato,  approached  very 
closely  to  the  bay  of  Cupica,  crossed  on  foot  in  KS47  till  he  reached  a  river 
wiiieh  was  supposed  to  flow  into  the  Atlantic.  Cullen  claimed  to  have  crossed 
the  Darien.  In  1S4',)  he  found  the  Sabaua  River,  ascend.'il  it,  crossed  from 
Cauasas  to  the  sea-slioro  at  I'ort  Kscoces  and  returned.  Jn  ISJO  and  1S.")1  he 
crossed  several  times  alone  by  ditl'erent  routes  from  the  Sabana  to  Kscoci'. , 
convinced  thut  this  must  be  the  future  route  for  ships.  Hero  are  the  requi- 
site secure  harl)ors;  the  liiyliest  elevation  of  the  valleys  through  the  rid;;t's  is 
not  over  l.'O  feet,  \\hich  is  lower  than  any  level  as  yet  found;  locks  and  tun- 
nel might  be  avoided;  the  canal  need  be  only  2(>  or  27  miles  long,  two  miles 
tlirougli  hard  rocli.  I'niortunately,  C\dlen  gave  no  notes  or  measurements  to 
prove  this.  ('apt.  Fitz-Roy,  of  the  Britisli  navy,  publishe<l  a  memoir  on  a 
connniinic'itioii  l)etween  the  Atrato,  by  way  of  its  tributary  tlie  Nai)ipi  or 
Naipi,  and  Cu[)ica  Bay.  (ireill',  ti  Swedish  engineer,  contirined  his  observa- 
tions.  In  1S.")((-1  Cluvalier  explored  tlie  Isthmus  for  information  on  inter- 
oceanic nuites.  C  S.  CuiiM  Sid-nii,  ISliS,  2t')l)-7;  List's  Pan..  ('^'.,  ]>.  iii.;  'V"'- 
liiann's  Vai/.,  i.  220;  Davi'^'  Jfijif.  lt-14,  and  several  ma]is;  i'lillcn's  /t/li.  ])ariin 
Ship  Canal,  2tl  ed.,  10;  Annalts  </<•'!  To//.,  cliii.  23;  C/ivralifi;  in.Voc  d'avj.  Bull., 
ser.  iv.,  torn,  iv.,  no,  11>,  pp.  30-70. 


PANAMA    KAILWAV, 


7(tl 


of  soveroio-iitv  and  property  over  its  territory,"'  At 
last  an  Aiiieri'-aii  (•niiipiiny,  l>('iii»_;'  sfimulatid  by  the 
great  tiJitfic  acioss  the  Isthiiuis,  took  up  the  niatti'r  of 
a  niilwjiv."' 

The  teriniiii  resolveil  on  weri;  Cohm  on  the  Athiii- 
tie,  and  ou  tlie  Pacific,  a  little  to  the  eastward  of  the 
city  of  J  VmaiMii,  (piito  clear  of  the  suhiirhs.  The  Avork 
\vas  hcMun  ill  Jiuiuary  1850.  and  liiiished  on  the  "Jbtli 
of  January,  ISf).").  Its  total  length  is  47  miles,  ;!,0-J0 
fei't.  The  line  is  a  single  one,  hut  has  tour  very  coiii- 
inodious  sidings;  namely,  (jiatuu,  7^  miles  from  C'ok)n; 
one  near  Bnrhacoas,  22  miles;  one  at  ^ratachin,  :\0 
miles;  and  one  at  the  summit,  .".7  miles.  Diero 
are  stations  at  every  four  miles.  The  undertak- 
ing  was  a  bold  one,  and  was  successfully  carried 
out  under  the  able  and  energetic  su})erintendence  of 
George   M.    Totten.""     Tlie  actual   cost,  as   \>vv  coii- 


1 


^'Tlie  U.  S.  lunl  tlui  country  HiU'veycMl  in  lS;i.'i-4  lit^twecu  tin;  Cliagrus  ami 
I'iiiiiiiiKi.  F(.irli<iin>,  in  Uiiital.  Si  n\  Jour.,  \S'.V1,  pt  ii.  'JOT-'t:  I'.  S.  (lar.  Dar., 
4  Ex.  Doc.  'J'JS,  Aol.  iv.,  C'liiiL'.  '1'),  Sfs.s.  'J;  Id.,  Iil.  77,  vol.  iv.,  ('mig.  2S,  Scss. 
1;  /(/.,  U.  S.  Oiiiiiii.  Ili'p.  11.".,  ]..  ;{,  'JiM-.-W.',  Coil','.  :«),  Scss.  •_>;  I'nl,.  Trr.f 
tii'.-<,   \S~~t,   p.   r).")S;  Xii\,  U'irita,  Xiiv.    IS,   1.S48;  \ili.s'  Hi'ij.,  i.    440;    Tm-krr'.-i 


Mou 


]>n 


4:{-4. 


'-'The  pai'tios  forming  tho  company  wtru  AVilliani  H.  Aspinwall,  Jlcnry 
Chaunciy,  and  .Toliu  L.  Stephens,  all  of  New  York,  vhoon  the  ijth  of  Ajiril, 
18.")0,  inailc  a  contract  witli  the  New  (Jranudan  government,  liimling  them- 
selves to  construct  Mithin  a  given  time  a  railway  lietweeu  ;i  point  on  the 
Atlantic  ami  Panama,  for  tlie  transportation  of  travellers,  cattle,  nierehau- 


uise,  etc 


mler  a  iixed  tariff  of  rates. 


<irenadan  citizens.     It  is  not  necessary  to  .state  here  all  the  te 


t  ertam  advantages  were  allowt' 

.f  th 


d  Nt 


tract.      It 


was 


to  1. 
tl 


fn 


was  to  receive  three  per  centum  ot  the  net  prohts 


•cc  4".t  years,  an 
'f  th 


d  th 


le   rsew  (iranadan  government 


It 


siu>se(piently  recetvi 


:d 


!*ll),(UH)  a  year  additional  on  the  mails.      Passengers,  merchandise,  and  evcry- 


th 


inig  else  passnig  in  transitu  over  tin;  rai 


posts.     The  contract  was  amei 

th^ 

ornmeiit  one  million  i 


dv 


ilroad, 
ISC. 


itol 


>e  tree  o 


f.hit 


les  ami  im- 


iiiler  the  new  arrangement 


le  company  was  to  own  tlii!  railway  for  It'.)  years;  and  ]i,iy  tlie  t'ulomhian  ifov- 

ill,  and  thereafter  .S-'>t',Oi)0  a  year  in  (piai'- 
ils   passing  over  the  load  free  of  e\|ieMse. 


dolL 


irs  m  gi 


terly  instalments,  Colomhian  mai 

Large  grants  of  land  were  made  to  tlie  coiii|iany,  who  further  Ixiund  them- 
.selves  to  carry  the  railroad  to  the  islands  of  Naos,  t'ulehra,  Perieo,  .•iml  Fla- 
menco, or  to  some  other  suitalile  place  on  the  hay.      Tlie  prolongatiou  has  never 


1i: 


carried  out.      Bii/inll'.i  /..///.  J': 


•J'.M.I   :illS.   ;i<,t7-417:    Pun.,   Jinlr/hiOlir 


Nov.  1"),    1807;  A/.,  (.'iirrf.i,  Oct.  'A\,    ISNO; 


/: 


J 'ml, 


l>l".h 


•n,  MS:  I'iin.  Star  awl  J/cmhl,  Sept.   ."f,  Oct.  ."),  1S(17;  Sept.    I'J,   l:i,  'JS, 


1S77;  Ikoitliiunt,  li 
21- 


(JlOtt: 


:X, 


lS78-i>,  p.  :}4a-r.i;  p, 


Mv 


1S7 


-"The  difficulties  of  the  ground  and  climate,  together  with  scanty  resources 


.f  th 
Jiistcrh 


mtry  and  scarcity  of  lahor,  AVere  overccuiie.     Th^ 


e  road  runs  i 


U  of  the  Chagres  Iliver  as  far  as  Harhacoas,  vhere  it 


ill  til 
th 


river  over  a  bridge  G'2.5  ft  long,  IS  ft  hroail,  and  40  ft  ahove  the  mean  level. 


■^ 


TO-i 


INTEIKX  KANlt"  ( 'OMMUNICATION. 


.stiuctioii  ac(M)Uut,  was  cij^lit  iiiilluHi  dollars.  Tho  road 
has  IxHMi  iimu'ovccl  from  year  to  year.  Artictlcs  of 
the  coarsest  and  heaviest  tlcscriptioii,  as  well  as  ordi- 
nary nicrchandiso,  have  been  constantly  convtiyed  ovei' 
it.  Tho  road  began  to  yield  sonic  income  since  1852, 
when  it  had  reached  Barbacoas,  I  nivo  in  a  note 
some;  statistics  on  receipts  and  expenditures.'"'  The 
«'om})any  IVom  tlic  beoinnin<^  of  its  operations  had  a 
line  of  telegraph  between  Panama  and  Colon.  In 
1881  the  railway  was  sold  to  the  company  orujanized 
to  construct  a  canal  for  $1  7,500,000,  being-  at  the  rate 
of  $'2j0  per  share.  Adding  other  items,  and  interest 
on  annual  instalments,  the  share-holders  received 
about  twentv  uiillion  dollars."** 

j\.  survey  made  by  United  States  officers  in  1800, 
through  Chiri([uf,  showed  that  it  was  practicable  to 
build  a  railway  through  the  cordillera.  The  harbors 
of  Chiricjui  and  Sheperd  on  the  Atlantic,  andof  (lolfitn 
in  (;lolfo  Dulco,  were  favorably  reported  upon  by 
Commodore  ¥.  En<'le."^ 


A  full  account  of  tho  coiistruction  may  lu;  found  in  <>/!■•<'  IIM.  /'ihi.  li.  R.,  1 
4i);  Thonitnii'.'i  Oir;iim  inn/  Cil.,  ii.  ru'O-.VJ;  /'iiii'a  (,'<t/<w<ii/,  lit'-'  'JOD,  415-l')S: 
A7c.,  Con:  J^t.,  May  H(»,  .luno,  i'2,  ]8.")(>;  J )e  /io'r'.s  J'Jiici/<\,  ittii.  4^Xi-i;  Freiiionl'-s 
Am.  '/'nil'.,  171-"2,  ami  other  authorities  too  numerous  to  name  here.  Tlic 
construction  cost  many  lives  of  all  nationalities,  owing  to  tho  climate;  and 
was  finally  completed  uitli  noi,'roes  of  the  Istlimus,  Jamaica,  the  coast  of 
(.'artaifcna  and  Santa  Marta.    .\hildi)n<ti/o,  AKiiutox  I'olit.,  MS.,  0. 

-'  lieeeii.ts  from  IS.Vi  to  Dec.  lU,  1804,  .SI,(>2(),l(;-_';  KS^.l-dO,  $8,74S,0:i(i; 
1S01-C>,  !?l'-',:W'.»,r)(12.  Tofcd,  .s-_'L>,14:{,8r)0.  Kxi)enses  to  end  of  185"),  inclnd- 
inj(  sliare  of  pn^lits  piud  the  New  (Jranadan  fiovt,  $1,  l'j;i,()81;  of  KS.^d-iitl, 
.«!8,748,:{18.  Total,  iiv'.t.STl,. •«••.).  Net  jiroceeds,  Sl-J,'_'7'2,4.")l.  Tiie  transit  trade 
has  Ix'cn  tho  main  liu.dness  of  the  Isthnnis.  For  many  yeai-s,  till  the  IJiit 
steamship  tradi;  by  the  straits  of  Magellan  developed,  and  the  overland  rail- 
way hetwcen  Omaiia  and  S.  F.  was  completed,  almost  all  merchandise  going 
to  or  from  I'lurope  and  the  eastern  ports  of  tlie  United  States,  Cuha,  etc.,  to 
California,  the  west  coast  of  South  America,  and  Central  America,  was  sent 
hy  way  of  the  Isthmus,  including  even  co)ii)er  from  Bolivia  and  Chile.  Re- 
ceipts of  the  railroad  188;{--4,  St>,;>0l>,7<)0.  Expenses  in  same  years,  .'j.S,!)71>,  144. 
Ni't  proceeds  .S'J,.'{'27.tilt>;  a  net  incruaso  of  earnings  in  1884  over  188H,  of 
!?24,();i'J.  Further  information  in  tlu  last  preceding  clia])ter  connected  with 
the  Isthnnis  transit  trade.  IHi/inll'.i  Ixt/i.  /'mi.,  '28(>;  Oti.i'  lift.  Pan.  li.  R., 
T)!)  (i'.t;  SiipcriHt.  /lin-t.'s  Itipt,  Mai'ch  7,  18Sri,  in  Pun.  Star  mid  Herald,  Apr. 
*2l',  188");  LaL'.-<t.n'llailr  Pmi.,  May  i.',  188.'). 

■■"^/'-O).  Stiir  mid,  J/rnild,  .lune  •_•:{,  1881;  Sept.  18,  1882;  U.  S.  C'nr.  Dor., 
H.  Ex.  Doe.,  Cong.  4,S,  Se.ss.  1,  i.  pt  I,  217-1!>. 

'^'■>nari.t'  /!iyt,  8;  U.  S.  Ooi:  Dor.,  H.  .lonru.,  ^'^\'i,  Cong.  .%,  Scss.  1;  .")41. 
Cong.  3(5,  Sess.  2;  Id.,  Sen.  Doe.  I,  jip.  17,  ;U>-44,  iii.  pt  I,  Cong.  'MS,  Sess.  2; 
Jlm-jirr'.'i  M,„j.,  xxii.  llt:{-2()'.>. 


VAUIOUS   SCJIKMKS. 


7<« 


But  tliu  itli;«i  of  an  iiitcroccimic  canal  was  onht  pres- 
ent.^"    Nothing  was  practically  dom;,  until  the  wholo 

'"New  (iranada  grantoil,  in  185*2,  to  Fox,  Ciillon,  and  ntliers,  tlie  iirivi- 
lego  of  opuiiiiig  .1  canal  between  Caludonia  Bay  and  the  j;ulf  of  San  Mignel. 
CuUi-iin  liaricn  Sltij)  CuikiI,  1-140.  (Ji.sl)orne  tliou^lit  it  w.is  a  nieits  matter  of 
<'Xcavati(in  costing  aliont  sixty  million  dollars.  After  li.iving  spent  a  great 
deal   of  time  on  the  examination  of  tlie  Atrato  and  S.iii  Juan  rivc^rs  since 

1852,  F.  M.  Kelly,  of  N.  Y.,  in  18(!4  cxi>lored  *lio  rmito  fi i  ('liei»»  River 

to  the  uulf  of  San  lilaH,  wli jell  is  o!dy  30  miles  Inn;;,  Imt  c:dls  for  a  tunnel. 
Several  surveys  followed;  namely,  Strain,  of  the  U.  S.  navy,  early  in  XS'A, 
with  a  paity  explored  the  I'arien.  After  several  weeks'  toil  they  lost  them- 
H(dvcs;  five  men  )>erisl\ed,  tlic  rest  reaching  Yavisa  on  tlie  east  coast.  Ahont 
the  same  time  a  Kew  (iranadaii  expedition  under  C'oda/zi  ma<le  a  simihir  at- 
tempt, Imt  meeting  with  disaster,  after  losing  several  nuui,  gave  lip  the 
enter[>rise.  The  same  year  En;,'lish  and  I'rencli  ollieer.s  inaih)  explorations. 
C-'uUen  and  (ushorne  were  witli  tiiinn,  and  saw  their  former  statements 
proved  false.  Next  in  order  is  Keiniish'.s  examination,  foUowed  liy  Mielder 
and  ("ravens,  of  tiio  U.  S.  navy,  wlio  confirmed  liis  report  in  all  essiMitial 
points.  Si'hiitii;  Cent.  Am.,  L'.">(>  1 ;  Met',  Awdia  Jlin.  Foumiln,  i.  8.'V  8; 
Strdhis  lull r.  Coiiiin.,  IS- '27.  La  C'iiarme,  in  18,).'),  liy  order  of  the  nu^rehaiit 
Oogorza,  surveyeil  from  tlie  south  of  tiio  gulf  of  Darieii  to  the  gulf  of  San 
Miguel  hy  way  of  the  Tiiyia  liiver.  ].)e  I'uydt,  ffir  tlie  International  <  'olnm- 
liia  Co.,  reported  having  found  a  favor.ihle  route  from  I'lnito  Ivseoiidido  to 
tlio  Tiiyra,  and  thence  to  tlie  gulf  of  Sun  Miguel.  Alii-ii'a  Sli'i}>  Ciuiitl,  (;;',-<), 
72  9;  //ft  Cldiriiia,  hi  J'lifu'iiii'H  M'i'j.,  iii.  ;i2!)-4l;  Pan.,  flncftt,  July  2,  ].S7ti; 
Lniiil.  (I<ii;i.  Si'C.,  Jour.,  xxiv.  24"J;  xxxviii.  (i'J-Ol).  Bounlivl,  in  1S()1,  passeil 
from  the  i'acilio  with  25  men  to  the  inoutli  of  the  Lara,  and  thence  across  tlio 
Isthmus  to  (_'hucuana<|ue  River,  naehiiig  it  just  helow  the  Sucuhti.  Hero 
the  natives  left  liim  for  fe:ir  of  tlie  savages,  and  he  liad  to  return.  Rcar- 
adm.  C.  11.  Uavis,  supt  of  tlio  U.  S.  Naval  Observatory  at  Washington, 
issued  a  I'epori  on  Interoccanio  Canals  and  Railways,  for  his  government,  in 
1S()7,  reviewing  modem  exphe.  itioiis  of  tiio  contintMit  from  Daiicn  to  Hondu- 
ras for  canals  and  railroad  routes,  and  giving  ina[is  tliercof,  and  a  li.it  of  au- 
thorities thereon.  His  work  is  quite  thorough  to  its  date.  J><triH  llryf,  ].")- 
19.  The  secretary  of  the  U.  S.  navy  thus  suinmari/.ed  in  1873  the  re]iort  of 
(^'oni.  Selfridge,  who,  in  1870-2,  made  a  thorough  exploration  of  several  lines 
in  the  narrower  portion  of  Darien.  This  route  includes  100  miles  of  naviga- 
tion of  the  Atrato  River,  which  is  capahle  of  being  navigated  hy  the  largest 
steamers.  Rctwi'cii  the  Atrato  and  the  I'acilic,  a.  canal  must  be  made  <if  28 
miles  in  length,  of  which  it  would  pass  22  through  a  plain  with  a  gradual 
rise  of  90  feot.  Of  the  other  (J  three  would  1)0  in  moderate  cutting,  the  other 
three  Would  lie  of  tunnelling.  The  estimated  cost  was  between  )j;52,()00,0()() 
and  .*(il{.()().>,();!!),  and  the  time  for  coinpletiiig  the  work  ten  years.  The  tun- 
nel woulil  be  1 12  ft  high,  (iO  feet  Avide,  and  liave  87  ft  of  clear  headway  above 
the  .surf.ice  of  the  water.  The  canal  woul  I  liave  25  ft  in  de]itli,  5l)  ft  of 
width  at  the  bottom,  and  70  at  surface.  The  lucks,  20  in  number,  were  to 
be  427  ft  long,  54  ft  wide,  witli  a  lift  of  10  ft.  'I'iie  water  supply,  much  in 
excess  of  the  reipiirement,  would  be  derived  from  the  Napi[u  River.  Two 
alternative  schemes  were  also  presented,  increasing  the  letig'.h  of  tunnelling, 
anil  diminishing  the  niuiiber  of  lucks,  at  an  estimati  d  cost  of  .*85,(/i)i),(K;()  to 
?i!i)0,0;>0,000.  He  proved  De  Puydfs  line  im]iracticabL'.  Sv.lfrii!;fe's  full 
re|)ort,  with  maps  and  illustrations,  etc.,  in  U.  S.  dor.  J>nr.,  Dariei  ..xplor., 
Cong.  42,  Se.ss.  15;  Riief  rejiorts  by  S(ic.  of  the  navy  and  Sehridg'.,,  i.i  /'■'.  II. 
Ex.  I>oe.,  i.  p.  3  (sec.  of  navy),  vol.  iii.,  pp.  9-10,  l.';;i-41,  Cong.  41,  Sess.  ',]; 
//(iqirr'-i  .Vivj.,  xl\  ii.  (Nov.  187;f),  8vd-'_0;  Kiirti/flii}i.  Urit.  (.Vin.  ed.),  iv. 
700  I.  In  1873  Selfridge  sin'vevcd  the  valley  of  the  Bojaja,  another  tribu- 
tary of  the  Atrfito,  more  to  tin!  north,  which  was  regardeil  as  more  favorable. 
The  Am.  govt  despatched  twt)  other  expeditions  in  1874,  one  of  which  sur- 


7(M 


JXTKIKMKANIC   (OMMlJNIfATIOX. 


sul)ioc't  "WJis  discussed  in  187o  Jit  the  cttiii^ivss  of  <'«ii- 
;4r;i[>]ncal  scii^nci'S  lu'kl  in  Paris,  and  a  <.'«>iii|iany  was 
orn'aiii/t'd  uiulti-  (Jciioral  'Vuvv  for  oiK'ctiui''  tlio  ro<juI- 
sile  «.-x]»]oratioiis.  Lucicii  N.  .Bctiiapartc  Wyse,  a 
llctitciiaiit  of  tlu;  J^^-oiicli  naAV,  assisted  l»v  other  I'li- 
jjjiiieers,  was  sent  out  to  the  Istliinus.  Tlie  ex[tloi'ini;- 
<'onunissiou  effected  tlieir  M'ork  tlioroULildv,  and  the 
section  from  Colon  to  .l*ananul  was  L,'iven  the  prefer- 
ence."'" 'file  Colonihian  irox-cnunent  ^'ranted  on  the; 
18th  of  May,  I  878,  to  tlu^  ( "ivil  International  Intei-- 
oc(;anic  Association,  n-siding  in  Pai'is,  the  exclusi\o 
privileL^e  for  ninety-niiu^  years  of  constrnctin'^  a  can.il 
hetweeu  the  two  oceans,  at  tlu;  same  time  estahlish- 
int;'  the  jieutrality  of  the  jiorts  at  the  termini,  and  ol" 
tlu!  canal  itself"^ 

J)e  Jjesseps,  of  Suez  Canal  fam»>,  undertook  in  187!) 
the  task  of  constructing  the  canal,  and  the  first  niei-t- 
ing  of  the  company,  now  called  (_'om[)agnic  Universal 
du  Canal  Intcroct'anic^ue  du  Panama,  took  plact;  in 
1881.  It  was  calculated  that  six  hundred  million 
francs,  or  he  it  .si 20,000,000,  would  covi'r  the  expense! 
of  construction  and  coni])letion.  One  of  the  company's 
first  acts  was  to  establish  in  New  York  a  branch  boiird 


of  directors,  and  another  was  to 


an 


Th 


pure 


lase 


the  r 


anania 


10  works  wiTo    coinniencei 


m 


Octol 


jer 


railway 

1881."'^     The  canal  in  course  of  construction  follows 

veyed  a  lino  botwecn  tlio  Atrato  and  the  I'aeilio  iU'rf).ss  tin;  statu  of  t'aiuvi; 
"the  other  a  liiu!  parallel  witli  the  I'a 


iiaiiia  railw 


ay. 


'  Jt  ud'onls  a  iiraoh  .shorter  route  than  tliat  of  l)arien,  and  the  cordilli  la 


is  there  less  than  U'.K)  ft  hi-'h.      Tiie  wati'rshcd  1 


•ciiiij  nearer 


the  1' 


aeinc  than 


the  Atlantic,  the  streams  ruiinin;^  into  the  former  ocean  are  of  little  inipor- 
tanco,  whereas  the  C'hai^'res  on  the  Atlantic  slope,  Mitli  its  tributary,  the 
Ohi-ij)o,  forms  a  navigalile  cliannel,  which  in  the  rainy  season  attains  to  for- 
niidahle  j)ro[)ortions. 

•'-A  copy  of  tlie  contract  and  grant  appears  in  Uoijutd,  Dinr'io  OJir.,  May 


10     1 ; 


Kngl 


isli  tran 


dati 


r 


s.  a 


J)o 


Jl.  Kx.  Dii 


"g 


•Hi. 


Si:ns.  2,  i.  pt  i.  "Hi.      Under  this  contract  tlie  Colomliian  govt  M'ill  receive  at 
cci'aiu  periods  of  it  from  tJ  to  S  per  cent  of  tlie  net  receipts;  hut  its  share  is 


■to  !) 


•r  !;■  J.")i),()!K)  a  y.'ar. 


T;:e  U.  S.  govt  tried  to  secure  hy  treaty  witii  C'olf)nd)ia  the  right  tc 


estahli.ih  forts,  aricnals 


(I  na\al  stations  on  the  Isthn 


thong! 


I  no  loi'ci  s 


ero  to  he  kept  there  in  time  of  peace.     A  protocol  was  signed  in  New  York 
hy  representatives  of  hoth  goveruuients  in   I'eli.   ISSl,  to  amend  tlie  tnaly 


of  1S4;»,  l)ufc  failed  of  ratilicalion  at  Ho'iota.    Diario  ilc  ('iiiiih 


iiKiiiiiirrti, 


1S81;  P> 


S/irtni'/  Ifernhl,  Mav20,  L'l,  Jinie -Jk  •_'.">,  ISSl. 


M' 


^*l>u  Lesseps,  Wyse,  and  other  otlicials  of  the  canal,  receivcil  the  higlicst 


i»ii  ricui;ni;s  to  ovkiuomk. 


705 


the  routf  <»l'tlu!  iJiilwjiv,  lli(»u<>li  krcpiii!^  closer  to  tlto 
bed  of  tlu;  CI  lucres,  wliicli  it  is  to  cross  jiL^iiiri  and 
again,  on  the  I'acilic  side  it  will  descend  the  Kio 
(Jraiidi;  N'alley,  niid  continue  seaward  to  the  island  of 
Perico,  a  total  It-ng'th  of  fifty- four  miles.'' 

The  works  have  hcen  prosecuted  witii  more  or  less 
vigor,  hy  tlu!  use  of  powerful  dredges,  until  th(!  ca|>i- 
tal  heeanie  exhausted,  and  their  operations  declined 
for   many  months,  s(,'eming  to  conrnin   predictions  of 


fail 


ure 


II 


OW( 


'\iV  that  mav  he,  De   1 


ess"i)s  and  nis 


I  h 


friends  ari'  confident  that  tlie  opening  of  the  canal  will 
hecome  an  acconijilislicd   fact  witliin  eight  \'ears  IVoia 


the  t 


me  of  connnencement. 


'n 


lei'e  can  he  no  i 


lonht 


IM. 

lui 
Ir- 

I"' 
ll- 

llV 

I''' 
III 

lis 


marks  of  rcgiiril  fimii  tin-  )ii(i|ilc  of  tlic  IsUiiiiiis.  /'nii.  /.•»/■,  S'iir.s  |S7',i  so, 
on,  »»;  /«/.,  f/./cAf,  K.l,.  I,  l-J,  |',l,  '2-2,  I.SNO;  .laii.  'J7,  Vd.!  i;j,  17,  INSI. 
'lilt:  ((iiiipaiiy  iit  unci:  iii:i'l(t  jii-dx  isidii  lor  ;i  lualtli  fiorvicc,  in  .spacious  ami 
icll-l't'gulatt'il  liosjiitals,  etc.    <  'niiiyiiniin,  /'roji  /■  i/'(iriiiiiii'..  i/ii  .icri:  (Irsniili,   I 


VM 


ami  a  iiia[i. 

'I'Ik^  liottom  tlinm;4iioiit  its  liiiLrtli,  S',   imtics  lii:li 


K!   mean   livi  1  nl' 

liotli  oceans;  MJiltii,  'J'J  iiiitiis  at  lioltoiii,  ")()  iiii  Ires  at  to[i;  i'\ci'|it  tlirougli 
tliu  Culclii-a  ri.lm',  v  In  ru  tliu  (U[)lli  will  liu 'J  imtrcs,  with  tin;  widtli  oi  '1\ 
iiictirs  at  liottoiii  ami  'Js  im  tn'sat  top.     It  must  lie  olisrrvcd  lii.it  llio  IixcIh 


of  liio  t\M>  oc'i'aiis  ail'  not  aliki:  at 


till 


it  ( 'oloii   the  (iillcrciu'i!   ill  tilt! 


ti. 


,cs  lu'Vcr  I'Xi'i'i'ils 


;:{ iiicii 


lis,  MJurcas  III  I'aiiaiiiait  is  iiNiialh    \'.'\  ft,  ami  at 


tiiiits  nearly  'JX).  Tliis  mu>t  pro(luci'  a  lurnnt  in  tin'  canal  .siitUiii'iit  to  iiii- 
jii'ile  ii.ivi^atioii  for  sus'i'ral  hours  at  each  ti<lc.  The  grc.it  liillicultii's  to  ovi  r 
come  are  the  mountain  ami  the  river  Cliagres.  The  company  coutcinpl.it  d 
at  lirst  to  tunnel  the  moiiut.iiii,  hut  j^'avi:  up  the  pi. in,  and  rcsolveil  to  cut, 
down  throu.;li  the  solid  slr.ita  —  fortunately  soft  and  otherwisu  e.isy-  for  a 
de[itli  of  lii'lween  ">()0  anil  -loo  It  ovi-r  a  loii;^  distance.  The  next  task — hy  f.ir 
the  most  ilillicult  one — is  to  deal  with  the  eccentricities  of  the  (  'lia;,'res,  which 
discli.irL;es  at  .Mataciiiii  a  volume  of  water  averaiiiii^;  KM)  culiie  metres  p.  r 
whicii  at  low  water  may  sink  to  ITi  or  I'O  ciiliic  metres,  and  at  ll I 


rise  to  .")(H>  or  (loo.      Several  plans  liave  liceii 


con  cm| 


il.itcd, 


iiic  ot   which  was 


to  coiistiuct  an  enormous   d.iin  at  liamlioa,  iietwecu   the   ( )lii.-ipo  and   Saiit;i 


Cru/  lulls,  '.Kid  metres  at  the  liasc,   l,'.ltl()  at   the  t 


of   1,(100   metres,  ai 
eimiiieers  have  Una 


lly 


h 


o|i,  \v  itli  a  w 


Itli  at  liottdiii 


it  of   l.")   metres.      Hut  it  is  under.^tood   that   the 


.1  te 


o  make  no  use  of  the  w 


atcrs  of  the  ( 'liai 


im 


t  to  ehanj^e  their  coiiise  and   let  I  hem  run  to  the  ocean  throu::li  t  hi'  de>i  rt ; 


this  will  he  left  to  llio  last.     .Moreover,  h 


1  uill  lie  liiiilt  ti 


I  •.'  J 


icsselis, 


colilideiit   th.it  the  canal  \\\\\  he  lini.died  in  ISS'.I, 


no  time   iii  the   interval   to  construct   the  h 


l.ilcr.      The  chief 
.^ce    liidl'tiii    <ln    C'li 


loint    lielii}' 


ll    Or 


that  shipping  shall    pass   tin 


uti'ol  the  ti 
lys  there  \\  i 
that   tluy  can   lie  iii.id 


I 


ollu 


tl 


■  I  II  I' 1 1: 


/I'ifliit,   /-^.rjiloi:,   ill    'I'niir  (/ll   Mil 


1S7'.»;    A 
for  a  series  of   view.- 


issiieit    since 


ii'/iiiK  run/. 


le   canal. 

l.s.s;;  I; 


Sidli, 


A 


'»/'  I iiliri 


( 


OHiiiitliiir. 


w. 


•iiila.,   KS80:  .V.    Y.  Ihniil,    V 
viii.  2i;i. 


islungtoii 
•i, 


lN>s:i;  A  I 


liilf 


I.SSH 


■.lll-l/l-tll] 


tiiv.   lir'tl.   (All 


I 'ml, 
S/iij>  ( 'iiiiiil, 
I.  eil.,    IS,S,">), 


'It  is  estiinalcd  tli;it  the  exe.ivation  of 


th 


aii.il   propir  dciii.imls  the  rc- 


iioval  of  about  I'J'J.OIIO.OOO  metres,  and  up  to  .Ian.  ol,   ISMi,  only  l."i,(K)0,(l(ll» 
iietres  had  oeeil  (lone,  at  an  cxiiense  of  .'<;iO,0()0,()llO. 


Ill,  .1  liiemlicr  i 


'  t'harlcs  I ).  .lam 
Hist.  Cknt.  Am..  ViU..  III.     I'l 


if  tlie  "liostoii  .S'.oiety  of  (  nil  1' 


li;jllieers. 


|i 


1    Sil ': :.  la 


70ti 


INTEliDl'KANIC  COMMUNICATIOH. 


tliil,t  u  larn'c  ])orti(Hi  «tt'  llu)  oriLi'iiial  capital  was  \vast«'(l, 
jukI  if  ruiiioi' is  not  at  laiiH  iinuli  was  iiiisaiipropriatfd. 
!  Jut  |>ul)llc  ('(.iifidriicc  in  J  )c'  J ^essops  remains  unshaken 
in  J^'ianei',  and  lie  lias  been  aide  to  obtain  l»y  Hul)seiijt- 
lion  abundant  I'unds  to  continue  the  work,''"*  and  it  is 
i,ow  heinu;' \ii;-oi()usly  pushed.  1  f  is  calculation  is  that 
ilierewill  he  husiiu'ss  for  the  canal  to  tlu' extent  ol 
7,2r)(),()()0  tons,  yielding-  C,  or  7  per  cent  on  2,000 
million  i'rancs,  or  IOH,000,000  francs,  e(|uivaleut  to 
Ji^L' 1,(500,000. 

Tills  lii  not  the  piace  in  which  to  spi-ak  of  the  si  \  - 
civil  northern  railways  across  the  continent.  'I'he 
Central  7\nierican  states — exclusi\-e  of  J*ananiii,  which 
luis  had  that  heneHt  since  1855 — havc^  niatlo  sonic 
])roj4Tess  in  late  years  toward  estahlishint^  railway 
i'onmiunication  between  tlu'  two  seas,  (iuati'mala 
lias  one  line  from  Port  San  .Fose,  t»a  the  Paciiic,  to 
the  ca[)ital,''^  and  another  from  J\)rt  ^ 'haniperico,  also 
on  the  l*acific,  to  lletalhulen.'"' 

Pleasures  had  likewise  been  taken  to  comumnicate 
the  ca])ital  by  railroads  M'ith  the  northern  sea,  con- 
t(!inj)lating  at  the  same  time  to  build  another  lino  from 

Uiiuks  tliore  is  11(1  iiisiiriiiimiitaMo  i>l)stacK'.  Tlic  t'dllowiii;^  iu'\v>|iaiii'r.s  c'lui- 
taiii  inforiiiatidU  nil  tliu  iMiials  allairs.  /'<i>i.  Cininl,  July  I'J,  ISSI;  JiL,  iSfur 
mill  III  mill,  .luly  'JO,  ISSl;  .Inly  II,  Nkv.  10,  ISSl';  ami  in  almost  tvory  iasiii: 
till  ISSl)  iiu'lusivi'.  /,(/  K-</irlh  di-  Pon.,  .luly  iU,  I>SS1:..V  /■'.  HhIUIiii:  hi., 
All'i  ('ill.;  Id.,  Moniiiiij  I'nlt;  Id.,  Vlironirli';  ami  every  oilier  ])iil)lislu'il  on  tlu: 
I'aoitic  coast,  as  well  as  in  tlio  whole  l^iiiti;il  States;  Mi\r.  Fimtncu r,  July  5, 
]SS1;  ('nri-vnxo'.i  St<iti  iiiiiit,  MS.,  •)    II. 

^^  To  raise  the  original  ea]iital  the  lialiilities  of  the  eonijiaiiy  liouaine  Jjil.")!),- 
000,000,  wliieh  at  4  per  cent  ecpials  .Sii, 000,000  annual  interest,  ll'  shijis 
«'rossing  the  canal  lie  charged  .*.'{  jier  ton,  .S'l.TSO.WlO  will  he  yearly  nquirecl 
to  pay  the  interest.  S.  /•'.  Cull,  Nov.  !),  I.SNli.  \\:  Jjcssejis  reekoaeil  tin; 
monthly  i>ut|iut  of  excavation,  which  in  ISS,")  was  (iri8,00<)  metres  an.l  in  ISMi 
l,07i»,0iH»,  shouM  reach  •_',(100,000  metres  a  inoiitii  in  1S87,  ami  :i.(MM).0(Ht 
metres  a  month  in  ISSS,  ami  up  to  the  completion  of  tiio  work  ill  ISSO.  I'ltn. 
Star  awl  Jhndd,  Aug.  5,  7,  11,  VI,  l.SSU. 

^'•' It  is  Will  to  say  in  this  connection  that  tramways  liavi;  also  liecu  liuiU 
in  the  capital,  nndcr  the  auspices  of  tho  gtivt.     It  was  also  ]ilaiinc(l  to  have 
iinother  from  the  ilepartnient  of  Sacatepequez,  to  rua  from  the  town  of  C'iii 
dad  Vieja,  through  Antigua  (Inateinala,  to  the  town  of  i'astores. 

*"  Guilt.,  Mem.  Sec.  Fonicnto.  for  years  ISSO-,");  Id.,  Sit.  JivL,  year  1SS4; 
JiL,  El  (litiitcniidtico  (oiYieiiil),  March  4,  May  10,  22.  Oct.  12,  1884;  Jiilv  ]'\ 
188.');  Biitrci'  Sketi-h  Hook,  8-10,  4.'$;  Pun.  Star  and  Herald,  No  24.  Dee.  Hi, 
1882;  March  8,  1884;  /(/.,  Cunal,  Jan.  17,  1883. 


jilt. 

Li 


CKNTUAL   AMKItlfAN    IIAILWAYS. 


707 


C(>l>an  to  the    Pttlocliic    lAivci-.      Ilowrvcr,  tlirsc  pro- 


J 


(■( 


ts,  so   tiir 


as 


I    1 


Know 


have 


IX'Cll.    SllKT 


I 


w 


MM 


lit 


l^arrios'  dt  atli,  in  aUcvaiu'c      'I'lir  Spanish  couit  was 
r(>|)('at('(lly    ui'n'cd    to  open    conin.imications    hctwc  'ii 


I*ut'ito  ('al)all(»s  and    tho  liav  of    Konsfca. 


1'i;.ni. 


on   mult 


-l.nck 


was  <'aiTic(l  on   hcfwcon 


hot! 


1    seas   in 


<'oh)nial  tiiiics;  hut  what  we  know  of  tip'  i^tlinuis  of 
llonchinis  is  dcriNcd  from  the  suiNfVs  made  hy  tht; 
l^ritisli  lloiKhiias  Iiiti'roci'anic  I'Jailway  (  oinpany.  and 
reported  hy  their  au'eiit,  1'].  (1.  S(|iiier.  Asa  praeti- 
eahlc  I'oiitc  for  a  sliij)  ciuiah  Iloiichiras  is  <int  of  tlie 
<[uestion;  l)ut  the  "onstruction  of  a  I'aihoail  was  hcnun 
l)etween  I'uerto  Cahallos  or  Cortes,  on  the  ('arii»hcan 
S 
tl 


ea,  and  Ainapala  in   the  )>ay  of  I'^onseea.'"  throuuli 


le  vall( 


■V  of  the  (ioaseoran  and  lluinuva  rivtr; 


.)•;.) 


Th 


null's.  I  lie  I'oad  Mas  oraUi'd,  anil  a  nairow-uaULje 
traek  was  huilt  troin  l*ort  Cortes  to  San  J'edio,  of 
ahout  ^7  miles  in  leiiyth.  The  Avork  was  suspended 
in  IS71,and  ahandoned  in  IS"."..  Civil  disturi)an('es 
and  laek  of  means  have  pre\ented  its  resumption. 
Sevei'al  franchises  have  hin-n  j^ranted  in  later  years 
for  eontinuin^'  it:  hut  nothing"  of  a  practical  nature 
has  resulted.''' 

Salvador  has  no  territory  on  the  Atlantic  slojte. 
She  has  a  railroad  hetween  San  !Min'uel  and  I*ort  La 
Cnion:  another  line  is  hcinn'  huilt  from  i'ort  Acajutla 
to  the  heart  of  the  coffee  re^'ioii  of  Santa  Ana.  It  is 
})()S3ible  that  in  the  future  the  republic  may  l)e  placed 

*^  Anii'inii,  Diinirsn,  hjuiulrrc,  /frt(ir!o)i,  Dinir/r,  I'i'litrin,,.  ami  ('r/mln  iff 
CaKtillit,  J)(sciili.,  iill  ill  Siincir's  MSS.,  v.,  vii.,  viii.,  auil  xvii.,  ii'.sjH'ctivily. 

^- Jjdiiiis  wi'io  raisfil  in  Kiiimic  tor  tin;  luirjiose,  tliu  [larticuhir.s  ol  MJiicli 
;iri'  givi'ii  in  ciuiiui'tioii  willi  lloiiiliir.iii  liiiiuicrs. 

*■' For  furtlKf  iiitDtiimtinii,  sro.  Sijidi  !■'•:  Ci  nf.  Am.,  71  U,  tiSO,  T'-I'-Iil*,  7">ii- 
i);  /'A.  //.>«,/.,  'JDTKi,  •J'.>,V;i.'>;  A/.,  //i,i,'/.  Iiilvmr.  Hnibnui,  1  lU'J;  llrirhiinll, 
A/.'., 'JS4-t);  WilW  lli,wl.,  i:-()-l;  l-'itz-Hi.ifs  lliyt  nnitiniij':  O'liii/. ,  dun/.i,  .\:ii\. 
'27,  KS.'i4;  JfiMii/.,  ,;iir,fit  (tj!i\,  M.iy  ID,  JS,".!;  ((,.,/-(  /,'.,'  <!,ii;t<,  M.uvli  \  lo 
Oct.  '21,  lS."i4,  passiiii;  I" 


U,   18(i'.);  Feb.    li),    INTO;  b\l>.   11,  Ai 
KS71;  U.  S.  not:  J)n<:,  II.  Ex.  Doo.,  (' 


(loot, I,  .hily'J."),  N(A-.  'Jl,  lS(kS;   Mairli  'JO.  Nc 


lit,    1S71;  A/.,  /;/  I'orni'h;  IKt.    1, 
'X  i.  .'{(Mi;    AVc,  SniiniKil 


M.-iyl'),  187:^:  Am.  <ylop.,  viii.  7".H);  /■',■'« /.rl'sCnit.  A j,i.,  IS'i-'M);  Bill)/, 


iS'/>.,  ii.  2*2-7;  Pim'.'i  <!iit<>  «/"  th<'  !'> 


.■n.'{  "21;   f.nt'irrii  rr  dc  /'i/)v'<  n   Hunt. 


101 -(i;  Pan.  Stiirawt  Hcrnhl,  Maivh  '23.  Oct.  4,  1SS:{;  .March  120,  KSSli;  1,1. 
Canal,  March  '28,  1883:  Jlcx.  Financier,  Dec.  8,  1883. 


1 

1 

1 

1 

708 


INTEROCEANIC  COMMUNICATION. 


in   communication,    by   railway,    with    the   Atlantic, 
through  the  territory  of  her  neighbors. 

In  Nicaraiiua  the  line  between  Corinto  and  Chinan- 
dega,  and  hence  to  Leon,  was  in  operation  in  1881-2. 
The  work  steadily  progressed.  The  western  section 
Mas  opened  to  public  service  in  1884,  connecthig  it  witli 
the  steani-sliip  line  on  the  lake.  Thus  w^is  Managua, 
the  capital,  placed  in  rapid  and  cheap  connnunication 
by  steam  with  Corinto,  the  chief  port  of  the  republic. 
The  whole  line  from  Momotombo  to  Corinto  was  yield- 
ing six  and  four  fifths  per  cent  on  the  capital  invested. 
In  the  eastern  section  the  work  was  going  on  rapidly 
at  the  end  of  1884,  and  20  miles  to  ]\lasaya  would 
soon  be  finished.  The  government  contemplated  to 
have  a  direct  railway  line  from  Villa  de  la  Paz  to 
Mananua,  thus  establishinu'  a  continuous  comraunica- 
tion  between  Managua  and  Granada." 

Costa  Rica,  thus  far,  has  three  lines,  or  rather 
divisions  or  sections;  namely,  the  Central,  running 
between  San  Jose  and  the  interior  provinces,  via 
Cartago,  Heredia,  Alajuela,  Tres  Rios,  and  San  Joa- 
<iuin;  the  Atlantic,  from  Limon  to  the  interior,  which 
is  the  route  through  which  most  of  the  country's 
foreign  trade  is  carried  on;  and  the  Pacific  which  runs 
from  Puntarenas  to  Esparta.^' 

The  five  Central  American  republics  are  interse<^'tcd 
by  telegraph  lines  belonging  to  their  respective  gov- 
ermnents,  and  communicatinu'  their  chief  towns  with 
one  another  within  themselves,  and  with  the  sister 
republics.^''     The  isthnms  of  Panamd  has  a  comnmni- 

**A'h:,  Mem.  Min.  line,  1883,  pp.  vii.-viii.;  I'remil.  Cardenm,  Meimijt, 
Jail.  1"),  188."),  ill  Cmtd  A'.,  (.lan-tn  < [lir.,  Fch.  4,  188."). 

^■'The  tonniaatioii  of  the  Atlantic  ami  other  lines  depciuls  on  tiio  arraiij^i- 
iiient  of  tlie  lepuhlic'.s  foreign  iinluhtedn' jm.  The  cost  of  the  three  ecctions 
was  .Sl'-»,'j;«),'JiK);  and  in  188;t  they  Mere  valued  at  .*(»,(  RM>,  IK  H).  Co/'ta  /.'.,  JA  ///. 
S<'C.  Jliirkiida,  hSS.'l,  Tahl  no.  l"();  Amiexes  8  and!);  1884,  li")L'-3,  287;  Jd.. 
1(1.,  FoKinifo,  1883,  1-4;  1884,  •2'.t-30;  J'<.ii.  .V.'.r/-  iiikI  lln-nltl.  Dee.  8,  lSS:i; 
.hily'J3.  Oct.  24.  188.");  ('(Mt,i  /,'.,  <laM„,  May  H),  Aul;.  I'J,  Sejit.  1  27,  188,"). 

*"For  ])artie\ilars,  sec  Costn  It.,  /nfiinnc  S<'r.  tlohcrn.,  y  ,'arn  1873-4;  /(/.,  hi., 
(H,mx  Piih.,  187!)-8():  1,1.,  1,1.,  line.',  1880,  1883;  A/..  /,/.,  Fomi'iiIo,  1883;  A/., 
Cul.  Li'i/.,    1880,  S5-'.l;  1881,   ">,")-',•;  A'A'.,  Seiiintml  Xic,  Jan.  15,  1884;  Salr., 


catio 

Mex 

The 

nicat; 

byca 

whicl 

Bogoi 

afford 


'^cr.  J  far. 

^'<-tl;  Ook 
(^en.,  19_| 

10,  1874; 

tad  Was  e 

J'or.  Kel., 

Scatter 

of  about  U 

to  add  a  fe 

tea  was  wn 

M-ho  residoi 

oook—a  12 

implies,  a  s 

gcograpJiici 

J'.i'^  t:i,sk  a.s 

violent  deji, 

iiever  reeov, 

known  of  tl 

credited  to 

<Ieelaratiou 

Rol)ert  V.  I 

<'<^>itrn- ,{„„;■, 

V-    '•'•   Keich; 
la    1S.-,1    „„,[ 

<ii»o  and  tlic 
<lata,   entitle. 
■It  Lei])ziir,  a, 
J-  <^-    \A'app;, 
l^i««f  il  knoHl, 
■I  am  indel)te 
<""!  tu   .r„l,„ 
'"•St  three  Vol 
•■"icients  and 
latter  narrates 
"'fe'  likewise  a 
regn)ns  nortli 
^^■■i.^',  hrinys  it 
'";'/  Jiailmxih, 
^»'ith  iiunitTous 
«"IJerintendeiit 
"»  the  subject  f 
American  editio 
«ata  on  tiie  voyj 


TELEGRAPH  LINES 

The  cities  of  p,,f„;,^t^/'aL'bortad  and  Acapulc, 
mcation  by  wire.  The  Vi  '""V"  '"'•«'  '"  "luu 
\?^hh,  „„  ti,e  p^'i\!  ;^^    "'"«  ■»  further  e„„„co  " 

Bogoti  and  tlio  rest  <,f  Pjl         '  '^"'"'"uuication  uitl 
.States  and  Europe/  '        '""'"'■  «'«»  the  United 

'^"ovv-n  of  that  couatn      1M    '^■:'  '^  ""'"'■''-'1  'nueh  wS  1'-m  ^'i'^  ''^hindaa, 
credited  to  tl>e  houkI'.  f,      "  '**;'^tt.me^t.s  co,/Se,l  f         *'"  *'""'  ^»''*'  Utt  o 

0;Y*'""iS2£9f^'»^  :fe  S  H-  '""5S 

1  am  ]n.IeI.te,rto  tJ,.M     "¥  ""'^  '''"q'tcT  ou    nt    ■  ''*""' '^■'I  '•  "c^. 

;'.'"'  tf    -folm   Kiel    r,i!;'''1/ >■'«;''''/'■',  .Iir7..t  ,1   I   '■'rv'*'  '^"■"'..;u.if,.ti„   ' 

~"t«an.l  n„^Mlc^Uf^f  ''''"^^''t"  '8-'^'»-^  ^"^■''"^'  '"   't 

atter  narrates  t!iovc.vK',n?  l'"  ,'!'"'''''"  voyaj.    '       '   f  "«'-''I'''y  "f  tlu, 

ii'y  likewise  a  view  of  Vi  ''"  ^'^  <I>sc..v<.r  tlie  no-.H.         /''"•'"^-'Ties.     'J'Ir. 


wiiiiiinarv 


•'<ui voys  eon- 


im 


IXTKIioCKANIC   v'O.M MUMfATJON, 


Tlni    question    (if    iiii('i"o(  t'aiiic    coiiiimiMicatioii    1)\' 


sliipiaiial  ;ici-()ss  tlu'  istliiiiliscs  of"  ('ciiti'nl  .\iiiciica 
orcu|tying,  as  it  docs,  i^ciu'ia!  altcntioii,  I  liavc  con- 
cluded to  !i])[>ciid  ]ici'(>to  inlonnatioii  on  tlic  sultji'ct  In' 
several  eoiiipcieiit  nutlif)i'ities;  nanielv,  the  liritish 
exj»loi(;r,  J)f  J^jdwanl   Cullen,  and    .M.  (leorj^e  Sijuier. 


1(;n(>i:.\N(I'.  i:i.sri:ciiN(t  n.\Kir.N. 
till'   cdiist  ul    llMriiM,  liio  lirst  k( 


-it  i  1  a  vriy  .siii;^ul:ir  circuiiislaiicc  th.it. 
tllvA  ill  America  (Santa  M.iria  li  iviiiv'  1m m 


i(>iiii<Kil  in  l."il)'.),  ami  Ada  in  Calriloiiia  ]5ay  in  1514),  witliiii  oightecii  ila;; 
titoainiiit^  fniiii  l^aglaml,  cIomc  iilso  to  such  ffiMjiuiitcl  imrt.H  a.-i  Chagri 
t'arthagim.'i,  ami  KiiiyslDii,  .lainaii'.i,  slimihl  ho  at  tin;  iirc.-.ciit  ilay  a,s  uiikmi\ 


as  llu!  loaMtii  (it  I'ata 


ia  <ir  of  iSi;\v  (iiiituM,  ami  that  tlu:  va^t  aihautairr-;  of 


thi.'i  tract  iif  cdtiiitiv,  for  a  canal,  .sIkhiM  have  escaped  the  penetration  of  lln! 
great  lllunlxiliU.  wlu  ,  after  having  cxaiiiiiied  ,ill  the  maps  in  the  llejui.siio 
liiilrogralico  of  Ma<hiil,  appears  to  Hllygest  tiie  ( 'hiiipi;inac[na.  lie  ,sa\s: 
*  On  the  rac'do  coast,  also,  the  deep  <lolfi>  de  San  ^Nliuuel,  into  which  falls 
the  Tiiyra  ■\vilh  its  trilmi.iry,  the  ( 'luu'hiUKiue,  inns  f.ir  into  the  Islliimis;  tin; 
river  ChuchniKpie,  too,  ia  the  np[iir  part  of  it.s  cmirsu,  runs  ■within  sixteen 
geir^raphieal  mile  \  of  the  Aiitillcin  shori;  of  the  Isthnins,  westw.ird  of  Calie 
'rilmroii.'  17f  »■,>•  (;/■  _Viifiin\  Potsdam,  ■Iniie  181!>,  )).  -1II'_'  of  l>olui's  translation. 
'The  Atrato  routi;  laliors  iimlcr  the  disadvantage  of  a  liad  liarhor,  on  the 
I'aeilic  side,  Cnpica  lieing  of  very  mnall  extiMit,  and   open  to  the  s.  w. ;  and 


the  Atrato  has  a  liar  Midi  oiilv  live  fii't  of  water  on  i(,  whi 


(    ihe  rise  o 


f    tide 


in  tho  (inlf  of  Dar 


en  IS  on 


Iv  t 


wo  teet. 


The  Chagrcs,  or  Limon  ISay  and  J'unaiiia  routi 


slirvi  \eil    111 


l.S'Jlt 


Col 


He 


Idoyd  and  M.  Valinarc,  \iiidcr  it  eonnnis.sion  from  tin'  Lihcr.itor,  Sii 

vai',  ami  sulisci[m'ntly  liy  M.  (rarell.i,  has  such  liad  harhors  that  the  idea  of 

11  canal  by  that  lino  lias  lieen  totally  aliaiidoued. 

The  route  from  ( 'liipo  iiioutli  to  .Mandiii.'^a  Bay,  jiroposed  liy  Mr  I'a  an  Hop- 
kins,"* who  attcnipti'(l   to  survey  it  in   1>47,  fof   the   New  (Jraiiaii.i  L;o\ei-ii- 


ici'ted  w  ith  tan.d  matte 


X. 


if  th 


Iks,  1 


lowever,  nor  the  nunieidiiH 


others  consulted,  have  Inrnished  the  re((uired  information  from  tho  hegiuniiig 
of  till!  null  M^ntury  to  the  jircseiit  time;  and  those  of  later  years  do  not 
■nsually,  to  any  extent,  go  hack  to  early  ones,  or  if  tiicy  do,  it  is  only  to  give 
Home  miaL'.re  information. 

mv  researches  iiave  not  heen  confined  to  hooks.     Aside  from  the  iiu- 


r.iit 


jiortaut  facts  olitaincd  directly  fioiii  the  lips  of  intelligent  natives  and  other 


i: 


'is.ins  conver.sant  with  Ci'iitral  American  ami  rauamanian  atlairs,  J  liavt 


id  helori'  me  jTi'side'itial  lu'jssaj 


of  tho  .several  states,  I'.  S. 
d 


Jilorers  and  surveyors,  cyi'lopa'dias.  maga/ines,  review 


govt   reports.  "!!,ciil 
h 


■ports  of  '.iinistcis  and  other  ollicials 


unals,  statements  of  ex- 


rs,  and  a   host  of  news- 


Jiapers  o 

lit   .si 


f  dill 


rent  eoniitvies  and  in  various  languages,  among  w 


hieh 


cri 


lOIII 


gi\en 


to  tl 


le   Slur  and  Ihniitol  raiiama   for  an  ever 


sp. 


il 


well- 


informed  anil  ii'liaiilo  gatherer  and  transmitter  of  news  to  and  from  the  conn 


trie 


H   on 


Imtli   oceans   over   this   hridgi;   of    the    nations.      Important   data, 
■wheresoever  found,  liave  heen  hroi'glit  into  requisition. 

*"  'Mr.  Jlopkins,"  tays  t'apt  Fitzioy,  p.  'j;t,  'was  lately  iireventcd  by  the 
Indi.iiis  fiom  ascending  the  Cliepo  Uiver  toward  Mamlinga  or  San  Bias  Bay; 
Mr  Wheelwright  vas  also  slopped  there  in  IS.ST;  and  I'r  Culleii  was  likewi.se 
•topped  by  the  aborigiiK's  while  endeavoring  to  ascend  the  I'aya  River,  that 


l>l.S('()Vi;i;V  OF  TIIK  SAVANA   RIVER. 


711 


irieiit,  ;ill.linuij;li  the  ii^irrowcst  liiiu  atross  tliu  l.stlimiis,  lii'iiig  only  t\V(!nty-M(!Vun 
inilcH  across  from  <'licj)o  to  (."arti,  lias  the  (lisadvantiigos  of  Iiad  oouxts,  ca  very 
Iiivli  (^onlillera,  oi  from  'J,(lt)U  to  (>,(MII)  fci:i  olvatioii,  and  a  largu  )ioi>iil,ttion  of 
Indians. 


Tlic  ],. 


ittl 


Iv'   liiollt  ll  (I 


I'  ('lu|i(»  Jtivoi-  isi|uiti'  dry  at  low  water,  a.s  is 


land  liauk  Mliicli  extends  several  luile.-t  out  into  the  l>ay  of  Panama;  the  part 
of  the  Atlanti<'  eoast  on  the  other  hide  is  hexct  witii  reel.-!,  shoal.-),  and  kiiys, 
am'  '.      lan^eroiis  of  a.|i]iroi('li. 

< 'apt    Fit/roy,    [i.    N.,    in    his    Coii.-fi'/<Tii/!nnx   njion    llw   (trenl    [.illnnux   af 


\.A  a  line  from   the   iqiper  eour.sr  of  tiie  'I'uyra  to  tlio 
ivc  its   mouth,  as  an   ini]provemi'nt  of   tlio 


I'l  iilriil  A  iiitrii'ity  i)Uj;f;(;.-. 

Atrato,  or  the   coast   of    Dariiii   aliovc  its 

ronte  proposi'il  liy  nu-;    Imt  this  woidd  In 

I'ort    I'.si'oei's,   and    u\\\i   of   .S.ni    Mi;.'iiel   route;    theri^  would   lie    tin 


niarh    twiee  the  i 


list;i 


ll    tlr 


('hac.irL'UU  o|-   (ln'    .Sici-ia    lU:   M: 


t( 


and   shouM    thi 


'1' 


•n  into  till'  Atrato,  there  would   ln'  the  very  lormidalile  olistaeh;  of  th 


to  remove,  wiiile  of  the  eoast  aliove  the  Atrato  mouth,  the  ('iiliiinlil 


i  itri- 


rjiiliir  say.- 


All  tl 


last  lr< 


']'; 


to  I'api 


Til 


luron   IS  lii!4h  am 


I 


precipitous,  wilh  dcc[i  w.iter  oil'  it;  and  it  is  very  wild  in  the  se.isou  of  th(! 


It  is  very  advis.ilili',  then 


luce/cs. 

route,  however,  in  this  diiecliou 

on  the  Jstof  .lune,   KS.VJ,  hy  th.i 

It'U,  Charles  Fox,  John  Henderson,  and 


at   ..iiese  .seasons,  to  shun  it. 


IPC  inc-luilci 


th 


ic  [in\  ilej^e  gran 


Any 
teil. 


Niu    (iran.ela  government,  to  Ivlward  ( 'ul- 


'i'l 


Itr 


issey,  for  cuttin'r  a  canal 


from  Port  Kscoci^s  to  the  gulf  of  S-iu   Miguel,  MJiich 


res  ] lower  to  se 


lect 


any 


Atl.intie  entr 


from  the  west  mouth  of  the  Atr-.ito  to  I'unla   Mosiiuitos,  for  tlio 


if  tin 


1)1 


iVI.KV  OK  IllK  S.VV.VNA    JilVK}!    ANIi   TIIIO  Roi   ri'.  InuillK    SlIU'-iANAI,. 


1  imagine  that  tlu^  river  Savana  wa.s  not  delineated  in  the  maps  which  Hiim- 
lioldt  .s.'iw.''''  Sui'li,  indeed,  was  the  ea.so  with  tlu^  map  which  I  had  on  my 
lirst  journey  into   I>ariin  in  l.S4",l,  so  that  I  was  totally  ignorant  of  its  exist- 

runs  fi'om  ne.ir  the  months  of  the  Atrato  to  the  Tuyra,  which  falls  iiito  tho 
gulf  of  .San  .Migncl.' 

I  learned  in  1  >aricii  that  .\Ii  Hopkins  ,iud  J  »on  I'cpc  Hurtado,  a  ( Jranadiaii 
engimer,  made  a  present  <if  a  scarlet  military  eo.it  to  an  Indian  on  the  Chepo, 
and  that  as  soon  as  the  Indian  chief  of  the  district  le.irned  it,  he  (logged  the 
Indian  who  acci>]ited  the  iirescut.  and  summoned  his  peo[ile  to  arms,  ami 
Itir  11.  and  ]l<in  IVpe  had  to  tly  for  their  lives.  .Most  jiroliahly  the  chief 
looked  uiiou  till'  acccpt.iuee  of  gauily  trappings  as  an  acknow  Icdgment  of  sub- 
mission to  foi'cigliers.  1  have  mentioned  cKcwhcre  my  having  learned  sultse- 
(piently  that  the  re.ison  of  the  Indi.ins  having  stopjied  me  w.is  the  fc.ir  of 
small-po.x  hcing  intrnduccd  amongst  them  r.ithcr  than  .my  dislike  to  for- 
cigtu'rs. 

''■'This  1  attriliute  to  the  jcalousx  of  the  Spaniards,  who  were  careful  to 
withhold  any  information  th.it  iiiighl  lead  the  l-aigli^h  to  tin;  discovery  of  an 
easy  communicatioii  lietwccii  tin;  t«i.  scis.  .Mccdo,  in  his  /iirriniKirin  J/ii- 
tiirirn  di  I  ik  Imthis  < Ircidi  i,t.iili.-i,  says  liuit  it  w.is  interdicted,  on  imin  iil'i/nit/i, 
ercii  tit  priijKisi'  opening  the  n:n  igation  lietwceti  the  two  seas.  '  l'>n  tirinpo  do 
Feli[ie  II.  s(!  proyccto  cortarlo,  y  comnnicar  los  ilos  marcs  per  medio  de  nu 
oan.'il,  y  a  cste  efccto  se  enviaron  p.ira  rcconocerlo  dos  Ingcnicros  Flamencos, 
pero  eiicoiitraroii  dilicultiiil<!s  iiisuiieraliles,  y  el  consejo  dc  Indias  reprosento 
los  perjuicios  que  de  ello  se  seguiriaii  a  la  iiionai<inia,  por  ciiya  razon  mando 
aipiel  Monarca  (jiic!  nadie  propnsiese  li  tratase  de  ello  en  adclaiite,  pruii  ilc  In 
vida,'    Tho  navigation  of  tho  Atrato  alio  was  iutcrdicted,  on  jjain  of  death. 


M 


■    I 


!  H 


719 


INTEKOCKANU'  COMMUNICATION. 


t.n  .e  until  I  actually  saw  it,  after  entering  Boca  Chica,  when,  finding  the 
great  depth  of  water  at  it_  mouth,  and  tliat  it  flowed  almost  directly  from  the 
nortli,  I  became  convinced  that  I  liad  at  last  found  the  object  of  my  seai'ch, 
viz.,  a  feasible  route  to  the  Atlantic,  and  thereiipon  immediately  ascended  it, 
and  crossed  from  Caftasas  to  the  ;;ea-shore  at  Port  EscoctJs  and  back,  and 
Bubse(iuently,  in  18r)0  and  also  in  1851,  crossed  and  recrossed,  at  several  times 
and  ))y  several  tracks,  the  route  from  the  Savana  to  I'ort  Escoces  and  Cale- 
donia Baj ,  notcliing  tlic  barks  of  the  trees  as  I  went  along,  with  a  machete  or 
cutlass,  always  alone  and  unaided,  and  always  in  the  season  of  the  heaviest 
rains.  I  had  previously  examined,  on  my  way  from  Panama,  tlie  mouths  of 
Chepo,  Chiman,  Congo,  and  several  otlier  rivers,  Imt  found  tliem  all  obstructed 
by  bars  and  sand  banks,  and  impracticable  for  a  ship  passage,  so  tliat  upon 
seeing  the  Savana,  I  had  not  the  least  hesitation  in  deciding  that  that  must 
be  tlie  future  route  for  interoceanic  comnmnicati(m  for  sliips. 

The  Dauien  Canal  Route. — Port  Escoces,  or  Seotcli  Harlwr,  and  tlie  bay 
of  Caledonia,  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  Istlimus  of  Darien,  present  an 
extent  of  six  nautical  miles,  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.,  of  safe  anchorage  in  all 
winds.  Tliese  harbors  are  situated  between  Carreto  Bay  and  the  channel  of 
Sassardi,  and  are  140  miles  E.  H.  E.  of  Linion  Bay,  and  twenty -one  miles 
■W.  N.  w.  of  Cape  Tiburon,  the  x.  w.  boundary  of  tlie  (Julf  of  Darien.  Port 
Escosces  exteiuls  to  the  .s.  e.  lolat.  8"  oO'  aiul  long.  77"  41';  aiuKroldcn  Island, 
or  Isle  de  Oro,  or  Santiv  Catalina,  which  forms  the  N.  w.  boundary  of  Caledo- 
nia Bay,  is  in  lat.  8°  M  40",  and  long.  77"  4;"/  30". 

The  channel  of  Sassardi,  also,  extending  from  Caledonia  Bay  N.  w.  five 
miles  to  the  Fronton,  or  point  of  Sassardi,  is  sheltered  from  the  winds  and 
seas  of  both  seasons,  and  lins  good  depth  of  water. 

Twenty-two  miles  .s.  ^\■.  of  Port  Escoces  is  the  site  of  the  old  Spanish  set- 
tlement of  Fuerte  del  Principe,  on  the  river  Savana,  establi.shed  in  178"),  and 
abandoned  in  1790.  From  thence  the  river  Savana  has  nearly  a  s.  l)y  K. 
course  for  fourteen  miles  to  its  mouth,  wliicli  (>j)ens  into  the  river  Tuyra, 
Santa  Maria,  or  Rio  Grande  del  Darien,  three  miles  aliovc  Boca  Chiea  and 
Boca  Grande,  tlie  two  mouths  by  which  the  latter  discharges  itself  into  the 
(riilf  of  San  Miguel  on  the  Pacific. 

Thus  the  distance  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  by  tlie  route 
from  Port  Escoces  or  Caledonia  Bay,  to  the  gulf  of  San  Miguel,  l>y  way  of 
the  river  Savana,  would  be  thirty-nine  miles.  In  a  direct  line,  from  Port 
Escoces  to  the  gulf,  the  distance  is  thirty-three  miles. 

In  ConiiidcnU'wns  on  the  (t'lnif.  Isthnnis  of  Cintrul  AmcricM,  read  before 
the  Royal  (Geographical  Society  of  London,  on  the  11th  and  'ioth  Nov.,  18.")0, 
Captain  Fitzroy,  R.  N.,  says;  'Any  route  that  could  be  made  available  be- 
tween San  Miguel  Gulf  and  Caledonia  Bay,  or  the  (Julf  of  Darien  or  Choco, 
would  have  the  advantage  of  excellent  harbors  at  each  end,  and  a  grfat 
rise  of  tide  in  one  of  them  Cian  Miguel).  Tike  river  Savana  is  recommended 
by  Dr  Cullen  from  personal  examination,  as  being  more  navigable  (for 
cHioes  •'*'),  and  approaching  nearer  the  north  coast  than  the  CluKpiaiUKpia 
does;  thou'di  th.is  does  not  appear  in  the  Spanish  maps.  From  the  head  of 
the  Savana,  a  ravine,  about  three  leagues  in  length,  extends  to  Caledonia 


'^Iii  its  upper  course,  as  it  is  navigable  for  large  veaseU  nearly  to  Princijiei 


PASSAGE  FOR  THE  PACIFIC  TIJJE. 


713 


Bay,  and  there  (Pr  Cullon  says,  having  i)asseil  tlirmigli  it)  he  thinks  a  canal 
might  be  cut  witli  loss  dilKculty  tiian  cisew  Ihtc,  if  it  wuri;  not  for  the  opposi- 
tion of  the  natives.  He  also  speaks  of  the  Indians  transporting  their  canoes 
across  at  this  ravine,  and  of  the  comparative  liealthiness  of  this  part  of  tiic 
Istlunus.' 

The  whole  work  to  he  done,  in  order  to  make  a  sliip-Ctanal  communication 
between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacitii'  uoeans  by  this  route,  would  bu  to  cut  from 
Principe  or  from  Lara  nioutli  to  Port  Escocos  or  (.'aledouia  Bay,  a  distance 
of  from  twenty-two  to  twenty-live  miles,  of  which  there  would  be  l)ut  three 
or  four  miles  of  deep  cutting. 

The  canal,  to  be  on  a  scale  of  grandeur  commensurate  with  its  important 
uses,  should  he  cut  sufficiently  deep  to  allow  the  ti<le  of  the  Pacific  to  flow 
right  througli  it,  across  to  the  Atlantic;  so  that  .ships  Itouiid  from  the  Pacilie 
to  the  Atlantic  would  pass  witli  tlie  Hood,  and  tliose  from  tlie  Atlantic  to  tlie 
Pacific  with  tlio  ebb  tide  of  the  latter.  Such  was  tlie  plan  recominemled  in 
my  report  to  Lord  Palmerston.  By  such  a  canal — that  is,  one  entirely  with- 
out locks — the  transit  from  sea  to  sea  could  be  eU'ected  in  six  liours,  or  one 
tide.'" 

For  the  oixjlnecring  details,  and  estimates  of  tlie  cost  of  the  work,  I  beg 
to  refer  to  tiie  valuable  report  of  Mr.  Lionel  (lisbornc,  C  K.,  wlio,  with  his 
assistant,  Mr.  Forde,  was  commissioned,  last  April,  hy  Messrs  Fox,  Hender- 
son, and  Bra.sscy,  to  survey  tltis  route,  which  they  found  to  be  perfectly  fe;isi- 
hlo  for  a  ship-canal  connnunication,  and  fully  as  eligible  as  I  had  represented  it. 


W  ' 


•"  '  It  is  ascertained.'  says  C'ai>tain  F'itzroy,  '  that  there  is  only  a  trithng  tlif- 
ference  between  tlie  levels  of  the  ocean  at  this  Isthmus.  A  rise  of  tiile  not 
exceeding  two  feet  is  found  on  tlie  Atlantic  si(h',  wliile  in  Panama  Bay  tlie 
tide  rises  more  tlian  eighteen  feet;  tlie  mean  level  of  the  Pacitic  in  tliis  \y,\.v- 
ticular  place  i)ciMg  two  or  tlii-eo  feet  above  that  of  tlie  Atlantic.  It  is  liigh 
water  at  the  same  hour  in  each  ocean.' 

Colonel  Lloyd  .says  that  the  Pacilie  at  high  water  is  thirteen  feet  higher 
than  the  Allaiitic,  while  the  Atlantic  i.s  highest  at  low  water  by  six  feet, 
liiil'on  Humboldt  said,  in  l.SOl):  ' The  ditference  of  level  between  tin- Carib- 
bean Sea  and  the  I'acilic  Ocean  (Iocs  not,  }irobably,  exceed  nine  feet;  and  at 
<lifl'erent  hours  in  the  day,  sometimes  one  sea,  sometimes  the  other,  is  the 
more  elevated.'  But  this  dilli  r(  iice  would  bi;  no  liiudranei',  but,  on  the  con- 
trary, a  most  important  advantage  in  a  ship-canal,  since  it  would  create  a 
<iirrent  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacilie  during  tin'  ebb,  and  one  from  the 
PaeiHc  to  the  Atlanlic  during  the  flood-tide  of  tlie  I'acilic,  and  these  alter- 
nate currents  would  eiiablo  each  of  tin.'  lleets  to  jiass  through  at  ilillVrent 
times,  those  bouinl  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacilie  durini,'  the  ebb-tiilc  of  the 
latter,  and  those  from  the  I'acilic  t<i  the  Atlantic  during  the  ilood-tiih:  of  the 
former.  This  arrangement  in  the  jieriods  of  transit  would  ati'ord  many  advan- 
tages, such  as  obviating  the  mieting  fif  the  vessels,  and  the  necessity  of  their 
passing  one  another,  and  preventing  their  accumulation  or  crowiiing  ttigether 
ill  the  canal,  as  each  fleet  could  be  carried  right  through  in  one  tide,  if  not  liy 
the  current  alone,  at  least  with  the  aid  of  tug  s*  iiiers.  The  alternation  of 
the  currents  M'ouhl  liave  the  furliier  lieiieficial  eucct  of  washing  out  the  bed 
of  the  canai,  and  keeping  it  free  from  the  deposition  of  find  or  mud,  so  that 
dredging  would  never  become  necessary;  and  would  also  render  the  di'gree  of 
width  necessary  for  the  canal  less;  though  I  do  not  reckon  this  tobi^  a  point 
of  nioment,  as  the  wider  and  deeper  it  is  cut  the  Iietter,  and  the  woik  once 
linislied  will  last  to  the  end  of  the  world,  since  the  natural  etl'eet  of  the  alter- 
nate currents  will  be  a  gradual  process  of  deepening  and  widening,  which  will 
convert  tlie  canal  into  a  strait. 


714 


IXTKIKH'KAMC   (OMMUNlCATIOX. 


It  is  nciMllesH  to  say  that,  imder  tin;  ausjiiciis  i)f  Mossrs.  Fox,  Ht'iitlorson, 
ami  Bnissuy,  who,  with  that  flc'iir  disuonimoiit  ami  prompt  decision,  which 
havo  placc'tl  tliciii  in  tho  elevated  position  wiiicii  they  occupy,  adopted  this 
route  hi  Deeeniher  JS.>1,  after  a  careful  examination  of  my  stateuunts,  the 
great  work  ot  an  interoceanic  eaual  is  sure,  erclonj.',  to  he  accomplished. 

I  trust  tliat  ail  attentive  con.sideratiou  of  the  advantages  of  this  route — 
vi/.,  its  shortness,  the  excellence  of  its  liai'Iiors,  the  low  eu'vation  of  the  huKl, 
the  ahsence  of  l)ars  at  the  Savaua  ;iud  Tuyra  mouths,  tlie  depth  of  water  and 
great  rise  of  tide  in  the  former,  its  directness  of  course  and  freedom  frt)ni  oh- 
structions,  the  healthitiess  of  the  adjacent  country,  the  exemption  of  the 
coast  t  fi-oui  northers  and  hurrican<;s,  the  feasil)i)it.y  of  cutting  a  canal  without 
locks,  ami  till!  a1>sence  of  euginei'ring  dilliculties — will  fully  justify  me  in  as- 
BcrtiML'  it  to  he  the  shortest,  the  most  direct,  safe,  ami  expeditious,  and  in 
every  way  the  most  eligilile  route  for  interumrine  eimiinunicatioi:  for  laigo 
ships. 

An  exanunation  of  the  physical  aspect  of  the  country  from  Tort  Escoccs 
to  tlie  Savana — prescutiuj;,  as  it  does,  hut  a  single  riilge  of  low  elevation,  and 
this  hrokeu  hy  gorges,  ravines,  uiid  valleys,  ami  groove. I  hy  rivers  and 
streaiDS,  with  a  clianipaign  country  extending  from  its  hase  on  each  side — 
will  prove  the  liasiliility  of  making  tiie  canal  entirely  without  locks,  a  supe- 
riority which  this  route  possesses  over  others,  whicji  all  jircscut  insurmoinit- 
ahle  ]}hysical  ohstacles  to  the  construction  of  such  a  canal. 

In  fact,  a  glance  at  the  map  ought  to  convince  the  most  sceptical  that  na- 
ture has  unmistakahly  nuirkcd  out  this  space  for  the  junction  of  the  two 
oceans,  and  the  hreaking  of  the  continuity  of  Noi'th  and  South  America;  in- 
deed, so  narrow  is  the  line  of  division,  that  it  would  almost  apjiear  as  if  tiic 
two  .leas  dill  once  meet  here. 

DKrAii.s  OF  ■11II-:  Roi'TK  I'ltoi'dSF.i). — T  shall  now  enter  into  a  more  detailed 
description  of  this  route,  which  I  discovered  in  1S41>,  and  proposed  for  a  ship- 
canal  communication  hetween  the  Atlantic  and  I'acilic  oceans  iu  the  Pannimi, 
Echo  of  i'eliruary  S,  IvS.'K),  iu  the  Jhiili/  Xiirs  and  Min'uKj  Jounuil  of  May 
ISriO;  ■'-  in  a  papir  presented  to  the  Royal  tjeographical  Society,  and  read  at 
the  I'^dinliurgh  meeting  of  the  British  Association  iu  July  18.10;  and  in  a  report 
to  Lord  I'almerston,  of  January  1."),  1851. 

PoKT  EscucKs. — Of  Port  Escoees,  Caledonia  Bay,  ami  the  channel  of 
Sassardi,  the  I'oltiiidiinu  2\'aniintQr,  vol.  3,  p.  218,  says: 

Tort  Escoees,  or  Caledonia,  Lit.  8°  51',  long.  IV  -14',  is  a  nohle  harhor; 
very  safe,  and  so  extensive  that  a  thousand  sail  of  vessels  may  cuter  it. 

'  Punta  Escoees  is  the  s.  K.  point  of  Caledonia  liay,  the  greater  islet  of 
Santa  Catalina,  or  de  Oro  (gold),  heiug  the  N.w.  Between  point  and  point 
the  distance  is  four  miles,  ami  the  points  lie  N.w.  and  s. E.  (n.  40'  w.,  and 
S.  40°  K, ),  from  each  other;  and  in  rcsp'et  to  this  line  the  hay  falls  in  one 
mile  and  two  thirds.  In  the  s.K.  part  of  this  hay  is  Pue'^.o  Escoees  (or  Scot- 
tish Harhor),  which  extends  inwanl  two  miles  in  th  vt  direction,  and  forum 
good  shelter.  Tli>:-'  nre  various  shoals  in  it,  which  a: e  represented  in  the 
particular  plan  of  the  harhor,  by  which  plan  any  vessel  'may  run  in,  for  the 

*^  And  suhac(iucnt  months,  in  a  controversy  with  Evan  Hopkins,  Esq., 
C.  E.  &  M.  E. 


SOUTICHS   OF    FUi:Sir    WATHR. 


715 


dopths  are  five,  six,  seven,  ,iiiil  eight  fatlioiiis  of  water  over  a  Imttoin  of 
Riiiul. 

'Between  I'iiilr.is  J>let  to  the  iiortii,  tlie  west  point  of  Aglatoiiiate  Iliver 
to  the-  south,  aiul  11, at  ot  San  Fulgeneio  to  the  s.w.,  i.s  foriueil  the  jMi-seiiaila, 
or  liuy  (if  Caleilonia,  anil  the  elianuel  of  Sassanli. 

(..'vLKKosi.V  BA^■.  —  'The  Enseii^iihi,  or  eove  of  Caledonia,  is,  :<tiiiilv 
sjiealving,  fni'ineil  hy  the  points  alreaily  nuntioncil,  whieh  lie  with  eaeh  other 
K.  N.  w.  :i  w.,  ami  s.  s.  v..  ^  k.  (n.  12.")  w.,  and  s.  '2')'  v..),  one  mile  distant.  Tiii.s 
hay  i.s  elean,  and  has  j^tiotl  deep  water;  tiie  greater  jiart  of  it.i  coast  i.i  a  Ih^ieh, 
and  near  the  middle  of  it  discmhoguea  the  river  A.^laseniiitiu,  The  point  of 
San  Fulueneio  is  salient,  scarped,  jiud  elean,  and  it  also  forms  an  indent  with 
little  depth  of  water,  honlere<l  hy  mangroves  and  various  Icays  at  its  western 
part. 

'riii;  t'liANNKL  Di'  Sassauih. — '  ]]utween  Sau  Fulgeneio  point,  tliegreatOro 
Island,  I'iudras  Islet,  and  the  Mangrove  Kays,  whieh  aro  to  the  west  of  them, 
the  ehannel  of  Sassardi  is  formed;  the  S.  K.  entrance  to  this  channel  ij  off  and 
on,  with  four  cahles'  length  in  extent,  from  edge  to  edge,  and  with  from  nine 
to  twelve  fathoms  depth  on  oaze;  and  farther  in,  from  eight  to  ten  fathoms; 
!IH  also  lietween  tiie  turn  of  the  hanlc  otl'  I'ieilr.is  Islet,  and  tiie  hay  of  (.'ale- 
donia,  the  depth  is  from  .seven  to  lifteeu  fathoms;  and  the  piece  of  sea  which 
intervenes  hetweeii  this  hay  and  the  i'uerto  Fsi'oces  is  of  a  good  depth  of 
water;  hut  at  a  short  mile  s.  K.  !iy  K.  \  E.  (s.  "),">'  v..),  from  I'iudras  Islet  the 
sea  lireaks  ^\ht■n  the  hrecze  lilows  fresh.' 

From  its  entrance  the  channel  of  Sassaivli  extends  .\.  w.  live  miles. 

Tiie  euiiinecr  has  here,  then,  a  wide  sco[m;  for  sidecting  a  locality  for  the 
Atlantic  mouth  of  the  canal,  which  may  thus  open  anywlieri'  from  the  s.  li. 
end  of  I'ort  Kscoees  to  the  N.  \\ .  entrance  of  the  Cliauud  of  .Sassardi,  an 
e.xtent  of  eleven  nautie  miles. 

Along  a  great  extent  of  i'ort  Kscoees  ami  t'aledonia  Bay,  vessels  can  lie 
so  close  in  shore  that  no  hoats  would  l)e  necessary  in  the  taking  in  or  dis- 
cliarging  cargo;  the  same  great  advantage  also  presents  itself  at  several 
points  in  the  channel  of  Sassardi. 

Good  fresh  water  may  he  ohtained  in  ahundance  from  any  of  the  muncri  us 
streams  whieh  fall  into  these  harhors,  particularly  from  the  Aglascniipia  or 
Aglatomate. 

Port  Eseoees  is  entirely  uninhahitcd,  nor  is  there  any  settlement  in>anil  of 
it;  at  t'aledonia,  near  the  mouth  of  tlie  Aglaseni(pia,  there  are  live  huts,  in- 
habited hy  a  few  Indians  of  the  Tnle  trihe,  and  about  two  leagU(!s  up  the 
river  is  anotlier  small  .sisttlemcnt;  tliis,  however,  is  at  a  considerable  distance 
westward  of  the  projected  line  of  canal. 

From  the  sea-shore  a  plain  extends  for  nearly  two  miles  to  the  base  ol  a 
ridge  of  hills,  which  runs  paiallel  to  the  coast,  and  whose  higliest  summit  is 
about  3.")0  feet.  This  ridge  is  not  quite  continuous  and  unbrolien.  bnt  is 
divided  by  transverse  valleys,  through  which  the  Aglasenicjua,  Aglatomate, 
and  other  rivers  have  their  course,  and  whose  highest  elevations  do  not  ex- 
ceed U")!)  feet. 

The  base  of  this  ridgo  is  only  two  miles  in  width;  and  from  its  soutli  side 
a  level  plain  extends  for  thirteen  miles  to  a  point  on  the  river  Si.vana,  culled 
Cailasas,  which  is  about  twenty  miles  above  its  mouth. 


m 


710 


INTEROt'EANlC  LOMML'NICATK  N. 


The  river  Havana,  at  Caflasas,  has  a  depth  of  six  feet  of  water,  but  is  ob- 
structed by  ledges  of  a  slate,  called  jiizurra,  or  killi'n,  for  four  miles,  down  to 
the  mouth  of  I^a  Villa,  up  to  which  the  tide  reaches.  At  Caflasas,  tlier^  's 
a  forest  of  a  species  of  bamboo,  so  dense  as  to  be  impenetrable;  and  above  it 
there  is  a  fall  of  two  feet,  when  the  river  is  low,  but  after  rains  this  entirely 
disappears.  The  first  fall,  in  ascending  the  river,  occurs  at  Caobano,  a  little 
above  La  Villa. 

From  La  Villa,  where  there  is  a  depth  of  ten  or  twelve  feet,  the  river  is 
perfectly  free  from  obstructions  down  to  I'rfncipe. 

At  Fucrte  del  Principe,  two  miles  below  La  Villa,  there  is  a  single  ledge 
of  slate,  visible  only  in  a  very  low  state  of  the  river,  which  has  here  a  depth 
of  three  fathoms,  and  a  rise  of  tide  of  six  feet.  Tiie  banks  of  the  river  are 
elevated  about  ten  feet  above  the  level  of  the  water,  and  are  (juite  free  from 
swamp.  The  site  of  the  old  .Si)anish  settlement  is  here  indicateil  by  a  patch 
of  very  dense  scrubby  bush,  without  high  trees,  on  tlie  west  bank  of  the 
river;  but  the  only  remains  to  be  met  with  are  some  fragments  of  Imlijas,  or 
water-jars.  Prfncipe  is  in  lat.  8°  34',  and  long.  77°  r)(i',  by  my  observations; 
it  is  only  two  or  three  hours'  journey  from  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

The  Savana  River,  called  by  tlie  Indians  Chaparti,  is  very  direct  in  its 
course,  from  Principe  to  its  mout;!:  and  free  from  sinuosities,  pUiyiis,  deep 
elbows,  slioals,  rocks,  snags,  or  other  obstructions. 

Its  banks,  elevated  several  feet  above  the  level  of  the  water,  are  quite  free 
from  swamp  and  malarious  miasmata,  consequently  the  endemic  fevers  caused 
by  these  in  Chagres,  Portobello,  Limon,  and  Panama,  would  not  prevail  in 
any  settlements  that  may  be  formed  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Savana. 
Indeed,  it  cannot  be  inferred  that  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  is  unhealthy, 
because  the  towns  on  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  have  all  been  settled  in  swampy 
localities,  and  in  the  most  unfavorable  positions  in  a  sanatory  point  of  view. 
A  convincing  proof  of  the  freedom  from  swamp  of  the  whole  tract  of  coun- 
try, from  Port  Kscoces  to  the  gulf  of  San  Miguel,  is  the  total  absence  of 
musquitoes,  which  invariably  infest  all  swanqjy  grounds  in  tlie  tropics.  The 
great  longevity  of  the  people  of  Darien,  and  the  large  proportion  of  very  old 
men,  also  attest  the  healthiness  of  the  climate. 

From  Principe  to  the  mouth  of  Matumaganti,  one  mile  s.  a.  \v.,  the  river 
increases  greatly  in  width  and  depth;  there  are  some  islands  in  this  reach ; 
and  on  tlie  west  bank  a  very  large  cuipo-tree  st-ands  conspicuous,  towering 
above  the  adjacent  forest. 

From  Matumaganti  to  the  mouth  of  Lara,  two  miles,  the  river  has  a 
depth  of  four  fathoms,  and  a  rise  of  tide  of  ten  feet. 

From  Lara  mouth  to  the  islands  in  the  second  reach,  four  miles,  the  river 
is  very  direct  in  its  course,  with  a  depth  of  live  or  six  fathoms.  A  ridge  of 
hills  runs  parallel  to  each  bank,  at  about  two  miles'  distance.  Just  below 
this  mouth,  and  above  a  widening  of  the  river,  called  Rcveaa  de  Piriaki,  is 
Cerro  Piriaki,  a  hill  of  about  400  feet  elevation,  and  above  this  there  is  no 
hill  near  either  bank  of  the  Savana.  Above  tlie  islands,  Estero  Corotu,  Rio 
Corredor,  and  other  streams  fall  into  this,  the  Calle  Larga,  or  Long  Reach. 

From  the  islands  to  Areti  mouth,  .s.s.e.,  three  miles,  the  river  has  great 
width  and  depth;  a  ridge  of  hill  here  runs  along  each  bank,  at  about  two 
miles'  distance.  ' 


RELATIVK  WATKR    DKF'THS. 


7i: 


Junction  ok  the  Savana  and  Tuyra. — From  Areti  mouth  to  the  junc- 
tion of  tliu  Saviiiiii  and  Tuyni  rivers,  s.,  four  miles,  the  river  has  a  uniform 
width  of  two  miles,  ami  a  depth  of  from  eight  to  nine  fatlioms. 

On  the  wc8t  bank  of  this  reach  ia  I'unta  Machete,  with  a  small  shoal  ahovo 
it,  called  Biijo  Orande,  and  one  helow  it,  Bajo  Chico.  lioth  of  these  arc  close 
in  shore,  and  oysters  arc  found  on  them. 

TnK  Savana  MoiTit. — From  the  west  point  of  the  (Savana  moutli,  in  hit. 
8°  21',  long.  77"  ')4',  the  land  rises  into  a  ridge  of  hill  of  ahout  .'{(H>  feet  eleva- 
tion, running  n.  for  alxmt  four  miles  parallel  to  the  river,  from  which  it  is 
separated  hy  a  strip  of  level  land  half  a  mile  wide.  There  is  a  quehrada,  ur 
rivulet,  in  the  ridge,  called  Laguadilla,  which  has  plenty  of  fresh  water  in  tlie 
driest  season. 

Behind  Nisperal,  the  east  point  of  the  Savana  mouth,  there  is  a  low  ridge 
of  hills;  from  the  north  hank  of  Iglesias,  also,  a  narrow  ridge  follows  the 
course  of  the  Savana  for  about  three  miles.  This  is  the  Cerro  Titiclii,  which 
gave  its  name  to  a  mission  of  Indians  at  the  mouth  of  the  Clunjiiaiuiqua,  the 
last  survivor  of  whom  is  a  man  named  Marcellino,  wlio  resides  at  Pinogaua, 
on  the  Tuyra.  On  the  north  bank  of  Iglesias  is  (i)ucbrada  de  Tigre,  and  on 
the  Savana,  above  its  mouth,  is  Quebradita  la  Monera,  where  fresh  water 
may  be  obtained. 

At  tlie  mouth  of  the  Savana  there  are  nine  fathoms,  at  low  water,  aiul  the 
tide  rises  from  twenty-one  to  twenty-seven  feet. 

Boca  Cliica  and  Boca  (irande,  tiie  mouths  of  tlie  Tuyra,  are  perfectly  safe 
entrances,  and  have  a  depth  of  thirteen  to  twenty  fathoms  of  water  respect- 
ively. 

The  gulf  of  San  Miguel  has  good  depth  of  water,  and  would  hold  the  ship- 
ping of  the  world.  Its  moutli,  between  Cape  San  Loninzo  on  the  north,  and 
Punta  (Jaraehine  on  the  south,  is  ten  iiules  across,  and  opens  into  the  Pacific, 
quite  outside  the  bay  of  Panama.  Its  direction  inward  is  n.  e.  lifteen  miles 
to  Boca  Chica.  Inside  the  bay  of  Crarachine,  the  shores  of  the  gulf  approach 
each  other,  and  the  width  diminishes  to  four  miles,  between  Punta  Brava 
and  Morro  Patifio,  with  a  deptli  of  from  nine  to  twenty  fathoms,  but  again 
increases,  ami  then  diminishes  to  Boca  Chica. 

(.'lose  to  Cape  San  Lorenzo  is  a  small  shoal,  called  El  Buej-,  which  may  bo 
easily  avoided.  Tiiere  are  several  islands  in  the  gulf,  as  Iguana,  Cedro,  Islas 
de  San  Diego,  etc.,  etc.,  which  are  all  sate  ot  approacii.  On  the  nor*^li  side, 
the  rivers  Cou,l;<i,  Buenavista;  ami  on  the  soutli  tin,'  .Moguey,  (iuaca,  ".'aimita, 
and  Samlni,  open  into  the  gulf;  while  tlie  Tuyra  and  Savana  fall  into  its 
eastern  end,  the  Ensenada  del  Darien,  called  by  the  (iranadians  'Boca  de 
Provincia,' or  .Mouth  of  the  I'roviuce.   Cullcii't<  Ist/i.  of  Ihirkn. 

From  what  has  been  said,  it  sutHciently  appears  that  Nicaragua  is  a  country 
of  great  l)eauty  of  scenery  ami  vast  natural  resources.  She  has,  however, 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  world  less  on  these  accounts  than  l)ecau.se  .-.lie 
is  believed  to  possess  within  her  borders  the  best  and  most  feasible  routi^  for 
a  ship-canal  between  the  two  great  oceans.  The  project  of  opening  .sucli  a 
canal  began  to  be  entertained  as  soon  as  it  was  found  that  there  existed  no 
natural  communication  between  the  seas,  as  early  as  \itll.  Since  that  period 
it  has  furnished  a  subject  for  iiuich   ;q)eeidation,  but  beyond  a  few  partial 


1 1 


Hi  INTEROCPZANIC  COMMJNICATION. 

examinations,  until  vory  liituly,  nnthinK  of  a  practical  or  satisfactory  charac- 
ter liail  l)ccn  attciiiiitcil.  In  IS.")!  a  careful  survey  was  niatle  of  the  river 
San  .Juan,  n.ike  Nicarai^ua,  and  tiic  istlinius  intervening  between  this  lake 
and  the  I'acilic,  hy  (,'oloncl  O.  \V.  Chilils,  previously  engineer-in-chief  of  tiie 
state  of  New  York,  under  tho  direction  of  the  now  extinct  Atlantic  and 
I'acilic  Ship-canal  Company.  Until  tlicn,  it  had  always  heen  assumed  that 
tho  river  San  Juan,  as  well  as  tlie  l:ike  itself,  could  easily  he  made  navig;dil(! 
for  sldps,  and  tluit  tlie  only  olistacle  to  lie  overcome  M'as  the  narrow  strip  of 
land  hetwcen  the  lake  and  the  ocean.  Hence,  all  the  so-called  surveys  were 
limited  to  an  examination  of  that  part  of  the  line.  One  of  them  was  inudo 
under  th(!  orders  of  the  Spanish  government,  liy  Don  Manuel  (ialisteo,  in  I7SI; 
another,  and  that  best  known,  iiy  !Mr.  John  IJaily,  under  the  direction  of  the 
government  of  Central  America,  in  1S.S8.  An  intermediate  examination, 
(|Uotcd  l)y  'i"iiomj)son,''  seems  to  have  liccn  made  early  in  the  present  century. 
Tile  following  table  will  show  tiic  results  of  these  surveys  as  regards  tiiis  par- 
ticular secticm; 

nictn,...,,  f,.n..,  I  „!,«  (irentc.-t  Kle-    Grontest  Klo- 

Authoritios.  DIhtanee  fro  n  Lake  vation  above    vntion  al.ove 

'"''"^""'  Ocean.  Lake. 

(Ialisteo,  1781  . 17  miles,  200  feet.  '-'7-'  feet.  134  feet. 

(^luotcd  by  Thompson,  IS'Jl)..  17       "      Sl'O    "  '_>'J(i    "  1")4    " 

Ikily,  l,s:W IG      "      7:W    "  (il")    "  487     " 

Childs,  1851 18      "  .•{,l-_>0    "  l.W    "  47^  " 

A.S  tho  survey  of  Colonel  Childs  is  the  only  one  which  can  be  accepted  as 
conforming  to  modern  engineering  requirements,  it  will  he  enough  to  present 
tlie  detailed  results  to  wliicli  he  arrived.  Tiie  line  proposed  by  him,  and  on 
which  all  his  calcidations  ami  estimates  were  based,  connnences  at  the  little 
port  of  ]5rito,  on  the  Pacific,  and  pas.ses  across  the  Isthnms,  between  the 
ocean  and  lake,  to  the  mouth  of  a  small  stream  called  Rio  Lajus,  flowing  into 
the  latter,  thence  across  Lake  Nicaragua  to  its  outlet,  and  down  the  valley 
of  tho  Rio  San  Juan  to  the  port  of  the  same  name  on  the  Atlantic.  The 
length  of  this  line  was  found  to  be  194^  miles,  as  follows: 

Miles. 
Wksteun'  Division.. -Canal    from  the  port  of  ]5rito  on  the  Pacific, 

through  the  valley  of  a  small  stream  called  Rio  Crande,  falling 
into  the  Pacific,  into  that  of  tlu^  stream  called  Rio  Lajas,  tr)  Lake 
Nicaragua 18.r)88 

MiDDLK  Division. — Tiiough   Lake    Nicaragua,   from    mouth    of    Rio 

L:iias  to  Fort  San  Carlos,  at  the  head  of  San  Juan  River .^fi.TKM) 

Kastk.kn  Division. — First  Section. — Slack-water  navigation  on  San 
Juan  River  from  San  Carlos  to  a  point  on  tlio  river  opposite  the 
mouth  of  tlio  Sorapiqui  River !W).8»10 

S'eroiKl  Serf  inn. — Canal  from  opposite;  mouth  of  Serapiqui  to  port  of 

San  ,Tuan  del  Noi-te 28.r)0.-| 

Total,  as  above 194.;5!i;! 

Orkii.v  of  the  C.vn.vi,  Chant. — The  charter  of  this  company  umler 
which  Colonel  Childs  carried  on  his  investigations  is  dated  September  'J'2. 

'■'•^  ynrrativi'  of  an  Official  Vixit  to  Guatemala,  by  G.  A.  Thompson.  Lon- 
don, 18'J!),  p.  512, 


DIVERSIONS  OF  THK  CANAL. 


719 


1849,  and  was  ohtaincil  fur  a  term  of  oiglity-tivc  yuars  from  the  completion 
of  till!  proposed  canal.  Tlic  surveys  ■wore  to  l>o  ooniiiiouecd  -within  onu  year, 
and  the  wliolo  to  1)((  i-onipliti  .1  in  twolvo  years.  The  canal,  hy  the  terms  of 
the  charter,  \va.s  to  he  of  dinien^ioas  Butftciently  great  to  admit  and  pass  vca- 
ncls  of  all  .HJzeM  with  spued  and  safety.  The  company  was  to  pay  to  the  state, 
durin;,'  tlie  period  assigiicil  for  the  eonstriietion  of  the  work,  the  annual  sum 
of  ."!!|0,(MH);  to  give  to  tho  state  .V_'()0,()(M)  of  stock  in  the  canal,  on  the  issue 
of  stock;  tlie  state  to  receive,  for  the  first  twenty  years,  twent\  ^x-r  ct^nt 
annually  out  of  tiie  net  prolits  of  the  canal,  after  dodueting  the  interest  on 
tho  capital  actuiJly  investeil,  at  tho  rate  of  seven  per  cent;  and  for  the  re- 
maining sixty-five  years,  twenty-five  i>er  cent  of  the  profits.  The  company, 
on  the  otlicT  liand,  were  to  receive  fifteen  per  cent  annually  out  of  the  net 
profits  of  the  canal  for  the  first  ten  years  after  it  should  revert  to  the  state, 
j)rovidcd  it  did  not  cost  over  !i!'_'0,(MX),(HM);  hut  if  it  should  cost  more  than 
tiiat  sum,  the  conii)any  to  receive  twenty  per  cent  for  twenty  years.  J)uring 
the  period  of  constructing  the  canal  (twelve  years),  the  company  had  the 
exclusive  right  of  navigating  the  waters  of  the  state  hy  steam,  and  also  tho 
privilege  of  opening  a  transit  route  through  its  territories,  upon  tlu;  principal 
condition  of  paying  ten  jier  cent  of  tho  net  profits  to  the  state.  Tliere  were 
Home  otlier  provisions  as  to  lands,  tolls,  etc.,  of  no  special  importance. 

Under  this  eliarter,  the  company  perfected  its  organization.  It  divided  its 
original  shares  into  a  considerahle  ninnher,  called  'canal  rights'  ^  liieh 
were  sold,  and  their  holilors  hrought  into  the  organization.  The  first  instal- 
ment was  paid,  and  in  August  IS'iO,  just  in  time  to  meet  the  stipulation 
providing  that  tlie  surveys  should  ho  commenced  within  one  year  from  tiie 
date  of  the  contract,  a  party  of  surveyors  was  .sent  out  to  Nicaragua.  They 
wei-e  under  the  direction  (as  already  said)  of  Colonel  0.  W.  Childs  as  chief 
engineer.  He  arrived  in  Nicaragua  on  the  27th  of  August,  lSr)0,  and  so  far 
as  his  repfirt  is  concerned,  wo  are  left  to  infer  that  ho  at  onco  commenced 
tho  surveys  for  tho  canal.     His  report  is  dated  March  9,  1852. 

TiiK  Link  (IK  Si-RVKY. — In  the  varicms  projects  for  uniting  the  two  soa.s, 
the  line  of  the  river  San  Juan  has  .ahvays  been  contemplated  a;^  that  hy  which 
the  great  lake  of  Nicaragua  i.j  to  ho  reaehe<l.  From  that  lake  to  the  Pacific, 
various  routes  liav  ■  lieen  suggested: 

1.  From  Lake  Nicaragua  via  tho  river  Sajioa  to  tho  hay  of  Bolailos,  in  tho 
gulf  of  Salinas,  on  the  Pacific. 

2.  Via  the  Ilio  Lajas  to  tiie  port  of  Sau  Juan  dol  Sur,  orsfniio  point  not  far 
from  it,  on  the  Pacific. 

3.  Via  tho  Kio  Tipitapa  into  the  superior  lake  of  Managua,  and  from  this 
lako  to  tho  Pacific  at  the  little  port  of  Tainarindo,  tho  port  of  Ilealejo,  or  into 
tlio  magnificent  gulf  or  hay  of  Fonseca. 

By  his  instructions.  Colonel  Childs  was  limited  to  a  survey  of  tlie  direct 
nmtcs  from  Lake  Nicaragua  to  the  Pacific,  provided  cither  of  tliem  should 
prove  practicable.  As  a  cousequence,  finding  a  route  which,  i:i  his  opinion, 
was  practicable,  ho  made  no  aurvey;i  from  the  superior  Like  of  Managua  to 
the  Pacific.  He,  however,  made  sotne  observations  on  the  lino  of  tlie  con- 
nection between  the  two  lakes  by  the  river  Tipitapa^if  a  channel  dry  for 
most,  if  not  all,  of  the  year  can  bo  called  a  river.  This  is  a  source  of  great 
regret,  especially  in  v'w.w  of  the  deficiency,  on  the  surveyed  routes,  of  a  good 


l-'\ 


I 


ri  in 


IN  TKIIOCKAXIL'  <  OM M L'XICATIOX. 


l.arl)or  on  the  Pacific,  whili'  both  Rwilojo  and  the  gulf  of  Fonscca  are  all  that 
L'jin  liu  (loHircd  ns  portn. 

Lake  Nicaragua  in  Lstiuiateil  by  Coloutl  Cliilda  to  bo  ono  hundred  and  ten 
miles  in  extreme  length  by  thirty-live  in  (average;  width.  Its  nearcat  ap- 
proacli  to  the  Atlantic  is  at  its  southern  extremity,  from  which,  on  a  riglit 
line,  it  is  about  eighty  miles  distant.  The  point  of  its  nearest  appmaeli  to 
the  racitic  is  near  the  middle  of  its  lengtli,  where,  I)y  tiie  sliortest  line,  thi 
distance  is  about  eleven  miles. 

The  iSan  Juan  lliver  was  fouuil  by  Colonel  Childs  to  be,  following  its 
uinuosities,  119  miles  iu  length.  It  has  a  great  numhcr  of  tributaries,  gen- 
erally small,  witii  tiie  exception  of  the  San  Carlos  and  .Scrapiqui,  which  come 
in  from  the  mountains  of  Costa  Kica  on  the  south.  Tiie  first  of  tlu'se  enters 
the  San  Juan  at  sixty-live  miles,  and  tiio  second  ninety  miles  lielow  tlie  laki;. 
These  streams  Mow  through  valleys  transversely  to  tiiat  of  the  San  Juan, 
which  is  furtlier  intcrsectetl  by  ranges  of  hills,  coming  in  botli  from  tlie  nortli 
and  tlie  soutli,  at  tlie  Itapides  del  Toro,  Castillo,  Macimca,  etc. 

Tlie  lake  of  Nicaragua  lit;s  louyitudiii.illy,  nearly  parallel  to  the  I'aeilii! 
Ocean,  and  is  separated  from  it,  for  nearly  two  thirds  of  the  length  of  the 
lake,  by  hills  of  comparatively  moderate  acclivity  and  elevation,  in  most 
cases  e;ipable  of  cultivation  to  their  summits.  Within  tliis  distance,  also, 
are  several  transverse  valleys,  extending  nearly  (Colonel  Childs  says  c^uiti,') 
across,  with  summits  varying  in  height,  and  furnishing  generally  good  oppor- 
tunities for  direct  communications  by  ordinary  roads  or  by  canal. 

RoiTK  VIA  Rivi'.u  S.vroA. — Tliij  line  lies  chiclly  in  the  iicpartment  of 
(iuanacaste,  now  in  dispute  between  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica,  and  actually 
occupied  by  the  latter. 

The  examination  of  this  line  b  /  Colonel  Chihls  only  proveil  its  impractica- 
bility for  the  purpose  of  a  canal.  Ho  founil  that  to  pass  the  summit  a  cut 
1 11)  feet  in  depth  would  be  required,  and  an  up-lockago  from  the  hike  of  '.iMh 
feet,  aiiil  a  down-lock.tge  to  the  racitic  of  4',i'2  feet.  Water  to  supply  the 
upper  locks,  it  was  ascertained,  could  only  be  obtained  with  diliiculty,  ami 
at  great  cost.  Besides,  a  long  rock  cut  of  three  ffturths  of  a  mile  would  be 
required  from  low-tide  mark  in  the  bay  of  Salinas  to  deep  water.  In  short, 
the  physical  difficulties  on  this  line,  if  not  of  a  nature  to  make  the  construc- 
tion of  a  canal  impossible,  were  nevertheless  such  as  to  make  it  impracticable. 

Rori'K  yinm  Moitii  of  tiik  Rio  La.tas  to  Buito. — The  line  from  Lake 
Nicaragua  to  the  I'acitie,  to  which  public  attention  has  been  most  directed, 
is  one  starting  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Lajas,  a  few  miles  below  the  town 
of  Rivaa,  or  Nicaragua,  to  the  port  of  San  Jiiaii  del  Sur,  or  Concordia,  on  the 
I'acilic.  As  already  stated,  not  less  than  three  h;urvcys  liad  been  made  over 
this  line;  ono  in  1781  by  Calisteo,  a  Spanish  engineer,  and  the  last  by  Mi: 
Biiily,  an  Englishman,  iinder  the  republic  of  Central  America,  published  in 
Stephens'  fiirii/i'iit'i  (if'  Travel  in  Central  America.  The  line  pursued  by 
both  Cralisteo  and  Baily  was  governed  by  the  circiinistance  of  a  measurably 
good  jiort  on  the  Pacific — that  of  San  Juan  del  Sur,  the  best  on  the  whole 
.ine  of  coast  from  tlie  bay  of  Salinas  northward  to  Realejo.  Baily "s  line  is 
sixteen  miles  and  730  feet  in  length,  and  the  greatest  elevation  above  tlio 
lake  487  feet.  That  of  Galisteo  is  seventeen  miles  200  feet  in  length,  and 
th  !  greatest  elevation  above  the  sea  'J7'2,  and  above  the  lake  \?A  feet.     Baily's 


KXrL()UlN(;  FOR  A  I.INt:. 


•J  I 


line,  for  half  of  its  ilistaiicc,  iiivolvtMl  'J09  foot  of  iiverago  vortioal  uuttiiijj; 
tliiit  of  Gulisteo,  for  lialf  'I  iti  liiintli,  iiii  iiviTum;  vi.'rtitvil  (.■uttilig  nl  lOS  fiit. 
riiusi!  fcictd,  uuil  oti:t;r.i,  iLiioiig  wliicli  tliu  iii)Miilutr  iiiiiio.iitiliility  i;f  Hiip[ilv  iiig 
tliii  HUininit  levels  with  witter,  and  the  iiecesxity  of  tuiiiiulH,  coiiiliiiioil  to 
niakc  till!  constructiou  of  a  caiiiil  on  tlii.s  lino  wliolly  imiiossililo, 

t'oloml  CliiliU  si'cms  ti)  iia\ ,;  'nuii  .sati-iliiil  nl  IIhj  iiiniriuticaliility  ot  tlii?* 
lino,  after  a  very  rapiil  uxaniinutinn,  anil  to  have  iluvoteil  iiinisc'lf  to  tlic  ili.s- 
covcry  of  one  more  feiislMe.  in  tlnioj,'  tliis,  liowever,  it  wa.s  fouml  nt'eessary 
to  al)an(lon  San  .Fiian  ilel  Sur  as  tliu  western  teriiiiiius. 

Starting  at  the  point  on  tlie  lake  to  the  eastward  of  llivas,  levelling  wfst- 
waril,  through  a  tran.tver«e,  moderately  nndidating  plain,  he  aset'nded,  on  a 
distaneo  of  six  and  a  half  niih.'M,  .'(•Jli  foet,  to  tlie  summit  of  a  liroad  valley, 
passing  hetvveon  the  hills  (whieh  are  here  of  moderate  height),  and  eonnect- 
iiig  with  another  valley  on  the  west  side,  whieh  extends  to  a  [daee  on  tho 
I'aeilie  called  IJrito,  wiiere  a  stream,  named  Kio<frande,  iluus  into  tin- sea. 
The  (juaiitity  of  water  availahle  for  this  summit  heiiig  entirily  iiiadec|uate, 
and  the  cut  altogether  too  iormiilahle,  on  the  plan  of  carrying  tiirough  the 
level,  this  route  was  ahandoned.  Another  line,  not  far  from  this,  was  at- 
tempted, with  ver3"  nearly  tin;  same  result. 

( 'olonel  C'liilds  next  stai'ted  from  the  mouth  of  the  llio  L«ijas,  the  samo 
point  with  his  predecessors,  and  carried  a  lini^  of  levels  to  tho  siinniiit  of  ;t 
transverse  valley  lying  aliout  six  and  a  liall  miles  south  of  Kivas,  and  ii'  leii- 
ing  lietween  the  valley  of  Uio  J^ajas  antl  that  of  the  llio  (Jranile,  already 
mentioned  as  llowing  into  the  Pacific  at  ISrito.  This  sunwnit  was  found  to  ho 
only  forty-seV(  a  and  a  half  feet  aliove  the  surface  of  the  lake,  as  it  stood  <iii 
the  "JUd  day  of  iJecendjer,  18.">0,  at  whieh  time  it  was  three  and  a  half  feet 
ahove  ita  lowest  stages,  :.id  one  and  a  half  feet  I>eIow  the  level  at  whieii  it 
ordinarily  stands  at  the  height  of  tlie  rainy  season.  Thi;  lenj^th  of  this  lino 
from  lake  to  sea  is  aliout  twenty  miles.  This  is  the  route,  and  the  only 
direct  one,  hetween  the  lake  and  sea,  regarded  hy  Colonel  (.'hilds  as  lea- 
sihle,  anil  upon  this  all  his  calculations  respecting  the  proposeil  canal  arc 
Iiased.  In  his  own  language:  'The  conclusiou  was  ai'rived  at  that  the  liiu! 
leading  from  the  lake,  at  tho  mouth  of  the  river  Lajas  to  the  I'acilic  at 
Brito,  presented  more  favorahlo  conditions  for  tiie  construction  of  the  canal 
than  any  (ither;  it  Avas  tlierefore  determined  to  survey  and  carefully  to  locatu 
a  line  acro.ss  upon  this  route.' 

This  line,  then,  runs  tlu'ciigh  the  valley  of  the  river  Lajas,  tlie  waters  of 
a  princi[)ul  hraiich  of  which  interlock  with  those  of  tho  Rio  Grande,  and, 
through  the  valley  of  tho  latter,  reaches  the  sea.  The  stream  first  named 
has  its  origin  aliout  ten  miles  south-westerly  from  its  entrance  into  the  lake, 
on  the  eastern  slope  of  tho  dividing  ridge,  and  after  running  north-westerly 
two  miles,  along  the  hase  of  the  hills,  takes  a  norlherly  direction  through 
comparatively  level  savannas,  a  distance  of  six  miles  or  eight  miles,  wlien  it 
heads  to  tho  east,  and  iu  a  mile  and  three  fourths  enters  the  lake.  The  Rit* 
Grande  rises  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  same  range  of  hills,  and  two  <>v  three 
miles  north-west  from  tho  sources  of  the  Laja.s,  and,  after  llowing  some  three 
or  four  miles  at  the  foot  of  their  slope,  bends  to  the  >>-'est,  and  hy  a  narrow 
•and  somewhat  irregular  valley  passes  through  the  riiije,  and  theneo,  iu  a 
n.ore  capacious  and  uniforin  \  alley,  into  the  I'acitic. 

lllsr.    C'KNT.  .\.M.,  Vol..  III.      Ill 


■'^  i! 


72-2 


INTEROCEANIC  COMMUNICATION. 


Western  Section  ov  Proposed  Canal  between  Lake  Nicakagua  anh 
THE  Pacific. — The  entire  line  of  the  canal  proposed  liy  Colonel  Childs,  and 
upon  wliicli  all  liis  calculation:*  and  estimates  arc  based,  is  therefore  througli 
the  valley  of  the  river  San  Juan  into  Lake  Nicaragua,  across  Lake  Nicara- 
gua to  the  iiiotitli  of  tlic  Rio  Laja.s,  through  the  valley  of  that  stream,  and 
across  the  HUiiiniit  of  furty-severi  and  a  half  feet  which  separates  it  from  that 
of  the  Rio  (iraiide,  and  down  the  valley  of  tlie  Rio  Tlrande  to  Brito,  where 
that  stream  enters  the  Pacific. 

Now,  in  Older  to  understaml  Colonel  Chihls"  conclusious,  and  appreciate 
the  diila  which  he  ^ive.-*,  we  irnist  know  wliaf  kind  of  a  work  he  pi'oposes. 
He  lontemplates  a  eanal  hut  seventeen  fettilcep;  ami  as  he  intends  to  sup- 
];ly  the  western  seetif>n,  from  the  lake  to  the  sea,  lij-  water  from  the  lake,  it 
Mould  lie  necessary  to  commence  construction  in  the  lake  at  a  point  wliere 
tlu;  water  is  aeventeon  feet  deep  at  mean  stage.  This  point  is  opposite  the 
mouth  of  tlic  Lajas,  and  twenty -five  chains  from  the  line  of  the  shore.  From 
this  point,  f<ir  a  mile  and  a  half,  partially  along  tlie  river  Lajas,  the  o.\ca\a- 
t'.iiA  will  lie  principally  earth;  hut  hcyond  this,  for  a  distance  of  five  and  a 
hall  miles,  wliich  carries  the  lino  hcyond  the  suinmit,  three  fourths  fif  the  ex- 
cavation will  he  in  a  trap  rock.  That  is  to  say,  the  deepest  excavation,  or 
ojieii  cut,  will  he  si.xty-tive  feet,  and  involve  the  removal  of  l,879,fKX)  cubic 
yards  of  earth,  and  ;!,.S7S,000  cubic  yards  of  rock.  The  excavation  ami  con- 
struction in  this  five  and  a  half  miles  alone  arc  estiiuatcd  at  ii}/ward  if 
Sll,()0().()()(). 

'I'lie  summit  passeil,  and  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Gramle  reached,  the  exca- 
vation, as  a  general  rule,  M'ili  be  only  tlie  depth  of  the  canal.  Colonel  Child.s 
found  tliat  tlie  lake,  at  or.iiiiai'y  high  water,  is  only  102  feet  10  inches  aliove 
the  Pacific  at  high  and  ill  feet  5  inches  above  it  at  low  tide,  instead  of  I'iS 
feet,  as  calculated  liy  Mr.  Baily.  This  descent  he  proposes  to  accomplisli  by 
fourteen  locks,  of  eight  feet  lift  each,  placed  at  ]iroper  points  in  the  valley  of 
the  Rio  ( jrande,  thus  bringing  lis  to  Brito,  the  terminus  on  tlie.  Pacific. 

The  harbor  of  Brito,  as  it  is  called,  or  the  point  where  tlie  Rio  (Jrande 
enters  tlie  sea,  is  at  best  fnily  a  bad  anchorige.  There  is  here  a  small  angu- 
lar indeii*^atiou  of  the  land,  partially  inoteeted  by  a  low  ledge  of  rock,  liut 
iKitliiug  a<iequate  for  the  tciininu'^  of  an  important  work  like  the  proposed 
canal,  or  capable  of  au.-w<i'iug  the  commonest  rc(piisites  of  a  port.  To  rem- 
edy tliis  deli' ieiicy,  Ccilduei  Childs  pniposed  to  construct  an  artilicial  harlior, 
ot  tliirty-hnir  acres  area,  by  mians  of  moles  and  jetties  in  the  sea,  and  by 
extensive  excavation.-  n  the  land.  If,  as  he  supjioses.  '^'le  excavations  here 
vould  be  ill  sand,  it  is  ob\  iously  almost  imiiossible  to  ge  pro]ier  foiiudatious 
for  the  immcuse  sea-walls  and  jiiers  tluit  Mduld  lie  nc'  .'s.sary  for  a  work  ol 
tliis  liind.  On  tlie  coiitrary,  if  tliese  excavations  sliouhl  lie  chiefly  in  a  rock, 
n>  s.'cnis  nio.st  lik'ly,  the  cost  ami  l.ibor  \\duM  almost  iipass  computation. 
.\^sunling  the  excavations  for  th<' pur]io.*e  to  be  in  ear  .  and  sand.  Colonel 
( 'liilds  estimates  the  cost   if  making  a  harbor  at  a  little  over  .'?'J,()(X),0()0. 

Miiiiii.E  Seci'kin  of  I'liiiposi.ii  Canm. — Lake  NrrAKAorA  — Proceeiling 
from  seventeen  feet  depth  of  Mater  in  the  lake,  opposite  to  the  river  Lajas. 
in  the  direction  of  the  outlet  of  the  lake  at  Fort  Saii  Carlos,  then!  is  .imiih 
water  for  vessels  of  all  sizes  for  a.  distance  of  about  iifty-oiie  miles,  to  a  poiii! 
half  a  mile  south  of  the  Boaeos  Islands.     Here  the  depth  of  water  diminishes 


THE  RIVER  SAN   JUAX. 


79$ 


m 


rapidly  to  fonrtesn  feet.  For  tlic  remaining  tivi;  and  a  half  miles  to  the  fort, 
tlio  M'ater  is  varialilc,  averaging  only  about  nine  feet  at  low  and  about  four- 
teen at  high  watjr.  For  this  distanee  of  five  and  a  half  miles,  therefore,  au 
average  under-w.Mcr  cxeavation  of  eight  feet  would  be  re(juired  to  riiake  the 
channel,  at  low  "  ater,  of  the  depth  of  the  canal,  or  .seventeen  feet.  But  if 
the  lake  were  ke^^it  at  high  level,  the  under-water  excavation  would  be  but  an 
average  of  three  feet. 

Colonel  Ch'hl-  proposed  to  protect  this  portion  of  the  channel  by  rsw.t  of 
piles  driven  on  each  side,  along  its  whole  extent,  and  thinks,  after  tha  ex- 
cavation were  made,  a  suiiicieut  current  would  be  established  to  keep  the 
channel  clear. 

Eastern  Section — The  River  Sa\  Jcvn. — Wi  c-nc  now  to  the  section 
between  Lake  Nicaragua  and  the  Atlantic,  througii  <ir  along  the  river  San 
Juan.  Excepting  a  small  settlement  at  the  Castillo  Viejo,  at  the  Castillo 
Rapids,  thirty-.seven  miles  from  the  lake,  the  valley  of  the  San  Juan  is  wholly 
uninhabited.  This  section,  hitherto  supposed  the  easiest,  is,  nevertheless,  by 
far  the  most  difTicult  part  of  the  proposed  enterprise. 

Colonel  ChiMs  carried  a  line  of  levels  from  the  lake  at  San  Carlos  to  the 
port  of  San  Juan,  on  the  northern  bank  of  +lie  stream.  The  whole  distance 
from  San  ('arlos  to  seventeen  feet  depth  of  water  in  the  harbor  of  Sau  Juan 
is  llO.'i  miles;  and  the  wliole  fall,  from  the  surface  of  high  lake  to  the  surface 
of  highest  tide  in  the  harbor,  is  107J.  feet — to  lowest  tide,  108.^  feet. 

Of  the  above  distance,  the  first  ninety-one  miles,  or  f.'i  ni  San  Carlos  to 
half  a  nnle  Iielow  the  Serapicpii  Kivei,  Colonel  Oiihls  propose,  to  make  the 
river  navigable  by  ijxcavating  its  bed,  and  by  constructing  dams,  to  be  passed 
by  means  of  locks  and  short  canals;  the  remaining  twenty-eight  miles  of  the 
canal  to  be  constructed  inland,  or  independently  of  the  river.  Of  the  whole 
fall,  sixty-two  and  a  half  feet  occurs  on  that  portion  which  it  is  pro[)osed  to 
improve  by  dams,  and  on  wliieh  there  were  to  be  eight  lotks,  and  the  reni.iin- 
ing  forty-six  and  a  (juarter  feet  occurs  on  the  iidand  portion  of  the  canal,  on 
which  were  to  be  six  locks — fourteen  locks  in  all. 

Colonel  Childs  proposed  ti.  place  the  first  dam  at  the  head  of  tlu;  Castillo 
Rapids,  a  distance  of  upward  ai  thirty-seven  miles  from  tlie  lake,  and  to  pass 
the  rapids  by  means  of  a  late  'al  canal.  ]{y  means  of  this  dam  he  projiosed  to 
raise  the  water,  at  t'i;it  point,  twenty-one  and  a  half  feet,  and  the  entire  level 
of  Lake  Nicaragua  five  feet  al)ove  its  lowest  stages,  or  n.  other  words,  to 
keep  it  at  liigh-water  mark.  The  fall  at  this  dam  would  i>e  sixteen  feet.  Ho 
proposed  also  six  otlier  dams,  four  of  eight  feet  fall,  one  of  fourteen  and  a 
half  feet,  and  .me  of  thirteen  and  a  half  feet.  Between  all  of  these  there 
would  be  more  or  les?  excavation  in  the  bud  of  the  stre.ini.  Mniutimes  in 
earth,  and  often  in  rock. 

Colonel  Childs  proposed  further  to  im|)rove  the  harbr)r  of  San  .liiaii  by 
moles,  etc.,  and  to  construct  au  artificial  harbor  in  connei  tion  witii  it  of  the 
caiiaeity  of  thirteen  ai';es. 

In  respect  of  the  amount  of  water  in  the  San  Juan,  we  have  some  interest- 
ing statistics.  This  amount,  of  course,  varies  greatly  witli  the  diirennt 
81.ISOI1S.  The  quantity  of  water  tliat  jiassed  frotu  the  lake  at  its  lowest  s-ta^e, 
on  tie  4th  of  June,  1851,  was  ll.ltlid  cubic  feet  per  .second.  The  greatest 
rise  of  the  lake  is  aljout  live  feet.     When  it  stood  at  S.4H  feet  above  its  lowest 


IN'i'KKOCE ANIC  COM  MUNICATION. 


level,  the  flow  of  v.  iter  wiis  IS,0.")y  cubic  I'uct  pur  hccoikI,  boing  an  increase  of 
about  tifty  per  cent.  Supposing  the  same  ratio  of  increase,  at  high  lake  the 
anioiint  of  water  in  tlio  river  would  lie  tl^-iiiileil. 

Tlic  river  recuivis  Lirgc  auee.s.sioii.s  fi'oni  its  trilmtaries.  liclow  these,  and 
above  the  point  of  ilivcrgenee  of  tlic  ('oliu-ulo,  llowing  direct  into  the  sea 
iroin  tlie  San  Juan,  wljith  falls  into  tho  hail)or  of  tlu;  stinic  name,  tin:  flow 
of  water  was  ."i-t.MsO  cubic  feet  per  second,  iif  M'liich  42,(>ri(;  passed  tbrou;,'!! 
the  Colorado  brancli  into  the  ocean,  and  ll.'.."il24  thmugh  the  San  .luan  into 
the  port. 

iMMKNsroNs  OK  riiK  I'uoro.sKh  Canal.  W'liere  the  excavation  is  in  earth, 
Cohmel  (.'hilds  proposed  (and  all  his  estimates  are  founded  on  these  dimen- 
sions) that  tlic  canal  sliall  have  a  <lepth  of  17  feet;  that  it  shall  be  iV)  feet 
wide  at  the  bottom,  8(1  feet  wiih;  at  9  feet  above  the  bottom,  and  IIH  ;eet 
wide  at  the  surfaci;  of  tlie  watei'.  Whci'c  the  excavation  is  in  rock,  tlie  canal 
is  to  be  SO  feet  wide  at  bottom,  77  feet  at  1)  feet  above  bottom,  and  78^  feet 
at  the  surface  <if  the  water. 

LKMiTii  OK  I'liOKO.sKi)  Canal. — The  total  length  of  the  line  |iro|iosed  by 
Colonel  Cliilds,  from  San  .Juan  del  Norte  on  the  Atlantic,  to  Jirito  on  tlie 
Paeifie,  is  11)4;';  mdes,  as  follows: 

Miles. 
Canal  from  port  of  Sau  Juan  to  it.s  point  of  intersection  with  the 

river,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Serapicjui SS.SOo 

Slack-water  navigation  on  the  San  Juan  River,  from  the  above  point 

to  Sau  Ccirh.s,  at  the  outlet  of  the  lake 00.800 

From  Sau  Cdrlos,  across  Lake  Nicaragua,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio 

Lajas , nCi.  r)00 

From  mouth  of  Rio  Lajas  to  Brito 18..").ss 

Total,  as  above l'J4.:593 

EsTT.MAM'Kii  Co.sr. — Tile  cost  of  the  work  is  estimated  by  Colonel  Cliilds  iu 
detail.     The  recapitulation,  by  divisions,  is  as  follows: 

Eastern  IJivisirin  (i.  e.,  from  port  of  Sau  .rium  to  lake) ^12,502,340 

Middle  Division  (through  lake) l,()-2.'),(;7t; 

Western  Division  (from  lake  to  Paciflc) i;{,8!t(),()0:{ 

$27,424,()2.-) 
Add,  for  contingencies,  IH  per  cent 4, 113,liy;i 

Total  estimated  cost  of  canal $31,538,318 

The  canal  comiiuny  jiuMished  a  itamphlet,  in  which  the  estimates  for  the 
canal  were  made  at  New  York  prices,  and  in  which  the  total  was  put  down 
atS13.243,()!l!».  "Ihc  [nices  adopted  in  the  estimate  of  S31,.")00,(K)»,'  says 
Colonel  Cliilds,  'arc  niaih' up  with  lefercnce  to  the  completion  of  the  work 
within  six  years  from  the  time  of  breaking  ground,  and  a  comniencemcnt  of 
the  settlement  of  the  country  in  tho  vicinity  of  the  lino  previous  to  letting 
the  contracts." 

Cai'ai'HV  ok  niK  I'koi'oskd  Can.\l. — 'I'lu;  chartcu- of  the  canal  company 
provided  that  the  capacity  of  the  work  should  be  suflicieutly  great  'to  admit 
vessels  of  all  sizes.'     And  it  is  obvious  that  a  work  which  will  not  pass  freely 


0, 

a;"-. 


THK    VIKWS   OF   (  OLONKL   CIIILDS. 


726 


% 


tlic  hirgoft  vessels  (•  in  Init  iiii]icrfrctly  iinswt.T  tli<'  piirimsi'.s  (if  its  roiisti-iic- 
tidii,  t)i' meet  the  reijuii'i'iiu'iits  nf  coiiilin'rce.  But  ('(ilmifl  Cliilils  prujioscd 
(inly  one  17  feet  il(^eji,  oO  feet  wide  at  liottein,  ami  ll.S  feet  wide  at  tnji — a 
eapacity  wluilly  iuadeijnate  t(i  pass  tlie  larger  elasses  of  vessels,  and  one 
winch  fails  to  meet  the  sti|inlati(ins  of  the  charter.  Thi^  lart.'er  nieicliant- 
ships,  sneh  as  are  generally  ein]iloyf'd  in  the  eastern  trade,  have  a  draught 
of  from  20  to  25  feet,  and  wonld  rciinire,  to  say  nothing  of  war  vessels  and 
large  steai'-ers.  a  (Niiiai  of  from  •_'."!  to  'M  feet  in  dejitli,  which  winild  invol\(! 
more  than  doulile  the  unount  of  excavation  i)ro|ioseil,  and  [irol'iilily  tnlile 
the  ainonnt  of  cost,  and  carry  it  n[>  from  s;{l,."i()l),000  to  .«IOO,(XM»,(MM).  Here 
is  the  fatal  dclicieney  in  the  whole  jiroposition  of  ( 'olonel  Childs. 

To  inaKc  llu^  canal  c.i|ialilc  of  passing  vessels  clraw  iiig  20  feet  of  water, 
('olonel  riiilds  says,  would  inci'ease  to  a  very  .ureat  degree  tlic  amount  of  the 
excavation  on  tiie  river  section,  and  still  more  tiie  exiiense.  'Any  consider- 
alilc  increase  in  tiiii  (le|ith  ]iropos(^d  (17  feet)  woidd  re(|uire  under-watcr  exca- 
vations Iietween  the  i.ikc  and  the  'loro  K  ipids,  a  disi  inc(^  of  27  niijes,  to  lie 
almost  continuous;  it  wnuld  very  hmk  li  leULithen  the  ents  on  tlie  other  [lor- 
tions  of  the  rivir,  and  the  lialiility  of  these  artilicial  ciiamn'ls  to  receive 
deposits  of  earlii  to  such  an  extent  as  to  ohstruct  navigii.tion  wouM  he  very 
much  greater.  On  the  inland  portion  of  the  c;iii,il,'  continues  Coloinl  ('hilds, 
'a  dc[ith  of  22  feet  of  water  wonld,  witli  tifty  leit  liottoin-width,  give  a  trans- 
vers(!  water-section  about  4.")  per  cent  gicater  tiiaii  a  dcpili  of  17  feet,  with  the 
une  liottom-width;  and  th(^  ex)icns(!  of  the  inl.ind  [lortions  wonld  also,  liy 
reason  of  the  greater  dejitli  of  excavation,  lie  increased  in  a  still  higher  ratio. 

Cohmid  Childs  seem.s  sensilih!  of  tlic  inailcipiacy  cif  a  canal  of  the  propo.sed 
dimensions,  Init  thinks  that  liy  changt^s  in  model,  etc.,  ships  of  great  si/o 
could  lie  liuilt  to  jiass  a  ]7-f(ifit  eanal.  That  is  to  say,  the  world  may  Imild 
ships  for  th('  eanal,  instead  of  the  eanal  eompany  a  eanal  for  the  ships  of  the 
woi'ld!  He  states  that  most  steamers  draw  less  than  17  feet,  and  (piotes  froTil 
Murray's  Tnoflio  on  Muriw  Eiii/iiiix  to  sliow  that  of  2(il  steam-vessels,  ]irin- 
eipally  I'aiglish,  15  diaw  ovci-  17  feet,  21  have  17  feet  draught,  and  22."i  le.s.i 
than  17  ft^et.  IJut  he  ncglec  ts  to  tell  us  that  expei'ienee  and  economy  ]ioint 
to  the  construction  of  larger  steamers  than  those  now  in  use,  and  that  such 
as  would  he  u.stxl  in  the  eastern  trade,  in  tin;  event  of  the  construction  of  the 
canal,  would  lie  still  laiger  than  tho.sc  of  the  Collins  line,  which  draw  over 
22  feet.  Ik'sidcs,  a  eanal  of  17  feet  is  oidy  a(le(|uate  to  the  [la.ssage  of  vessels 
of  1")  feet  drauglit.  No  canal  ought  to  lie  conteniplated  with  a  less  depth 
than  25  feet,  and  with  proptu-tionate  top  and  liotloin  wi.lth. 

'I'he  <'hesa])eak(!  and  J>elaware  Canal  has  a  ihpth  of  10  feet. 

The  Welland  Canal  is  2H  miles  loni;,  it  feet  deep,  115  fi  ct  wide  at  liottom, 

<  vessels  of  .'{50  tons. 


I  (  I  leot  at  top.      It  (lasses  vessels 
The  Caledonian  ('anal,  lietwcen  the  e.isti'rn  ani 


stern 


if  (in 


JJritain,  is  5!)  miles  in  length,  of  \vliich21.'.  miles  is  inland  and  .'17'.  throuuh 


lake 


It 


is  50  feet  wide  at  liotto 


10  leet  at  ti 


oil,  ami  I 


i8(;.j)able  of  passing  frigati^s  of  .'12  guns,  and  nierchant-\( 


s  20  feet  deep.      Tt 
•Is  ,,f  1,(H)0  tons. 


Tl 


d  fr. 


sterdani  to  New  l>i 


in    Holland,  is  51)  miles  Ion 


'M't  feet  wide  at  liottom  ami  ]'2l  at  top,  and  is  20  feet  it  ii 


iclu's  (lecp 


•I> 


In  respect  of  navigating  the  ranal,  according  to  Colonel  ('hilds'  sugges- 
tions, .steamers  will  propel  themselves,  and  sail-vessels  will  lie  moved  hy  tuga 


y?  1 


TL'C) 


INTEKOCEANIC  COMMUNICATION. 


constructed  for  the  purpose,  except  on  the  portion  west  of  the  lake,  and  be- 
tween the  river  and  port  of  Sau  .luan,  wliere  the  delay  of  the  driving  steam^irs 
in  passing  the  locks  would  make  the  use  of  animal-power  advisable.  Calcu- 
lating 24  minutes  as  the  time  required  for  a  vessel  to  pass  each  lock,  GO  ves- 
sels, it  is  ca.lculated,  could  be  passed  in  a  day.  The  average  rate  of  speed 
with  which  steamers  might  safely  umvo  in  the  inland  portions  of  the  canal  is 
calculated  at  2.^  miles  per  hour,  on  the  river  portions  7  miles  an  hour,  and 
on  the  lake,  1 1  miles  an  hour.  Sailing  vessels  propelled  by  liorse-power  miglit 
move  on  the  canal  at  the  rate  of  two  miles  an  hour,  and  on  the  river  and  lake 
with  an  average  speed  of  4  miles  per  hour.  For  steamers,  therefore,  the  i)as- 
sage  from  sea  to  sea  is  estimated  at  4(i.l  hour.'ii,  or  ab(Uit  two  days;  fur  sailing 
Vessels,  77  lionrs,  or  ',i\  days. 

Facilities  kof;  CoN.sii'HrcriNU  tiik  Canal. — There  are  many  considera- 
tions connected  witli  an  enterprise  of  this  kind  liesides  its  feasibility  in  a 
iiieT'c  engineering  point  of  view,  sucli  as  labor,  materials,  etc.,  etc.  To  all  of 
tli(!se  Colonel  Childs  .seems  to  have  devoted  some  attention. 

Tiiidicr. — -As  compared  witli  those  of  the  United  States,  the  oriiiinal  for- 
ests of  Nicaragua  are  inferior  in  size,  and  the  kind  and  ([Uaiitity  of  tiiiibur 
proper  ffir  use  less  in  proportion.  Tlie  tree  called  the  'cedro,'or  cedar,  is 
produced  in  considerable  abundance,  and  can  lie  tisufidly  apjilied.  It  grows 
to  a  great  htnglit,  and  will  pr<idiu'e  timber  .'ill  to  40  feet  long,  and  12  to  18 
inches  square.  Tiie  '  roble,"  a  s[iecies  of  oak,  is  also  a  tall  tree,  ami  furnishes 
timber  e(jual  to  the  cedar  in  size.  Tlie  'ni.spero,'  'laurel,'  '  nuidera  negra,' 
and  others,  answer  a  very  good  pur[iose.  'Ihe  '  nis]iero  '  is  21)  per  cent 
stronger  tlian  white  oak,  and  may  lie  procured  in  suliieient  rjuantitics,  in  the 
oliiuion  of  Colonel  Chilils,  to  be  relied  on  as  a  substitute  for  all  the  purposes 
in  whicli  oak  is  recpiired.  He  tluidis  that,  in  the  a^;greg:ite,  the  forests  of 
Nicaragua,  in  the  sections  traversed  l)y  the  canal,  will  proli.ibly  produce  all 
the  lumber  required. 

SloiK. — Along  the  river  San  .luan,  the  rock  is  ehielly  traii,  graywaeke, 
and  shale;  in  many  localities  too  friable  for  use,  but  in  others,  Cohiuel  Childs 
tiiinks,  it  may  be  found  lit  for  tlie  purjioses  requii'ed.  Oil  the  west  side  of  the 
lake  limestoiu!  quarries  were  found,  capable  of  [n'odueiug  good  lime  in  abun- 
dame.  The  stoue,  generally,  between  the  lake  and  Pacitic,  on  the  proposed 
canal  line,  is  not  good,  but  it  was  thought  that  in  ea.se  of  need  it  might  lie 
olitaineil  irom  (Irauada,  sixty  miles  to  the  north-west,  and  from  a  lower  point 
on  the  Isthmus.  Very  good  and  abundant  clays  were  found,  and  a  stoiu-  from 
whicli  water-lime  of  a  fair  qualitj  may  be  obtained. 

Lalior.-  (a)lonel  (/liilds  concedes  that  the  prosecution  of  the  works  of  the 
canal  would  Ik;  attendeil  with  vast  difliculties,  resulting  from  a  lack  of  all  the 
essential  requisites  ill  the  shape  of  mills,  roads,  carriages,  etc.,  etc.  He  thinks 
the  oxen  of  the  country  may  be  obtained  in  suliieient  iiuinbers  to  do  all  tlie 
necessary  liaiiling  of  materials.  ]>ut  there  is  yet  a  consideration  of  vastly 
imm:  impiu'taiice,  viz.,  labor.  Colonel  Childs  apprehends  that  it  woulil  Ije 
necessary  to  rely  ehielly  on  foreigners.  He  says  that,  although  the  laboring 
population  of  the  country,  when  under  compulsory  circumstances,  are  eajia- 
ble  of  great  activity  and  of  enduring  much  fatigue,  in  their  ordinary  avoca- 
tions tlu'y  are  tardy  and  irregular  in  their  labor.  Au  exception  is,  however, 
made  in    favor  oi  a   class  of  boaiiueii   employed  on   tlie  river,   solium  400   in 


CLIMATIC  TRIALS. 


7::^ 


i 

i 


number,  in  whom  we  have  an  example  of  physioul  lalror  and  exposure  tp  the 
elenieiits  scarcely  ecjuallud  in  any  country,  entUired  hy  them  with  no  jut- 
cciitii)le  prejudice,  but  apparently  with  advantage  to  tlieir  health.  Tlieso 
men  slc(|ioii  a  narrow  ))lank  across  their  boats,  witii  no  other  protection  thaa 
a  single  lilanUct;  yet  tlicic  is  probably  in  the  world  no  class  of  men  of  more 
athletic  forms,  and  notwithstanding  their  indifferent  attention  to  tlu;  con- 
tlitions  of  health,  more  ca[)al)le  of  hard  service.  So  far  a.s  can  be  gatiicrcd 
from  Colonel  Childs'  observations,  it  seems  that  lie  would  lely  chietly  on  for- 
eign labor  for  the  construction  of  tiie  proposed  work. 

He  seems  to  think  it  is  not  unlikely  that  foreigners,  already  accustomed 
to  hard  labor,  niay,  wlien  tiiorougidy  acclimated,  and  under  no  umu'cessary 
exposure,  be  capable  of  a  fair  ainf)unt  of  labor  in  this  country,  although  not 
as  great  an  amoinit  as  in  higher  latitudes.  He  stivtes  that  of  the  party  en- 
gagcMl  iit  the  survciy  west  of  the  lake,  nine  were  unaoeustomed  to  the  climate. 
After  a  few  months,  a  slight  fever,  followed  by  ague,  prevented  so .le  of  the 
nuir'ber  fi'om  cfintinued  daily  exercise;  but  being  in  all  casea  umler  the  con- 
trol of  medicine,  it  was  of  short  duration.  During  seveu  months  in  this  part 
of  tlie  state,  illness  in  the  ])arty  at  no  time  interruiitf;d  i  daily  prosecution 
of  tlie  survey.  lj\i(tn  the  San  .J n.au  River,  tlie  surveying  party  consisted  of 
twelve  persons,  exelusive  of  native  citizens.  The  survey  occupied  six  and  a 
iialf  nnintlis,  from  .M.uch  to  Septeinlier.  'The  Jiaity  generally  enjoyed  good 
health,  and  no  individual  was  prevented  by  indisposition,  beyond  a  day  or 
two,  from  full  service.  Of  those  engaged  as  axemen  in  clearing  the  line,  twr> 
were  nortlun'ii  men,  wliosi;  daily  exereisir  exceeded  tli.at  usual  to  men  m  canal- 
work,  witiiout  detriment  to  liealth  or  constitution." 

jS'o/V.  —  From  San  .hian  Harlior  to  where  the  proposecl  canal  would  strike 
the  river,  the  soil  is  vegetable  mould,  coarse  sand,  and  sandy  loam.  Along 
the  river  it  is  of  a  more  mixed  ehaiaeter,  clay  and  loam  predominating  in  the 
vallejs,  and  a  gravelly  clay,  with  ilet.iclie<l  stones,  on  the  hills.  West  of 
the  lake,  tlnMcntral  poi'tion  of  the  summit  is  principally  clay;  the  remainder, 
together  with  the  soil  through  the  valley  to  I?rito,  lia-i  a  very  nearly  iiniforiu 
and  ei|u,il  inteiinixtiue  of  clay,  sand,  .aid  uravel.  The  surface  soil  is  gen« 
erall}'  line,  and  contains  enou;;h  of  \('get.ibh;  mould  to  render  it  ea[iable  of 
great  produclion. 

Food. — Among  the  staple  articles  of  t'ood  that  wouhl,  during  the  eon. 
struetioii  of  the  canal,  be  most  ii([uired  for  eonsumptioa,  may  be  named 
nuiize,  plantains,  and  l)eaus.  Of  the  former  and  latter  t.vo  eroiis  are  annually 
raise<l  on  tin;  same  ground,  aiul  the  supjily  of  plantains  is  constant.  Besides 
these  are  l)ananas,  oranges,  lemoii>s  pineapples,  cocoannts,  sipiaslies,  mcbuis, 
tomatoes,  and  other  garden  vegetables.  ( 'olonel  Childs,  while  consid(;rni'^ 
these  sources  of  supply  in  food,  is  nevertheless  of  opinion  that  siUt  meat  and 
rtour  would  have  to  be  brought  in  large  (pi.mtities  from  abroad.  bVesh  biief, 
pork,  and  poultry  are  aluuidant  in  the  I'oiiutry. 

Ol'i.sioN  OK  Coi.oNKL  AiiKiir  ASM  Lii  I  TIN  AN  i-<  oi.oN  K.L  Ti'KN  HUM,. — Al- 
though a  diff'erent  iiiiprission  has  lu'eii  sought  to  be  produced  ill  the  public 
mind,  yet  tln'  fiv'vernmeiit  of  tile  United  .States  had  no  direct  interest  in  the 
proposed  eiwmi,  nor  nwnifesticd  any  other  than  might  naturally  attach  to  any 
enterprise  <<'.  suppt>ied  (fncral  iiniiortanco.  The  surveys  of  Colonel  Childs 
Bceni,  neverihele.s.-N  to  havo  been  sent  to  the  seerefeiry  of  war,  with  a  rc(iuest 


I: 

II'   ! 


il.  :' 


•JH 


INI  KIUU'KANK'   fOM  MUNlCATJON. 


fur  till'  (>iiiiii(>ii  iif  tlif  i;iivcnmit'iil  cii^^iiiocrs.  Mr  C'onrail  jxilitcly  roftirrod 
it  ti>  < 'iiliiiu'l  Atii'it  anil  l,iiut('ii:mt-((il(m('l  'runilnill,  of  tlif  Imn'.iii  ol'  tnpo- 
giapliii' 

is,- 


ll  <  iig 


iiuciH,  wild  ^ivi'  (luir  ii|iiiU(p| 


a  lilicl  letter,  .latcl  M; 


-'0, 


rn)Ct'eilinj{    ii|iiii>  ('.ilniicl   I'liiMs'  data,  tlioy  think    li^s  jdaii   jiracti- 


I'alile,  that  liin  I'stiinatcs  tni- 


tl   of 


Hi'Vtditofii   feet  arc  lilicral,  and  that 


)Mi>'   r'.'diicticai.s   niiylit   [Mi.ssihly  he  made.      Tliey  tiiink  tlial  a  .sluirter  lini' 


fni^;lil  lie  ti 


d    lMt\ 


II  the  pdi't  (if  iS.'iii  Juan  ami  the   |Miilit  ol    intersect  inn 


ith  til 


c  river,  and  n^euniineiid  another  .survey  of  tiiat  iiortion 


OriMoN   cir   KMii.l.sii    IvNciNKK.K.s.-    'I'lic  Anieriean   mini.ster  in    l'!n^laiid, 


at  tl 


It!  rc(|ne.s|  of   ilic  co;ii|)aiiy,  ainieais 


to  have  traiisniittiMl  ('olomd  t'iiild.s' 


surveys  to  the  earl  of   Malineshiirv,  with  a  wish   that  he 


lid   siihinit  it    tl 


ers,  weri^   nainei 


I'onipetent    I'lnj^lish  eiit;iiieiis   for  their  opinion,     .lames  Walker,    l')si|.,  civil 
tillgincer,  and    Mclward  Aldrieh,  eajitain   of  the   royal   enyiiic 
/or  this  service, 
vcy,  hut,   to  lia\e 
il 


Ti 


icy  sccni  not  only  to  have  c.N.uiiined  Coloinl  ' 'hilds'  snr- 
jected    til. it    Lieiillciiian,   who  w. is   then    in    l'",iiL;laiid,   to  a. 


very  do.sc  jicrsoiial  ex.iniiiiation 


Tak 


iii|;  his  plans,  nicisiircincnt.  and  state 


imnits  to  lie  eorrecl,  their  o|iinioii   is,  on   the  win 


that  lii.s  estiinalcs  for  worl 


'V 


111,  re,L:.i'' 


lie,    f,i 
I    the 


ihh 


'I'll 


cv 


think 


Hint  set.  down  tor 


'  eonlin)4ciicies '  (liftccn  per  cent)  too  small  hy  at  hast,  ten  per  cent,  that  is  ti 


May,  that  it  should  ha',  e  hcen  twcnry-livc  instcail  ot   littceii   |)i 


th 


rk 


if  tl 


proposed  <ia\if,'.Jioii,  they  regard  tin 


legist  satisfactory, 
d 


io  use  their  own  lanuina^^e 


lirili 
1  csiiiiiiii!'  ( ' 


r 


.•lit.      Of  all 
icilic  li.irhor 


'I  (' 


.statements  and  concliisions  to  lie  correct,  tl 


■  hit 


o  liai'iior  IS  in 


a[)i 


tl 


liworthy  of   this  grca'.  ship  iiiivij^.-itioii,  even  silpposiiif^  tln^  I'aeilic,  to  which 


th 


laii  aii\'  we  have  seen  or  liavi 


it  is  cpiitc  open,  to  lie  a  much  i|iiicicr  oi 
<iny  inforniation  of.' 

They  also  olijcct  to  the  ))ro[ioseil  si/c,  and  siiguest  (I  canal  twenty  feet,  dce| 
instead  of  seventc>n.  sixtv   fi'ct  wide  at  the  holtoin  instead  of  tilty,  and   tin 


1. 


:mm)  il 


insti 


if 


'.")(),   .-l; 


s  licill;;  olli' 


'  more  itlicicnl  for 


tl 


iiosi  s  of  trndi",  hy  steam  :'i   .ailiiin  vessels.'      This  wniilil,  of  I'oiir.- 


ic  i;cncrai 
■alt. 


■with  jii-.at  ail 


lilional  .-osl;   III,"    .IS  they  truly  ohserve,  'if  tlii!  jiiiu'tion  of  tli 


I'acili.'  with  the  .\tlanlic  he  worth  doiiii;  at  .ill,  it  is  worth  iloiiii; 


II. 


Th 


I'oii.liidc  t  lilt,  judging  from  the  data,  without  prcsuniiiij,' to  \  oiicli  for  tlu'ir 
aeeniacy,  the  worn  is  praelicahle,  'and  would  not  h.'  atlemled  with  .'nuim'.'r- 
iiij{  ilitrniillies  heyon.l  what  mii;lil  ii.itnr.illy  he  expc,  ted  in  .i  w.irk  of  this 
inagnitnde; '  thiit  the  surv.ys  have  ;\.r\  ,ip|ie.iraiiri- </f  aM'UMi'y,  mid  lii.'y 
ar.' satislie.l  of  the  ji.'rf.ct  fairiu'ss  and  .'amlor  of  ColoniJ  l'hihl»i  Hiat  (he 
Vi>i'ks<arc  g.'iierally  siillicii'iit  f.ir  the  purpose  they  are  int.  ndi  ■>  fit  iinswir; 
and  that  the  estimat.'s  upon  the  present  value  of  iiioni'y  are  iidi/fMrtI/.,  in  ii 
far  as  jmlgniciils  can  ho  form.'d  from  Jie  dm  Mineiits  ]>r.i((iii  ed 


«' 


n.'i'iil  wav. 


and  the  explanations  of  Colonel  Cliilds. 
OriMdN  V      lluiiisM  ('aiit.xli.sis.  — W 


o  eonio  now  to  a  poii 


t  not  indicated 


ii:  the  report  (if  I'olomd  Cliilds,  viz.,  the  refusal  of  tli.'  hading  .'apitalists  of 
Knulaud  to  engage  in  th.'  projwite.l  work. 

It  is  w.'U  known  that  at  least  two  expeditions  or  missions  to  Kngland  w.Te 
uii.lertiiken  hy  ;igents  of  the  canal  company.  At  their  (irst  \  isit  in  1851,  tlii'y 
vrcw.  uiuihle  to  present  any  specilic  data  upon  which  to  solicit  fhi"  aid  of  .-api- 
t.<lli.sts;  they,  li.iwever,  mad.!  .mt  a  h,\  ]piitlictical  ease,  which  th 'y  snhmitted, 
ami    r.^cciveil    lot   answer,    'iSiihstaiili.ili    your  st/tteiiients    hy  firts,   ainl  no 


ItKASONS    KOK    DIK  LI  M  N( !.  7*.'!» 

(liinculiy  will  lit'  cxpcrioiici'il  in  .sci'iiriiif^  tlic  liiiaiiciiil  aid  wliicli  ydu  closirc; 
until  tiicii,  we  ran  return  .yon  mi  ilitiiiitt!  aimwcr. '  TliiH  reply  \va«  n(it  ni.'nlc 
|iulilii'  in  tcriiiH,  lint  tiu!  agents,  on  tlnir  return,  iiniclainii'ij  that  the  '  j^reat 
Kur(i|iuiin  eajiitalistM  had  engaged  t(i  furni.sh  half  tin' cipital  fur  t lie  enter- 
prise.'  A  few,  and  it  is  lielieve<l  eidy  a  few,  jierMens,  <'(insidering  ihe  jir'-ciK*! 
siiuree  whein'e  this  vaunt  eaine,  uttaeluMl  the  slighte.st  im|ii)rtanee  tii  it. 

The  .seeiind  exiiediliiin  w.is  made  in  Isri'J,  and  thi.-<  time,  the  agent.s  Imik  unt 
with  them  lioth  ('ciiiincl  ('hild.saiid  hi.s  sni'\-ey.s.  'Ihe  (i|iini(in  of  certain  ISril- 
ish  engineeis  (as  we  have  win)  wa.s  |ii(i(iiriMl,  and  the  whole  mattei'  risnli- 
initted  to  th(!  great  eapitalist.s.  wlm  new,  fur  tlu^  lir.st  time,  theught  it 
sullieiently  advaneeil  to  merit  their  Kerinu.s  attentinn.  The  result  of  thi'ir 
oxamination  was  eniiimuniialed  to  the  i(iiii]iany  in  a  jrlter  from  Mr  Mates, 
lieacl  of  the  house  of  faring  Mrothers,  in^  August  IS,"i'_',  and  eonsisled  in  .1 
deel'jusion  to  emhark  in  the  enterprise',  for  a  variety  of  rea.sons,  ehielly,  of 
uiinr.su,  finaneial. 

I.   The  dimensions  of  the  canal  were  not  such  as,  in  Iheir  opinion,  to  nu'et 


th 


reouiriinents   <if  eemmei 


and   the  w 


irk   coulil  not   I 


le  uscil   t'Xceiit   |i 


lit  liy 


nieilium-sizcii  .steaiiK'rs  ami  small  ves.sels. 


'2.  That  the  proposed  dimensions  weri!  not  in  conformity  with  those  ri-- 
cjuire<l  hy  tin;  ehaiter  of  the  eoiiipany,  anil  that  it  I'oiild  not  lie  Imilt  of  IIh' 
proposed  dimensions  wit  liout  .sec\ii  ing  a  niodilicil  ion  of  the  charter,  which, 
in  the  existing  state  of  IccliiiL;  in  Nicaiauua,  it  w.is  not  liUidy  cnidd  lie 
cll'ei'ted. 

,'!.  Tli.ii,  supposing  the  wurk  mil  to  exc  fi\  the  cstim.itcd  cost  of  S.'{I,(KM>,- 
00(),  the   returns,  to  meet   the   simple   interest  of  the   in\estment  at  hix   per 


cent,  niiisl  he  at  least  ,'r^I,St)(l,(»l)(>  o\er  and  aliove  it 


s  <'urrcnt  cxpeii.ses;  or,  tc 


luei't    this    interest,  and    (lie    inwci'titaj^e    t 


<i    oe    iia 


lid    to    N 


c.ir.ii'ua,    it  imiHt 


reach,  over- and  aliovc  its  expenses,  S"_'.'.'ti".l,'Jtl().  Kstinial  ini;  the  expenses  of 
rep.iirs,  su|ieriiilendenee,  cost  of  transportai 'on,  etc.,  ;it  !<l(t(>,(l(HI  a  ye.tr  (a 
sum  reg  iiled  as  too  .small),  (hen  the  giuss  returns  to  make  tin-  work  pay 
must  he  .•jl!,()7(t,(MM). 


t.    ItuI    it  i.s   found,  li 


J' 

till 


y  iiupiiry 


'.llculatinll,   tll.'ll     little,    il    .'in\,  of    t.ll< 


uropian   trade  with   the  Orient  would   pass  tliroii.;! 


passage    li\   the  way  of  Cape  <ii 


M 


oiM'   Is,  on 


I   the  c.in.'d,  inasniiich  as 
,in    aver.iL,'!',    I,."il)(l   miles 


lii-arer  tliati  hy  way  of  tin;  propo.sed  woik. 

5.  That  cM-ii  if  the  diHtaiiee  wire  in  favor  'if  the  ]>ro]iosed  canal,  its  small 
size  would  pi.-veiit  nearly,  if  not  i[uite,  two  thirds  ot  the  vessels  engaged  in 
the  Indi-in  trade  from  iias.siiig  iit'>:  and  tlii.s  tilijiM'tion  would  er)imlly  lit'  against 
most  of  till'  vessel*  employi'd  in  the  tradi'  with  wesiiru  America,  the  only 
trade  m  which  the  ciwial  Would  j*rove  .serviceahle  to  Kuropc. 

ii.  That  tk«'  heavy  loll  of  <•$  h  toil  on  ships  would  prevent  .smli  vissids  as 
Could  pass  till-  c.iiial   lioni  doing  ho,  inasiiiiich  as  on  a  vessel  of  1,(MM)  tons  the 

■arniii;;M  of   such  vessels  on 


toll  would  l»   «;!,«««>,  or  more  than   t 


ic  .ivrage 


their  voyages. 

7.   That  a  eanal  ol  the  juoposed  size  could  oiiiy  lie  iisei'  I  y  small  jiassenger- 
Bteaniers,  tin   return.s  from  which  would   not  lie  ud4'i|iiat"  to  jiay  the  eurreiit 


qii 


ii.s  of  the  eiiterpri 


While  uuliesilatingl>  coneeding  the  immense  local  .-idvantageH  of  .1  cinal 
to  the  United  Status,  tlie.su  capilahsts  eonfe'H.iud  theintielves  utterly  unalilu  to 


•^ 


i: 


730 


INTEllOCEANK '  COMMUNICATION. 


discover  how  it  could  prove  of  I'onipeuMating  value  to  the  men  who  hIiouM 
invust  tliiir  money  in  tlie  enterprise.  They  therefore,  for  these  and  other 
reasons,  de<dined  t(   meet  the  views  of  the  projectors  and  their  agents. 

(iiTAKANTEE  OF  TIIK  Unii'EO  States,  ETC. — By  the  Convention  of  1850»Le- 
tween  the  United  States  aii<l  Great  Britain,  a  qualified  guaranty  was  extended 
to  this  enterprise,  in  (•ommou  with  several  others.  There  was  also  a  clause 
inserted  with  direct  reference  to  this  conipfiny,  which  provided  that  it  should 
'  have  a  jiriority  of  claim  over  every  other  company  to  the  protection  of  the 
United  .States  and  (ireat  Britain,' on  condition  that  it  should,  within  'one 
yf!ar  from  tlie  date  of  the  ratilication  '  of  the  convention,  '  conclude  its  ar- 
raiigi'ments  ami  present  evidence  of  sullieient  capital  suhscrilied  to  accom- 
plish tlie  undertaking.'  The  treaty  was  ratitied,  ami  the  ratilicationsexclianged 
July  5,  KS.")().  No  suhscriptioii  of  stock  liaviiig  taken  jdace,  and  no  evidence 
of  capital  liaviiig  been  presented  in  the  time  specilied,  or  indeed  at  any  other 
time,  the  company  forfeited  tiiia  .special  protection  in  July  IS.")!;  and  as  tin 
twelve  years  within  wliicli  the  work  was  to  he  constructed  will  expire  in 
1801,  it  maybe  assumed  that  its  prosecution  will  (le[ic:nd  upon  new  condi- 
tions and  condjinations.  Imleed,  it  may  be  questioned  if  the  opening  of  rail- 
ways lietwoen  the  oceans  may  not  indulinitely  [lostpone  the  project  of  a  canal; 
for,  however  desirable  sucii  a  work  may  he,  its  realization  will  depend  upon 
precisely  those  practical  considerations  which  iipply  to  the  simplest  works  ()f 
public  utility.  It  will  iK)t  do  to  foot  up  the  commerce  lietween  Euidpe  and 
Asia,  and  assuvne,  as  l-.us  generally  been  the  case,  that  the  totals  will  pass 
tiirough  the  canal,  if  constructed.  Now,  the  simple  truth  is,  tliat,  so  far  as 
Europe  is  concerneil,  that  part  of  lier  tr.ide  which  goes  to  ports  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  America,  to  the  Sandwicli  Islands,  Japan,  the  nortiiern  ports  of 
C'liina,  to  New  Zealand  and  Australia,  is  all  that  will  bo  materially  benefited 
by  thi^  construction  of  a  canal.  As  regards  Australia,  the  principal  advan- 
tage would  be  in  iiaving  a  sal\u',  easier,  and  consetjuently  quii.-ker  and  surer 
means  of  communication  than  is  all'ordcd  liy  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  for  tlic 
Pacific  Ocean  is  ]irei'mineutly  the  sea  of  steamers,  and  where  .steam  naviga- 
tion, in  respect  of  speed  at  least,  is  destined  to  achieve  its  most  Inilliant  suc- 
cess. So  far  as  the  United  States  is  concerned,  the  advantages  (jf  such  a  work 
W<mld  naturally  be  greater  than  to  J'",urope. 

Assuming  a  canal  to  be  built  across  the  Isthmus  of  Nicaragua,  tlie  follow- 
ing table  will  illustrate  the  relations  of  Liverpool  and  New  Vork  with  the 
principal  ports  of  the  east,  in  respect  of  distance: 

Via  Cape  of    Via  Proposed    jjot  Loss      Net  Gain 
Goodllope.  Ciinal.  i>iet  J.obs.    J>ecuam, 

From  Liverpool — 

To  Canton lL',0()0  i:!,<'-()0               IHH) 

Calcutta 11,440  i.-),4^:<)           4,040 

Siiiiiapore 1 1,.VS0  lo,  l-_'(.            4,240 

Sy(inev 14,1)80  r.',.")50                               2,320 

FroiiL  New  York — 

To  ( 'niton 14, 100  1 1 .820                               3,280 

Calcutta 12,:^()0  l.S.OSO            :.320 

Singapore 12,700  11,420                                  280 

Sydney 10,720  y,4.S0                               5,240 

[The  distances  to  Sidney  are  calculated  vi,i  Torres  Straits.] 


11 


THE  COURSK  OF  TRAFFIC. 


731 


The  following  table  will  illustrate  the  relations  of  Liveri)n<il  ami  New 
York  in  respect  to  the  principal  western  ports  of  America: 

Via  Cape  Horn.  Via  Proposed  Canal.   Gain. 
From  Liverpool — 

To  Valparaiso 8,700  7,500  1  ,•-'(¥) 

Callao lO.OlM)  0,800  :{,'J-JO 

Sanilwicli  Islands i:i,300  8,040  4,8t;0 

From  iS'ew  York — 

To  Valparaiso 8,580  4.8C)0  3,7'.'0 

Callao •J,!M)0  3,540  5,:!ti() 

San.lwidi  Islands 18,'200  C,H0O  (s'.MM) 

But  it  is  not  to  be  assumed  that  all  the  trade,  nnich  less  all  the  travel, 
treasure,  ami  mails  to  the  points  whicli  I  have  indicated,  will,  umler  an\'  cir- 
cumstances, pass  through  a  canal.  The  passengers  between  New  York  and 
San  Francisco,  aiiiountin;^  annually  to  nearly  100,000,  would  never  consent 
to  make  a  voyjigu  of  from  1,000  to  2,0(K)  miles  out  of  their  way,  to  Nicaragua, 
Panama,  l)arien,  f)r  Atrato,  for  tlie  sake  of  pa.ssing  tiirouj,'h  a  canal,  however 
graml,  when  by  a  simple  transshipment  at  Homlunis,  for  instance,  and  a  tninsit 
of  200  miles  by  railway,  they  v\  oidd  be  able  to  avoid  this  long  detour,  anil  elicct 
a  saving  of  from  5  to  8  ilays  of  time;  for  even  if  steamers  were  to  run  to 
any  canal  which  might  be  opened,  and  .supposing  no  detention  fin  accoinit  >>( 
locks  or  other  causes  (calcidated  by  Colonel  Cliilds  at  '2  days),  even  then  it 
would  be  necessary  for  them  to  stop,  for  coals  and  otiier  .supplies,  more  thnn 
quadruple  the  time  that  would  be  occupied  by  the  passengers  over  the  rail- 
way in  efl'ecting  their  nembaikation.  And  what  is  true  of  passengers  is 
e(pially  true  of  treasure,  the  mails,  and  liglit  freight  of  small  bulk  and  hirj;e 
value. 

I  do  not  wish  to  be  understoo(l  as  arguing  against  a  ciinal;  what  I  mean 
to  illustrate  is  tliis:  that,  open  a  canal  wherever  we  may,  it  will  always  stand 
ill  the  same  relation  to  a  railway  as  does  the  baggage-train  to  the  express. 
A  canal  would  be  cliicHy,  if  not  wholly,  used  by  sliips  and  vessels  carrying 
heavy  and  Imlky  fi-eights;  but  as  most  articles  of  this  kind  are  kept  in  stock 
in  all  tlie  principal  ports  of  the  worhl.  it  is  not  of  so  much  con.serpience  to 
have  rapidity  as  constancy  of  supply,  and  lience,  unless  the  canal  .shall  be 
constructed  so  economically  as  tn  admit  of  a  nioilerate  tonnage  rate,  it  is  not 
improbable  tliac  shijjs  of  this  kind  Mould  liud  it  more  economical  to  follnw 
the  routes  now  o[ien.  Sqiiii'r.s  Slatcn  oJ'Ceiil.  Jinfricn. 

In  tracing,  or  attempting  to  trace,  the  routes  of  recent  travellers  in  Darii  n, 
there  is  cxtraonlinary  dillicnlty,  although  the  locality  in  question  does  nut 
exceed  a  space  of  40  miles  by  30.  .Strange  to  say,  the  routes  of  the  nld 
buccaneers,  of  Danipier,  Kingroso,  Sharp,  Wafei-,  and  Davi.^,  the  inland  juiir- 
ney  of  that  remarkable  man  I'aterson,  and  of  the  Si>anish  ofFicer  l)on  Manuel 
Milla  do  Santa  Flla,'''  can  be  foUowi'd  on  the  old  Spanish  maps,  but  not  in  our 
modern  ones,  even  the  best;  while  there  are  no  data  hitlierto  published  that 
afford  more  than  a  guess  at  the  tracks  of  modern  explorers  after  leaving  the 
Bca-coast.  Mr  (iisborne  has  compiled,  or  rather  copieil,  the  principal  part  of 
the  map,  on  which  he  has  shown,  in  red,  those  portion.s  which  he  himself  saw 


i^ 


'-"  March  13,  1788. 


182 


INTEUOCKANIU  COMM UNKJATION. 


aiul  was  enabled  to  lay  down.  No  Hurvoyor  who  reads  his  Jrmrnal  and  AV- 
2x)rl  can  doubt  tliat  hu  lias  given  eye-sketchen,  aided  liy  compass  licarings 
and  estimated  distanees;  hut  the  estimation  of  a  practised  eye  is  not  to  ho 
undervaliutd.  Dr  Cullen  can  hu  traced  \\\t  the  Tiiyra  to  Yavisa,  and  up  the 
I'aya;  also  up  the  Savana,  hut  no  t'aither  inland. 

The  state  of  our  geographical  knowledge  of  that  exceedingly  interesting 
region  is  tlic  following: 

All  examinations,  all  surveys,  of  the  (Jreat  Isthmus  were:  made  hy  Spain 
alone,  while  .sjie  held  tlie  country  (till  the  years  KS'JI-  .'U).  Very  good  maps 
of  mucli  of  tlic  iSiianish  territory  existed  at  that  time;  l)ut  they  liave  been 
copied  and  recopieil  by  all  manner  of  hands;  scales  and  l)cai'ings  have  been 
altcrrd,  not  intcntioMally,  but  by  mistake;  names  omitted  or  misspelled; 
and  absolute  longitudt's  apiilied  erroneously.  Tlius  good  original  work  came 
to  be  so  deteriorated  by  its  transmutations  as  to  be  almost  useless. 

No  sur\eys  need  be  better  than  some  of  the  Spanish  works  und(irtaken 
toward  the  end  of  the  last  ami  ihiiing  tlie  lieginning  of  tiiis  century. 
Methods  and  instruments  were  used  by  Tolino,  Malaspina,  Espiuosa,  Bauza, 
Cordova,  anil  others,  that  were  not  adopted,  if  known,  by  Frencii  or  English 
surveyors  UTitil  afttrward.  Triangulation  witliout  the  compass,  liases  ob- 
taincil  liy  angular  measurements  of  known  objects, ''•' and  the  most  perfect 
style  of  plau-ilrawiiig  on  true  principles,  were  \)ractised  by  Spaniards  before 
this  century  commenced. 

The  south  coast  of  the  Great  Isthnms  and  the  interior  of  Darien  were  not 
explored  ami  mapped  sulliciently,  because  of  the  hostile  Indians,  and  politi- 
cal reasons  connected  with  the  gold  mines  in  that  district.  There  was  also 
another  source  of  error  in  that  particular  vicinity  which  has  oidy  recently 
been  eliminated;  namely,  the  great  difl'ercnce  of  longitudes,  according  to  the 
imijis,  between  places  on  opposite  sides  of  the  Isthnms  which  are  really  in 
the  same  meridian.  This  amounted  to  more  than  ISO  uules  along  all  the  coast 
from  Chiricpii  to  Darien  with  respect  to  the  corresponding  southern  coastdino. 

Thanks  to  the  far-seeing  and  indefatigable  hydiographer  to  the  admiralty, 
Aihniral  Sir  Francis  Beaufort,  the  British  surveys  li.ive  included  much  of  the 
coasts  of  Central  America,  and  they  are  now  placed  in  relatively  correct 
positions  on  our  latest  maps.  Having  therefore  exact  coast-lines,  or  boun- 
dari(!s,  we  can  avail  ourselves  nujre  readily  of  nuich  Spanish  interior  detail; 
but  it  is  exceedingly  dilHcult  to  get  at  the  ornjiind  works. 

A  very  neatly  engraved  and  apparently  complete  map  of  the  Isthmus  has 
been  lately  pul)lished  at  Xew  Orleans  by  l)r  Autenreith,  but  in  reality  it  is 
oidy  a  copy  of  Sjiaiiish  documents  and  recent  surveys  made  by  England;  it 
is  not  an  original  work.  There  are  in  this  country  at  present  more  nuiterials 
for  a  map  of  l)arien  than  exist  elsewhere.  Bauza  brought  copies  of  all  the 
Spanish-Am';rican  documents  to  this  country,  with  many  original  maps;  but 
there  is  still  a  great  extent,  nearly  all  the  interior  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien, 
unexamined  by  the  eye  of  a  surveyor. 

In  the  last  century  (17S0),  a  Spanish  party  of  five  engineers  and  surveyors, 
under  Donoao,  escorted  by  a  large  body  of    troops,''"  was  stopped  by  the 


•''■'' Masthead  angles  were  taken  in  Cordova's  voyage,  ITS.j-G. 
'■•'  Four  hundred. 


INJURY  TO  TKL'THI'UL  (iWXIRAlMIY. 


?33 


Iiitlians  ill  the  Cliucwnaqm!  KiviT,  .'iiid  oMigocl  tn  ri'tiirn  without  oxcontiiig 
their  orilerH  tn  .-iuivi'y  the  rugiim  near  I'aK'iloniaii  hailior;  anil  thli  was  the 
lni<t  uttuiiiiit  hy  Siiaiii,  or  liy  "/»//  ow,  to  iiiakd  a  roguhir  survey  of  the  iiittrior 
of  that  [lart  of  tlio  l.itlumi.s. 

In  tho  vahialile  colloction  of  Mr  Arrowsiuith  are  many  Spanish  docunicntH, 
among  wliiih  one  jilan,  ihitcil  1774,  shows  all  tho  Sp.uii.-ih  I'-italilirthiiionts, 
niilitaiy  auil  roligious,  as  well  as  mining,  at  that  ilaic,  in  Ilaiit'ii.  OtliiTS 
show  ih;tails  of  a  jircvious  I'ontiirN',  and  a  lew  givi?  thu  Larlitist  Huttlcmcnts  of 
the   Kith  CTiitniy. 

And  hiri'  allow  om;  word  to  he  said  ot  tlir  injiuy  to  InUhj'ul  geography, 
caused  liy  <-oii\ing  all  materials  without  aeknowledgnient,  or  hy  adiliiig 
imaL'inary  to[Mij^raipy  without  exiilanatiou.  The  map  hy  l)r  Autciiroitli  has 
mueh  the  iqipcaianee  ol  an  exaet  survey;  there  is  no  distinction  made  hetwt  in 
those  parts  lor  whieh  there  is  authority'  ami  those  whicli  are  partly  the  le- 
pcsults  of  imagination  (the  interior  hill-work). 

The  puhlic  in  general  hein;,'  unawaro  of  the  (vUhoilfio  ."or  a  map,  tlie  mere 
copyist  is  ol'tin  supposeil  to  he  tho  inillidr  of  the  AVork.  Maps  or  charts  that 
are  not  original  ought  always  to  show  from  what  data  they  have  heeu  com- 
piled. 

In  order  to  assist  iu  now  forming  a  correct  opinion  of  |)arien,  a  retrospect- 
ive historical  glance  at  a  few  points  i;  necessary. 

The  first  settlement  iu  all  America  was  founded  in  l.'iOl)  at  the  mourli  of 
the  Atrato.  It  was  callcil  Santa  .Maria  de  la  .Vutigua.  Tlie  next  sittlemcnt  on 
the  IsthnnisMas  at  Ada,  or  Agla,  in  l.")14,  a  few  iiiil<;s  iidand  '  from  that  port 
or  hay  now  famed  in  history  and  rouianee,  callnl  hy  I'atersou  Caledonian 
Harhor.  It  was  from  Agla  that  Halhoa  crosseil  to  tlic  South  Sea,  and  that 
the  earliest  ex[ieditions  to  Peru  were  (kspatclicil. 

In  !.");!■_'  these  two  settlements  were  ahandoned,  and  their  population  trans- 
ferred to  Nondtre  de  Dios  an<l  Panama.  This  is  said  to  ha\  o  hecn  done  on 
account  of  the  unhealthy  site  of  Santa  .Maria  el  Antigua,  surroiindicl  by 
marslies  and  mangrove  jungles;  lint  why  Agla  was  abandoned  docs  not  aji- 
pcar,  except  hy  Pati'i'son's  narrative,  whence  it  may  be  inferred  that  the  set- 
tlers theie  \vire  harassed  by  the  Indians,  and  were  too  fir  from  the  sea-sliore. 
Besides  which,  as  intercourse  increased  with  places  on  tlie  I'acitic  coasts  it 
became,  no  doidit,  more  convenient  to  have  a  principal  lende/Vfius  on  tlie 
southern  shore  more  accessihh^  from  liie  Pacilic. 

In  those  early  days  vu  famed  was  I>arien  for  gold,  tliat  the  province  was 
called  MIold  Castile '"■  (L'astiUa  del  Oro).  It  was  the  iirinoipal  portion  of 
that  'tierra  lirme,'  so  famed  afterward  as  the  'Spainish  .Main,'  the  rt^al 
'  El  l)orado  '  to  wliieh  Sir  Walter  K.deigh  went  in  l."iI7  18,  Sir  Francis  I*iak'.' 
in  l.").">7,  troops  of  buccaneers  in  the  17th  century,  and  the  Scotch  colony 
in  H!!)S. 

Repeated  aggressions  on  this  auriferous  district,  where  abundanet!  of  gold 
was  jirocured  by  black  slave  Ldior,  after  the  aborigines  had  been  dimiiiislieil 
in  iiundx^rs  by  oppressive  cruelties,  iiulueed  Spain  to  eloae  and  abandon  tlie 


■i  % 
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■''  Five  leagues  from  the  shore.  Sp.  MS. 

^^Tlie  arms  of  Santa  Maria  de  la  Antigua  were  a  (juil'ii  r  i.<fl<'   between  a 
jaguar  and  a  puma. 


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INTEROCEANIC  COMMUNICATION. 


mines  for  a  time  (early  in  the  18th  century) — even  those  famous  ones  in  the 
luoantains  of  Espiritu  Santo  near  Cana,  from  which  alone  more  goM  went 
through  Pananid,  in  a  year  than  from  all  the  otlier  mines  of  America  taken  to- 
gether. These  Cana  mines  were  Hacked  in  1702  and  1712  by  Enjjlish,  in  1724 
by  French,  and  by  the  Imliana  in  1727.  Nevertheless,  in  1774  the  mining 
operations  were  again  going  on,  having  been  roostablislicd  a  few  years  jire- 
viouwly. 

When  Cana  was  taken  by  the  expedition  (as  narrated  by  Davis)  sent  from 
Jamaica  by  Colonel  Bockford  in  1702,  there  were  about  '000  houses  '  (probably 
most  of  them  more  huts);  therefore,  the  population  could  hariUy  have  been 
less  tlian  3,000  at  that  time.  From  1710  to  1727  tliere  Wiis  a  great  and  general 
resistance  of  the  Indians,  who  attacked  tlie  S[ianiards  in  all  direi^tions,  ami 
drove  tlicni  out  of  all  tlie  iletached  settlements.  Some  years  afterward  peace 
was  made  (in  1740),  missions  of  the  .Jesuits  advanced  among  the  natives,  and  by 
tlieiraid  not  only  iiiucb  topographical  knowledge  wasiiciiuired,  but  Spanish  set- 
tlements in  tile  interior  were  renewed  and  mines  worked.  Hut  tiie  Indians 
again  rebelled;  therefore,  small  forts  were  reestablislied  at  Yavisa,  Molineca, 
and  Santa  Maria  Real,  with  a  new  post  (in  1780)  at  AY  Princijx;  or  ()cul)ti, 
from  whicli  a  road  was  out  by  Arisa,  leading  toward  Caledonian  Harbor. 
Tho  fort  El  Principe  does  not  appear  in  tlie  Spanish  MS.  map  of  1774;  it 
was  built  about  178'),  wlien  the  Spaniards  had  again  advanced  into  the  in- 
terior Iiulian  territory. 

In  1788  Milla  ile  Santa  Ella,  an  oHicer  of  Spain,  went  from  Caledonian 
Harbor  to  F.l  Principe  direct  by  tlie  roail  then  r-eceiitly  opened  by  the  Sp.m- 
iai'ds;  but  as  he  <lid  not  think  it  advisable  to  return  the  same  way,  he  went 
down  tlic  ."- ivana,  ami  up  tlie  ('liucuna(]ue  to  thi'  Tuliuganti  and  Chueti 
rivers,  M'hence  lie  cro.sseci  to  his  station  at  Cab  ilni'  ii  Harbor  by  the  same 
route,  undoubtedly,  that  I'atcrson  traversed  >  isit  to  the  Indian  great 

chief  at  I'onea  in  Wi'.tS. 

The  examination  of  no  traveller,  except  lluinboldt,  previous  to  1850, 
induced  a  lielief  tliat  a  eaiial  miglit  be  cut  directly  through  l)arien.  Dr 
CuUen's  personal  inspection  of  Caledonian  Harbor,  and  of  the  Savana  River, 
with  their  neigliliorhood.  added  to  the  information  he  obtainetl  orally  and 
l)y  reading,  led  liini  to  the  conclusion  tliat  tile  lowst  summit  level  l)etwecn 
those  places  did  not  exceed  300  or  400  feet,  while  it  might  be  very  nuich  less. 
Feeling  so  conlideiit  tliat  a  lower  level  existe<l,  he  went  tliere  again  to  exjdore; 
but  while  eoUcctiiig  fjp-tlier  information  and  arranging  preliminaries,  ,ii 
Bogatfi,  the  seat  of  government  in  New  (Irauada,  Mr  Cisborne  (an  engineer 
employed  by  Messrs  Fox  and  Henderson)  made  sliort  excursions  from  each 
side  of  tlie  Isthmus,  whieii  satisfied  liim  tliat  the  lowest  summit  level  does 
not  exceed  KH)  feet  above  the  sea. 

According  to  the  most  authentic  map  of  this  district,  Mr  Arrowsmitli's 
last  printed,  not  yet  published,  the  distance  across  in  a  direct  line — between 
deep  water  on  each  .side — is  aljout  'M\  miles.  The  windings  of  a  canal  may 
reipiire  nearly  a  third  more,  and  if  so,  the  whole  distance  to  be  canalized  i> 
about  40  miles — <i  x/iortcr  iliMnnrc  tlinii  run  In  fivimi  cUcirherc. 

Mr  (iislicu'iie's  examination  of  the  principal  featurus  of  this  line  across 
I)arien,  however  incomplete,  is  a  material  advance  towanl  certainty.  We 
have  his  two  buses  of   operations,   at  Caledonian  Harbor  and  San  Miguel 


A  HASTY  SCRAMBLE. 


:;« 


(entrance),  nearly  dcterniincil  1>y  recent  governincn*.  surveys,  and  we  have 
his  character  as  a  guaranty  for  t)io  vahu;  of  those  iletaiU  which  ho  lia.s  given 
in  hid  llepftrt.  There  may  lie  a  few  niih.'s  of  iliMtancc  to  setth-,  aiitl  there 
may  be  douhts  whether  tlio  river  near  hiM  water8lie<l,  or  suinniit  h'Vel,  ealh-d 
hy  him  Caledonia,  may  not  Ikj  another  river,  perhaps  the  ( ')nu:unai|iie,  or 
one  of  its  tributaries:  and  moreover,  that  the  range  of  heights  supposed  by 
him  to  separate  those  rivers  is  not  truly  placed,  while  his  river  Caledonia 
(otherwise  tlie  (Jolden  Uiver,  <»•  Aglatomate)  winds  through  a  more  northerly 
area.  But  these  are  tritles  compared  with  his  barometric  measurement  of 
the  summit  level,  and  his  own  overlapping  eye-views  of  the  country  which 
he  ditl  not  traverse. 

If  indeed  the  mouth  of  the  Savana  Imj  not  accurately  laid  down,  or  assumed 
by  him,  if  it  be  much  farther  west  than  lie  supposed,  his  surveys  !uay  not 
have  overlapped;  and  he  may  have  looked  across  two  different  ])lains;  in 
wliich  ea.se  there  may  l>e  yet  anotlier  ridge  or  water.slied  Iteneath  the  rivers 
which  he  actually  touched.  The  expedition  employed  by  our  governmetit  to 
survey  this  coast  did  not  exannne  the  moiitlis  of  rivers  running  into  San 
Miguel.  Only  the  western  part  of  that  gulf  was  examined  in  contiutiing  the 
coast  line.  Hence  the  position  of  the  Savana  may  be  less  accurately  known 
than  is  generally  suppo.sed. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  remark  here  that  to  make  indepentlent  olwerva- 
tions  for  latitude,  longitud(^  distance,  and  accurate  triangulatioii  n(|uires 
more  time  and  instruments  than  can  be  carried  in  a  lia.sty  .scrandile  tlirmigli 
a  wild  country. 

Mr  (iisliorne's  examination  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  is  viluable. 
Far  from  discovering  any  remarkable  impediments  to  cutting  a  canal,  he 
states  that  there  are  no  particular  engineering  difliculties  witli  respect  to  the 
ymuml:  that  tliere  is  miicli  stratified  shale-rock,  easy  to  <piarry,  au<l  lit  to 
line  a  canal.  Tlicrc  is  abuiulancc  of  line  timber.  Mangrove  forests,  rather 
than  jungles,  surround  the  waters  of  the  gulf.  Densely  matted  underwood 
follows  oil  drier  grou'id;  and  then,  on  the  elevat<-Ml  country,  there  are  magnifi- 
ceiit  timber-tnes  very  little  eiicunibcred  liy  underwood. 

Having  thus  eiideavond  to  take  a  general  view  of  tliis  (piestion,  we  may 
perhaps  ask  ourselves  what  are  the  greatest  iiiipediinents  to  tin;  ixcivation 
of  a  canal- -iniiicdiuieiits  exceeding  those  tliat  Mould  attend  any  lorresiiond- 
ing  work  in  Europe. 

Supposing  tli^t  political  arrangements  an;  satisfactorily  cnuiiilc'teil,  tht; 
claims  of  otluT  parties  coiiiprnnii.Hrd  or  barred,  and  adecpuite  funds  ilispiMiibic, 
the  only  peculiar  ;iiid  iiii[>(ittaiit  iinjicdimcnts  will  be  two — the  natives  and 
the  idimate.  Tlic  native  or  Indian  (|iicstiiin,  as  connicted  with  tlie  inde- 
jicndcnce  and  riglits  of  tlie  aboi  igines,  .sboiild  be  considered  delibiratily. 
That  the  Indians  may  be  overawed  and  conciliated  by  proper  management, 
there  is  no  doubt;  but  tlieir  reasonable  claims  must  be  .satisfied,  irrespective 
of  all  jurisdiction  assumed  over  tlnni  by  New  <li:inada  -  a  juiisdietiini  whu  h 
the  natives  of  Daricn  repudiate.  Fair  dealing,  while  an  overpowering  force 
is  in  sight,  will  jirevciit  any  attempt  to  have  recourse  to  arms,  or  to  nmle^t 
the  parties  employed  about  a  canal,  and  would  therefore  obviate  any  irritat- 
ing and  probably  prolonged  guerrilla  hostilitiis. 

It   is  estimated  t'.iat  there  arc  aliout  5,000  independent  Indians  on  the 


7;r. 


IXTKKcH'K.WIi'  (OMMrNRATiOX. 


TttliiiiiH  ea«t  of  Ciwu  Hioa.  Ol  tlif»<'.  it  may  Ix*  prcMUinoil  that  tlu-rc  arc  nut 
•_.(MKt  i'a]>:ili|i>  iif  Ix'ariii^  anus;  a  Hiiiall  iiuiiiIht  uIu'u  ilistporsi'il  in  the  lu^jh- 
laiiils  lu'tWfiMi  l'i)»t<i  Uii'a  aii(l('ht>f<>,  lnit  (jiiitt!  enough  to  molest  Mmall  jmrticx 
of  worknu-n  very  stTioUMly. 

For  dcfcnsivi'  |iur)>o.st>!<,  as  well  a.4  for  the  gcnoral  4inU'r  anil  ili.Hcijiliiii'  of 
very  largi-  IioiUik  of  lal)oriTs,  in  a  wild  I'ountry,  some  ilegrt'o  of  military 
or^ani/ation  and  an  ai'tiuiesi-enee  in  military  iliseijiline  would  seem  to  Im 
inv<i.  ;it<nsal>li'. 

Whether  eouviet)*  might  he  employed  ailvantageously  may  he  a  8\i))jeet 
for  grave  eonoiileration.  In  eiearing  tiie  wi«)d  of  a  tropical  forest,  and  expos- 
ini;  ground  to  the  sun's  rays  for  the  lirst  time,  mueh  pe^tileuti.il  siekness  may 
Ik!  eauseil,  as  hius  lieen  repeatedly  iiroved  (at  I'ulo  I'euang.  Fernando  I'o.  and 
many  other  places).  It  cannot  ho  douhted  that  convicts  would  Ik-  peculiarly 
liahle  to  the  intlueuce  of  such  diseases,  ami  therefore  it  might  he  unwisi'  to 
make  such  an  experiment.  Natives  of  tropical  climates,  or  Chinese,  vouhl 
prohahly  Ih:  ahle  to  Mtaiul  the  malaria  of  newly  cleared  ground  farK'ttcr  than 
F.uropeans. 

The  most  formidalile,  liec.iuse  per'uaniiit  auil  irremediahle,  ohstaele  is 
uni|Uesiionalily  the  climate.  TluTe  is  no  donht  that  rain  prevails  ahout  two 
thiids  of  the  ye.ir,  even  on  the  higher  grounds  of  Pariiii:  while  if  is  no  less 
I'crtain  that  in  the  gulf  of  .San  Miguel  (wlicrc  mangrove  jungles  hound  h>w, 
muddy  shores,  and  the  great  fall  of  tide  exposes  exti'usivc  muddtitukit)  tliero 
is  a  eoiitinueil  succi'ssioii  of  rains,  more  or  less  heavy,  .'xcept  (hiring  shoi't 
inter\,ils.  F.xamiiic  any  travellers'  accounts,  read  their  narratives^tluy 
theinsi'lvcs  hear  witnes.s  to  the  iiudciiiahle  fact,  although  in  ijfiieiiil  terinii 
they  may  s;iy  there  is  not  so  much  rain,  aiul  it  is  not  so  unhealthy,  as  has  heen 
supjiosed. 

Many  F.uropeans  state  they  did  not  cuffer,  although  much  and  continu- 
ously exposed  to  the  rains  ainl  heat,  .\etivc  and  temperate  men  have  m>t 
found  till'  climate  very  detriiiu'iital.  iVrsons  who  have  had  many  years'  ex- 
l>eriencc  there  assert  that  care  ami  regularity  will  ward  otl'  such  attacks  of 
fever  or  dysentery  as  are  common  among  thoughtless  Kuropeans  unaccns- 
toined  to  tropical  regions. 

It  is  possilile  that  the  great  rise  of  tide  cm  the  south  side  of  the  Isthmus 
may  ti'iid  to  purify  the  air  on  its  shores,  and  tliis  I'll'ect,  in  such  a  place  as 
San  Miguel  (Julf,  may  Ik-  very  henclii-ial. 

()ii  the  Atrato,  at  t'hagrcs,  at  I'ortoliello,  and  other  no.oriously  unhealthy 
places,  there  is  little  or  no  rise  of  tide;  and  tli-  air  among  the  mangrove 
jungles  hecomes  at  times  pestilential.  See'mann,  in  liis  Voiitt'jt  of  tUr  //milil, 
recently  puMished,  givi's  so  correct  a  deseriiitiou  of  such  plici's  that  it  ile- 
Bcrves  attention.  H«-  says  (vol.  i  p.  '.'4".ll:  '  I'lie  seaeoast,  and  those  ]iarts 
intlitenced  hy  the  tides  and  tlu'  immediate  evaporation  of  thv>  sea,  produce  a 
tpute  pi'cnliar  vigctation,  \\liiili  is  generally  I'haracteri/ed  hy  a  leathery, 
glossy  foliage,  ami  leaves  with  entire  margins.  In  all  muildy  places,  ilowii 
to  the  verge  of  the  ocean,  are  impenetrahle  thickets  formed  of  mangroves, 
which  (.'xhali"  putrid  miasmata,  and  spread  sickness  ovi'r  the  adjacent  di.-'- 
tncts.  Occasionally,  extensive  tracts  are  covered  witii  the  "(iiiagara  do 
puereo,"  it«  fronds  heing  as  niucli  as  10  feet  high.  Myriads  of  mosi|uit<H'S 
and  sand-llies  till  the  air.      Huge  alligators  sun  themselves  on  the  slimy  hanks, 


nil.    l.ONti  M)l(;HT   WAV. 


::<; 


lyiiik.'  inntiiinlosw,  Minkiii^'  %vitli  tlifir  jin-at  oycs,  iiiul  ;uiii]<in^  iuti>  tlu'  wu1«t 
ilirt'ctly  any  one  ajipnKii'hi'!".     Ti>  ilfxtrov  tlu'sr  ilrt'itilnl  s\v,'ini]i!4  is  almost 

Again  tpji.  -ol,  ;2.V2i,  lu'  cays:  '  Fori'sts  covit  at  Icimt  tu><  tliinls  nl  tlu^ 
%*lii>lc  ti-rriturv.  Tlu'  lii>;li  trrcs,  th."  ilonsi-  toliajif,  anil  tlio  nnniiTi«i!<  iliinli- 
in^  (ilant.'t,  alinoitt  kIiiiI.  out  tilt'  raVH  of  tlif  »)ni,  i-ausini:  a  uliMtni  v\  liu'h  ix  tlio 
nuu-i-  ni.<\i|>i>ortal>l('  as  all  otluT  olijcctu  arc  liiiUlcn  I'roin  view.  Uaiii  !•*  ."o 
intjiUMit,  anil  tlio  nioistmv  m>  great,  that  the  'uurning  oi  tliowe  ton-titu  is  mi- 
iwissililf.'  •  From  roailin),'  tlu-  liighly  oolort'tl  aoooinitti  with  wliifli  many 
trivclliTs  have  cnilravori-il  to  ("inlMllisli  tluir  iiarr itivcs,  thr  Kumpcan  has 
drawn,  in  imaginatum,  n  ]ii('turf  •■!  ii|uinot'tial  'onntnuH  whii'h  a  nMniKtriMon 
with  natnrc  nt  oiioe  tlfmoliKJu's. ' 

S|>cakini:  of  tlu'  '  \ci;<'lal>lf  ivory,' ami  riMi'rnn^  to  tin*  climate,  Mr.  .Sv- 
mann  says  ij).  IJ'J'J):  '  It  f;ro\\  s  iii  low.  <lami>  liK-alities,  anil  is  ilitJnseil  over  the 
southern  j>arts  of  l)arien  ami  the  \ieuiity  of  I'ortolii'llo,  ilistru't«  which  ant 
almost  throuiK'hout  the  year  ihhigcil  hy  torri'iits  of  rain,  or  envclo|'cil  in  the 
thick  vapor  that  constantly  arises  from  the  humiility  ol  the  soil  ami  the 
lankness  of  the  vcKCtation.' 

iKscril'ini;  the  :i|i|iearance  of  one  of  these  mangrove  forest*,  as  they  may 
lie  calleil,  the  same  author  oliserves  qi.  ~'A\:  •The  trees  Were  actually  in  the 
water.  The  tall  maiikiioves,  with  roots  evposcil  lor  l'_*  or  14  feet,  fornieil  a 
Inline  tangleil  trcUis-woik.  from  whuli  the  tall  stems  rose  to  a  lieii:lit  ol  (!<•  or 
Ttl  feet,  I'ilzriii/ "  Fintliir  <  imxii/i  niliitiis  i>ii  tin  (iriiit  /stJiimiii  nj  I'oit.  Ain, 
March  I85.H,  in  Jour.  AVi//.  fon;/.  .s'm-  .  xxiii.   l7<>-f<7. 


'I'lie  project  of  unitinu  tlu'  Atlantic  ami  I'.icitic  .hc.iiis  hy  ,i  canal  largo 
enough  to  permit  the  passage  of  .sea  vessils  has  attr.ictcil  the  att-ntion  ami 
culistcil  the  e.uucsl  .sympathies  ami  etl'orts  of  the  tlM  ami  New  \N  oilil,  Ironi 
the  ili.<covcry  of  the  Icthmus  of  Panama  iIo\mi  to  tin'  present  time.  The 
jjreat  liistorian  Trcscott  says:  'The  iliscovery  of  ,t  strait  into  the  liniiali 
t)cean  was  the  luirilcn  \A  evi'ry  or>U  r  Iioin  the  government.  'J'he  iliscovery 
of  an  liiilian  passiige  is  the  true  key  to  the  maritime  movements  of  the  tif- 
tceiith  ami  the  tirst  li.ilf  of  tlu'  sixteenth  centuries.'  'I'he  ilcsirc  to  ilisiovi-r 
this  passage,  « Inch  m  .is  coiiliilcntly  hclii  \  eil  to  exist,  .iml  thus  give  to  .^paili 
the  iloniiliioii  of  the  se.is,  .iiid  pour  into  In  r  treasury  ,ill  the  wealth  nt  that 
■iii.ir\elloiis  laiiil  of  exaggeration,  t lie  ■'spice  Ishimls,  sent  t'oliimhus,  I'l/arro, 
I 'ortes,  Rillioa,  < iil  < o'li/.ilt  s,  ami  the  otiiei' .Sp.inish  inariiu  is  ami  aiKcntiir- 
rrs,  upon  their  long,  ariliioiis,  aii<l  I'xentful  \o\agcs,  ami  resulted  in  the  dis- 
covery,  coliipiest.  and  >ettlcnunt  of   the    .Xmerii. in  continent. 

However  lollg  the  \o\,ii;e;  however  great  the  dlsco\ei\  ;  however  lioiind- 
Icss  and  rich  the  ni  «  rountrio  tli.it  «cie  siiliiectcil  to  the  .Spanish  ci own; 
however  hrilliaiit  the  prowess  of  .1  chi\  alroiw  >oliiicr_\  -th;  eniiH'ioi  alway.s 
asked.  '  Have  you  discovered  the  way  to  the  ."spj,.,.  l.vlands?'  If  not,  he  wart 
iinsatislied,  and  the  discovery  and  comjuest  were  rolil«'d  of  half  their  value. 
Me  was  constantly  reminding  his  lirave  and  adventurous  manners  that  he 
dcsiri'd  ahove  all  things  to  ilisco\  «t  the  way  to  the  .Spice  Islands,  and  pioiii- 
ised  great  liomtrs  and  rew  ards  to  the  fortunate  adventurer  who  should  make 
the  discovery.  Ill  \W1'.\  the  F.nt|M-ror  < 'harles  the  Fifth  wrote  to  Cortes,  ear- 
nestly urging  him  to  search  for  a  shorter  way  to  the  'Indian  \m\\<\  of  Spji'i.,' 
IIi>T.  ^^^•T    Am  .  \' m  .  Ill      IT 


:::!* 


INTKIKHKANU     (OM.MrNKATlOX. 


iukI  for  a  Hliortur  ami  iiiort;  tliruct  piuuiagf  liotwuoii  the  eastern  and  wentorii 
i-tKiMts  (if  Central  Ainurii'a.  In  annwer  to  tlic  oniiioror,  Cortex  wrote:  'It 
M'onld  rentier  the  kin^  of  >S|iiiin  muster  of  so  ninny  kingiloniM  tliat  lie  iiii){lit 
I'oimiiler  liiniHclf  lonl  of  tlie  worM.'  In  I.V^4,  in  obedience  to  the  einperor')* 
wieiheH,  lie  fitted  out  an  expedition  to  <liseover  it.  CoIuiiiIium  Mrotc  to  the 
emperor:  '  \'iiiir  MajcHty  may  he  ottMiired  that  an  I  know  how  nmoh  ymi  have 
at  heart  the  dixcovery  of  ttie  ){reat  Heeret  of  a  strait,  I  Hhall  postpone  all  in- 
terestrt  and  projects  of  my  own  for  the  fultilnieiit  of  this  great  oliject.'  It 
Was  for  the  purpose  of  making  tliis  discovery  that  Cil  (ionzales  tittiMl  out  the 
expedition  that  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  Nicaragua. 

The  interest  in  the  interoceuiiic  communication  was  not  coiitined  to  tht> 
Spanish  emperor,  or  his  adventunuis  mariners.  It  extended  to  the  k-ariuid 
men  of  Spain,  and  seriously  engaged  their  attention.  Francisco  Lope/  de 
(roniara,  one  of  the  earliest  writers  on  America,  in  his  i'hapter  on  'the  pos- 
sihility  of  a  shorter  passagi;  to  the  Molueciis,'  in  his  work  on  the  Tim  /iiiliex, 
])ul>liHlied  in  1551,  says:  'The  pOHSuge  would  liiive  to  he  opened  acnms  the 
maiiilaiiil  from  one  sea  to  the  other,  liy  whichever  might  prove  the  most 
protitaltle  of  these  four  lines;  vi/..,  either  hy  the  river  Liigartos  (Chagres), 
which,  rising  in  Chagres,  at  a  distance  of  four  leagues  from  Panama,  over 
which  space  of  territory  tlicy  prjHseed  in  carts.  Hows  to  the  sea-eiKist  of  Nom- 
lire  do  Dios;  or  l>y  the  channel  through  which  the  lake  of  Nicaragua  empties 
into  the  sea;  up  and  down  which  (the  Kiu  8au  Juan)  large  vessels  siiil;  ami 
the  lake  is  distant  only  three  or  four  leagues  from  the  sea;  hy  either  of  these 
two  rivers  the  passage  is  already  traced  and  half  made.  There  is  likewise 
another  river  which  flows  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Tecoantepec,  along  which  the 
inhahitants  of  New  Spain  (Mexico)  tow  and  <lrag  harks  from  one  sea  to  the 
other.  The  distance  from  Nomhre  de  Dios  to  Panania  is  seventeen  leagues, 
and  from  the  gulf  of  Uraba  to  the  gulf  of  San  Miguel  twenty-live,  which  are 
the  two  most  ditHcult  lines.'  Cortes  was  in  favor  of  the  first  of  these  routes, 
(lil  (ionzales  of  the  second,  and  Pizarro  of  the  third.  Herrera,  royal  his- 
toriographer of  Spain,  writing  of  the  events  of  15'27,  refers  to  the  routes  via 
Nicaragua  and  I'anaina,  and  the  possihility  of  other  conncetions  between  the 
two  oceans.  Martin  Beliaini,  a  geographer  of  Nuremlierg,  (iermany,  watt 
probably  the  first  who  suggested  the  possibility  of  a  natural  communication 
Iietween  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific.  80  Magellan  stated  in  his  memorial  of 
November '28,  15'JU,  to  the  court  of  Valladolid,  disking  permission  to  search 
for  such  a  channel.  It  was  granted,  an  exjiedition  was  fitted  out,  and  ho 
discovered  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  bearing  his  name. 

Soon  after  the  discovery  of  Nicaragua  by  <>il  Oonzales,  it  was  declared 
and  believed  by  many  that  there  existed  a  navigable  channel,  connecting 
Lake  Nicaragua  with  the  Pacific,  and  that  vessels  would  be  enabled  to  pass 
from  one  ocean  to  the  other.  But  no  systematic  attempt  Wiis  made  to  ascer- 
tain the  truth  of  this  conjecture  until  15'2i),  when  Pedrarias  de  Avila,  then 
governor  of  Nicaragua,  sent  an  expedition  of  soldiers  and  Indians,  under 
Martin  Kste,  to  explore  lakes  Nicaragua  and  Managua;  when  they  had  pitne- 
trated  into  a  province  called  Voto,  a  little  north  of  Lake  Managua,  they  were 
attacked  by  a  large  body  of  Indians,  and  compelleil  to  return.  They  reported 
that  they  saw  from  a  mountain  top  a  large  body  of  water  (doubtless  the  gulf 
of  Fonseca),  which  they  uupposcl  to  be  another  lake.     l>on  Diego  Machuca 


OVIKIXVS   ACCOUNT. 


-39 


Mtnii  afterwanl  tittvil  out  iiiiotliur  oxiHitlitioii  in  tlic  Haiiie  year,  wliii-li  In; 
accoiiijKiiiiuil  ami  ooiniiiiiiiileil.  It  rfHult«')l  in  tlw  iliNrnvory  (if  tlio  river  San 
Juan  aH  the  trui;  nutlet  of  tli<'  litkcx.  Me  luiilcil  down  tliuX  river  to  tliu 
Atlantie.     Macluica  KiipiilN  takv  tlicir  naiiio  from  liiui. 

Oviftlo  HayH  that  in  1540,  at  St  l)oniiiigo,  ho  nict  TVilro  Cora,  a  ]iilot  wli(» 
liaii  liuvn  attiitlied  to  the  expeilition  of  Martin  H'<to,  ami  i*ulwe<)ueutly  to  that 
of  Ca|itJtin  Diegn  Maehuca.  He  givex  a  long  ami  interoHting  account  of  tliu 
Hcconil  exjietlition,  a^  narrat«!il  to  iiiiii  l>y  Cora.  Cora  wiid  th.it  at  the  purt  of 
Nomhre  tie  IMoh  lie  met  witli  Home  old  friends  who  had  huilt  a  felucca  ami 
Itrigantine  on  the  iiiion-H  of  Like  Nicaragua  at  an  exiienao  of  Heveral  thoutiaml 
iloliar.s.  Among  them  mils  l>iego  Maehuca,  who  hail  lieeii  commandant  of  tliu 
country  of  the  Tenderi,  and  of  thi'  di.striet  ahout  I^iiike  MaH.iya.  They  em- 
harked  on  thuHe  vi^sMeU  on  I.^ike  Nicaragua  for  the  puriioxe  of  exploring  it. 
Captain  Maehuca,  with  two  hun<lred  men,  advanced  along  the  hIiopc,  kei'ping 
in  sight  of  the  hoatn,  which  were  aceompanied  hy  nevcral  canoes.  After  xome 
day.H  they  entered  the  San  .luan  Uiver,  and  pas.sed  down  to  where  its  waterM 
appeared  to  flow  into  the  sea.  Ik'ing  ignorant  of  their  locality,  they  followed 
the  Hea-coant  in  an  caHterly  direction,  and  finally  arrived  at  Noudire  de  l>ios, 
where  the  pilot  Cora  met  thcni.  They  wen?  arrentcd  at  this  place  liy  l)oetor 
Kohlea,  who  deHired  to  found  a  colony  at  the  mouth  of  the  San  .luan  River, 
anil  tliU8  reap  the  1>enetit  of  their  lahor  and  iliHcovericH,  'as  in  the  euntoni,* 
BayH  Oviedo,  'with  theoe  nuui  of  letters;  for  the  u«e  they  do  make  of  their 
wisdom  is  rather  to  rol)  than  to  render  justice.'  For  this  outrage  he  was 
deprived  of  his  otKce.  The  pilot,  th  nigh  strongly  importuned,  refused  to  tell 
Oviedo  where  the  river  emptied  into  the  ocean. 

Oviedo  says:  '  I  do  not  regard  the  lakes  ws  8ei>arate,  l>ecaUHC  they  connect, 
the  one  with  the  other.  Tliey  are  separated  from  the  South  Sea  l»y  a  very 
narrow  strip  of  land. ..  .This  lake  (Nicaragua)  is  filled  witli  excellent  lish. 
But  what  proves  that  they  are  both  one  lake  is  the  fact  that  they  '  ipially 
abound  in  sea  tish  and  turtles.  Another  priHif  is,  that  in  l.')'Jt>  there  was 
found  in  the  province  of  Nicaragua,  on  the  Itanks  of  this  lake,  a  tish  never 
seen  except  in  the  sea,  and  called  the  sword-tish.  I  have  seen  some  of  these 
fish  of  so  great  size  that  two  oxen  attached  to  a  cart  could  hardly  draw  thi^ni. 
. .  .The  one  found  on  the  shores  of  this  lake  wiis  snnll,  I>eing  only  about  twelve 
feet  in  length. . .  .The  water  of  the  laki;  is  very  giMid  and  healthful,  and  a  large 
nunilier  of  small  rivers  and  brooks  empty  into  it.  In  some  places  the  great 
lake  is  fifteen  or  twenty  fathoms  deep,  and  in  other  places  it  is  scarce  a  foot 
in  depth;  so  that  it  is  not  navigable  in  all  parts,  but  only  in  the  middle,  and 
with  Imrks  speciiiUy  constructed  for  that  purpose. .  .  .It  has  a  large  number  ot 
islands  of  gome  extent,  covered  with  tlocks  and  precious  woods.  The  largest 
is  eight  leagues  in  circumference,  and  is  inhabited  bj-  Indians.  It  is  very 
fertile,  rilled  with  deer  and  rabbits,  and  named  Ometepee,  which  signifies 
tiro  mountiiiiu<.  It  formerly  contained  a  population  nuich  more  numerous  than 
now,  divided  into  eight  or  ten  villages.  The  mountain  in  this  island  towaid 
the  east  (Madeira)  is  lowest;  the  other  (Oineteiiec)  is  so  high  that  its  summit 
is  seldom  seen.  I  passed  a  night  at  a  farm  belonging  to  a  gentleman  called 
Diego  Mora,  situated  on  the  niaiidand ' — probably  near  the  site  of  Virgin 
.Bay.      'The  keeper  told  me  that  during  the  two  years  he  had  Inen  in  that 


\' 


740 


INI  EUOCKANIC  COMMUXK  ATION. 


]iliU'»!  Ill)  had  scon  tlio  Hiimtiiit  hut  once,  Itecauso  it  wan  cdverod  witli  oloutln.  '•'• 
TliiTO  aru  iiiaiiy  cviilviu'os  that  tliu  cliaiiiit'l  of  the  San  Jiiaii  Uiwr  wiut 
iiiu'i!  imich  ik'L'jitT  ami  frot-r  from  rapids  ami  ohittnu'tioU8  tliau  it  in  at  intsH- 
I'lit.  At  oiiu  time,  Hca  vc^seU  pantiud  regularly  up  uiul  down  the  river.  It 
wniiM  Im!  iiupoKHilile  for  them  to  «lo  ho  now.  Tht;  river  i.s  too  .shallow,  ami 
tho  rapitU  are  too  many  and  ditlieult.  In  KUS  a  Spani.sii  lirig  from  Cartha- 
gena  (*le  la  India.s)  arrived  ut<iranada,  and  iliHcharged  liur  cargo,  reloaded, 
and  started  on  Iter  return.  On  her  voyage  Uick  the  river  wa8  found  unuavi- 
galile  at  one  point,  and  the  vessel  returned  to  (iranada;  the  eargo  was  taken 
out,  and  thu  uhip  laiil  U]),  and  finally  lirokeii  to  pieces.  Thomas  (iage,  ait 
Knglish  monk,  who  visited  Nicaragua  in  KUm,  says  tliat  ves.st'ls  often  arrived 
ut  (iranada,  from  South  America,  Spain,  ami  L'uha,  and  reloaded  and  re- 
turned to  tii<i8(!  countries  hy  way  of  the  San  Juan  liiver  and  Lake  Nicaragua. 

In  17>SI  Manuel  I  iaiisteo,  liy  order  of  thi!  Spanish  government,  exaiiiinctl 
the  country,  and  carefully  surveyed  a  route  for  a  canal  lietween  Lake  Nicara- 
gua and  the  Pacilic.  He  estimated  tiie  level  of  the  lake  aliove  the  I'aiilic  to 
III!  one  hundred  and  thirty-four  feet.  Thu  route  seleeteil  l>y  him  was  from 
tlie  mouth  of  the  Kio  I^ijiis  in  the  lake  to  Sail  tluaii  del  Siir.  Karly  in  the 
present  century,  a  survey  was  madt!  liy  an  engineer  name  Thomp.son,  of  which 
wo  have  no  details,  furtlier  than  that  he  ailopted  the  report  made  l>y  (Jalisti'o. 

Ill  lf>.">7  Mr  IJjiily  was  einployeil  l>y  the  federal  government  of  Central 
America,  ami  made  a  careful  survey  tif  a  route  for  the  canal.  He  spent  much 
time  and  a  eonsidcralilu  sum  of  moiu>y  in  making  tlie  surveys,  hut  was  never 
paid  for  liis  services.  Dr  Amlreas  Oersted,  of  Copenhagen,  made  a  survey  in 
I84S,  ami  puhlished  a  map  of  the  country.  He  selected  the  hay  of  Holauos, 
thirteen  and  a  half  miles  from  I^ike  Nicaragua,  as  the  Paeitic  terminus  of  tho 
canal.  In  ]8.')|  Colonel  Childs,  an  Knglishman,  made  a  thorough  survey  and 
estimate  of  tlie  MJiole  work.  He  selected  Hrito  as  the  Tacitic  terminus. 
Aeeiirding  to  his  estimates,  tht^  actual  lingtii  of  Matjr  navigation,  including 
the  San  Juan  Ilivcr  and  Lake  Nicaragua,  would  he  one  hundred  and  ninety- 
four  and  one  half  miles.  \lv.  sidnnittcd  his  plan  ami  surveys  to  the  Ih'itish 
government,  hy  which  it  was  referred  to  James  Walker  and  Edward  .Mdrii  h, 
royal  eligiiieers,  who  reporteil  unfavorahly.  The  plan  and  rcjiorts  were  tluui 
laid  heforo  a  committee  of  Kn^^lish  <'apitalists,  m  itii  the  purpose  of  raising  the 
neccssiiry  capital  for  the  Mork.  But  after  a  careful  iiivesti;;ation,  the  com- 
mittee decliiu'd  to  recommeml  the  enterprise,  helieving  it  wouhl  he  unprolit- 
alilc,  and  niore  for  the  henefit  of  tiie  United  States  than  of  ( Ireat  Ihitain. 
'I'iiis  survey,  and  the  action  of  the  liritish  government  upon  it,  furnisli  strong 
conlirmati(>n  of  the  general  opinion,  as  to  tiui  purpose  of  that  government,  in 
seizing  (ireytown  and  the  hay  of  Konseca.  A  survey  was  niadi-  in  IS.")!)  liy  tho 
Central  American  Transit  Company. 

Alter  tho  independence  of  the  Central  American  states  had  heen  cstah- 
lislied,  Manuel  Antonio  do  la  Cerda,  afterw;  i\\  govcunor  of  Nicaragua, 
represented  to  tho  fi'deral  congress,  in  July  3..2;{,  the  urgent  necessity  for 
opening  tlio  canal  without  delay.  Iliit  no  aet'on  M'as  then  taken  in  the  mat- 
ter. During  tho  next  year  several  propositions  relative  to  the  (■oiistnu-tioii 
of  tho  canal  were  made   to  the   federal  g(  vorninent  hy  parties  in  Europe. 


'Squier's  Ni<'aragua,  vol.  i.  p.   I'.r>. 


MR   (LAVS   ASSrUAXCK. 


741 


lliiri'lay  k  Co.,  of  Lomloii,  iiiaiU'  a  jiropiMitioti,  on  tlio  I8th  of  Seiitemlwr, 
1S'_'4,  ti>  (ijicii  a  canal,  lictwft'ii  tin'  Atlantic  ami  racilu',  liy  May  of  the  San 
.liiMii  Uiveraiiil  l^ikr  Xicara^Mia,  at  tl-vli'  owii  I'rwt,  if  the  govuriiinent  wmiM 
usni«t  tlicni  in  ctTt^iin  particiilais.  On  tlio  'Jil  of  February,  IS'J'i,  C'liarli^H 
Jiiiiirko  and  Mattliiw  Llanos  aililrfH;«'il  a  I'onininnicatiiin  to  tlio  guvcrnnicnt, 
Htatinj;  that  in  the  iirt'cctling  IVccnilu'r  they  hail  sent  an  arnieil  l>rig  with  a 
jiarty  of  enj,'ineerM  to<!reytown,  to  survey  the  routi',  ami  praying  that  they 
might  In-  granteil:  1.  An  exeliisive  jiro|>rietorshii>  ami  eoiitml  of  the  ean.il; 
M.  An  exehlsive  right  to  navigate  the  lakes  anil  ile|iemlent  waters  hy  stiani; 
;<.  Free  pennission  to  use  all  natnral  proihiets  of  the  eoimtry  necessary  fop 
tlu^  Work;  4.  Kxeniption  from  dnty  for  the  goods  and  materials  introdneed 
l>y  tlie  eonipany  during  the  pendeney  of  the  work.  They  olVered  to  pay  thi! 
^.'overninent  twenty  l)er  cent  on  the  tolls  received,  and  to  siirn'nder  the  work 
at  the  emi  of  a  certain  ninnlier  of  years. 

On  the  8th  of  Felirnary,  \H'2't,  |)on  .\ntonio  .lose  CaTias,  then  minister  from 
the  federal  government  to  the  I'nited  States,  addressed  a  i:ommunication  to 
III  iiry  Clay,  then  secretary  of  state,  npon  thi^  silliject  of  the  cm.d,  .soliciting 
the  cooperation  of  oiir  government  in  thewoik,  upon  the  ground  that  'its 
iiohle  example  had  lieeii  a  model  and  jirotection  tti  all  the  ,\mericas,'  and  en- 
titled it  to  a  preference  over  any  other  nation  in  the  'merits  and  ailvantages 
of  the  jtroposed  undt.Ttaking.'  He  pro[)osed  hy  nutans  of  ii  treaty  to  etlcct- 
tially  secure  itsadv.antagi^s  to  the  two  nations.  MrClay  insfructid  ('nlonel  John 
Williams,  I'.  .S.  charge  d'afl'aircs  in  Ci'ntral  America,  to  assure  that  govern- 
ment of  the  great  interest  taken  hy  the  United  States  in  an  undertaking  'so 
highly  calcuhitcd  to  difl'use  a  favorahle  intlneiice  on  the  all'airs  of  mankind,' 
and  to  cjirefully  investigate  the  facilities  afTorded  hy  the  route,  and  transmit 
the  iiitidligcnce  acipiired  to  our  government.  (."ol<>'iel  ^Villianls  never  made 
any  report  of  his  action  under  tlic^e  instructions. 

During  the  year  1.S'_'.">,  many  other  propositions  for  the  construction  of  the 
oiinal  we.-i)  received  hy  the  federal  government  from  Flurope.  Tlu;  attention 
«)f  tlie  government  was  thus  strongly  attracted  to  thi!  importance  and  value 
«>f  the  proposed  canal,  lioth  as  atl'ording  a  consideralde  revenue  to  the  govern- 
ment, and  (tiding  in  the  settlement  of  tlio  country,  and  development  of  its 
resouri'es.  ]u.)\ine  1S'2'<,  the  federal  eongri^ss  passed  a  decree  dellning  the 
terms  and  conditions  upon  which  the  canal  might  he  constructed.  Another 
<lecree,  puhlished  at  the  same  time,  fixed  the  period  of  six  months  fur  receiv- 
ing propo-ials  for  (he  work.  The  time  was  nnu-h  too  short,  a;id  hut  f.w  olh'is 
•Were  received.  Among  them  w'.as  one  from  Mr  IJiiily,  the  s\irveyor,  as  agent 
for  t!ie  lvi;^lish  houiic  of  llari'lay.  Herring,  Richardson,  I'c  Co.,  which  was  con- 
<litional,  a:iil  o:ie  from  <  "harles  IWninsko  for  Aaron  II.  I'almer,  of  Xiw  Vnrl,, 
■which  was  accepted.  'J'lie  contractors,  under  tlie  name  of  'The  C'entr.-il 
American  and  United  Sfcites  Atlantic  and  Pacitie  ('.in..l  Company,' agreeil 
to  open  .a  canal  through  Nicaragua,  which  should  he  n.avigahle  for  l;irge  .ships, 
and  to  deposit  two  hundred  thousand  dollars  in  the  city  of  tJranada,  within 
six  months,  for  the  j)rcliminary  expenses  of  the  work;  to  erc^ct  fortifications 
for  its  protection;  and  to  commence  work  within  one  year.  T)ie  contractors 
Were  to  receive  two  thirds  of  the  tolls  from  the  canal  until  tluy  had  ])va;\\  re- 
imhnrsi'd  for  tlu!  full  cost  of  the  work,  with  ten  per  cent  interest;  afterwards 
to  have  one  half  of  the  jtroceeds  fur  .seven  years,  with  the  right  to  introducQ 


lNTKUiK,KAXI('  COMMrNICATlON. 


Htcaiii-vcMHol.s.  Tlic  ;i<>v<'niim'nt  agri'cil  to  jiliu'c  at  their  <liH{Ktmtl  all  tho  ilncii- 
iiKiiitx  ill  its  iiii.H.st'K.'iiiiii  ri'Litiiig  to  tliu  cikiial;  to  fiiriii.th  Ltlxircrs  at  I'tTtitiii 
M'a(ji'H;  ami  t-i  jicriiiit  tlic  cutting  aiul  iimi!  of  the  tiiiiU'r  in  the  country.  If 
thu  canal  waH  not  coiniilcti'il,  all  the  work  iloiiu  w<ui  to  Im;  forfettetl  to  the  gov- 
eminent.  This  contrai't  waM  ilateil  .liiiie  It,  IH'JIS.  The  contraetorM  hail  not 
HUllii'ieiit  capital  I'm-  tlie  construct  ion  of  tlie  canal,  ami  failing  to  obtain  it  in 
.N'l'W  York,  a«lilreH.s«'cl  a  nieiiiorial  to  the  United  SUtteM  congress,  praying  the 
a/tsistance  of  the  ^^ovcrnuicnt  in  their  work,  which  they  rcpre.seiitetl  to  In-  of 
national  importance.  The  ineiiiorial  was  referred  to  a  coinniittee,  hut  never 
reported  on.  The  enterpriite  excited  eoiiHiderahlu  attention  in  New  York, 
and  the  grant  olitanicd  from  the  federal  governiiicnt  of  Central  America  was 
lulievcd  to  lie  valualile.  Mr  Palmer  executed  a  deed  «if  trust  to  |)e  Witt 
Clinttin,  Stephen  Van  lleiiswilaer,  ( '.  ]>.  Clinton,  IMiillip  Hone,  and  Ljnde 
Catlin,  constitutin;^'  them  directors  of  thu  c(>inpany  which  was  heing  organ- 
ized for  the  coiLstruction  of  the  canal.  Mr  I'alnier  went  to  Kn;,daiid  in  1S'_»7, 
and  endeavoreii,  lint  witiioul  NUeecH8,  to  ohbdn  the  cooperation  of  Kn,i:lisli 
capitalists.  .Ml  his  elFort.s  wen;  inetfectual,  the  mieesiiary  capital  could  not 
he  raised,  and  the  «'nterprise  was  ahandoned.  .Mr  <'lay,  tiicii  wcretary  of 
Htatc,  eariicsily  ailvocatcMl  the  construction  of  thi3  eaiml,  iK-'lieving  it  would 
Im!  of  great  advantage  to  this  country. 

In  I8'J8  an  aHxociation  of  capitdiats  in  the  Netherlaiida,  under  the  patron- 
age of  the  king  of  Holland,  undertook  the  coiiHtruction  of  the  canal.  In  LS'.".* 
tiie  king  .sent  (lencral  N'erveer,  asi  ]ilenipotentiary  to  (iuatuinala,  with  special 
instructioi  !i  relative  to  the  canal.  In  OctolaT  of  the  Hiiinc  year,  coininis- 
sioners  wcri!  appointed  hy  the  federal  governineiit  to  confer  with  fteneral 
Vervcer,  and  on  tlie  "JUh  of  July,  IHM),  they  agreeil  upon  a  i»lan,  which  wa.s 
to  he  laid  heforo  the  federal  congress  for  itn  apiiroval.  The  cnnditioiiH  M-cre 
much  the  same  as  in  the  contrai't  with  Mr  I'alnier.  The  revolution  in  Ik'l- 
ginin,  and  thi!  separation  of  Holland,  terminated  this  enterprise.  The  fed- 
eral congress  had  heeii  .stimulated  to  greater  anxiety  for  the  coiiHtruction  of 
tl.i'  canal  hy  these  various  proposjils  and  contracts,  ami  helievilig  that  there 
wax  more  likt-lihood  of  its  heing  made  hy  tiie  ]>ntch  eoinpaiiy  than  any  other, 
in  IS.'VJ  inudu  inefTectual  eiTorts  to  renew  negotiations  M'ith  Holland  for  reviv- 
ing that  company,  and  enahling  it  to  complete  its  contract. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  etl'orts  and  representations  of  Mr  Clay,  Do  Witt  Clin- 
ton, and  other  distiagui.shed  men  had  awakened  piihlic  interest  in  the  people 
and  goecrnment  of  the  I'nited  Stitc.s  in  the  proposed  uaiial,  and  convinced 
them  tiiat  it  was  important  that  our  government  should,  if  po.ssihlo,  ccmtrol 
the  work,  and  reap  tho  iK'nehts  and  advantigcs  which  it  was  hdicved  would 
result  to  our  conimeiic  fnun  it.  On  the  .'Jil  of  March,  I8.T1,  the  UnitiMl  States 
Heiiatt!  adojitcd  a  resolution,  ri't|uestiiig  the  president  to  consider  the  expedi- 
ency of  opening  negotiations  with  the  Central  American  stites  and  New 
Ciranada  for  protecting  hy  treaty  stipulations  coinpanies  undertiiking  to  open 
a  canal  across  tho  Isthmus,  connecting  the  two  oceans,  and  of  Hceuring  its 
free  and  I'lpial  navigation  to  all  nations.  By  virtue  of  this  resolution.  Presi- 
dent .lacksoii  appointed  (.'liarles  Biddle,  and  directed  him  to  go  to  San  .Tnaii 
del  Xortc,  and  thence  across  the  Isthmus  to  tho  Pacific,  hy  the  proposed 
route;  to  proceed  ti>  Muatcmala,  the  i-apital,  and  with  the  aiil  of  Mr  I>e  Witt 
Clinton,  r.  S.  charge'  d'affaires,  olitain  :'n  pnlilic  papers,  and  copies  of  tin-  hiw.s 


A» HON    OF   iHK  UOVKKNMKNi. 


:y.i 


piiHM'il,  iillil  I'llI  iiaiMTs  aiiil  iiifi)riiiiititiii  n-liititiK  to  tlw  citiial.  Ilr  u.in  iiI«>  to 
go  t<i  I'aiiitiiiii,  anil  aHccrtjkiii  all  alMiiit  that  roiitf.  Mr  lliilillr  iliil  not  ^fn  to 
NicaraKUa,  iiiul  <liv<l  hooii  uftur  liin  ri'tiirii  to  tin-  I'liitfil  StutcM.  IIIm  inniHiou 
w  i!«  a  I'ailiii'u. 

Tilt'  ;;ov«Tinni'nt  of  ('cntnil  AnH'rira  now  ilftcriniiu'il  to  survey  tlif  roiitu 
for  tliu  ciiiiiil,  ami  tlitiK  tlcinonHtratc  to  tli<- uorM  itK  priuticaWility.  In  |H.'<7 
I'rc-iilt'iit  Mora/an  <'in|ilc>y)'il  Mr  <lolin  liiily  to  Hurvcy  tin-  rout<',  MJiirl)  lio 
tliil,  as  alrraily  Ktatccl.  In  \S'.iH  a  cuMvt'ntion  lii't\\i'('n  Nicaragua  and  lion- 
tliiriM  iiutlniriy.i'*l  IVtcr  liouclianl  to  make  an  iiKri'i-i it  in   Krani-)*  tor  tliu 


ny  to  construct  the  canal.      Ho  iliil  not  suicci^'  iu  ac. 

.1. 


or^rini/ition  of  a  conipa 

ciuMiilwhin^  :lnythin^.  I  >ou  .lor^^c  X'ltcri,  liiMliop  of  Sau  Salvador,  was  scut 
M  iiuiliassailor  to  Uoinc,  ami  make  like  etl'iirts,  1>ut  w  itliout  hucccss.  In  tlu! 
■AUie  >ear,  a  coni|iaiiy  of  Americans  in  New  York  aiiii  New  Orleans  sent  Mr 
(ie4>rj{c  iioMMlii|i  to  Central  America.  He  madi'  a  contract  with  Nie,ira;,;ua, 
which  had  r*eceded  from  the  federal  re|uililic,  for  tin'  construction  of  a  canal, 
the  c-ituMi.ihinunt  of  a  hank,  ami  tiie  iutrodiictioii  of  colonists.  This  s<-lieiiiu 
wax  extensive,  hut  amounted  to  nothing,  as  the  eiiter]iriMt!  was  soon  aliaii- 
(Itiiivd. 

Ill  I.SHS,  Aaron  Clark,  Herman  l^eroy,  William  A.  Hiier,  .Matthew  Can.'V, 
and  Williaiii  Kidclitl',  citizens  of  New  York  unci  l'liiladel|ihia,  addresMcd  ii 
memorial  to  coiijjress.  reiircsciitili;;  tiie  necessity  for  the  o|iciiin;{  of  the  inter- 
«H'eanic  canal.  It  was  referred  to  a  cotninittce,  of  wiiich  Hon.  Chrrles  K. 
Mercer  was  ehairmuii,  who,  u|ioii  the  lM  of  .March,  |s;{!l,  reporteil  iiiioii  it, 
recommending'  tlie  followiiij,:  resolution,  vtliich  wa.t  adoptid: 

'  1,'i.iiilirtl,  That  tile  Jircildcnt  of  the  I'niteil  .States  lie  rc(|Uested  to  consider 

till!  ex]iodieiicy  ot  o|ieniiig  or  continuing'  negotiations  with  tlie  i^overnmeiits 
fif  other  nations;  and  ]iarlicularly  with  those  tiie  territorial  jiirisdiition  of 
w  liicli  coin|ireliends  tlie  Istiilniis  of  Panama,  and  to  wliicii  tiie  I'nited  States 
Iiave  accredited  miiiistora  or  agents,  for  tiie  iiiir]iose  of  ascertaining  or  ctiect- 
ing  a  coinmunieatioii  hetweeii  tiie  Atlantic  and  I'ai'ilic  oceans,  l>y  tiic  con- 
struction of  a  ship-caiiai;  and  of  securing  forever,  i>y  snitalile  treaty 
Htiiuilations,  the  free  and  c<|ual  ri^jhts  of  navigating  such  canal  to  ;dl  nations, 
on  tlie  payment  of  rea.sonalil*'  tolls.'  Tiie  president  and  senate,  actiii;,'  under 
tiiis  ri  solution,  iicgotiati'd  and  niaile  a  treaty  iietwcen  tiie  I'nited  States  ami 
N'W  ( iraiiada,  hy  wliicii  our  government  guaranteed  tiie  neutrality  of  the 
Istiimii.x,  and  New  ( iranaila  iinieeileil  a  free  transit  across  it.  Tlie  I'anaiiiii 
Itaili'o.iil  ( 'oiiipany  w.is  oigaiii/.cd  i>y  viitue  of  this  treats;  and,  a.s  we  ail 
know,  the  existing  railroad  acrocis  the  Isthmus  was  liuilt  hy  them;  with  wiiat 
lalior,  ami  cost  in  money  and  iiumaii  life,  it  is  foreij^n  to  our  purpose  to 
imjiiire. 

Between  tiie  years  J.Vt.S  and  IS44,  t.'cntral  America  was  distracted  iiy  civil 
VMi's,  and  all  fiction  relativt!  to  tiie  canal  was  suspended.  In  hS44,  I 'on  Fran- 
cisco Castellon,  minister  from  the  repuhlie  of  Nicaragua  to  France,  made  a 
contract  witii  a  Helgian  company,  acting  under  tiie  pitronage  of  tiie  king  of 
H.'lgium,  for  the  coiiHtriictioii  of  the  canal.  Hut  this  contract  was  as  iinsuc- 
cetsfiil  iM  its  predecessors.  In  |H4(i,  Mr  .Marcoleta,  Nicaraguan  eiiarge 
d'atlaires  to  Belgium,  made  a  contract  witii  Louis  Napolt'on  (tiie  present 
French  einpiTor),  tiien  a  prisoiu'r  at  Ham,  for  its  const riK't ion.  With  iiis 
characteristic  vanity,  he  stipulatt'd  that  it  should  lie  called  "Canal  Naimleon 


:u 


1NTEK(M.EAN1<    rOM.Ml'NK  ATION. 


<!<' Nii'uriigiiii. °  N.i|iiilctiii  wrott' iiiiil  inililiHlinl  ii  |iaii4ililft  in  Loiiilnn,  iijhiii 
till'  rtulijt'ct,  itiitl  iiiikilt!  »  fitvlilc  attempt  to  awiikni  tli<>  iitteatioti  nt'  ciiiitaliMtit, 
liiit  witlioiit  HiiecuHM.  lliH  |>itin)ilil('t  liail  only  n  liiiiitol  i-in-iiliitioii,  Imt  wiih 
iiftiiwiiril  n|tul.li-(iuMl  l.y  M.  IVIIy.  On  tin-  Mitli  ot  Filmmry,  |N4'.t,  Wil- 
liuni  Wlii'i'lriglit  inikilo  a  (iropoMitioii  in  lit'liiilf  of  nn  Un^lisli  ('otn)>:iny  for 
thu  t'onHt ruction  of  tlu;  I'linal,  l)Ut  it  waH  not  acted  ii|>on. 

On  til  •  I4tli  of  March,  |S4<.»,  Mr  I>.  T.  Brown,  in  lidialf  of  certain  citi- 
/ciiii  of  Nuw  York,  anil  (Icncrtil  MuAo/,  coniniixHioncr  for  Nicaragua,  cntcrcil 
into  a  contract  for  the  couMtrnction  of  a  canal,  lint  it  wax  neither  ratilietl  liy 
the  executive  of  that  rcpulilic  nor  l>y  the  company  in  New  York  within  thu 
Htipulateil  time.  The  Hci/nre  of  (iicytown  liy  the  Kiijj;liNh,  in  IH4<S,  ami  tlie 
jiri'text  of  a  Mo.nquito  protectorate,  were  rightly  reganled  l>y  the  NicaraKUan 
government  ami  our  own,  as  tlirecteil  to  olituiniiig  commaii<l  ami  ]>erniaiient 
control  aiiil  (loininion  over  the  only  poMxililc  route  for  an  inturticeanic  canal. 

On  the  "JIkI  of  .lunc.  IS4!(,  Mr  Mine,  I'.  S.  charge  il'atrairoH  to  Nicaragua, 
coiicIikIciI  a  convention  with  comininMioncrH  appointetl  hy  that  repuWIic,  giv- 
ing the  I'liitetl  SlatcH  a  iierpetual  right  of  way  tlirongh  that  repuhlic,  of 
erecting  forts,  ami  protecting  the  traiiNit.  Tlii-s  convention  was  not  approveil 
Iiy  our  own  government,  or  hy  that  of  Nicaragua.  On  the  4tli  of  March, 
I80O,  <leiieral  Taylor  wan  inaugiiratcil  jiresidciit  of  the  Uuiteil  .StatcN,  ami 
niMin  after  sent  Mr  !•'..  (!.  Sipiier  to  t'entral  America  to  supersede  Mr  Hixe,  as 
charge  d  atl'aires  to  (Guatemala,  with  .special  coiiunissions  to  tlu' other  .statex  of 
Central  America,  "  witii  lull  power  to  treat  with  them  separately  on  all  mat- 
ters art'ecting  their  relatioiiM  with  this  rejiulilic.'  I'poii  his  arrival  in  Niea- 
ra^'ua,  Mr  Srpiier  found  an  agent  of  Cornelius  Yanderliilt,  ami  others  of 
New  York,  who  wiw  umleavoring  to  olitain  a  grant  from  that  government  for 
tile  construction  of  a  canal.  The  government  was  at  first  indisposed  to 
listen  to  his  overtures,  until  assured  l>y  Mr  Sijuier  that  the  United  Status 
government  would  guarantee  any  charter,  not  inconsistent  with  our  ]>uliliu 
policy,  that  might  hu  granted  hy  Nicaragua. 

On  the  '27th  of  August,  IS,"»(>,  a  contract  was  signed  hetwecii  the  govern- 
ment of  Nicaragua  and  the  agent  of  the  New  York  company,  and  afterward 
ratilied  on  the  '2M  of  SeptemlnT  following,  containing  the  following  provis- 
ions, vi/.. : 

I.  That  the  Aincriuan  Atlantic  and  I'aeitic  Ship  Canal  Company  may  con- 
struct a  ship-canal,  at  its  own  expense,  from  San  Juan  to  Healejo,  or  any 
other  point  within  the  territory  of  Nicaragua,  on  thu  Pacific,  antl  make  use 
of  all  lands,  waters,  or  natural  materials  of  the  country  for  the  enterprise. 

'2.  The  canal  shall  he  large  enough  to  admit  vessels  of  all  sizes. 

.'<.  The  grant  is  for  eiglity-tivi!  years  from  the  completion  of  the  work;  the 
surveys  to  lie  eoniinunced  within  twelve  months;  the  work  to  he  completed 
within  twelve  years,  unless  interrupted  liy  unforeseen  events.  If  not  com- 
pleted within  the  stipulated  time,  the  charter  will  lie  forfeited,  and  all  work 
<lonu  shall  revert  to  the  stiite.  At  the  end  of  eighty-live  years  the  canal  shall 
revert  to  the  state;  the  company,  nevertheless,  shall  receive  fifteen  per  I'cnt 
annually  of  the  net  profits  for  ten  years  thereafter,  if  the  entire  cost  of  the 
canal  does  not  cxceu<l  twuiit}'  million  dollars;  liut  if  it  does,  then  it  shall 
receive  the  same?  percentage  for  twenty  years  thereafter. 

4.  The  company  to  jiay  tlic  state  tea  tlimisaud  tlullars  per  annum,  during 


Fi:UTIIi:il   (ONTU.U T    I'liOVISlONS. 


748 


tlx'  iiriigrt'DM  (if  tliii  Hill  k,  ikiiil  til  give  it  two  liuiiilri'<l  tliointaiiil  iliillarM  of  tlui 
raiiit.il  Mtiii'k,  mill  to  \>uy  t>voiit>  [wr  cent  «if  Urn  net  |iriilitM  Inr  t«i.'iity  .\rarK, 
uiiil  twriity-livf  JUT  I'liit  tlirri'iiitt'r. 

'i.  Tlio  oiiiii|ituiy  til  liiivi'  Uk'  cxi'liiHivo  right  to  iiavigato  tlic  iiitorinr  wat»T» 
of  NicuritgUii  liy  Hti'iiin,  ami  within  twi  lv«!  yuarn  to  o|i(>ii  any  latul  or  otlnT 
rmiti',  liy  iiu-aiiM  of  transit  or  convryanci-  acroHs  thr  stat«',  ami  jiay  trn  prr 
I'cnt  of  tiie  Mi't  (iriilitit  of  kucIi  tra'-.-iit  to  tht;  HtJttc,  ami  tranM|Mirt  on  huoIi 
transit,  ami  the  canal,  wht'n  tininlu  J,  '  '<  oHu'cm  ami  uniitUiyeH  of  the  n^inili- 
lif  fnc  of  I'li.irgr. 

li.  'I'liu  canal  to  lii<  ojicn  to  the  vcxMclti  of  uU  uatioiis. 

7.  Thii  contract  ami  the  rights  anil  |irivi.'cguM  coneoiled  by  it  to  lie  hclil 
inalicnalily  liy  the  imliviiliialK  coMipiming  tlie  i'iini|iany. 

•S,  All  iliHiiutoH  Hhall  he  Hettleil  liy  coniniiMi*ionern  aiipoiiitutl  in  a  a|>vcitic(l 
manner. 

!t.  All  machinery  ami  other  articles  introiliicuil  liy  the  coniiiany  uito  the 
state,  for  its  own  ilxc,  to  enter  free  of  ihity;  anil  all  peri'iins  in  its  eni^i  <  to 
enjoy  all  thu  privileges  of  citi7.enshi|i,  withont  being  snbjuct  to  taxation  or 
military  service. 

IK.  The  state  concedes  to  the  coniiiaiiy,  for  imriioscs  of  ciihini''  i  on,  cig'.t 
sections  of  land,  on  the  line  of  the  canal,  in  the  valley  of  the  riv  .  Wan  Jumi, 
each  six  miles  s<|uarc,  and  at  least  three  miles  apart,  with  tin  right  of  alien- 
ating the  same  •  '  ■  certain  reservations.  All  settUrs  on  tliese  land  .  to  bo 
Hnbject  to  the  laws  of  the  rcpulillc,  being,  however,  fo."  ten  years  ev.'inpt  fmni 
all  taxi  'III  from  all  public  service  so  simiu  as  each  uo^.iny  shall  lontitin  tifty 
settlers. 

On  the  same  day  Mr  Siiiiicr  negotiated  a  treaty  with  Nicaragua,  which 
provided  that  citizens,  vessels,  and  merchandise  of  the  United  >State.H 
should  be  exempt  from  duty  in  the  ports  of  Nicaragua;  and  that  citizens  of 
the  United  States  should  have  a  right  of  way  through  the  republic.  Tim 
government  of  the  United  Stjitcs  agreed  to  protect  the  company  in  the  full 
enjoynieiit  of  its  rights  from  the  inception  to  the  termination  of  its  grant. 
The  rights,  privileges,  and  immunities  granted  to  the  government  and  citi/eiis 
of  till'  United  States  .sh.ill  not  accrue  to  any  other  government,  unless  it  first 
outer  into  the  same  treaty  stipulations  with  Nicaragua  as  the  United  iStatcH 
lias  done.  This  treaty  was  ratilied  by  the  Nicaraguan  legislative  chaniberii 
on  the  '2;{il  of  September  fdlowing,  but  was  not  acted  upon  by  the  United 
i-itates  senate,  to  which  it  was  sent  by  President  Taylor.  This  treaty  was 
tippo.si'd  by  the  Hriti.sh  minister  at  Washington,  who  energetically  exerted 
himself  to  seciiie  its  defeat. 

The  Ulaytiin-Hulwer  treaty  between  the  United  Stiitcs  and  England 
guaranteed  the  neutrality  of  tiie  canal,  and  both  governments  agreed  to  pro- 
tect any  company  undertaking  the  work.  The  object  of  our  government  in 
this  convention  was  to  put  an  end  to  the  Mosijuito  protectorate. 

In  Autrust  IS'H)  the  comiianv  sent  a  iiartv  of  I'liiiiiieers  f.-om  New  York 


toN 


icaragua  to  survey  a  ro 


1" 
ite  from  Lake  Nicaragua  to  the  I'acilic,  near  tlii 


line  taken  by  (lalistcii  and  Biiily.  .Soon  afterwards  tlii^  steamer  Jfiminr  wius 
sent  from  New  York  to  Lake  Nicaragua,  and  .smaller  bi  ;*s  were  sent  to  the 
San  .Iiian  Uiver.  A  new  road  was  o[iened  to  the  I'acilic  from  Virgin  Ikiy  on 
the  lake  to  San  Juan  del  Sur.  A  line  of  steamers  was  established  troi.  New 
Y'ork  to  trrcytown,  and  from  San  Juan  del  Sur  to  .San  Francisco. 


INTKROCEAXIC  COMMUNICATION. 


The  new  contract  nmi'.T  with  United  States  citiKcii»,  ami  ratified  and  en- 
forced by  treaty  witli  our  own  goverunuMit,  wa.s  not  consistent  with  the  wishes 
or  policy  of  (ireat  liritain,  hut  the  generosity  of  our  government  in  throwing 
open  tiic  i)roj>o.-ied  c:iii!il  to  all  nation.'s  disarmed  hostile  criticism,  and  dcj)rive<l 
Kurope  (if  ;iny  pretext  for  opposition  or  protest.  It  <piickcned  Knglaixl  into 
ni!W  energy,  in  the  assertion  of  her  claims  nnder  the  Mosipiito  protectorate. 
On  the  l.")th  of  August,  IS.'iO,  the  British  cfnisular  representative  in  Central 
America  addressed  a  note  to  the  Nicaraguan  government,  in  which  he  statetl 
the  hnundary  daiini'd  hy  his  government  as  follows:  'The  undersigned,  h<;r 
Jlritaiinic  Majesty's  eiiarge  d'alFaires  in  Central  America,  with  this  view,  luw 
the  honor  to  declare  to  the  minister  of  foreign  relations  of  the  supreme  gov- 
ernment of  Nicaragua,  tliat  the  general  boundary  line  of  the  Mosquito  ter- 
ritory begins  at  the  northern  extremity  of  the  boundary  lino  between  tlio 
district  of  Tegucigalpa  in  Honduras,  and  the  jurisdictifin  of  New  Segovia;  and 
after  following  the  northern  frontiers  of  New  Segovia  it  runs  along  the  soutii- 
uoatcrn  limits  of  the  district  of  Matagalpa  and  Chontjdcs,  and  thence  in  aii 
easterly  course,  until  it  reaches  the  Maehuca  Uapi<ls,  to  the  river  San  .Tuan.' 
If  this  boundary  lim:  had  been  allowed,  as  clainutd,  it  would  have  placed  the 
only  possiiilc  route  for  the  proposed  canal  in  the  occupation  and  control  of 
(treat  Britain.  Dunkl  Cleirlawl's  Across  the  Xiritraijiiti  Tniusit,  MS,,  118-42. 


1 


INDEX. 


Alcjiinc,  M  ,  iiitcrccHKion  of,  IS.")"),  iii. 
'-'111. 
Aa,  P.  v.,  work.')  of,  ii.  74.">-t).  Aloalile,  otlicc  of,  i.  "JltT  S. 

Ahil>cil)a,( 'uciijiiu,(l(iiiiiiiii  of,  invaded,    Alcdiitura,  M.  dc,  disitli  of,  ii.  41 


151: 


;{")'j 


Al. 


Al>reKo,  F.,  bi.shop  of  Pan.,  1. "»(>•.»  74,  j       l.'tO 


;i1>, 


(If,    fXDci 


h\.  of,  i.-.:{4. 


474 

Aoajutla,  liattle  of,  l.".-24,  i.  (J70-:i. 

Acala,  lu'oviiicf,  lloiniiiicaiiM  in,  I'mO-    Aldcrute, 


Ak'udo  y  Herrera,  I),  du,  gov.  of  I'aii. 


.  584. 


5,  ii.  'M'>0:  inva.sioii  of,  ii.  ;{()5. 


5,s:v 


H" 


if  Pail.,  17l.'5-:«»,  ii. 


'Acees.sorv   'I'rausit  Coiiijiany,'  men-    Alfaro,  F..  i-fvolt  of,  IM'J,  iii.  'Jilt, 
tiou  of,  iii.  :UI   •2;  iii.  (>t;7  >S.  ,  Alfaro,  .1.  M.,  jofo  of  C.  K..  IS4-' 


Ada,  iiaiiic,  i.  418;  fctiiidiiiL;  of,  151; 


•J'J4. 


;•_'(»:   18411.  iii.  '-"J 


Ped 


Iraria.s 


i.    418;   iiia.ssacri;    at,    I51(i,   i.    441;    Aliiiayio,     1).     ilc,     jo 

town  of,  laid  out,  i.  441;  aliaiidora'd,         oxjkmI.,  1514,  i.  .'I'.tl;  i-liaractcr,  iti 


:vm; 


II. 

^i;osta. 


i>f. 


.1. 


■(  'ompondio, '  ii.  (1 


:i  4;   1 


izarro  m  cxdu 


:d.  to  I' 


ii.  4  8.  I'.>,  X5-40;  deatli,  ii.  40. 


Agriculture,  in  Cent.  Anier.,  iii.  (i.5()-    Alinagro,  ]>.  do  jun.,  assa.s.>fi nation  of 

I'i/.urro,   ii.   40-1;   execution  of,   ii. 


Aguado,  .1.,  coniini.s.'iioiier  of  inquiry, 

14;»4,  i.  170. 
Aguilar,  K.,  president  of  Salv.,  1S4(>,  '  Altainirano,  Friar  ]>.,  advice  to  ( 'or- 


Alniaii.'sa,  F.,  mention  of. 


;<8. 


iii.  •-".»1   •_'. 


te«),  i.  580- 1 . 


Aguilar,  Friar  <  i.  de,  Mld[)\vre('k,  etc.,  ;  Altiimirano,   .(.   ('.,   liisliop  of   (iuat. 


if,     1512.    i.    liM: 


re.seue, 


15  lit.    i. 


Mil  1-1.5.  ii.  ()C4. 


'  Alvarailo,   1>.   dc,  exped.   of,    l.")l!0,  ii. 
I'Jl. 


Aguilar,  (!.  do,  bravery  of,  i.  088-0 

Aguilar,    .M.,  revolt  of,    ISlI,   iii.    I'J-    Alvarado,  (r.  de,  battle  of  Taeuxculco, 


of,    1S1.'8,    iii.    IHO;    jefe 


of  V.  11.,  18:{7  8,  iii.  i,s:{. 


5'.'4, 


Aguila 


revolt  of.    I  SI  I,   iii.    I: 


Mi 


07:5; 
087; 
l5-.>."). 


iptun 


.f    Ml 


coIl(lU(^^t     o 


if      til 


01)5  701.':    rev 


lit 


il<;    vice-president  of  C    Ii..,    iN.'i'.l  c:iu.sed  l»y,  ii.  711  80. 


iii.  .■{7.'{.  I  Alvarado,   .1.  de,  gov.  of  (Iuat.,  I.5'_'7, 

Aliuaclia[ian,  siege  of,  |.S70,  iii.  40.'t -5  |       ii    '.(5,   104  5;  executor  of   l*.  de  AI- 

Alizunianclie,  Prince,  dialli  of.  i    (i;i7  varailo,  ii.  'J07  8 

Aillon,    \,.  V.   de,   exiled,    ol,    1520,   i  Alvarado,    P.   de,   eoncjuest  of  (Iuat., 

i:i8;    1.5l.':{,  i.  l4-_'  :i.  I       l.5'J-.'  4,    i.   017  0'-';    of     Itzcuintlan, 


Alii 


11.  de,  exiieil.  of,  1.540,  i.  15;V  1       1.5'J4,  i.  (iO.'i  5,   iiiva.sion  of  ."^alv. 


Alliitos,    I),  lie,  nii.s>(ion 


to    Xi 


000   70;    the    ('ack(lii(]iiil    rc\olts 


1510,    i.  ;{:tl    :$;  exp.d.    of.    151,5,    i.  j  15-_'5  0,    1.    OS  I    '.)•_';    li.    71  85;    cim- 

404  5;  battle  witli   Paiini  Iiulian.s,  i  ijiiest    of    the    Maiiies,    i     0',I5  7'*'-'; 

1510,  i.  4l>5;  further  e.vpeditioii.s,  i.  |  exped.  to  Peru,  ii.  ItS  1»,  l'J'2  'M);  .e- 

42!(  ;{0,    471;     founds    Nonibro    de  '  turn  to  .Mex.,  ii.   85  0;   trial    ol,    ii 

l)ios,  i.  471;  in  eominand  at  Nata,  100  4;   niarriage,  li.  lO'J;    return   to 

i.  .50S;  gov.  of  llond.,  15,'{2,  ii.  155;  (iuat.,    1.5.'{0.  ii.    IKi   17;   residcncia, 

death,  ii.   1.55.  ,  etc.,  of,  ii.  Kil    •_•;  exped.  to  lliiinl. 

Alliiniuerque,  A.  dc,  voyai'e  of,  1.50:{.  1.5:i5  (i,  li.  100  5;  I5:«>,  ii   •.".•()  !);  de- 

i.   121.  p  II  t.i  for  Spain,  ii    105,  crown  grant 

747 


74S 


IXDKX. 


to.  ]r<M,  ii.  'JtW;  exiled,  of,  l.Vt'.t  41, 

ii.  'JtKJ  7;    tlciitli,   ii.   '^)',;    will,   ii. 

'JOT  il;    chariict.r,    ii.    •_»(H»--11;    otl- 

sjiriug,  ii.  '211    I'J. 
Alvarez,   (Jen.    M.,    cajitiire,   vtc,   of 

Walker,  18(iO,  iii   'Mi. 
Al/aya;ua,   J.    <le,  exjied.  of,    1(;",U>,   ii 

US.")  (i. 
Al/.uru,    Col,    revolt,    etc.,    ot,    ISHl, 

iii.  514. 
Aiisar  y  Rorlioii,  A  ,  viceroy  of  New 

(Iran.,  I.S():{,  iii.  4<.M 
Amaticiue  liny,  iliaeovery  of,  ii   (150 
Anied/.ana,   .F     H.   tie,   gov.  of   Tan., 

1711    Ml,  ii.  5s;{ 
Aiiieriea,     aUorigiiies     of,     i.     59-(iS; 

sighted  l)y  Hiariie,  !KS(1,   i.   7<1;  dis- 

eovery  of  elaiiiu^d  liy  .Oralis,    1147, 

i.  7S;  name  of,  i.  'JIM   'J. 
'Aiiierieaii  t'oast  Pilot,    ii.  758 
Aiii»'Z(|iieta,    JJ.   du,   exjieil.   «)f,    Id'.M), 

ii.  (18(1  7. 
Aiiaeaoiia,    Queen,    e.veeiitiou    of,    i. 

'J5'.»  (10. 
Ana(|uit4i,  battle  of,  154(1,  ii.  'J54. 
Aiidagova,     1*.    de,     e.\l>eil     to     Bint, 

15-JJ,  i.  i;!!»,  50-J  :{;  joins  I'edraria.s, 

i.  ;{!H  ;  work.-i,  etc.,  of,  i.  5<,);{-4;  ii. 

'J47. 
An  Ire.s,    ('at'i(iue,    pudo    to    Sliarp's 

expod.,  KISO,  ii.  5'JO  .S. 
Anyel,  l>oi"ia  M.,  iinpo.sturc,  etc.,  of, 

17 I'J,  ii.  (107-701. 
Angulo,  Father,  bishop  of  Vera  I'az, 

1550,  ii.  ;{74. 
Aninio,    U.,  gov.   of   Van.,    1.S.54,   iii 

518;  protest  of,  iii.  518-10. 
Aninon,  F.  ile,  memorial  of,  ii.  SOS-0 
Anson,  ('apt.  (}.,  exped.  of,   17H0-44, 

ii.  50'J  :». 
Antigua,    foundetl   by    Kneiso,    1510, 

i.  :{'J7  8;  Balboa  in  eommand  at,  i. 

.'{•J8  :tt),  ;n8  57;  Nicuesa  at,  i.  :«:!4 

5;  factions  in,  i.  ;{;{8  4(»;  growth  of, 

i.  .'Ul;  prosperity  of,  i.  ;W5;  ranked 

as  a  city,  1514,  i.  .'V.tl;  scarcity  at, 

i.  .'{0(1;  Indian  outbreaks  near,  l,")'J'J, 

i.  47(1:   abandoned,    l5'Jl-4,  i.  400. 
Antonelli,  Surveyor  J.  (i.,  rept  of,  ii. 

:!00. 
Apaneca,  battle  of,  1870,  iii.  40U  4. 
Apochpalon,    (.'acii|ue,    meeting   with 

Corte.^,  etc.,  l.")'J4,  i.  547  50,  557. 
'  A[)pendix  to  SharpV  South  Sea  Wag- 
goner," MS.,  ii.  758. 
Aipiino.  A.,  revolt  of,   KS.'W.  iii.  1(18. 
Arada,  battle  of,  18."i(),  iii.  '270  80. 
Arana,   Licentiate  T.  J.   de,  rept  of, 

ii.  7(t7. 
Aransivia   v  Sasi,  S.  de,  ^^^v.  of  Nii'.. 

J7'J1,  ii.  (107. 


Arbolancha,  P.  de,  llalboa'M  envoy  lo 

Spain,    1514,  i.  .'t84-5;   delay  of,  i. 

;{0-J;  reception,   i.  'MX 
Arce,  M.  .1.,  impri.sonment  of,  iii.  'JO; 

defeats  Padilla,  iii.  58;  president  of 

Nic,    18'J.5,    iii.  80;  rule,   iii.  8J  04; 

'Memoria,' iii.  107;  tlefeat  of,  18:t', 

iii.    Il:{;  paeilication  of  Nic.,    1N'J5, 

iii.  17'J;  invasion  of  Sal  v.,  1844,  iii. 

I'.K)  1. 
'Archives  of  tlie  Indies,'  i.  105  (1. 
.Vri'llano,   .1.   J{.  de,  bishop  of  (iiiiit., 

1(101,  ii.  (l(i:<  4. 
Ar<,'nello,   F.  de,  aids  Halboa,   i.  441, 

450;  execution  of,  1517,  i.  457  '.'. 
Arguello,   ■!.,  vice-jefe  of  Nic,    18'J5, 

iii.  17.'1;  contest  with  Cerda,  iii.  174. 
Arguilar,  \'.,  execution  of  Mora,  18(10, 

iii   :{7(1;  ileatii  of,  iii.  .'iTd. 
Arias,  ('.,  provis.  |iresidcut  of  Hond., 

187'J  4,  iii.  457  (iO. 
Ariius,  (!.,  exped.  of,  '."c'O,  ii.  100. 
Aristocrats,  attitude,  etc.,  of,  in(iuat., 

1848,  iii.  'J74  (1,  'JSl. 
Ari/a,  l>on  A.  <le,  '  ( 'oiuentas,'  ii.  481; 

gov.  of  Pan.,  1774,  ii.  .">8J. 
Ariza  y  Torres,   Tapt.   K.,   revolt  of, 

isj:{,  iii.  7 J  ;{. 

Ari/.puru,  (ien.  Ii.,  revolt  of,  1S7.'J,  iii. 

5:t8;  revolution  of,    1875,  iii.  541   'J; 

1878,    iii.    54.S;    president   of    Pan., 

iii    54'J;  occupation  of  Pan.,    1885. 

iii    i>.">4;  arrest,  etc.,  of,  iii.  .5,54-5. 
Armies,  of  Cent.  .\mer.,  iii.  (145  0. 
Arosenuiua,   .M.,    works,   etc.,   of,    iii. 

480. 
Arrazola,  allair  at,  18J7,  iii.  01. 
Arteaga,  Ii.   de,  storming  of    Mixco, 

15J.5,  i.  (101. 
Arteaga  y  Abendano,  .1.  de,  bishop  of 

Chiai*.,   etc.,    l."):{8,    ii.  .'WO;  ileath, 

ii.  XW. 
Arzii,  Brigadier  M.,  exped.  of,   18'J'J, 

iii.  (10  1 ;  operations  of,  I8'J8,  iii.  04. 
Asand)lea  Nacioual  Constituyente,  see 

Congress,  Central  American, 
Aspinwall,  see  Colon. 
Astaluiruaga,   F.    S.,    '  Uepiiblicius  de 

Centro-Anicrica.'  iii.  .'{(11. 
Atahnalpa,   Inca,    Pizarros   invasion, 

ii.    10  'JO;  capture,   etc.,   of,    ii.  'Ji  ■ 

.'{'J;  ransom,   ii.  ,'VJ  (1;  execution,   ii. 

:ui  8. 
Aticpiipac,   Alvarado  at,  15'J4,   i.  (1(1(1. 
Atitlan,  enslavement  of  natives  in,  ii. 

•j:u  5. 

.\tlacatl.   King,  submission  of,    l.")'J4, 

i.  (174. 
.\udiem'ias,   description    of,    i.   'J70  .'{. 
,\udieneia    of    tlie    Conlines,    estaldd 

l.")4li,    ii.   ■J41;  jnrisd.    ii.    'J41;  ]ier- 


INUKX. 


:vj 


somit'l.  ii.  301;  scat  of  the,  ii.  'M)\,  Chiiipos,  i.  .'U>9;  caiioo  voyiigc  «>f,  i. 
.'MO.  ;t70,  400;  iii.  ."iiSJ;  ihsputo  with  :<74-.');  Tiiiiuud's  stniy,  ttr.,  i. 
l«i.s  L'iUHiis,   ftc,    ii.   .'ttCJ-T;   dissoii-        'M'l  7;  n'turu  to  Aiitigiiu,  i.  '.r,s  S4; 


sidiis,  Ki'.Hi   I70'_',  ii.  (it)  I    ;{. 


pacilii's    'rcixa 


:{7N; 


■lt»     t( 


Aiulii'iu'iii  til' Lo.s  Iti'vcs,  I'stiiltlil.  I.Vt;?,  riilici'ii,  i.  ;i70  SO;    l'iHiirii>a'«  »tat«'- 

ii.  '-'4 1;   jiiiisil.  ii.  1*41.  <       iiii'iit,  i.  .SSI;  i'ai>tiir<'.H 'riiliaiiaiii;i,  i 

Audii'iu'ia  of  Panama,   cstaliM.   \'>',\'.\,        'AS[   'A;  .sii'kiii's.s  at  Coiiiaiirf.  i.  .'tVI; 


Hiris 


etc.,    II.    .">(    S.    ,"i.S,">; 


xpoil.t   of   cxiH'il.,    i.    ;{.s4  .");    Hii|i<  r- 
ilH.lislii,!,    \Xi:\,   li.   -JU;  m.stal.l.l.        so.lc.l  l.y  IVi|iaii;i.s,  l.")|»,  i.  IVKi  4; 


li.  4(i4. 


trial  of,  i.  'A'Xi;  txiieil.,   151. ">,  i.  4iH\ 


Auilit'iicia  nf  Santo  I)niiiitigo,  cstalild.  I      7;  ivAul  with  !)avila,   i.  4."t"J  .'{.  4;>7; 
l.VJIi,    i.    '_'(>!>;  jicrsoiiiu'l,    i.   "Jdlt^O;  |       uapt.  ui'u.  of  ( 'oilia  ainl  ran.  •.  4;i."i; 


junsil.  I.  •_'((» 
A\iry,   C'oiiiiiioiloic,    (•ajit\in;    of   'I'ri 


jillo,  IN'JO,  iii.  -^4  ."). 


qn 


.1.    of,     I.VJ.- 


Avalos,    .1.    ill' 

171 
Avoiiilarto,  Father  A.   i\v,  mission    to 

tlie  It/a.s,  lt>'.».'.,  ii.  (kS'.t  IK). 
Avoiulano,  l>.  ih-,  prusidciit  of  (!iiat. 

IIi4l»  <t,  ii.  (>:>:». 
Avfiiifiia,  M.,  jffii  of  (iiiat.,  1827,  iii. 

loO  •_' 
Ayt'iiU'iia,     1'.,    acting    jiresideiit  "of 

(Juat.,  IS(M,  iii.  4i;<. 
Ayoia,  .1.  dc,  ixpi'd.  of,  1.M4,  i.  ;W(>- 
"40'_';    oiitrajit's   of,    i.    :«»0  40*_';   I's- 


hctrothal,  i.  4.'{i(;  rci'staMishis  .\il  i, 
l.'ili),  i.  441;  Hhi|i-luiildiii^'  on  tlii^ 
\inUnH,  l.")17.  i.  441    .");  at   tlir  INirl 


IM.'i 


i.  44.'> 


'>-;   late  ol,  lonrast. 


447  iS;    irri'st  of,  i.  4V_'  ;i;  trial,  i. 


4.')t( 


'Xciution,  I.'il7,  i.  4.' 


'.». 


lial.sas,    Kio  lUi   la-i,  ><hip-liinl<hn^'  on 

til.',  iril7.  i.  44'.'  .-.. 
liaraliona,  .Xdnilral  •!.  dc,  naval  coni' 

liat  oil'  Pan.,  KIM),  ii.  ."•:!.'.  7. 


Ituhi 


M. 


it,    I(i7l, 


ii.  4".»0. 


liiiiilla.s.  M.   L 


ISSC, 


4:.  I 


I'l 


f.sidi'nt   of  (Jnat. 
•aliimt,   ni.  4.VJ. 


'I" 


40'J 


Ayiintaniii'ntos,  fiiiu'ticnis,  cto.,  of,  iii. 


Itiiiki  T,  A.,  f-xpi'd.  to  llond.,  |.'')7ii,  ii. 

(i:(7  «. 

liari'anco,  — ,  hishop  of   llond.,  |s|l  - 


8-10; 


voti's  (if  on  union  with  .Mox. 


I8-.M,  Hi.  .■>:»  4. 


.1. 


lie,  ifov.  o 


f  \ 


ic,  ii.  (lOS, 


A/niitia,  J.  A.,  i.'aliinot  miuistor,  184.">, 
iii.  -JliS-'J.  •_'7--'. 


Bai-alar,  Imt  Imilt  at,  ii.  <;•_'." 


IJilC 


11. 


•2M 


q. 


d.      to      P; 


Itiii'hillor,  dt'tinitioii,   etc.,  of  word,  i. 

•.'!»7. 
Hadajoz,  Cajit.  (i.  do,  joiii.s  Prdraria.s' 

•xpi'd.  I.")14,  i.  it'.lO;  fXiH'd.  of,  l.")|.">, 


i.  41:;  n 


tVat,   i.   4I.">   K 


meet- 


ing' with  Ksiiiiiosa,  i.  4'_'0-l. 


HadiUo,  .1.  d  . 

ii.  ">4  7. 
Hall.oa,  V.   N. 


ixpoi 


d.,  itc,  of,  ir),"i7 


liararti  r,    1. 


:{-4, 


4:.4  .".; 


I'arh'  iMiici-,   i.   ;!-'4 


10, 


111. 


(;:<i. 


li: 


irrii'iitos,  \  icar 


P.  d.' 


inontion  ot. 


l,-)7( 


ii>,  11. 


:!74. 


IliU-rifi-i',  P.,  ])roco('dings  of,  iii.  4." 
Rirrioniii'v  o,  ('apt.  !•'.  i\r, 
tilla  del  Oio,  ii.  4ti,  .">1. 
IJariios,    (ii'ii.   <i.,    dcfiin 


i)V.  ot  Ca.H- 


.1    1. 


IS44,    iii.    100;  at   San    .Minimi,    11 


'-•01; 


o|K'ratioiis 


if.    IS.-.7,    ui.    :MNt; 


lirotnincianiit'iito,  cti'.,   of,   iii.   'MH; 
i'oiii>  d'l'tat,    iii.   ;i0'J;    |in'.sidiiit  of 


Sal\ 


111 


i.  HO'J;  oiH'iatioiis, 


iMiii, 


:101  (i;    hcsii'm-d   at   San   .Silv., 


:(INi:    < 
iii.  :!ll 


■a  lit  I 


d    I'Xfi'lltioii,    iMl.'t, 


Harrios,  .1.  R.,  rfvoliitiou  of,  1.S71.  iii. 
410  '.M;  iirfsi.li'iitof<;iiat..  lN7:t  ,s.->, 
iii.  4'-'0  40;  irivasiou  of  Salv.,  |S7(1, 
iii.  40'.'  .".;  I.SS."),  iii.  400  10;  rllorts 
for  I'onlfd.  of  t'eiit.  .\nnT.,  Is.s.'J  .">, 
iii.  44'J  0;  i|iiairi  1  with  Snin.  Is.Vt, 


iii.  4(17  S; 


■U. 


■liT,  iii.  4:!l   ■_':  at- 


of  Aiitiuua,  i.  Itl'O  ;tO,   .'(."IS  ,">(i;  dip- |       ti'iiipti'd  assassination  of,  iii.  44;t  4; 

loinai-y,   I'to.,  of,   i.   XiS  4il;  exited.  |       diath,  1SS.\  iii.  4!(l,  410. 

as.;ainst   Caivta,    i.    .'(.">  1  (i;    visit    to    Barrios  y   l.eal,    prrsidriit    of   (liiat  , 

Comagre,  i.  .'{47  0;  Panciaro's  story,  ,       IdJS.S  0.">,  ii.  (i.")0  til:  exped.  of,  Iii0."i, 

i.  ;M7".S;  exped.   to  Kaliailia,    I.")!*!,  |       ii.  (iS-_>  4;  death,  ii.  tiS.'i. 

i.  ."{.">  I   "J;  defeatseonfedrratrd  tiilies,     liairoeta,  U.,  viee-jiresident  of  ( '.   K., 

i    ;{.■):<; 

irosses   the    Istliinus   of    l>arieii,    i.     B; 
:l.VS  74;    defeats    P 


I.s7'-'.  iii.  :tsl   •-'. 


I'arieii,   1. 
i.    .•{(;.•{  4; 


irriini 
'f, 


lia.  .1.  F. 


iiiprisonnu'iit,  rte. 


(leleats  I'onine,  1.  ."«i;t  -4;  ol,  111.  IS  10;  nvointionary  iiieas- 
diseovrrs  fill' South  Sea,  I'te.,  \'i\'A,  iirrs,  iii.  ',V.\.  S(>  7;  jife  <''■  ••iiat., 
i.     I>'0,     .%4-7;i;     encounter     with,      |si'4,  iii.  14(1;  rule,  iii.  I4ii  S;  presi- 


7J0 


INDKX. 


•lent,  ISt-O,  iii.  l(h!;  rule,  jii.  102-1--'; 
iiL'gotiutions  M-itli  Carrerii,  iii.  I'Jt)- 

IJ.i.-ikcrvilU.',  Sir']'.,  defeat  «)f,  159'!,  ii. 

422. 
H:i.-iti(lii.s,  R.  lie,  cxpcd.,  cte.,  i)f,  ITKK) - 

2,  i.  114,   ls:{-'.)4;  l.io^'.,  i.  H»o. 
IJiiLtles,  Toiwda,  1.V24,  i.  028;  Xelaliuh, 

.1.VJ4,   i.  «:«>  41;  Acajutla,    1.VJ4,  i. 

(»70  .'{;  Taouxealco,    I.V24,  i.   (iTH  4; 

Tztaiia,    ]r)24,   ii.  21t»  I";    faiialcs, 

l.")2(l,  ii.  8:<;  I'atiiiamit,  l.VJC.  ii.  84; 

I'aiiaiiiu,  ir»71,  ii.  WW  (i;  Villaiiiieva, 

is:{8,    iii.   i;i.".  (i;    Aia.la,    IS.'K),    iii. 

27!)  S();  Santa  Ana,  1871,  iii.  :i*Xi  (i; 

Ajiant'ca,     187('),    iii.    4u:!  4;    I'as.-i- 

<|iiina,  187(i,  iii,  4()4;  Narango,  187(1, 

iii.  4(12. 
Hay  IsI.'iiiiIh,  colony  of,  cstahlil.  1850, 

iii.  .Sl'.». 
Hiyaiio,  — ,  campaign  of,  ii.  387  8. 
Ha/an,  J.  <le  V.,  gov.  of  I'an.,  ii.  47'.*; 

rule,  ii.  47'.»  8(>. 
lJ«'atri/.,    Dona,    grief    of,    ii.    M I    12; 

gov.    of    Cuat.,     1541,    ii.    'A\'2  \:\; 

ilcatli,  ii.  Ml 7. 
Heei'rra,  K.jexped.  of,  dcHtroyi.'d,  lol,"), 

i.  4():J. 
IJ.liaiin,  ]SI.,  map  of  ^lol.e,  141)2.  i.  !»:{. 
Bi'len    Jtiver,   Coliiinluus   at,    I'Mi,   i. 

•218  1<). 
Helen,   village,    Nioueiia's   cxped.   at, 

ir)IO,  i.  aOiVt. 
Belgium,  eoloni/.atinii  scheme  in  f  iiiat., 

iii.  589  DO. 
lielize,  origin  of  name,  ii.  024;  wood- 

eutters   in,    ii.    G24-;{5;    Figtieroa'a 

exped.   to,  ii.   624-8;  map,  ii.  027; 

Knglish  claims,  ii.  029-Sl;    treaties 

concerning,  ii.  032-4;  O'Neill's  ex- 
ped. to,  1798,  ii.  (»35;  iii.  .314;  rights 

of  settlers  in,  iii.  313-14;  commerce, 

etc.,  of,  iii.  317. 
iWUy,  F.,  works  of,  iii.  2()3. 
lleiialcazar,  ('apt.  S.  de,  ji.ins  Pedra- 

rias'  exped.,  1514,  i.  391;  con(picst 

of  Peru,  ii.  15,  20,  38  9. 
Heiivenida,    Friar   L.   de,   mission  to 

('.  U.,  1540,  ii.  185. 
lleu/.oni,  (>.,  exped.  to  C  U.,  1545,  ii. 

192  9;  works,  etc.,  of.  ii.  '232-3. 
llercnger,  'Collection,' ii.  751-2. 
lierlanga.  Friar  T.  de,  alleged  miracle, 

etc..  of,  1537,  ii.  59. 
UvTmojo,    J.,    the    t'ontreras    revolt, 

1551),  ii.  274-80;  defeat  at  I'aii.,  ii. 

284  0;  deatii,  ii.  '280. 
liernwpe,  <!.  S.  de,  president  of  (<nat., 

1090-1701,  ii.  001-2. 
lletaii/os,  ]).  di!,  convent  founded  liy, 

IS'JS),  ii.  135-0. 


lietanzo.s.  Father  1'.  A.  «le,  hdiors  of, 
I5.i5  70,  ii.  43-2  3. 

ISetlileliemites,  in  <iuat.,  ii.  Otki  7. 

Jiiaiiionte  y  Navarra,  J.  B.  de,  gov.  of 
Pan.,  ii.  480. 

Birii,  Andagoya's  tsxped.  to,  15'2'2,  i. 
502  3. 

Hinies,  de,  exped.  of,  1515,  i.  407. 

Blanco,  M.,  proiiunciamiento  of,  1808, 
iii.  378. 

Ulewlielilx,  population,  etc.,  of,  1847, 
iii.  '249. 

Bolia<iilla,  Coiiiniissioner  F.  de,  pro- 
ceedin;;s  of,  at  K.spafiola,  1.">(K)  2,  i. 
180  1,  248  9;  enslavement  of  na- 
tives, i.  200. 

Boliadiilii,  Friar  F.  de,  labors  of,  in 
Nic,  ii.  184  5. 

Bohaddla,  J.  F.,  gov.  of  t'.  11.,  1780, 
ii.  02*2. 

Bogran,  <!en.  L.,  president  of  lloiicl., 
188;{,  iii.  408. 

Bolivar,  S.,  congress  at  I'an.,  1820, 
iii.  511    12;  at  Angostura,  iii.  513. 

lionnycastle,  H.  II.,  'Spanisli  Amer- 
ica,' iii.  '248. 

liordone,  B.,  ma])  of,  1528,  i,  144. 

Borland,  S.,  U.  S.  minister,  interfer- 
ence of,  iii.  255. 

Bo.scii,  L.  van  tier,  writings  of,  ii.  745. 

Botello,  L.,  execution  of,  1517,  i. 457  9. 

Boucher,  (t.,  '  Bihliotheipie  Univer- 
selle,'  ii.  700. 

Buurliourg,  B.  de,  '  Histoire  des  Na- 
tions Civilisecs  du  Mexiiine, '  i.  201. 

Bradley,  ('apt.,  foray  on  the  llacha, 
1070,  ii.  491 ;  captures  San  Loren/o, 
ii.  494  (i. 

Brigaiitiiie,  picture  of,  i.  189. 

Briones,  L'apt.,  exped.  to  Hond., 
1524,  i.  5'25;  treachery  of,  i.  520; 
Olid's  lus.sassination,  i.  531-3;  exe- 
cution of,  i.  5;u. 

Briones,  .1.  A.  L.  de.  gov.  of  Nic, 
1744,  ii.  (507. 

Buccfvneering,  origin  of,  ii.  451   3. 

Buccanet'ivs,  name,  ii.  452;  mode  of 
life,  ii.  454  0;  excesses,  etc.,  of,  ii. 
489-90. 

Buena  Ks])eran/a,  fouii<ling  of,  1535, 
ii.  157;  ahandoncd,   ]'M<,  ii.  liil  2. 

Bnitrago,  1'.,  director  of  Nic,  1841-3, 
iii.  '238  9. 

Burc,  (i.  F.  de.  'Bihliograiihique  In- 
structive,' ii.  '(tiO. 

Burnahy,  Sir  \\.,  mission  to  Belize, 
ii.  o:«). 

Burney,  .1.,  works  of,  ii.  753. 

Bnstanianti!  y  (Jnerra,  (ieii.  J.,  capt.- 
gen.  of  (lUat.,  1811,  iii.  0;  hiog  , 
iii,  0-7;  rule,  iii.  0-21. 


^ 


INIJKX. 


751 


Cal)iilloii,  Licontiatc  J.  «le,  defeats 
(iiiitaii,  iri.")4,  ii.  4'_'.">;  ex|K!<l.  of, 
l.ViO  •_•,  ii.  4-.'.">-ti.  I 

<'.il>all(is,    I'litrrta   de,    name,    i.    511);' 
l/Oloiiiiois'  raid  on,  ii.  4.")S. 

Caliafia.s,  T.,  n'w^iv  of  \A;nn,  1844,  iii. 
I'.l'.t;  at  Sail  Mi),m.l,  iii.  'JOI :  d.foat 
at  l^iii'lajia,  iii.  'Jd'J;  ]in'sideiit  of 
Hoii.l.,  I.S.VJ  .-,,  iii.  :{•_•!  •_>;  cliaracter, 

vtc,  iii.  :v2\.  I 

C'alicllo,    I).,   gov.   of   Nil,,    ITtJti,   ii.  ' 

COS. 
Calxzas  Islands,    l»rakt^  at.  ii.  407-8, 

414.  4l(i.  I 

Calif/^as,    II.,    j.f,.  of  <;uat.,  KS'^O,  iii. 

I,"(;i;  liiog.,  iii.  !.");{  4. 
<  "allot,  .).,  viiva;.'e  of,  i.  '.18  it. 
I'al.ot,  .S.,  vovagt;a  ..f,    i.  !t8  <>,  108  !t,  i 

I4:{. 

C'al.ral,  I*.  A.,  voyagf  of,  l.'HH),  i.  W.i    i 

14. 
t"atii'i;ra,  I'.,  surprised  liy  N'ordiigo,  ii.  ' 

*JtJ:{.  I 

Ciiocivs,    ("apt.,    captures    Lempira's 

stroiigliold,  l.'),'{7,  ii.   'i'.M-lf;  treacli- | 

cry  of,  ii.  'JJH   '2. 
<'aok('lii<|uul,  map  of,  i.  (ilM*.  ! 

Caekcliinuel.s,  power,  etc.,  of  tlie,  (i'Jl; 

Hulijugatioii,    1.VJ4,  i.  (i.VJ  7;  revolt. 

of  the,   1,VJ4  5,  i.  OSi'.fJ;  l.VJti,   ii.  1 

7!l  8.');  l.VW,  ii.  KW.  I 

C'aooH,  jiarty,  iii.  'J(>  7;  revolutionary 

inoveiiieuts,  iii.  X\;  poliey,  iii.  4'J  .'i  i 
Cailiil  Balam,  I'aeiiiuc,  submission  of, 

|.V_V>,  i.  70'-'. 
Caieedo,  ,J.  ile,  mcutioii  of,  i.  .133. 
I'alaiielia,   J.  L.,  president  of   Pan., 

I8()4  r>,  iii.  5X1 
Cal.las,  iS.   A.  A.  R.  de,  president  of 

(iuat.,  11)07-70,  ii.  O.kS  <». 
Caldas,  President,  '  Copia  de  Carta,' 

ii.  7(»l-'2. 
C'alderon,  A.,  hisliop  of  Pan.,  ii.  47.">.  ' 
C'aliniaya,  Conile  .S.  de,  president  o' 

<iuat.,  ''"'14.  ii.  <i.")7. 
Calvo,  B.,  f  Pan.,  18,-)(),  iii.,VJ7  8. 

I'amacliire,  t'r.i'itjue,  torture,  ete.,  of,  ! 

ii.  1!»4  .').  : 

(-'amara  y  Itaya,  bishop  of  Pan.,  I(il4, 

i.  477  "8.  I 

I'amargo.A.  de,  exped.  of,  l.'iIW,  i.  1.")l.  ; 
("amargo,  M.  de,  gov.  of  Nic,  ii.  007.  . 
<'and)ranes,  K.,  bishop  of  <  iuat.,  ii.  378. 
t'anipbell,  Capt.,  the  Scots' colony,  ii. 

.'>78  <». 
i'ampo,   ]{.,  president  of  Salv.,  hSoC), 

iii.  .S(H)  '2. 
Campoy,   V.  de  J'.,  bishop  of  Hond., 

1841,  iii.  «:n. 


Camus,  A.  ('<.,  Morks  of,  ii.  7t'>0. 

Can,  M.  F.,  emiiassy  of,  ItilK"),  ii.  OS'.J. 

( 'ana,  sack  of,  ii.  .'iNti. 

Canales,  battle  of,  I.VJO,  ii.  8.'{. 

Canas,  A.  .).,  minister  to  U.  S,,  18'_'."), 
iii.  81. 

('aiia.s,  ,1.,  ruler  of  Salv.,  1840,  iii.  143. 

Canas,  (leu.  .1.  M.,  mention  of,  iii. 
34.")  ti;  execution  of,  iii.  370. 

Cancer,  Friar  I,.,  labors  in  Vera  I'a/, 
etc.,  ii.  .'{.')3  ."i;  ex[)ud.  to  Flor.,  ii. 
3.").")  (i;  martyrdom,  l.")41),  ii.  .'{.'lO; 
biog.,  ii.  3.">7. 

Cancuc,  revolt  at.   171--*,  ii.  '.)'.»7  704. 

Candia,  P.  de,  conijncst  of  Peru,  ii. 
II,  13. 

Cano,  I'riar  A.,  mission  of,  108."),  ii. 
080. 

Capae,  M.,  inc.a  of  Pern,  ii.  .'in;  revolt 
of,  ii.  .3'.»;  .Kfeat  of,  ii.  40. 

Carabajal,  1>.  de,  naval  combat  oti' 
Pan.,  lOSO,  ii.  5;C)  7. 

Caravel,  picture  of,  i.   187. 

Carbajal,  Friar  A.  de,  bishop  of  Pan., 
100.")  II,  i.  470-7. 

Carbajal,  K.  de,  mission  to  Pan.,  ii. 
2.")0  7;  gov.    of   Pan.,    1770,  ii.    .")84. 

Careanio  y  Uodriguex,,  bishop  of  Salv., 
iii.  «);{2. 

Cardena.s,  A.,  president  of  Nie.,  188.3, 
iii.  48."). 

Cardenas,  Father  T.  de,  bishop  of 
Vera  Paz,  l.")()."),  ii.  374  ."). 

Cardona,  J.  de  L.,  founds  Qiiezjilte- 
nango,  l<')'24,  i.  0.38. 

Careta,  Cacique,  capture,  etc.,  of, 
ir>Il,  i.  :U3  0;  friendship  for  Hal- 
boa,  i.  3.")0,  .'199;  cruel  treatment  of, 
i.  3!»<>  400. 

Caribs,  of  Hond.,  iii.  0O9  10. 

Carillo,  ]}.,  revolt  at  Leon,  1812,  iii. 
14. 

Carillo,  Capt.  L.,  Pedriiri.-i.s'  exped., 
1514,  i.  ;iW;  Balboa's  exped.,  151.'), 
i.  4O0;  death,  i.  407. 

Carranza,  B.,  provis.  president  of  V.. 
U.,  1870,  iii.  .379  80. 

Carrasco,  Licentiate,  bishop-elect  of 
Nic,  ii.  4.34  ."). 

Carrasco.sa,  A.,  mention  of,  ii.  15. 

Carrefio,  .1.  NL,  inteu<lente  of  Panama, 
1822,  iii.  508  9. 

Carrei-a,  U.,  insurrection  of,  1837,  iii. 
124-8;  biog.,  iii.  125;  negotiations 
with,  iii.  129  .'SO;  cajitnres  Cnat., 
iii.  l.'U  2;  defeat  at  N'illanneva,  iii. 
135  0;  capittilation,  iii.  l.'{7  8;  pro- 
nunciamiento  of,  1839,  iii.  140; 
defeats  Morazan,  iii.  141  2;  nego- 
tiations with(iuzman,  iii.  203;  man- 
ifesto »>f,   iii.  207-8;  despotism  of, 


IM»KX. 


ii.  'J<>4-7;  jirPHidoiit  of  (iiiiit..  IH44, 


iii.  •J(>7 


tt'iii] 


LmI 


>fc>t 


iii;.iiiiHt,    iii.   '-MiS;   jit- 


il.s.s.issiii.ltl(iii    (li,    iii.    'Jit'.); 


('iiHtt'lliXi,    I''.,    n-volt,  iif,    IS.Vi  ,"i,    iii 

•-'.V.t  «)|. 
( '.intilc,  kiiiKiliiiii  of,  i.   10. 


nvdliilioii  a;i.iiiist,   |,S-17  S,  iii.  I'TI     j  ( 'iistillii,    Pr   A.    •'.    «!<•,    in'CHiilciit    of 


H;  rrsii 


ii.itioii.  I.S»S,  111.  '.'Tl;  ivt-.im        iJii.it.,   I.V.tS   KUKt,  II.  «■>•'.»  .">l. 


to    JIuaL.     ism,    iii. 


com- I  Cii.'itilla  •Id  Old,   (sit   also    I'aii.i 


iiiaiiilcriii-cliifl,  iii.  '2~S;  |iroHt'ri|i- 
tioii,  iii.  'JT'.':  operations,  l,S."Ht,  iii. 
•-'M»;  [ircsiiliiil  loiliir.  I,VM,  iii.  •JSJ; 


il. 


iii.    'JS;l;   (•.iiiipaiir'is   of,    IS(»;{, 


Iii.  ;{(U  7 
(.'anillo.  H, 


<l<  itli. 


it  (' 


•-'.s:t  4. 

ita  Itiia,  IS:{."), 
ii.   IM;  IS:tS,  iii.  |.s:i;   ml.',  iii.  IS'_' 
J.  '-'I.-)  17. 


••.'itl 


I  ii'iii'sa  s  ('\|i('i 


Ilia), 
.1.  to. 


!.•.(»'.»   I(»,  i.  "J'.U  :tilS;  iiiaiH  ot,  I.  :i-S.i 


ii.  4'.». 


Castillo,     Friar     IV    titl,    advcntiiirs. 


cti 


11.  i: 


('.i.slillo,   M.  S.  ill  I,  iiiTsiilcnt  of  .Salv 


iii.  :<(>•-'. 


( 'arrillo,('aii|.  I 


I." 


I' 
.1.  '-'7 


Castillo,     N.     ilrl,     |iicsiilciit    of     Ni 


iii'U'in'i;  o 


fCiiiiiaila,  I       IH."iC..  iii.  ;C.I    •_». 


( 'anion,  Oiilor  .1.,  incntii 


11  ol,  iii 


•1!M. 


Cart.i^iiiia,  ((ji'ilas  il.lVat  at,  l.")(»'.»,  i. 
•J'.tS  <l;  Kiiiiso  ut,  l.')l(»,  i.  ;{•_"-•  :{; 
ilin.li.i  at,    l.'>:{''    ii.   47  S;    Diiikc 


.It,    i: 


ii.    407  !•;    t'a|itiiri 


.1     l> 


l»iaki',  l.'iSC),  ii.  4'_'0;  ili'si'ri|itioii  of, 
ii.  .">7'.l  SO;  I'.iiiliiri'cl  liy  lililnistcr.s, 
Il>'.l7,  ii.  .">S0;  lioiiilianli'il  liy  \'ir- 
noii,  1740,  ii.  .V.M ;  revolt  at,  IMO, 
iii.  4'.>:i;   \S\-2.  iii.  4".»4  .">. 


Castro,  .1.  .A.,  iiu'ili  itioii   of,    iii.   'Jl'.t- 

•JO;  miiiistiT-geii.  of  ('.  K,,   Ih-CI,  iii. 

'.••.'4. 
Castro,.!.  M.,  |.nsi,lentof  C.  1{.,  1H47, 

iii.  •-'•JH  :ui:    I. Still,  iii.  ;{77;  re.sij^na 

tioii,  iii.  I'.'lti. 
Ca.stro,    V.   (le,    mission    to    I'l'rn,    ii. 

•J.'tO    I. 
CaxamaliM,  I'i/.irro  at,  ii.  *JI    .'<S. 
Celi.'ieo,  C,'ieii|iii',    ileallli;.;s    with    lliir- 

t.i.lo.   I.'ijfi,  i.  4'-'7. 


i'art.m 
velt' 


I'serijitioii  of,  ii.  44.">;  Maii.s-    Cells,   1>.  (i.  ilc,  mission   to  Alxarailo, 

IS.'!.')  Ii,  ii.  Ilil    -;  ooiii|i|aiiilHagainst, 


on,  ii.  4til    •_•;  e 


oiis|(irai\v 


at,   !S_':(,  iii.  (i(i;  revolt  at,  is;{r»,  iii. 

LSI";    IS7."),  iii.  .•JS.-). 
I'a.sa.  ill!  Coiitrataiion  ile   las   liiilia.s, 

ori>;in  of,    IliKI,   i.    ItiS;  ileseription 

of,  i.  -JSL'  ;{. 
Ca.s;is,  \'\  tie  las,  cvpeil.  aj^ainst  Oliil, 


I.VJ4.  i.  iVJS  :U;  Oli.l's  as 


ssinatioii. 


i.  ."i.'tj    ;i;  ile|iartiiro  for  Mex.,  i.  'u\',i. 
t 'a.sas,   H.  lie  las,  see  Las  Casas,   B.  de. 


ii.  Ili:t  4. 
Cein.U'o,  Caeiijiie,  ilofeated  liy   Knei 


I. ".10,  i.  .•(•.'Ii 


:(ll: 


Vietorv  o 


l.y    I' 

f,  i.  :t.v_'  :{. 


loll, 


Central  .\nieriea,  en.slaveinent.  cte 
of  natives  in,  ii.  *.*:!'_'  U;  the  iie' 
laws,    l.">4.'{,  ii.    'J4(t  4;  liistorieal  n 


view  of,  li.  ~;i',i 
ISIS  -Jl.     iii.     '. 


lint 


::{  41; 


Ion  111,  II. 
ion     \\  Itli 


(  as.ios, 


Ca.saiis 


r.  de 

:.")S  It. 


t. 


.f  r 


i.vi: 


.\le\.,   IS-JI    •_',  iii.  4'J  .V.»;  eonledera- 


tioii,  iii.  (iO  7S; 


il  <if,  iii.  71 ; 


orre: 


K 


ail 


lihisli 


iiiat.,  ill.  '.".t  oO;  1)111''..  iii.  ;tO. 


'V 


h 


nu.iiiier 


1-' 


IS-_'7,  iii.  '.»■-'  :?. 


■aiii|paii;n  of. 


Htitiition,     iii.     7")  7:     treaty     with 


Coll 


iia,   IS-J.".,   ill.  SI;  with  I' 


iii.  SI;  designs    of    l''eriiaiido   \'ll. 
iii.   lO.'i  <i;  Siiaiiiards  exeliided  from 


Casill.is,  l'"riar'r.,  iiieiitioii  of,  ii.  ;14." 
Casillas,  Father  1'.,  Iiishop  ol  (hiaii. 
l.">.")0,  ii.  37:i. 


lOii 


'e|iiililii'  ol,  di 


-solved,  ls;!7 


to,  iii.   I'_*7  44;   attenii>teil   iiiiillea- 
tion  of,   ISS;t  .'.,  iii.  44'J  1»;  i.hysie.il 


Casorla,    .1.    R.,    iirouideiit    of     Pan.,         features,  etc.,  iii.  r>(iO  .'>;  iioiuilation, 
IS7.S,  iii.  r»4;{.  I       ISS;|  .■>,    iii.   rKS7  S;   eoloni/atioii  ii 

Castai'ieda,    1».  de,  exiied.  of,   l."i4S,  ii 
ISIi. 


iii.    o.SS  '.(1;   eastes,    iii.    M4  (i;    dis- 


CiLstafleila,    F.  de.  ,l;ov.  of  Ts'ie.,  I.'i.'il, 


eases,  ete,,  I 
in,    iii.    li'-'l 


n,  iii.  (il'.l  'JO;  ediieatioii 


I'hiireh 


d    el 


'''K.Vi 


Itlti  7;  inisruli',  ii.  1(17  !•;  tlight,         iii.  (!'_'7  ■57;  administr.  of  jiistiec,  iii. 

(l.'tS  4.">;  inilit;irv  allairs,    iii.   (i4.">  it; 


etv.,  ii.   Ul'.t. 
Castaneda,  < 'ol   V 


(ilia 


t.,   ISSli, 


4,-.l. 


1"' 


I'sident  of 


a;;ru'. 


iii.   (irrtt  >");   milling;,  in.  (i;);")- 


( 'astaftoii,  C 


Cas 


tell 


IIIOS, 


ii.  Ill  i:i. 


,  jiov.  of  ( 'hiap.,  iii.  ;tS. 
F.  do,  oaiiipai<^ii  of,  |."t."iO, 


Ca.stellaiio»,  ,r.  de.  Works  of,  ii.  (10   I. 


(iO;  inaniitaet.,  lii.  (MIO  '-';  eoinineree, 
iii.  (Mill  7,  (17"';   iiavi>;ation,  iii.  (1(17 
S;  roads,  iii.  (ili'.l;   eiirreiiey,  iii.  (Ki'.l- 
70,  (17.">  (i;  mails,  iii.  (171    'J:  linanees, 
iii.  (177  S7;   deht,   iii.   (177  S7;  :ail- 


Castellanos,   V.,   president  of  lloml.,  !      roads,  iii,  700-2,  700-8;   tolegraplii 


ISO'-'   iii.  3'.'4-:>. 


iii.  7US-"J. 


lM>l-\. 


*il3 


i  'iMiii,  trcaxiirt'  tomi 


1  ;i(.  ii.  4K. 


I'l   T'lil,    (  '.    lit'    hi,    iMlMtlllutloll,    I'tC,    «>l, 

III.  Hd. 
r.T.hi,  M.  A.  «!(•  1.1,  ji  Iri.l  Nic,   I.S'.'.'t, 
lii.    17;t;  ciiiilf.Mt  with  Aixiirlli',  lii. 


171:  ixi'i'iitiKii,  III. 


171. 


<•!• I.i,     A.    ilr,    fiiiv.    Ill'    lliiiul.,    li. 

lit!  7,  I."'.')  (J-l;  iiii]irisiimiiiiil,  etc.. 
Ill',  I.VI,  ii.  I.'il  It;  iiiuiilir  iiviilii- 
tioii  <>.,  ii.   I.VI;  fxiicil.   in  Nain,  ii. 


Ill.'ltioli,    ii.    iW.^  70;    jfiivt,     <  tr  .    (if, 


()7<>   I:  tlif  1 


/iinl.il  iiMil 


It.   I71-. 


i;i,  II.  ('.'.m;  70, 


it)<i;    |iii|iiiliiiliiii 


h.tl 


i.m:<, 


III.  'M'l;  I'lliii  Mlinii,  III.  :(7:  iiiiliisin 

ili.  II.S;    l'i'\  iillltllill  III,   III.  ;t.S    II. 


I.'il 


•  I ;  < 


IH|llltt1   With  <    lU'NM,    II. 


tl;    .'||i|iimI    til    Alv.iriiiu,    li.     ll'iO    1; 
ciiiiijil  liiit.H  III',  ii.   Kill. 

t  111'  Ci.al.,    I.Sf..". 

UfZ  ill'  rr.siilfin'i:i. 


ll'l',.<lll('ll 


:i,  ili.  .Ji.-t  •-':!. 


•rr.itii. 


A.    I-.  .!<•,  j 


II.  is:t  t,  :iii.s  •);  |iii'siiii'iit.  i>r  Hm 

.iiiilii'iii'i.i   111   till'  ( 'iiiiliiH's,   ii.   'M)S 
10;  iiiliiiiiii.str..  ii.  ;{'Jt>  7. 


VII  '.» 


il  111   I' 


jSSK 


I. 
'i-<ai',    I"".,    iin'iitiiiii    III,    ii.    r>0   I;    I'X- 


.1.,    I.VKi,    II 
itli,  ii.  .'ti;. 
•1.11,    .1.     .M. 


i.-.:t7  H,  ii 


!.'{ 


iiiist.it  iiciit  ('iiiii.'ri'ss 
•iii:il.  ( 'iirli-.-*  iit,   I.' 


|il'i'.siilrlit     111     till.ll. 
ivji    iii.   II.-,. 


'iti'.l   70. 


liaurc   Itivir,  CiH'ln  .it.   I.MO,  i.  'MU't. 


'Ii.iliiil,  ('M|iliii'i'  II 
'lial.'h 

no. 


t',   I.VIO,  li. 


iii.'i|i.i,     iis.saiii 


II -J. 
I.ss.-., 


Iiaiiiiii'i'ii, 


V 


siiiirriii-i     III 


ISII,  Ml.    j.S'.t,    I'.ll,    IIMI. 


F.,  il 


III.  "J.ili;  imivis 


i.iiniii'i'ii. 


llirti.r 


il   Ni 


li'i;aili 


i.s.-.:!, 


ircsiili'iit,   iH.-i-l,  lii. 


VS;  rrviilt  a^aiiLst,  iii.  '•.'."■>'.•;  ilratli 


III.  U'.V.I  IW). 


P.   .1.,   ]irc«iili'iit  iif   Ni 


li.'iiiiiiri'o, 

IH7.".  '.I,  iii.  481   -2. 
'Ii.iiiiiil.i,    ra|ituri'  iif,    I.V_'4,  ii.  -''-'I    .'i.  '       in    lli-iiil. 


ilajia.-i 


itv,  ciiat  111   iinii; 


:t:ui. 


'Iiia|ia.>«   ill'    loH    Itiiliii-i,    ruiiiiilni)^    nf, 

I.V.'tl,  iii.  'J'.»7. 
'Iiia|i,i.s,  str(iii;.'liiilil,  ia|itiiii'  nl,   I.VJI, 

li.  •JI7  •-'O;  l.vjti,  II.  •Ji'd  7. 

'Iii.'i|i('.'4,      ( 'arii|iii',      riii'iiiiiiti'r     with 

{{.iliiii.i,  i."ii:i.  I.  .•«»;••. 


t '.irli|ili',  r.M'i'iltiiili  III,    l.'il.'i, 


101. 


I>. 


I.'>7:i,    ii.    4:«>; 

4:to  I. 


(Il 


,-.  I.I  <'.  i; 

■  I.     ul,      I,' 


I'ti 


'hiUliaiitri's,    ilrfiat    iif    tin-,     l."i'_'.'>,    i. 

(l.S.S    '.1;    .sIlllMll.SNiiifl,    i.   (I'.KI. 
'iiil,i|i.iii,  < 'luti'.s  at,   I.V'JI,  I.  .">4'J. 
hil 


nil,  i-.'i|itiir< 


il   liv  'I'/i'iiilali's,  171". 


ii.  (i'.tS. 

liiiiuiiiii-a,  frraty  ol',  l.si.'i.  iii,  -Jo:!  4. 
.',      111.     |.S7    !MI; 


.1. 


P' 


I'lUIVI'll         .1    II 


I'tii    (I 
f,   iii.    I.S7  >';    i'.i|ituti 


iti'.,  Ill,   |S4,'>,  Ili.  '.Ml   'J. 
hirariiii.'i,   <  '.iriiiiii',  tuitiii 


I',  I'll', 


I.Mii,  i.  4'J'.t  :«•. 
'liii'ii|Ui,  ii'vull  ill,  l."r_'(>,  i.  ."lO'.t;  |iiii\  - 

nil'!' Ill,  iii'ji.ini/.ril,  Isi'.l,  III.  .■ijii   17. 
'Iiii'ii|iiila,    i'a|il.iin'il    liy    liicliiiiilrr.H, 

l(i.S(i,  ii.  .Vili. 
Iiirii,  ('a<'ii|Ui',  i'.i|itiiii' ol,  i.  4'J."t. 
'Imli'M,  alti'iii|ili'il  riiii\  irsimi  nf,  l(i7.">  - 

KS,  ii.  (i7'.t  ,M». 

holuti'ia,  atlaiial,  |h44,  iii.   I'M. 
Iiriiiiirlri's,  laily,  rrrililiilily  <it,  ilis- 

I'lissi'il,  i.  ;1I7  I'O. 
Cliiiiili,   titlii'.s,    ii.    I.H'.t  .10;    all.ins  of 


'.I'.l  :tOI.   I'>4I 


rl.rll 


Hill    Ml     Irni,   II 


'hail.'.s  v.,  til 

'Ii.itlii'li!,   ('imsiil,    I''.,   iiii'ili.'iliiHi    of, 


i:i;  III  <'hi;i|i.   ii.   .T-'.S  ;«•,  ;;7;t,  7I'.' 
i:<;  ill  tlii.it..  ii.  .'Ml   .s,  tilKi  !t,  710 


i|iii'sl.(l,    |,s:!!l  40,    ili.    I.' 


till 


Mii.si|iiil.i    ililliciilly,    Ili.    'J.->l:    ill-- 

iii'liiitia- 


II  S,il\.,  111. 


'.17  N; 


tlllll.S,    I'll'.,    II' 


ii',  ill.  :r,s  ill. 


I-', 
;»74 


.'.s  :t:(;  III 


I  I'la   la/ 


^lll'l|||ll.sl■ll, 


il.  :i.V{    I, 
ii.    .'»7'J;     111 


'liavi'M,   \'\  ill',  ilralli  ol,   ii.    I  I 

'li.'ivr.s,     II.    lie,    liattli'    ol     .\i'l.ihiili,  '  ( 'iiii.iri'iiiii's,  ilriirrilat 


Nii;.,    ii.    Ill-   17;    ri'liyimis    nrilirs 
MUitiiri,'.s.si'il,    |.s7(t    I,   Ili.    I'_'."i  7;  Ins 
tory  nf  till-,  iii.  (>'J7  ."17. 
( 'iliii.ill.in,  Coili'.s  ill,   l.'i'JI,  i.  ."i4'_'  II. 


I.VJI,    i.    i:;;!;  fxpfil.    to   Zar,,ti 
I.- 


Ions,  I'll', 


Itlili    ',);     hiaki'.s    CXpi'il 


'I.  II. 
107   17, 


.S'.t;   iMptiii'i'  of  ( 'o|),iii,  l.'ilJO,         Oxi  iiliaiii's  ixiM'il.,   il.  4IS. 


li.  ii:{  \r>. 

'havi'.s,   Cijit.  .1.  di',    ix|iiil.  Ill,   I.S.'Ki,  i 
II.   I('>4  .">. 

'Iiiapa.s,    aiii'it'iit    iiiiialiilauts    of,    ii. 
'JI4;  c(nii|ucMt  of,    l."i'JI  ti,    ii.   '2\'>    ' 
-7;  Hcttlfiiii'iit,  t'tc,  nf,  ii.  "J'-'s  :> 


('iinli'l  Krai,  liuiMiliiig,  t'ti'..  (if,  l.'r.'S, 
II.   'J--".!  .'!0;    a  citlicilial  iilv,    I.ViS, 
ii.  :i-".l;  I'.-viill,  it.'  ,  ,it,   17  iL'   i;;,    n. 
70.-1;    lloiiil    ,it,    17S.'i,   li.  70(i;    lixoiii 
tioii  at,  iii.  :t<.)  40. 
Claytiiii  I'.ulwir  'I'l'i.ity,   I.S.VO,  iii.  '.'.VJ. 
rlmrcli  iiflairs  in,  ii.  *_"_".•  :tO,  ."i'J.S  ;(••,    ('It'i-jiy,  i'X|iatiiatioii  of,  j.S'J'.l,  ni.  lo;t 
;t7.'J   ">,  71'-!   IH;  maps  of,  ii.  ',VM;  iii.         4;   iiiiiiinralitv  of,   in     47'J  .'<;  iirivi- 
;<!»;  thuiicwl.iws,  ii.  :{:i'_'  .-l,  .T{,S;],ri.s-         Icps,  <t...  of,  iii.  ('i'J7  !•,  iVM'i  7. 
[iirity  of,  ii.  (>(>'.•;  oharai'trr  of  |io|i-    ( 'liinatc  nf  Ciiit.  Aiiur.,  ni.  .Mil   'J. 

lIlM.  CKNT.   .\M.,  Vol..   III.      4H 


m 


INUKX. 


Co,at»'iH"<iui',  Ciirri'ni'sreimlnoat,  1803, 

iii.  :m.  I 

Coata  of  ariuH,  Chiiiii.,  ii.  XW);  (Jiiat., 
iii.  147;  V.  U.,  iii.  '-••-".>. 

Coo,  aflair  at.  188"),  ill.  410. 

(.'orori,  ('aoi(HK',  sfiztiiT,  eto.,  of,  ii. 
\'.n  ■>,  1!»7. 

t'oilc,  organii',  iii.  Sl((. 

C'otlro,  M.,  forcoa.sts  IJalhoas  fate,  i. 
447-8. 

t'oilia,  reporteil  wealtli  of.  i.  .'MS  ."». 

C'lilc,  11.,  iiK'iitioii  of,  iii.  .'{'JS. 

'C'oli'Cfiou  lie  iJocuiiieiitos,  liiodito.s,' 
i.  iitX). 

t'oliiulres,  M.,  meiitiim  of,  iii.  '.VM\. 

't'ollcctiou  of  N'oyago.s  ami  Travt'l.s," 
ii.  74(J. 

(.'"liiu'liares,  R.  K.  dc,  expeil.  to  Vera- 
jiiia,  l.'tIO,  i.  3U1;  rclit'vo.s  Nicuesa, 
i.  ;W1  '2;  exped.  to  I)aliail>a,  Mil'2, 
i.  8.>l-*2;  iniH.tiou  to  •Spain,  1514,  i. 
388. 

Colombia,  iihsurrcctiou  in,  18'JO,  iii. 
•24  5;  treaty  with,  18'2.">,  iii.  81;  ( '. 
H.  Imiuulary  question,  iii.  '233  .">; 
Pan.  annoxoil  to,  1S'21,  iii.  500  8; 
reiniblic  of,  organized,  1811(,  iii.  513; 
severed,  iii.  5111. 

•t'olon,  disturbanci'.s  at,  188"),  iii.  551- 
3;  destruetion  i  i,  iii.  553. 

t'olon,  1).  de,  mention  of,  i.  174-5; 
gov.  of  P^spaflola,  l.'K)'.),  i.  '2(58;  rule, 
etc.,  i.  '2tJ8-l»,  '273;  death,  152G,  i. 
tJ74. 

Colon,  L.,  suit,  etc.,  of,  1538—40,  ii.  64. 

Columbus,  B.,  ailelantath),  141(4,  i.  173; 
character,  i.  175  (5. 

Columbus,  v.,  voyages  of,  i.  86-97, 
109-11,  119  '20;  tlieory  of,  i.  9-2-3; 
biog.,  etc.,  i.  155  7;  character,  i. 
1 56  7,  1 7 1  -'2,  181,  232-8;  agree- 
ment with  the  crown,  i.  157-8; 
exped.  of,  1492-3,  i.  158-64;  1493 
-5,  i.  168-76;  1498-1.500,  i.  177-82; 
1502  4,  i.  '202-31;  charges  against, 
i.  176;  arrest,  etc.,  of,  i.  181-2;  en- 
slavement of  natives,  i.  253-5,  262, 
265-6;  death,  150(>,  i.  '231. 

Columbu.s,  v.,  biog.,  i.  '203-4;  'LaHis- 
toria,'  i.  '204. 

Colunje,  J.,  president  of  Pan.,  1805-6, 
iii.  533-4. 

Comagre,  C'acique,  Balboa's  visit  to, 
15l'2,  i.  347-9. 

Comayagua,  founding  of,  1539,  ii.  29.3- 
4;  capture  of,  1827,  iii.  162;  de- 
scription of,  iii.  570-1. 

Commerce,  of  (Uiat.,  ii.  383-4;  of  Pan., 
ii.  390  3,  587,  594;  Asiatic,  ii.  .'Wl 
2;   of  Nic,  ii.  438;   contraband,   ii. 
473  4;  of  Cent.  Amer.,iii.  663  7. 


Compaflon,  P.,  inontion  of,  ii.  442  5; 

at  the  Pearl  Islan.is,    1517,  i.  4.">'2, 

4(>7;  gov.  of  Natii.  i.  508-9;  dispute 

with  C(Jrdol)a,  i.  5S6. 
'Compendium  of  Authentic  and  Ku- 

tcrtaining  N'oyage.s, '  ii.  750. 
Coiiceitcion,  founding,  etc.,  of,  ii.  67, 

70. 
I'oncepcion,     ctinvent,      founiled     at 

(iranada,  1.VJ8,  ii.  1S4. 
(.'oncei)cion,   U.  de  la,  conspiracy  of, 

iii.  18. 
'Coiiffderacion    Ccntro    Americatia," 

established  1S44,  iii.  IS8  9. 
Congress,  Central  .\niericaii,  installed, 

1823,  iii.  67  8;  measures,  iii.  68-78; 

parties,  iii.  69  70. 
Congress,  federal,   measures,    iii.  79- 

85,  118-19;    dissolved,  iii.  88;  reius- 

sendileil,  iii.  102;  last  session,  1838, 

iii.  i:U. 
Contreras,  H.  de,  revolt  of,   1550,  ii. 

•271-88;  deatii  of,  ii.  '287-8. 
Contreras,  Brigadier  J.  T.  de,  defec- 
tion  of,    1821,    iii.    46;    revolution 

against,  iii.  46. 
Contreras,  P.  de,  revolt  of,   1550,  ii. 

274-88. 
Contreras,  R.  de,  gov.  of  Nic,  ii.  169— 

71;   exped.  to  Kl    Desaguadero,  ii. 

170-1,  175-6;  arrest,  etc.,  of,  ii.  177; 

residencia    of,     ii.     178  9,     183  4; 

charges  against,  ii.  180-2;   dispute, 

etc.,  with  (rutierrez,  ii.  190. 
Copan,  capture  of,  ii.  113-15. 
Cordoba,  F.  H.  de,  voyage  of,  1517,  i. 

132;  exped.  to  Nic,  15'24,  i.  512  14. 
Cordoba,    (J.  F.   de,  bishop   of   Nic, 

1535,  ii.  435;  of  Gnat.,  1574,  ii.  378- 

80. 
Cordoba,  H.  de,  defection  of,  i.  578- 

80,  584;  Pedrarias'  expe<l.   against, 

i.  587-9;  execution  of,  1.5'26,  589. 
Cornejo,  .1.  M.,  intrigues  of,  iii.  115- 

16;  rebellion,  iii.    183^2,  116;  defeat 

of,  iii.  117-18;  jefe  of  Salv.,   18'29- 

3'2,  iii.  167. 
Coronado,  A.  de,  gov.  of  Pan.,  1604, 

ii.  464. 
Coronado,  F.  V.  de,  exped.  of,  1540, 

i.  15'2. 
Coronado,  J.  \  .,  exped.  of,  ii.  427-30; 

gov.  of  C.  R.,  1565,  ii.  430. 
Corpus,  affair  at,  1844,  iii.  310. 
Corral,  D.    del,   mi.ssiou   to   Nicuesa, 

1510,  i.  331-3;  intrigues,  etc.,  of,  i- 

341;  gov.  of  Antigua,   15'22,  i.  476. 
Corral,  Oeu.,  negotiations  of,  1855,  iii. 

'2()0;     capitulation     with     Walkir, 

1S.")5,     iii.    335;    execution  of,    iii. 

.337-8. 


IN'DKX. 


786 


t'ur.ogidor,  jurisil.,  etc.,  of,  i.  'JtlT. 

C'orregiinieiito!*,  xuppreHsion  of,  l(i(i<>- 
I71K),  ii.  7I')-1«. 

Correoso,  H.,  i>re>ii<h'iit  of  Pun.,  18(i8- 
7-,  iii.  i'):i7-S;  1878,  iii.  54;{;  works 
of,  iii.  "u)'.). 

< 'oitcrc.il,  (!.,  voyage  of,  l.TOO,  i.  114; 
l.'rfll,  i.  117. 

Ciirtc's,  ik'crt'i!  of,  iii.  .">;  niciiiorial  to, 
iii.  7;  nrocewliiig.-*,  iii.  'Mi  1. 

Cortf.s  H.,  expnl.  of,  l.">l!l,  i.  i;W-4: 
jMipiiliirity,  I'to.,  of,  i.  .VJ*_'  '^^,  Olid's 
cxjK'il.,  i.  5'24  8;  I'Xpeil.  to  lloiul., 
Iij'24-G,  i.  r).'{7  81;  niinort'il  death 
of,  i.  544;  iiiiicliiiiatioii.-t  again.st,  i. 
'u'2  '■),  580-1;  rctuiii  to  Mex.,  i. 
58*2;  Alvaraclo's  expod.,  l.V.;j-4,  i. 
(>-27;  Pizarro's,  ii.  1-2,  14,  40. 

Corti'.s,  Archbislioii,  adinini.str.  of, 
1778-'.),  ii.  7'2(;. 

Corti'.s  y  Larraz,  l)r  P.,  arohliisliop  of 
i;uat.,  1708,  ii.  7.">0  '2. 

t'orzo.   Pilot,  explorations  of,  ii.  24(5. 

4.'osa,  J.  de  la,  map  of,  i.  11.") -1(1; 
friendship  for  l)jed;i,  i.  '2'.I4;  death 
of,  !50<.»,  i.  '21)9. 

Cosigiiiiia,  voli'ano,  eruption  of,  1835, 
iii.  170-7. 

C'osio  y  Campa,  T.  J.  de,  president  of 
tiuat.,  17P2-10,  ii.  70;M>;  tiic  Tzen- 
dal  eanipaigii,  1712-1.'!,  ii.  704-5. 

C'o.sta  Rioa,  (Jutierrezexped.  to,  1540- 
5,  ii.  187-'.>9;  maps  of,  ii.  188;  iii. 
184,  2.'{4;  Franeiscans  in,  1555-00, 
ii.  4S'2  3;  seeession,  1821,  iii.  49; 
union  with  Mex.,  iii.  C(i;  assembly, 
iii.  178  9,  217-18,  224-5,  228,  374, 
378-8(5;  Nicoya  incorporated  witii, 
1825,  iii.  179;  location  of  capital,  iii. 
181;  a  sta.e,  iii.  183-4;  secession, 
1848,  iii.  208-9;  Morazan's  invasion, 
1842,  iii.  21(5-17;  Alfaro's  revolt,  iii. 
219-22;  constitution,  iii.  225,  228, 
374,  378,  381;  arms  of,  iii.  229;  a 
republic,  iii.  2.10;  treaties,  iii.  2:«); 
boundary  question,  iii.  231  (>;  Walk- 
er's cxped.,  1855,  iii.  342-5;  18,')(>-7, 
iii.  3.">4  (51;  war  with  Nie.,  1S57,  iii. 
3(52;  Mora's  invasion  of,  iii.  387; 
independence  of,  tiireati'Hed,  1885, 
iii.  389-i»0;  dillieulty  with  Nic, 
lS7:?-5,  iii.  478-82;  extent,  iii.  .5(55- 
(5;  polit.  divisions,  etc.,  iii.  5(5(5; 
cities,  iii.  50(5-7;  population,  iii. 
587-8;  colonization  schemes,  iii.  593; 
character  of  popidation,  iii.  590-7; 
dwellings,  iii.  597;   food,  etc.,    iii. 

597  8;  markets,  iii.  59S;  dress,  iii. 

598  9;  amu.sements,  iii.  599;  edu- 
cation, iii.  G22;  church  afl'air.s,  iii. 
034-5,    adniiustr.    of    justice,    iii. 


(543  4;   army,    iii.    (540;   agric.,    iii. 

(553  4;    mining,    iii.    058;    revenue, 

etc.,    iii.    0S:i4;    delit,    iii.    (584  5; 

railroads,  iii.  708. 
Council  of  the  Indies,  description  of 

tiie,  i.  280-2;  decr.f  ..f  the,  1519, 

ii.  237. 
Coxoii,  ('apt.,  commaniler-in-cliief  of 

pirates,    1(580,  ii.  527;   defection   of, 

li.  ."37-8. 
Creoles,  condition,  etc.,    of    the,    iii. 

595  0. 
Crow<',     1'".,     'Tlie    (iospi'l     in    Cent. 

Amer.,'  iii.  709. 
Cruces,  ]iillaL'e  of,  15.'»(t,   ii.  281;  cap- 
tured   hy    l)rake.    b'.7'2,   ii.   413   14; 

Morgan  at,  1071,  ii.  .")(H). 
Cruz,  (u'li.  S.,  rebellion    of,    1807  70, 

iii.  414   18. 
Cruz,   Hrigadier  \'..  vice-president  of 

(iuat.,  184.5,  iii.  2(59:  revolt  of,  1848, 

iii.  '27(5-7;  death,  277. 
Cruz,  Col  V.  M..  revolt  of,   187'2,  iii. 

428  9. 
Cuba,   Columbus   at,    14!f2,   i.    1(52-3; 

character  of  iiiliabitaiits,  i.  !().")- 0. 
Cueva,   C.    de    la,    exped.    to    Hmid., 

1535,  ii.  157  8;   dispute  with  Cere- 

ccda,  ii.  l.")8  9. 
Cueva,   F.  de  la,  lieut.-gov.   of  (niat., 

1541,  ii.  312  13;  gov.,  1542,  319. 
'  Curious  Collection  of  Travels, '  ii.  7t">0. 
'Curious  and  Kntertaining  Voyages,* 

ii.  7.")5. 
Cuzcatlan,  Alvarailo's  occupation  of, 

1524,  i.  C75-(!. 


D 


Dabaiba,  name,  i,  351;  fabled  temple 
of,  i.  351,  40('»-7;  ii.  51;  Rdlioa'a 
cxped.  to,  1512,  i.  351-2;  otlier  ex- 
peds.,  1515,  i.  400-7;  cacique,  ii.  51; 
sierra  of,  ii.  52. 

Dalrymplc,  A,  works  of,  ii.  754. 

Danipicr,  Cant.  W.,  defection  of,  ii. 
541;  march  across  the  Isthmus  of 
Pan.,  1081,  ii.544-  8;  raiilon  Uealejo, 
1(584,  ii.  548;  otl'  coast  of  .'^outli 
Amer.,  1084-5,  ii.  .">49  .")();  'A  N.w 
Voyage  round  the  World,"  ii.  5(iS  <». 

Dardon,  J.  P.,  campaign  of,  1.V29,  ii. 
107-8. 

Parieii,  discovered  by  liastidas,  l.')01, 
i.  190-2;  maps  of,  i.  .'{(52,  400,  405; 
mining  in,  iii.  O-JO CiO. 

IXiricn  River,  .see  Atralo  Hivcr. 

l>avila,  (1.  (!.,  sec  (ionzalcz,  (!. 

l)iivila.  P.,  see  Pcdrarias. 

Davis,  C.  II.,  'Report,' iii.  709. 


730 


IXDKX. 


l)avis,  Caiit.  J.,  raid  on  Rialcjo,  1(>84, 
ii.  .">4S:  (ill  I'nast  nl  Soiitli  Amor., 
KJM  .">,  il.  .'il'.t  .'lO;  tiiit-iiialiii'iivrcil 
otf  I'iiii.,  li.  .Vil  ;{;  liiiitiirc  (if  Ia'(iii, 
ii.  ii'yi.  ^  I 

I)e  Brimm-,  '  llictniru  dt-s  Xavi>,'ati(>ns,'  j 
ii.  7.'>4. 

|)(!  \i\\,  'I'..  Wdi-k.s  dl',  ii.  741-'2.  i 

JA'ld  dl  Ic'iit.  AiiK  T.  .st.ntcs,  iii.  (>77-  ' 
S7. 

l)e('d.sta,  M.  v.,  ' Tlu!  rrc-(-'<>luiiiliiaii 
hi.scdviTv,'  i.  70. 

lJ('la|idrtf,  .M.  rAlilii',  W(>^k.^df,  ii.  7r>4. 

iJe  Ja'sscip.s,  I",  (ic,  till!  I'auaiiiu  (.'anal, 
iii.  704  (1. 

Ddna.ld,  .1.  M.,  ri'Vdltof,  1811.  iii.  IJ- 
j;!;  jiarty  leader,  iii.  '21;  jirusidi'iit 
dl  eciijire.s.s,  iii,  (>7. 

'Derrdtordde  la.s  i  l.is  .Viitilla.s.'ii.  7iV.(. 

J'esjiard,  Col,  exixd.  to  M(i8(iuitia, 
1/S'_',  ii.  (»(».">(■.. 

Diaz.  M.,  jdiii.-i  IVdrarias'exjied..  l.">14, 
i.;{I(0;('drte.s'e\l>(il.  to  Holid.,  I.")L'.'>- 
<>.  i.  ."i40,  .")40;  ii.  7'^;  .Marin's  exped. 
to  Cliiaii..  1,V.'4.  ii.  •_M.")-l'.t,  •J-.'4. 

l>ia/,  .1.  .1.,  jircsideiit  ot  I'aii.,  18GS, 
iii.  .■):<.■)(■(. 

Diaz,  M.,  iiiipdstiire,  etc.,  of,  171-,  ii. 
701. 

l)iaz,  I're.sidont  1'.,  corrpspondeucc 
witli  liirrios,  ISS.'),  iii.  44S  '.I. 

Diaz,  {''atlicr  1'.,  (jiiarrul  with  Cordoba, 
ii.  .•470  , SO. 

Dicgd.  KatluM'D.,  martyrdom  of,  Ki'JiJ, 
ii.  (>7."). 

Diriaiii,'cii.  ( 'aci(|ue.  meeting,'  witii  ( lon- 
zaUz,  I.V.'l',  1.  400-1;  liattlo  witli,  i. 
4'.t|-l>. 

'  Documento.s  jiara  la  lli.stfiria  do 
Mo.xioo.'  i.  •JOI. 

Doina.s  y  N'alle,  .1.,  prosident  of  (Juat., 
1704-1801,  ii.  7l.'8. 

J>omiiiguoz,  \'.,  doloat,  etc.,  of,  18.'?'2, 
iii.  114. 

Domiiiieaiis,  in  Kspaflola,  i.  27r);  in 
(-"ul)a,  i.  -li'i;  ill  (itiat.,  ii.  13.")  7, 
.'{44  ."),  tUit);  iuXic,  ii.  1()8-71,  4;M)- 
7,  180-'J;  ill  Cliiai).,  ii.  IV.V.};  rivalry 
witli  Franciscans,  ii.  347-8;  provin- 
cia  estalild.  hy,  etc.,  I.'mI,  ii.  .37(5-7; 
iiii.--.si()iiaiy  laliors,  ii.  (»7-,  (>80. 

Dovalle,  (!.,  oxpod.  to  Lacaiidon,  15i)9, 
ii.  3t;3.^ 

Drake,  E.  C,  works  of,  ii.  751. 

Ih'ake,  Admiral  Sir  V.,  early  career 
of,  ii.  404-i);  attack  on  Nomhre  do 
Dios,  l."i7-,  ii.  40.")  ('»;  on  Cartagena, 
407-0;  eaptuiHvs  Crncos,  ii.  413-14; 
captures  treasure-train,  ii.  41.");  re- 
turn to  England,  ii.  417-18;  voyage 
round  the  worhi,  jr)77-80,  ii.  418 


10;   cxped.  of,    l.')S.-)-t;,    ii.    410  21; 

1,")0."),  ii.  4l1»;  death,  l.")l»«>.  4'_'.3. 
Duelias,   K..   |iresidellt   of   .S;ilv.,   1K.">1', 

iii.   -JOO.   :{0.S;    IhtiS  71.    iii.    303  C; 

liiog.,  iii.   .■M('_'-3;    surrender    of,   iii. 

.30(i;  oxile,  iii.  .307. 
]>uiddp,    1{.    <;.,    '  Travel-t    in    Cent. 

Amer. ,'  iii.  '.'•-'3. 
Dunirua,  « 'aei(iue,  dufeata  Gutierrez, 

etc.,  ii.  iW-y. 


E 


E.ids'  ship  railway,  iii.  094, 

EartJKjuakes  in  (iiiat.,  l.')7')-87,  ii. 
.384  .");  Ili07  80,  ii.  0.")«i;  I7.")l.  17.")7, 
ii.  710;  1773,  ii.  7-0  3;  at  .Santiaj^o, 
18:i0.  ii.  707  8;  iii.  l.'»4:  in  Nie., 
18.3.\  iii.  17.")  0:  in  Salv.,  Ks.")4.  iii. 
;«K»;  1873,  iii.  300  400;  in  Cent. 
Amer.  l.")7.")   188."),  iii.  ■"i((,3  ."). 

Ecliever  y  Siivisa,  I'.  A.  dv,  [ire.->id(nt 
of  (Juat.,  17'J4.  ii.  70'.t. 

Ediieation,  in  Pan.,  iii.  .")83  4:  in  C. 
U..  iii.  ((•_"-':  in  Nic.  ()±.'-4;  in  Salv., 
(V_'4;  in  llond.,  0'J4-."i;  in  (iuat., 
(■)'.'.")  7. 

El  I >e.s,agiia(lero,  expcd.  to,  ii.  170-1, 
175  (). 

El  Esfiinal,  all'air  at.  iii.  T)8. 

El  Iiitieriu)  do  Masaya,  adventure  at, 
l."),37,  ii.  17l'  5;  eruption  of.  I(i70, 
ii.  444. 

El  Sauce,  affair  at,  18,").").  iii.  SM). 

Enciiias,  D.  do,  compilations  of,  i. 
•28(i  7. 

Encinasdla,  I',  de,  expod.  to  N'eragiia, 
l.")35  (J.  ii.  ()5-71. 

Enciso,  Jlacliillor  M.  !•'.  do,  Ojeda's 
oxped.,  i.  '-.'07  8;  at  Cartagena,  i. 
3'Jl.'  3;  (Ufeats  Cemaoo.  i.  3'_'(i  7; 
founds  Antigua.  1510,  i.  3'_'7-8;  do- 
l)osed,  i.  3'JO  :»0,  3.30;  works  of.  i. 
330-40;  dendunoos  IJiiltioa,  i.  3.")7. 
38(1-7;  algiiacil  mayor  of  Antigua, 
1514,  i.  3'.K». 

Encomeiidero,  system,  description  of, 
i.  *J()1»-G. 

England,  the  Scots'  cdldiiy,  l(i05- 
170(>.  ii.  570-0;  trading  factories  df, 
ii.  .587;  reiiri.sals,  ii.  587  8;  war 
with,  1730  44.  ii.  .588  03;  treaties 
witii  Spain,  1070  17'J1,  ii.  508  (KH); 
178.3,  ii.  ()0(i;  war  with  Spain,  17<J0- 
80,  ii.  (508-11;  elaiiiLS  of,  in  Belize, 
ii.  (520-31;  mediation  of,  sought, 
1839  40,  iii.  18t>-7;  claims  on  Kic, 
iii.  239  40;  protectorate  over  Mos- 
(piitia,  iii.  244  51;  liostilities  with 
Nic.,  1848.  iii.  251  2;  Clayton-Bul- 
wer  treaty,  1850,  iii.  252;  Zeledou- 


INOKX. 


\Vyk.' tivatv.  iS.Ut.  iii.  •_'."•_'  :J:  .|it)i  K.  riwiiiK/,   (Jen.   V.,  iirosi.lriit  of  (' 
t'uity  witli  Salv,.  iii.  •_'<.t7  S;  r,lafi..ii-.        It..    |,s,v.>  .",,    jij.  ;j,s.s  IM);    l.mtj.,  i' 
witli     }I<)H,1..    ill.    :;i7;    cLiinis    on         HMS  !•;  iI.mIIi,  hi.   .T.ttt. 
lldiiil.,    iii.    HIT   I'.': 


II. 


rpat 


K. 


lull    III     rrriiiii'lii 


Ml, 


liiaiiilV.MtiH's,   oti'.,  Ill 


iiior. 


Hoinl.,     iii.     ;{ I  ;•  •_•(>:     tnity    with        lii. -•►'-".'.">;  ilctigiis  <iii »  eiit.  A 

Hoiid.,  IN.V.t,  iii.  ."{iru;  dilliiiilty  with        iii.  lO.'i  ti. 

(Jiiiit.,  |H74,  iii.  n.'i   •;  .M;u(  in-gur  s  Firn'r.i,  F.,  ]ircsiil«'iif  uf  llmicl  .  1S|I, 

ix|ii'cl.  tu  r.iiiaiiiii,  IMS  •_•(»,  iii    J'.is  III.  :«>«.l;  l.ic.u.,  ill.  aiKi. 

501;    ilitliciiltv    witli    New    <iraii.,  Finiicrciio  s-    N'wtoria,    l»r    I'".    .1.    dc, 

i.s:{(i,  iii.  :>\H.' 


Kl>iili'iiii>'.>i    ill    <iuat.,    I.ViS,    ii.    .Si'iO; 
l.'>(i.">,  ii.  ."{(lit  70;   KMH.  KiSli,  ii.  I>.">ti. 

Ivsi'oliar,   .1.    H.,   {iresiilfiit   ul    (!uat., 
I.S4.S,  iii.  '.»70  7. 

]Os]iaiiii,  MisNioiiary  F.   d. ,   ialmrs  of, 
Itl(i7  .S,  ii.  Ml. 

EspaAola.  Coluiiiliiisat,  I  tOl!  :t,  i.  llU 
.*>;   14!Kt  r..   i.    Itill  77;    I4!IS,   i.    17<»; 
I.")0-J.  i.  '203  (1;  cliaiaottr  ot   iiilial.i- 
taiits,  i.  KJoO;  natives  of,  di'stroyt'd, 
i.  '-'70. 

JOwparza,  sack  of,  llJSO,  ii.  .'>4I. 

Ksiiiiiola,  ('apt.,  caititiilation,  etc.,  of, 
iii.   8(). 

K8l>iiii)Ma,  Lioontiato  <  J.  <U',  alcalde 
mayor  of  Aiitiuiia,  i:)l4,  i.  3!K»; 
exitcil.  to  the  Noutli  Si'a,  l,"il(i  17, 
i.  418-31;  atrocities  of,  i.  4'.''_'  3, 
4'J!»-30;  spoils,  i.  431 ;  trial  of  liil- 
lioa,  I.")I7,  i.  4.'')7;  promotion  of,  i. 
4(51;  jealou.sy  of  I'eilrari.'i  ,  i  4t>4 
5;  other  expeds.,  i.  4(iH  0,  47'J, 
504  ."i;  fouiid.s  Natii,  i.  i'lO.'i-t). 

Espiritu  .Santo,  name,  i.  M'2. 

jt.siniivel.  A.,  president  of  ('.  !{.,  1ST5, 
iii.  384  5. 

Esquivel,  J.  de,   cruelty  of,   i.  '2l'tO. 

Katiielieria,  Hrigadier  J.,  gov.  of  Nic, 
1783  8'.t,  ii.  tK)8. 


arch  I 'Lollop    of    (iiiat  .     I7."«3-(1.">,    ii. 


•_'S  .30:  d.'atli,  ii 


.iO. 


•igi 


I'.     P.  .le,   1>|.,| 


l.slioji 


I'liat. 


17.3(1,    ii.    711    I-:    eniiHecratioii.    ii. 

711;     liio^.,     ii.     711;     archln.sjiop, 

I74.\   li.   7i-J;  chafh,    I7..I,   ii.   7l-.». 
Fij.'lieroa  y   .Silva.    A.    ile,    exped.     to 

IVli/.e,  'ii.    (i'.*4  8. 
Fisiuerra,  ( Jen.   F.,  ai'tiiii:  pre.sidiiit  of 

Salv..  |S7(i,  iii.  411. 
Filisola,  Hri^ailier  N'.,  exped.  of,  I8'.»!, 

iii.    ;>(!  7;    operations    against    .San 

.Salv.,  iii.  d'.'  4 
Fiiidlav,  A.  (i.,  works  of,  ii.  7.">0. 
Fine,  (V,  map  of,  l.".3l.  i.  I4'.». 
Fitoria,  IJ.  (!.,  gov.  of  Nic.,  1730,  ii. 

(■>07. 
Flores,  ('.,  vice-jefe  of  Ciiat.,  18'J4,  iii. 

14(1;  jofe,   iii.    14S;    administr.,    iii. 

148  ;». 

Floles,    11.  {'..  Iiishop  of  llolid.,    18.">4, 

iii.  (i3l. 
Flores,  ,1.,  gov.  of  ('.  U..  ii.  (I'J'J. 
{•'lorida,   missionary  exped.   to,    l.M'.l, 
I      ii.  3,")5  (>. 
Foiiseea,    (.'.,   defence  of   TiCoii,    1.8-14, 

iii.  Il»(». 
Foiiseca,   J.   R.   de,  patriarch  'of    the 

Indies,  i.  1(18. 
Forster,  J.  K.,  work.s  of,  ii.  7.VJ-3. 


lio.v  o-.F,  II.  in;ri.  roisier,  .».  i\.,  worKs  oi,  ii.   <.>_-.>. 

Estote,   M.,  expeds.  of,   i.  007-8,  61  i;  I  Franciscans,   iii    Ivspanola,   i.   'J7'>;   in 

ii.  11.3.  (Juat.,  I.')3."),  ii.  ,34.">  8;  rivalry  with 

Estrada,   .T.   M.,  provis.   jiresident  of        Dominicans,    ii.    347  8;    in  ('.    K., 

Nic.,    KS,")."!,    iii.   2()0;    negotiations,         I5.M-70,  ii.  43*J  3;  in  It/,;i,  ii.  073  (i. 

-i  .  f     ;:;      .i.wi    i I    i_    «^i.._       I.' \i  i'      l.l:    i .• 


etc.,   of,   iii.  "JOO-I:  appeal  to  Car- 

rera,  iii.  33i);  death,    185(i,   iii.  3.">l. 
Estrada,  T.  D.  de,  gov.  of  Nic,  17'J8, 

ii.  007. 
Europe,  coiulitioii  of,  1475-I3_5,  i.  1-5. 
Ex(pieincliii,    A.    ().,    Morks    of,    ii. 

507-8. 


Fa'ircga,  F.,  gov.  of  Pan.,  1S55,  iii. 

52(5-7. 
Faliroga,  J.  de,  comandantc  of  I'an., 

182I,  iii.  504,  508-1). 

Feria.  P.  de,  bLshop  of  Cliiap.,  1575, 

ii   373 


".- •  *'»  •■■  ■■—  ■'»  ■■■  ..."..  ...  -■..-  ... 

Francos  y   .Monrov,  *'.,  arcliliisliop  of 

(iuat,  177!»,  ii.tl'O,  732. 
Frederick,  <!.,   hiog.,  etc.,  iii.  245  7. 
Frederick,    R.    C,     mention    of,    iii. 

248. 
Friil)el,  J.,  '  Aus  Amerika,' iii.  70!». 
Fuen.salida,  Friar  B.,  mission  to  Itza, 

1018,  ii.  (573-."). 
Fueutes  y  Guzman,  F.   A.  dc,  works, 

etc.,  of,  ii.  80,  730-7. 


G 

Clainza,  Brigadier  ('<.,  command,  rtc, 
if,    iii.    25  0;  measures,    iii.    32  (r; 


11,  .>(.>.  i       oi.     111.     _.>  o;    iiieasiiri-s,     ui.     .!•;   ir; 

Feriiaiiilez,    J.,    expel,    to   Peru,  ii.        capt.  gen.,  1821.  iii,  44;    manifesto 

1*20-7.  1      of,  iii.  54-5;  edict,  iii.  55. 
IIisT.  Cent.  .Vm.,  Vol,  III,    4(. 


JNhKX. 


CJiiiUiii,  .1.,  ri'VdU  of,  l."»4,  ii.  4-1  r>; 

cxcruti.  II,  ii.  4'i."». 
f;iil;ir/.i,  !».,  r.vi.ltof,  181'J,  ill.  14. 
<iul.|i>,  A.,  hixlif.ji  of  lloiiil.,  IOi:<  4.'. 

ii.  M\-'2. 
iiiilfd/a,  ]iii'lui'i!  of,  i.  ISS. 
iJalilidd,  \'.  (>.,  ]in'siiii'iit  of  I'aii.,  iii. 

Oiill.M.M,  .7.  K.,  jffoof  r.  u.,  i;s:o, 

iii.  IM;  JSC),  iii.  'Ji'T. 
fialU^oii,  iiictiiri!  of,  i.  1J:>S. 
<!alli\',  jiicturu  of,  i.  ].S.S. 
(ialvaiio.  A.,  worku,  ot(!.,   of,  ii.  7.'t8- 

l>. 
(inU'uy,,  Doll  M.  (Ic,  t'XiK'tl.  to  Mo.i<|ui- 

tia,  17M.',  ii.  MH-'t;  captiini  of  Sail 

Fcriiaiiilo  (|,^  Oiiioa,    ITT!',    ii.   <)I7; 

iiresidcnt  of  «!iiat.,  ITTS-H:*,  ii.  7-.">- 

Clahx'z,  M.,  Coriicjo'8  revolt,   1831-:;, 

iii.  110-17;  iIci.oh.mI,  J8:i8,  iii.  V2S- 

'M;  jcfo  of  (!uut.,  18:tl,  iii.  1.">.V(>. 
Ciaiiia,  A  (lu  l.i,  gov.  of  CaMtilla  dul 

Oro,  ii.  4.">-fi. 
fjaiiu'Z,  1'.  i\v.,  capturtiM  Qiiuiiiii,  151(i, 

i.  4i;t>. 
CJaralnto,  A.,  t-xpfil.   to  (.'iilia,   l.Tltl, 

i.  4;]4,  4:.7;  tifacluTy  of,  i.  4-t'J-r)!>. 
fiaral)ito,  Caciciiie,  cxpi'il.  against,  ii. 

427-8. 
Garay,  V.  dc,  dxihmI.s.  of,   i.   i;i4,  140, 

(>2."). 
(jiarcia,  Ii.,  canimign  of,  ii.  580-1. 
(iarcfa,    K.alu  r  \V.   ]'.   M.,  'Sublova- 

cioii  di!los/c!ndaU's,'.MS.,  ii.  TO.l-O. 
Garro,  1*.  de,  cxped.  of,  1,"25,  i.  578. 
Gasca,    1'.  do   la,   cluiractor,  etc.,   ii. 

2t)5~G;  power  iiitnistetl  to,  ii.  2(50; 

reception  at  the  l»tlimii.s,  loM,  ii. 

2«i(}-l);   negotiations  with  Mcjia,  ii. 

207;  witli  llinojosa,  ii.  2tiy-7b;  de- 
spatches, etc.,  of,  li.  270-2;  exped. 

to  rcru,  ii.  272-.'!;  the  Contreroa  re- 

V(.lt,  1550,  ii.  278-8:i. 
Ga/istas,  party,  iii.  20-7. 
Geograpliy,  ancient,  i.  7>>-4. 
Gernmny,  dilliculty  with   Nic,  187(5 

iii.  250. 
'Gobierno  politico  de  Guatemala,'  iii. 

28-9, 
Godoy,  1").  de,  exped.  to  C'hiap.,  1524,  I 

ii.  21C,  221. 
Goitia,  P.,  president   of   Pan.,   18G3, 

iii.  532-3. 
Golfolhilce,  name,  i.  190;  BEistidasat, 

1501,  i.  190;  Pedrarias  at,  1522,  i. 

484-5. 
Gomar.a,  F.  L.  de,  hioy.,  i.  314;  works 

of,  315-1(5. 
Gomera,    I'onde   do   la,   president   of 

Guat.,  1011-20,  ii.  051-2. 


( ioliirz,  ( '.,  acting  pies 
l87(i,  iii.  403. 


dent  of  IIoiiil, 


(Joiiie/,  K.,  exjied.  of,   l."i'_'5,  i.  112. 
5,    (ioine/,  Licentmto  1.,  miHsion  of,  |S48, 

I      iii.  2'.H». 

'  (loiizali/,  (;.,  voyu;;c  of,  l.VJ'J,  i.   1.39- 

I      40;  coiitador  of   Kspariola,    l."ill,   i. 

j      2l»7;   character   of,   i.  479;    di.siputo 
with  l'edrari:is,  i.  4HI    3;  e\pe(l.  of, 

I       l.")22-.3,  i.  483  94;  cs.ai.e   to  Santo 

■      Domingo,  i.   510;  exped.  to  llomi,, 
i.  I.">24,  518;  em  oiiiitr  with  Soto,  i. 

I      519  20;  meeting  Miih  (Mill.   i.  .VJ7- 

i      8;  Olid's  assassination,  i.  531   3. 
(!on/i:lez,    I'adro    1'.,   mentio;i    of,    ii, 

j       1528. 

I  (ionzalez,  (icn.  S.,  acting  president  of 

I      ('.    U.,    1873,    iii.    ;i.S3;    victory    at 

I      Santa  Ana,    1871,   iii.  395  0;  pnsi- 

I      dent  of  Sidv.,    1872  5,  iii.  390   »i»|; 

'      war  with  (!uat.,  iii.  40l-(;. 
(ioodrich,  F.  15.,  '  Man  upon  the  Sea,' 

ii.  757. 
(iottfreidt,  .r.  L.,  Morks  of,  ii.  742. 
(iracias  a  Dios,  founding  of,  \'>'.'.{i,  ii. 
105;  audiciieia  of  the  Conlines  at, 
1545,  ii.  301. 
tiraeias  a  J)io.s,  cape,  rounded  liy  (  n- 
luml.us,  1.502,  i.  211. 

Granada,  founding  of,  1.524,  i.  527; 
the  Contreras  revolt,  1550,  ii.  275- 
8;  description  of,  ii.  438  4 1 ;  caj). 
tureil  hy  pirates,  1(505,  ii.  441 ;  I08(i, 
ii.  557  9;  revolt  at,  ISII,  iii.  14; 
junta  at,  iii.  48,  170;  hesieged  hy 
.(crez,  18.54  5,  iii.  259;  captured  liy 
Walker,  18.55,  iii.  .332;  Z.ivala's  a.s- 
sault.  18.5(5,  iii.  3.53-4;  recapture  of, 
iii.  3.50-7. 

Ciraiiados,  AI.  (J.,  opposition  to(iiiat. 
ministry,  180'.»;  iii.  410  17;  exile, 
iii.  419;  revolution  of,  1871,  iii.  419 
-24;  ju-esident  of  (iuat.  1871-3,  iii. 
423-30. 

(Iramla  y  lialhin,  L.  A.  tie,  exped.  to 
Talamanca,  ii.  018  19. 

'ireen,  I.,  works  of,  ii.  747. 
Ircenland,    sighted    hy    (lunnhj.rn, 
87(5,  i.  75-0;  named  by  Eric  tiie  lu'd, 
i.  70. 

xijalva,  J.  <le,  map  of,  1518,  i.  132; 
death,  152(5,  i.  591;  cliaracter,  i. 
591-2. 

rogniet,  ('apt.,  joins  Davis'  free- 
Ifooters,  1(585,  ii.  550;  cai)ture  of 
Puebla  Viego,  ii.  .550;  of  (.'hirimiita, 
1080,  ii.  550;  defeat  at  I'ueblo  Nue- 
vo,  ii.  557;  capture  of  (Jraiiada,  ii. 
5.57-9;  journey  to  the  North  Sea,  ii. 
503-0. 

(.irynievs,  *Novvs  Orhi.s,"  i.  148  9. 


iNi»i:x. 


Uiiiluliiix',  i.llaii- at,  IX'Si,  iii.  '■*■. 


ifliKioiH  onliTH,  1S71— t,  4'J.'i-T;  <lif- 


ili'ii ,  S,il\McIiiiiin'.H  Kiirniiilir  iil,  ■       liculty  with  Kii^liml,  1S74,  '  '..  4X\ 

4;   Willi    S|iaiii,    IhT.'i,    iii.    4M\  at- 


|V-':i,  iii.  lU. 

IMII.'li'.'Isti  , 


stnrlii 


It.    1S7 


tt'liilitril  iiilitiratiiilt  <>t  <  '<'lit.  .\lii( 


'1 
iNSn 


■  la   V 


iU:i 

iii.  I-.'S  it. 
limrili'i.  S.  tl 


I'lo,     en 


ii\ I'litiiiii    at,     IN^IS, 


r.74;    <l. 

iii.    'u  i 


44_'  !t;   Ih 

|>artiiiriitM,    iii. 


MiiiiHlarirH,   III. 


k'l'Vt. 


la,  >{ov.  < 


it   1', 


|MK>. 


|M.| 


mlatiiiii,    liSH.H  .">,    iii. 


JS  :i(l;  .I.Mtli,  111.  .»:«». 


-lia,    T. 


>ffS 


iilcllt      of      (  '.       It 


,"i.SS;  ISS,"),  ill.  t;i;{;  fdloiiization  in, 
.VS<.»;»I;  .•las.-i<s,  it...  iii.  Cil.'t  It); 
ih»i'lliii;,'x,  ill.  iiiti  17;  iln -M,  iii. 
Iil7  !'>;  aiiiiisciiK'iit.i,  iii.  (ilN;  cilii- 
'atiiiii,  iii.  ti'J.'i  7;  a<liiiini.str.  of  jus. 


|S7()  C,     iii.     .'WO  4;     I,S77  N--',     iM 

;|.S(;   S;  tlcatli,     IHVJ,  iii.  .'tSS. 

iianlinla,  (Irii.   N.,  (iiitiatiidis,  etc,  '      tici;,   iii.   (ills  40;  ayric.,   iii.    (m((   I; 
l'S4."»,    iil.   '_'<K),   •_'(»•_',  •.'(I.")-!);   viftiiry  I      iiianiifact.,    iii.    (iCd;   ciirniuy,    iii. 

'<l<l.t. 


.1    t.i 


of,  IMt,  111.  ."5lti;  liiiiKirs  jiaiil 
iii.  :{|l;  |iriiiiuii('iaiiiit'iit<)  of,  iii. 
!ll.'<;  jircHiilciit  of  llmiil.,  iii.  'A'2'2 
H;  tliaractcr,  iii.  .'i'JIl;  defeat  at  J''.l 
iSaiici',  IS.I.'i,  iii.  .""il;  at  I/a  N'irj^eii, 
iii.  Xn. 
Citiati'iiiala,  Alvara  lo's  fiimnicst  of, 
1. ")•_••_•  4,  i.  ()17  <■'-;  maps  of,  ii.  l»l, 
;V_>0;  iii.  r.»l;  wlavciy  m,  ii.  2:{4  (i; 
tlu;  iifW  laws,  ii.  ',\'2'.\  .'>;  oliun'h 
all'airrt  in.  I. Ml   S,    ii.   :U1   M;   jtiDI  - 

H-2,  ii.  (;>;:!  it;  i7.'a  issc,  ii.  7-n  ;w; 

iii.  G!iO  I;  (:[>iikiiiit's  in,  l.ViX,  ii. 
:<(H>;  l.")(M.  ii.  HC)!*  7(»;  lliOl,  KJNCi, 
ii.  (>.")(!;  iiiining,  ii.  IWI?;  iii.  (».">()  7: 
c'oniniiTL'o,  ii.  'AS'.V  4;  cartlicju:.kis, 
etc.,  in,  l.')7o  S7,  ii.  ;{-4  '>;  J()(t7- 
8'.t,  ii.  li.VI;  l.s:i(),  iii.  154;  jirospcr- 
ity  of,  KmO  17'M),  ii.  (>.");{  4;  t.rr.. 
17"><>,  ii.  7I'{  1^;  iirovincu.s  snliject 
to,  ii.  714;  army,  li.  7-7-8;  iii.  (»4S 
9;  HoiML'ty,  iii.  \-'2;  loyalty  of,  iii. 
'2  .'{;  captania  giiiiTal,  iii.  •_'()  I ; 
airlibi»lio])8  of,  iii.  'J'.MiO;  union 
with  Mex.,  iii.  r>()-l;  war  with 
Salv.,  1S-J7-9,  iii.  '.•<)  IIMI;  a.-M.'i:> 
l)ly,  ill.  101  4,  14.-)  S,  •J()7,  --'7:!  <•>, 
2SI  -J,  41(1  17,  4:58  41:  ivl.ollion  in, 
1S.'{7,  iii.  I-S  It;  .slate  govt  ilis- 
Sfilvi'd,  IHIW,  iii.  I'M;  arms  of,  iii. 
14'.»,  l'()!»  7();  im-ilal,  iii.  I.'.l;  an  in- 
di'iii'iitkiit  .statu,  l.s;{'.»,  lii.  hM)-l; 
Malfsipiii's  invasion  of.  |X44,  iii. 
jyi  :«;  sfivHsioii  of,  1S47  S,  ii.  -.'07- 
8;  coiiiu'il  (-•onvoki'tl,  iii.  _ii7;  iiiilc- 
jjumk'iK'i;  iTi'ogni/i'il,  iii.  ■_'70;  for- 
eign relations,  iii.  '_'70  1;  revolu- 
tions ill,  1S47  S,  iii.  •_'71  :i;  IN7I, 
iii.  410-'_'4;  war  with  Salv.  amlNic, 
].S.')()-:{,  iii.  '21'.)  SO;  with  Hoii.l., 
]8.">0  (),  iii.  270  SI;  l.S7I--.>,  iii. 
;i'.»S  !t;  187'-'  »>,  iii.  428,  4:>7-t>-J; 
Avith  Salv.,  lS7ti,  iii.  401  ,');  |88:i, 
iii.  40it  10;  constitution,  iii.  '-'81  '_', 
4;i8  !t;  Walker's  ixiii'il.,  IS.'iC.  7,  iii. 
3,'t(>-f)l;  ievolt<iii,  18('.7-70,  iii.  414 
18;  187'2,  iii.  4'JS  ;•;  suppression  of 


;  revi'liue.  fU\,  III.  Ill  1    s  I;  <l 
iii.  (»78  80;  railroads,  iii.  70(i  7. 

(iiiateinala  City  (see  al  ;o  .S.mtiaj^o 
City),  dcseiiptiou  of,  \"'.l,  ii.  717- 
18;  I.SSli,  iii.  .■)7."(  7;  earllii(iiakes  ill, 
I7r>l,  I7.'>7,  ii.  710;  I7;:i,  ii.  7--'(i  ;t; 
site  of,  removed,  ii.  7-';i  ti;  oeeiipa- 
tioii  of,  hy  .Salvadoraiis,  iii.  74; 
e.i|itured  hv  Mora/an,  IVJO,  iii.  00 
|(K);  by  C.'irrera,  |s:t8,  iii.  |:{0  '.'; 
recaptured  liy  Mora/an,  ii'.  141; 
oiitlil'eak  at,  1844,  iii.  '-'(id;  nvoltat, 
J84.S  iii.  '-'(iS;  plot  at,  I.s77,  iii.  4:{7. 

Cuattisos,    attempted    paeiliuatioii    of 
!       the,  ii.  ()i:{   IT. 

Idiierra,  C.,  voyage  of,  1100,  i.   |s(i. 
I  Clierrero,   .1.,   director  of   Nie.,    IM7, 
I      iii.  •-'4t. 

Cuill,  A.,  gov.    of    I'aii.,   I7."i8,  ii.  .■•84. 

(iiltierrez,  1).,  exiied.  to  C.  11. ,  |,-»40- 
.-),  ii.  180  00. 

(iiitierrez,  F.,  e.\ped.  to  \er;igiui, 
I ■').'{.-)  (>,  ii.  (i.-i-  7;{. 

fiiitierrez,  .1.,  capture,  etc.,  of.  ii..V)   I. 

(iiitierrez,  .M.  I'.,  (|Uells  revolt,   I8I'2, 
I      iii.    I.-|. 

(iiitierrez,  !'.,  tlio  Tzendal  eampaigii, 
171--',  ii.  70 1 -.'1. 

Cii/man,  Ceii.  A.,  operations,  1840, 
iii.  -277-8. 

(iii/inan,  A.  T.  de,  e.xiied.  to  I'aii., 
l.'>l.->,  i.   40;!  (>;  oiitiages  of,   i.   404. 

(Juziiiaii,  I'"..  ])resident  of  Xic.,   I8(>7  • 
I      71,  iii.  :{I10,  47(»  .'). 

(iiizinan,  .1.  de,  ]U'o[iosed  exped.  of,  ii. 
'2'Ai;    joins     Hinojosa,    \'>4'f,    2<)0   I ; 
'      presiilent  of  Cuat.,  ii.  (>."i'2. 

(Iiiziiiaii,  .1.  I'!.,  vice-president  of  SmIv., 
1844,  iii.  10.");  administr.,  iii.  '-'<»!  4; 
hiog.,  iii.  '-'0'_'. 

(iuzniaii,     .1.      K.     de,      capt.  gen.     of 
'      Ciiiap.,   l.VJO,  li.  'J.'iO   I. 

Ciizman,  .1.  .1.,  jiresident  of  Salv., 
iii.  '287. 

Cii/nian,  l>oii  .1.  I*,  de,  gov.  (f  I'an., 
ii.  4'.t:!;  forces,  eti-.,  of,  ,")l).'{  .'i;  de- 
feated liy  .Morgan,    I(i7l,  ii.  .-)04  0. 


760 


INDKX. 


Ci!nziii;i;i,  N.    ch',  rvp.  .1.    of,  l.'iI^O-l,  i. 

14".  (1. 
(iii/iiiaii,    It,,    ilrl'uiit,    etc.,    (if,     !>(.■{•_', 

iii.  ll:!   It. 

H 

Hiiuha,   Rio,   Uraillcy'.s   fur.u    mi  tlic, 

U»70,  ii.  4'.M. 
Hiicku,    ('ajit.   \V.,    'A    ('(illi'ctiiiti    of 

Ori^'iiial  N'oyam-s,'  ii.  5t>!(. 
Hakliiyt,  J\.,  Works,  etc.,  "f,  ii.  T.'t'.t  41. 
Haro.  V.  do,  liattle  of  ranaiiia,  H17I. 

ii.  no.'). 

Harris,  .1.,  \M)rk.s  of,  ii.  744  .">. 

Harris,  ('a[)t.  I'.,  raids  oH'  coast  nf 
Soutli  AirnT.,   U)S4  5,  ii.  M'.t  .")(). 

Hayti,  SCO  Kspanola. 

Hoiidcrson,  <!.,  '  Hritisli  Hoiidiwas," 
iii.  •J47. 

Jli'iiifiiigseir.s  (>])i'rationH  uiidi'i-  Walk- 
er, l.S.'tO,  iii.  ."i.").")  7. 

Ht'ri'dia,  A.,  oxjied.  of,  ii.  4!)  M. 

llorodia,  A.  F.  dc,  gov.  of  Nic,  ii. 
007  8. 

Heredia,  ]'.  di-,  proviiu-o  of,  ii.  4l>  7; 
o.xpi'ds.,  ii.  47  .S,  T)'-'  :i 

Hcrinosillo,  ,f.  (!.  do,  rcpt  of,  IS.'iti,  ii. 
:«>7  S. 

Hi'riiaiidfz,     (It'll.,     defeats      I'iiieda, 

J «:.:.,  iii.  ;{:{•_>. 

Herrera,   A.   de,   I'iog.,    i.  .'fH;;  works 

of,  :il(i   17. 
Herrera,  I).,   jelo  of  Hoiid.,  1.S'_'4,  iii. 

Mil   -J;  of  Nic.,  IS.'IO,  iii.  174  (i. 
Herrera,  Oiilor,  juez  do  residoiioia,  ii. 

17H;    opposition    to   Coiitroras,    ii. 

182. 
Herrera,  Col  T.,  defeats  Alziirii,  IS.'Jl, 

iii.   514;   jefe,   etc..    of    I'aii.,    1840, 

iii.  "il");  gov.,  iii.  r>l(i. 
Herrera,  \'.,  president  of  C  K.,  1875- 

7,  iii.  SS5  (i. 
Herrera,   \'.    do,   gov,    of    Iloud.,    ii. 

144  5;  stratagom  of,  ii.  147;  e.xpeil., 

I5:n,    ii.    14;»  50;    plot   against,   ii. 

150  !;  assassination  of,  ii.  151. 
Horrora,  \'.  do,  regent  of  aiidioncias, 

1778,  ii.  715. 
Hiiiojosa,  Friar  A.  do,  liisliopof  ( innt., 

ii.  kso. 
Hinojosa,    i'.    do,   conijiiest    of    I'an., 

1545,    ii.  1'55  ()1;  defeats   N'ordiigo, 

ii.  •Jii.'l  4;  negotiations  with  (Jasea, 

ii.  •_'(!!»  70;  defection  of,  ii.  271   2. 
Hinostrosa,  ('apt.    J).   M.   tie,   arrest, 

ete..  of,  ii.   144  5. 
'  llistoriailo  la  Marina  Real  Fspafinlii, ' 

ii.  757. 
'  Historioal    Act  ouiit   of    llio   Cirotini- 

na\ii;atioii  of  tlie  (llolio.'  li.  752. 


Hodgson,  Col  R..  mission  of,  ii.  (>I)I   2, 

liol.L;iiin,  (!.,  oxpod.  to  I'orii,  ii.  125  7. 

Jlollins,   < 'omniaiidtM',   lioinliar.ls    San 
I      .luan  ilol  Norte,  1.S.54,  iii.  255. 

Honilnras,  iiiap.s  of,  i.  51 S;  ii.  14S; 
iii.  110,  205;  oolonization,  etc.,  in, 
i.')24  5,  i.  522  :!(>;  Corti's' ox]iotl.  to, 
152+ ti,  i.  5:i7-Sl;  Alvara.los,  15.S5- 
(),  ii.  li;0  5;  l,5:«t,  ii.  2'.Hi  !>;  .slav- 
ery in,  ii.  2:i:<  4,  :tl)2;  roads,  ii.  2!».S  - 
4;  settloiiit  iits.  1547,  ii.  2!t4,  (;:t7  40; 
milling,  ii.  21>5:  olnireli  atiairs,  ii. 
2'l'.»  .'{01,  ti41-2,  712  i:$;  iii.  .'(CI; 
tlie  now  laws,  ii.  1101-7;  piratical 
raids,  l,'.7<i  '.)5,  ii.  (;:!()  '.1,  tJ45;  Cage's 
doserii)tioii  tif,  lO.'Ki,  ii.  (i.'W  40;  an- 
nexation to  Mo.\..  1821,  iii.  4ti;  revo- 
lutions in,  l.S2'.t  :{(),  iii.  10!)-11:  I.S44, 
iii.  ,'{I0;  as.soinlily,  iii,  IC.l  2,  .'iO".» - 
10;  tlisturliaiii-os  in,  iii.  I()2  Ii;  in- 
dopor.donco  doelarod,  ISIW,  iii.  1(14; 
war  with  Nio..  1844,  iii.  1!I4  2(K); 
with  Salv.,  iii.  202  (J,  :VXi~9,  455  8; 
union  with  Salv.  and  Nic,  iii.  20'.t  - 
11;  war  with  (iiiat.,  1850 -ti,  iii. 
•270  81;  1872  (I,  iii.  3'.t8  <),  4'28, 
457  ti2;  rolatio'is  ^\  itli  (!t  Britain, 
iii.  .'117;  British  olaiins  on,  iii.  .'117  • 
lit;  Britiih  usurpation  in,  iii.  .'II'.C 
20;  troatv  with  Ct  Britain,  18.-)<t, 
iii.  :{20;  Walkor'a  cxped.,  1S.")(;  7, 
iii.  ;15()  t»4;  hoiintlaries.  iii.  57(t;  tli;- 
]iartinonts,  eto.,  iii.  570;  cities,  iii. 
570  1 ;  population,  188.'{,  iii.  58S;  ini- 
niigratioii,  iii.  .5'.)|;  raoes,  iii.  (i08 - 
10;  woinon  of,  iii.  010-11;  dwell- 
ings, iii.  (ill;  footl,  ete.,  iii.  (HI-  12; 
tlress,  iii.  til2;  ainuseiiients,  iii.  (112; 
etlueatioii,  iii.  (5'24  5;  adininistr.  of 
justice,  iii.  (140  1;  army,  iii.  (147; 
agric,  iii.  ()51-2;  ?niiiiiig,  iii.  (i.')5 - 
(i;  nianufact.,  iii.  (itil;  curroney, 
iii.  070;  revenue,  iii.  ()8();  doht,  iii. 
()80-l ;  railroads,  iii.  707. 

Hole,  A.  do,  gov.  of  Ran.,  1815,  iii. 
4',t7;  ii[)prossioii  of,  iii.  407  8;  re- 
oaptnios  1'ortol.ollo,  181!t,  iii.  u(M)- 
1;  (loath,  1820,  iii.  M'2. 

lluasear,  defeat  of,  15:12,  ii.  10;  death, 
ii.  :t4. 

Huistlau,  hesiogod  hy  Tzendales,  1712, 
ii.  70'2. 

Hi'iiiholdt,  A.  von.  work.s  of,  i.  (lit. 

llurtado,  l{.,e.\po(l.  to  Dahaida,  1512, 
i.  .'{.52  .'{;  arrest,  etc.,  of,  i.  '.i'li  .5; 
atrocitii^s  of,  i.  401,  417:  ex|)lora- 
tion  of,  151(i,  i.  421)  8;  expod.  to 
(Hanoho.  1521),  i.  58!»  01;  tloatli,  i. 
5itl. 

ll\  laoomylus.  '  ( 'osmographiio  liitro- 
"ilvotio.''  i.   I'JU. 


INDKX. 


761 


I  Jiiiiiaica,  coasted  hy  C'olunilnis,  141)4, 
Iban.z,  Col  P.,  gov.  of  Nic,  ]7o9,  ii.  j  Jaragui;     IV.sti.la.s    .shipwrcH-kcl    at 

lli?,"f.'  !"""  "'""j"-";'-  I-">-t5,_ii.-'(it»  1.    Joronin.ite.,  mission  of  the,  151.VKS 

Jllustn.tions    caravd,   i.    J 87;  galley.        i.  -.'77  SO.  '  ' 

1.    l.S,S;   ^'jilcazu    .     KS8;  g,-.ll..on,  i.    Jesuits,  iu  Nio.,  I«1(J-l'|,  ii.  442-:}-  in 

8!^;    nav.o,    ,.    IS!.;    br.gantino,    i.  ;      Tala,„,uu.a.  HiS4.  U.  4^7:  ^t.LZ 


IikI 


of    the,     I7ti7,    ii.    7;!(»   1;    I.s7|, 


WU.J.   t.vat.n.ut  of^   i.   o,,_«,,   ;,  ■      4.0  ,!;' ISSr'.ii;^:;  ' .  S4  i^!    ISm" 
.{-'-'J;    ot    JloiK  ..    1,1.    t(i,S-in.    .>r  ■      ;;;   -jvo 1.  '>,       . '.,       v 


»-i.)  n         e    II        i  ..       7 '    "•  '       1-"  <>;    looi,    in.    4i  >,    4.^4   ;>:     hSSl 

n:u;^:iH:.K:""'"^'"="^|  ni.:,^»^..v.,us .....:,>,,, ,ss,,i,; 

^'fiK^oS"^"''"  ^'■'  "''''^'""  "'^'  '"**^    j  •Tows.\u..l.,.val   brutality  towanl,   i 
Inqmsitio;.,  in  ,S,,a.n,  i.  ;L'.  ]  M»!.L,  .).,  prcsi-lcnt  of  ( '.  J{      is.i.S 

I..tcn,coan.oc..n,nn.nu.it.on,].roectH,  !      iii.    ;{77;     I'sfiS,    ii..    ;{7S<t      ,m   t 

:;,';.;•  ''T;  .'•'.■I^-  "•  •-'*"";  "•'••«'.  ii.      etc.,  of,  .S7!>  SO.  '  • 

OSS  "(m     '   "■   "*"'-'    ^^^^-^'^'   iii.  I  Joroco,  invention  of.    IS.'",,   iii.  -JO  (. 


OSS  700. 
Intoi-ocianie  road,   project  for,    1.".I4, 

1.  :i'.t(l  7;  termini,  i.  4'(ir.;  coiMpletud.' 

I.'>I0,  i.  471 -I.'. 
Irving,  \V..  works  of,  i.  *;;),  L'OO,  2.S!)- 

I.saliola,  founding  of,  14!W,  i.  109. 

Lsla  d(>  Pino.s,  visited  liy  Colundms 
l.")02,  i.  'J07-10;  Drake  at,  ir.7--',  ii. 
40")-7. 

Isla__Uica,  named  by  Balboa,  l.'d.S,  i. 
;{77;  >.aci<iue  of,  408  10. 

lturbi<le,  A.,  designs  of,  iii.  51;  in- 
structions to  Fili.sola,  iii.  ti'J;  down- 
fall of,  iii.  (!.-). 


»    v.w.i ,  v,iiiM.ii    III.     icy\   I,     111.   ;;tf  K 

Juan  de  J>ios,   (.rder  of,   in    I'an.,   ii, 

477  8. 
.luarnw,  1).,  works  of,  ii.  i4-_>,  737. 
.hinta,  supronia  central  gubernativa, 

iii.  4;  suprenia  de  cnsura,   iii.  '20; 

consultiva,   iii.  ;ir.  0,   4i>-5,   50,  52, 

r)7. 

Justice,  administr.,  etc.,   of,  in  Cent. 

Amer.,  iii.  O.SS  45. 
.futiapa,    Malcsjiiu's    forces   at,    1844 

iii.  101   •_'. 


Kaustman,  '  Municli  Atlas,"  i.  (iO-70. 


;/as    attempie.1  conversion  of  tl.e,  ii.     Kerr,  K.,  works  of,  ii.  7-.(i' 
./J  0;    attempted   .si, l,>jugation,    ii.  |  Kinney,  J.  L.,  e.xpcd  of,  iii.  ;v_.7^ 

/cjiintlan,   Alvarado's    concpicst   of,  . 


Itz 

I.V24,  i.  0(j;{^5. 
Izagaiiie,  J{.  de,     i.sliop  of  Pan.,  1055 

ii.  47!» 


T; 


Izalco,  Indian  outbreak  at,    1875,  iii.  |  La  Antigua,   revolt  in,    1828,   iii.  %; 

T,...  ,...•.  I      fis.sendily  installed  at,  1824   iii    145- 

Izancanac    Cortes  at,  1524,  i.  557.  affair  at,  iii.  420  ' 

i/a,.,    \olcano,  eruption  of,  172;{,  ii.  ;  La   Concepcion,    co,.v..nt.  establd.   in 

T  I  ..      .       ,  .     ,  Cuat.,  1,540  8,  ii.  :{4:{  4 

J/  a,.a    <.uat..  sh.p-Ia.iMing  at.   15:«.,  \  La  (ib.ria.  S.  C.  de,  in.postur..,  etc.,  of 

tJ         ;„.         ,       ,  1712,  ii.  000  7(X). 

Iztapa,  (   nap    battle  at.  1524.  ii.  210.  '  La  lla.pe.  works  of.  ii.  748  !» 

Iztapau.  Cortes  at,  1524.  i.  MX  j  L,  Nav,,la,l.  fortress  of.  buiU;  1402,  i. 


J 


I       104;  abandoned.  100. 

i  '''^..i'"'""•     ''bickade    of.     IS40.     iii. 


207  8 

Ta„„f„  ...  ,  '''^  ^'ii'gcn,  affair  at,  18.55,  iii.  .•{;!1. 

Jacote,  convcnt.o.,  ot,   IS-ii,   iii.  210- I  J.acan.rone.s,  .lepre.lation;.  etc..  ,.,.  ii. 

T..i;„  .      ■  ,■       .  -''Ol   2;  exped.  against,  15.50,  ii.  :i02 

J.U.SCO,  insurrection  m,  1541.  ii.  200  0;   independence,   etc.,   of,   iii.  015- 

'•  10. 


702 


INDEX. 


Latlinn.s,  i-omlitioii,  etc.,  of  the,  iii.  594. 

Latontl,  ('<.,  works  <it,  ii.  7")"). 

Lagans,  1'.  dv.,  lal)ors  of,  ia  Tolo- 
galpa,  ii.  4.")0. 

LaiiiilL'i,  FatliiT  A.  de,  bishop  of 
(luat.,  ii.  H7S. 

Liiiida,  Caitt.,  cruelty  of,  ii.  282;  exe- 
cution of,  l.'i.'tO,  2H7. 

Lau(lcclu),  .1.  .M.  <le,  gov.,  etc.,  of 
(iuat.,  ii.  ;{()(;  [). 

Lara,   Kriar   l>.  <)e,  hisliop  of   (.'liiap., 

ir)74,  ii.  :o. 

Liira,  J.  V.  <1l',  gov.  of  Nic,   ii.  l507. 

I.^ira,  Father  S.  de,  priest  of  Caucuc, 
1712,  ii.  W»7. 

Lara  y  Moj;rol)(,'jo,  A.  de,  prcsiilent  of 
(iuat.,  I(i4<J-r)4,  ii.  «,'):i 

L;irdiu.'r,  I).,  'Cahiiiet  Cyolopicdia,' 
iii.  70'.>. 

Las  Casas,  B.  de,  character  of,  i.  274 
5;  labors  in  Cuba,  i.  27();  protector 
of  tlie  luiiiaiis,  i.  277;  efforts  in 
Spain,  i.  27'J  cS4;  works  of,  i.  .SOil- 
10;  dispute  with  (i)uevado,  i.  4(12-3; 
mission  to  I'eru,  etc.,  ii.  l.S(>-7;  ar- 
rival in  Nic,  etc.,  15;{2,  ii.  KJ'J;  op- 
position to  t'ontreras,  ii.  170-1;  the 
new  laws,  ii.  2:{'.)-  40;  dispute  with 
the  audiencia  of  the  Contincs,  154"), 
ii.  803-7;  bishop  of  C'hiap.,  1543,  ii. 
330-1;  administr.,  ii.  332  5;  retire- 
ment, etc.,  ii.  335-();  works  of,  ii. 
330;  pacilieation  of  Vera  Paz,  ii. 
;M8  54;  death,  337;  character,  337  8. 

Las  Charcas,  federal  defeat  at,  1820, 
iii.  07. 

Liiwrie,  Col,  supt.  of  Mos([uitia,  ii. 
003  4. 

Leiva,  P. ,  provis.  president  of  Hond. , 
1873-t»,  iii.  400-2. 

Lempira,  Cacicpie,  valor  of,  ii.  200-1; 
stronghold  of,  captured,  1537,  ii. 
291-2;  death,  ii.  291   2. 

Leon,  founding  of,  1527,  i.  513;  buteli- 
ery  of  natives  at,  1528,  i.  010;  con- 
vent founded  at,  1532,  ii.  108-9;  the 
Contreras  revolt,  1550,  ii.  275-0; 
(iaitan's  defeat  at,  15.')4,  ii.  425; 
ni'w  citj-  of,  ii.  439-40;  captured  liy 
freeliooters,  1085,  ii.  553-5;  cathe- 
dral of,  1743,  ii.  013;  revolts,  etc., 
iit,  1811-12,  iii.  14-10;  junta  gubcr- 
nativa  at,  1S23,  iii.  170-1;  sack  of, 
1821,  iii.  171:  siege  of,  1824  5,  iii. 
171  2;  1844,  iii.  197-2(K);  revoltsat, 
1845,  iii.  241;  18.53-4,  iii.  25S-9; 
1809,  iii.  471-3;  1881,  iii.  484-5; 
.seat  of  govt  at,  1847,  iii.  244;  de- 
scription of,  iii,  508-9. 

Lepc.  I>.  de,  voyage  o,',  1499,  i.  113. 
180. 


Levy,  P.,  'Notas.'iii.  255. 

Liaflo,     Pilot,     e.vped.    to    ^'e^agua» 

1535-0,  ii.  00. 
Liberals,  Cuat.,  party,  iii.  09-70;  atti- 
tude  of,    iii.    85-";    operations   of, 

1820-7,   iii.  148-50;  prosecution  of, 

iii.  151;  division  among,  iii.  275. 
Lindo,  J.,  jefe  of  Salv.,  1841,  iii.  280; 

coup    d'etat,   iii.   280;    president   of 

Hond.,  1847-51,  iii.  311-21. 
Literature,  of  C.  R.,  iii.  022;  of  Nic, 

iii.  023;  of  Salv.,  iii.  024;  of  (Juat., 

iii.  027. 
Llamas  y  Rivas,   Dr  F.  J.  de,  gov.  of 

Pan.,  ii.  583. 
Llano,  (.'apt.  A.  del.,  deputy  to  edrtes, 

iii.  5. 
Llano,  Col   M.   del,  ile[mty  to  cortes, 

iii.  5. 
Loarea,  A.  L.  de,  storming  of  Mixco, 

1525,  i.  01M)-2. 
L'Olonnois,  F.,  character,  etc.,  of,  ii. 

450  7;  atrocities.  457  8;  expeds.,  ii. 

458-00;  death,  4()0. 
Loi)ez,   Father  T.,  explorations,  etc, 

of,  1778,  1782,  ii.  014-10. 
Lorca   y    Vellena    Vivas,    ^L    V.  de, 

gov.  of  Nic,  1757,  ii.  (>07. 
Lorenzaiui,  Manpies  de,  i)resident  of 

(Juat.,  ii.  052-.3. 
Los  Altos,  state  organized,   1838,   iii. 

150-7;  assembly,   iii.  157;  maps  of, 

iii.     157,     275;    incorporated     with 

(Juat,  1840,  iii.  158. 
Los  Santos,  surprised  by  freebooters, 

108(),    ii.    501;     revolution    at,    iii. 

505  7. 
Loyola,  P.  de,  gov.  of  Nic,  ii.  (JOT. 
Lu((ue,  Padre,  Piziirro's  conquest,  ii.  3, 

8,  12,  14,  30. 


.M 


M'Donald,  A,,  usurpation  of,  in  Yuc, 

iii.  315. 
Macdonald,    regent  of  ,Mos(piitia,   iii. 

248;    arrest   of   C^uijano,    1841,   iii. 

249-51. 
.Macfiregor,   (t.,   expcd.   of,    1818-19, 

iii.  498-501. 
McliUre,  R.  Le  M.,  discoveries  of,  iii. 

089  91. 
.Madri/,,    Licentiate,   di.sturbances    iU'. 

citeil  by.  1099  1701,  ii.  (502. 
.Magellan,    F.    de,  voyage  of,    1519,   i. 

i:U  (). 
Mail   service,    t)f    Cent.     Anier. ,     iii. 

071  2. 
MaioUo,  map  of,  i.  130. 
Major,  R.  H.,  '  J..ife  of  Prince  Henry 

of  Portugal,"  i.  70. 


INDEX. 


70.'i 


Malacataii,   capturi!  of,  ]o'27i,  i.   t)!)7-  j 

Malilouado,  A.,  alcalde  iiiaydr  of  Es- 
pauola,  i.  'S)0.  ' 

Maldoiiado,  A.,  coinptlation  of,  i.  'JSti. 

MaMonailii,  A.  do,  visitador,  loST),  ii. 
\'A\;    jiiez    dc    resideiicia,    ii.    i;?2;  j 
preaiiic'iit    of    tlio  audieucia  of    tiio  i 
C'oiitiiios,  ii.  ;{()!;  dispute  with  Las 
Casas,  l.")4.'},  ii.  .SOI -7;  residoucia  of, 
ii.    30S-'.t;    provis.    gov.    of  (iuat.,  ^ 
l.")4'2,  ii.  .'W.S;  exped.  to  Talaiiianca, 
!(■>()(),  ii.  44().  ! 

Mak'spiu,  president  of  Salv.,  iii.  I'JO; 
defence  of  Salv.,  1SJ4,  iii.  l'.»0-l; 
invasion  of  ( Iuat.,  iii.  I'.M  .'{;  of  Nic, 
iii.  1!(4  .");  capture  of  Leon,  iii.  11(7- 
200;  dispute  with  Kuznian,  iii. 
'20'_'-3. 

MaU'spin,  Col  F.,  revolution  of,  184'J, 
iii.  •-.'«»;  president  of  Salv.,  iii.  20(1; 
defeat  of,  iii.  2y;{-4;  death  of,  iii. 
204. 

Malinche,  see  Cortes,  H. 

Manxes,  Alvarado's  con(|uest  o;  the, 
l.VJ."),  i.  ()0:)-702. 

^lanagiia,  revolt  at,  lS;W-4,  iii.  17o-0; 
IS4.'),  iii.  240-1;  .seat  of  govt  at, 
184.">,  iii.  241;  cholera  at,  ISii't,  iii. 
'XHi;  description  of,  iii.  5(>S. 

Manches,  christianization,  etc.,  of,  ii. 
072-:{. 

Manosca  y  Murillo,  J.  de,  jiresideut 
of  (Iuat.,  1(»70,  ii.  (i.")0;  bishop  of 
(iuat.,  1(51)8-7.),  ii.  ()()8. 

Mansvelt,  buccaneer,  raids,  etc.,  of, 
ii.  4()0-:J. 

Manufactures,  of  Cent.  Anier.,  iii. 
(iOO  2. 

Maps,  the  worlil,  i.  73;  Zeno's  chart, 
i:«tO,  i.  82;  Jlehaim's  globe,  1402,  i. 
03;  Cosa's  map,  l.")(K),  i.  11.'); 
Kuy.sch".s,  150S,  i.  12ti;  I'eter  Mar- 
tyrs, 1")11,  i.  127;  I't.ileniy'.s,  l,")13, 
i.  130;  in  Munich  Atlas,  l.")18,  i. 
133;  Sehoner's  globe,  l.VJO,  i.  1.37; 
Bordone's,  I.')28,  i.  144;  Ribero's, 
l.VJO,  i.  14G;  the  New  World,  1530, 
i.  147;Kuscellis,  l.')44,  i.  148;  Fine's, 
ir)31,  i.  140;  Castillo'.s,  l.-)4l,  i.  ir)3; 
nianuscri|it,  l."')32  40,  i.  l.")4;  Casti- 
Ua  del  Oro,  i.  .323;  ii.  40;  Karieii,  i. 
3t)2,  400,  40."),  41ii.  427;  Nic,  i.  ul3; 
ii.  17.");  iii.  258;  lloml.,  i.  .")IS;  ii. 
148;  iii.  110,  20."),  108;  t,tuiche  and 
( 'acUehiijuel,  i.  (120;  Peru,  ii.  0; 
Alvarado's  march,  ii.  82;  (Juat.,  ii. 
01,  ,320;  iii.  101;  C.  H.,  ii.  188;  iii. 
184,  2.34;  Ciiiap.,  ii.  331;  iii.  .30; 
Liicandou  war,  ii.  3()3;  .Moscpiitia, 
ii.  ()03;  iii,  24();   Belize,  ii.  (i27;  de- 


feat of  Padilla,   iii.   .'S;  Los  Altos, 
iii.    I.")7.    27.');   .Salv.,   iii.    101,    20."); 
Walker's    e.xped.,    iii.    343;     inter 
oce.uiic  commuuieation,  iii.  (J02. 

Maracaibo,  plundered  by  Morgan,  ii. 
400   1. 

Marchena,  Treasurer  U.  ile,  mention 
of,  ii.  280-1. 

Marin,  K.,  acting  jefe  of  .Salv.,  1842, 
iii.  28()  7. 

Marin,  (ien.  F<.,  execution  of,  1877, 
iii.  4(U. 

Marin,  Ca[it.  L.,  character  of,  ii.  21."); 
exped.  toChiap.,  l.")24,  21.")  2."). 

Mar(|uez,  1).,  eontador  at  Antigua, 
lul4,  i.  3'.M). 

Marijuez,  (<.,  acting  jefe  of  (iuat., 
1830,  iii.  l.")4  ."). 

Marro.piin,  F.,  biog.,  etc.,  ii.  134; 
bishop  of  (iuat.,  ir)3;{.  ii.  13.");  ad- 
ministr  ,  ii.  13.")-40;  Alvarado's  ex- 
ecutor, etc.,  ii.  207-0;  dispute  with 
Las  ( 'a.sas,  ii.  .303  ti,  34.3;  guv.  of 
(iuat.,  l.'}42,  ii.  310;  Imlian  pulicy, 
ii.  32.")  (1;  poverty  of,  ii.  :U2 -3;  con- 
vent, etc.,  founded  by,  ii.  ;{4.3-4; 
death  of,  1")()3,  ii.  .'17"). 

Martin,  A.,  tirst  Spaniard  to  sail  on 
South  Sea,  l.")13,  i.  .300  70. 

Martinez,  H.,  bishop  of  Pan.,  l.")8:{,  ii. 
47."). 

Martinez,  Friar  C.,  bishop  ni  Pan., 
1()2J,  i.  478. 

Martinez,  .1.  A.,  president  of  (iuat., 
1848,  iii.  274. 

Martinez,  (ien.  T.,  operations  of,  18o5, 
iii.  201;  1850-7,  hi.  3.')2,  .351),  .300; 
niend>er  of  junta,  18.")7,  iii.  30."); 
presiilent  of  Nic.,  1857-07,  iii.  .3(i5^ 
0;  biog.,  iii.  3()();  cleatli,  iii.  370. 

Martyr,  P.,  map  of,  1511,  i.  127  8; 
biog.,  i.  312;  works  ol,  i.  312   14. 

Mariire,  .M.  A.,  works  of,  iii.  17  IS; 
imiiri.soniiient  of,  iii.  10-20. 

Ma.saya,  revolt  at,  1812,  iii.  15;  Walk- 
er's attack  on,  18,")(),  iii.  ;{5;};  de- 
.■^truction  of,   185(),  iii.  355  0. 

.Mata,  Bri;:adier  .1.  .\.  ile  la,  gi>v.  of 
I'an.,   180,").  iii.  480. 

Matagali)a,  insurrection  in,  18^1,  iii. 
484. 

Mayorga,  M.  de,  president  of  (iuat., 
r773  8,  ii.  717  25. 

Mazariegos,  1).  i\v,  conquest  of  (  hiap., 
1520,  ii.  22i)  7,  meeting  witii  I'uer- 
toearrero,  ii.  227  S;  adnnnistr.  of, 
ii.  220  30;  nsideneia  of,  ii.  SM). 

Mazariegos,  M.  R.,  exped.  of,  1005,  ii. 
1)82  5. 

Mazat(^cs,  subndssion  of  the,  l.")24,  i. 
,"),")7-8. 


' 


764 


rxDi-.x. 


Ma;;:ii«;iian;j(i,  fuplui-i^  <if,  l."/J,"i,  i.  (!!),i 

Modiiia,   Alcalde,  i.i   cliiirgt!   at   Tru-  j 

jiUo,  1")!;"),  i.  5:;.").  ' 

^li'iliiia,  y.  1^',  iiu'iitioii  of,  ii.  i^2()-l. 
JMoilina,  J.  M.,   ])r<'si(li'iit  <if   lloiul., 

18;j(i-7'2,   iii.   4.')3-8;   revolt   of,   iii. 

41)1-!?;    execution,     ISTS,     iii.     4Gt; 

l)ir,g.,  i!i.  401-5. 
iMedra'io  y  Soldr/ano,  1".,   exjjod.   of, 

1G»'.»,  ii.  095. 
ArL'jia,  (I.,  prosceution   of  Alvarado, 

ii.  IfK). 
M(\jia,    II.,  surprised  l>y  ^'erduJ,'o,  ii. 

2i);i;    di  fc'ition,    etc.,    of,    ]54(),    ii. 

2o7-.S,  271. 
IMjjicaiios,  Arce'H  defeat  at,  1S23,  iii, 

04;  Hurreiidcr  of,  iii.  '.)•". 
M'dende/,  flov.  1*.,  ilcfeiiee  of  I'orto- 

Lello,  K;0_',  ii.  4(;7. 
'^leiuorias,' iii.  107. 
IMeiR'os,  M.,  cxped.  of,  KiOO,  ii.  004- 

5. 
Mencos,  ^I.  C.  do,  president  of  <  !uat., 

1057-07,  ii.  057-8. 
Mendavia,   Dean   1'.  do,   diHt>irl)ance 

caused  l)y,  ii.  177-8. 
Meudez,  ]).,  in  Verag.,  150.%  i.  222-4; 

plot  of,  ii.   150-3;  execution  of,  ii. 

154. 
]Mi!iiciidez,    Gen.     V.,    revolution    of, 

1SS5,  iii.  411. 
!M.',ndr/,  H.,  piwcurator  to  Spain,  etc., 

1545,  ii.  »2:{-4. 
:M.mi.Icz,  ?.!.,  murder  of,  1872,  iii.  399. 
]\r(;ndiuuel:i,  y  !Mu/(piiz,  1'.  de,  viceroy 

of  Xew  <  Iranada,  ISOl,  iii.  480. 
iM.ndoza,   11.   do,   cxped.   of,   ],532,   i. 

148. 
!Meueses,    Capt.,   joins  IVdrarias'  cx- 
ped., l.")!!,   i.  39i);  garrison  of,   lio- 

sicged,  i.  402,  491. 
3M(^rcado,   J.    K.   do,    assassination    of 

Olid,  i.  5., 1-3. 
Mcrcado,  I'riar  M.  de,  hisliopof  I'an., 

1578,  ii.  475. 
!Mcrco(l,  oriler  of,   establd.   iu  <!uat., 

1537,  ii.  IIO-I;  tonvcnt  founded  at 

Ciudad  Iteal,  ii.  328-9. 
!Merlo,  11.   de,  cxpod.   of,  1.VJ5,  i.  577. 
Mestizo.s,    characteristics   of   tlic,    iii. 

594-5. 
Mexico,  iii.iou  of  Cent.   Anicr.  with, 

1821-2,  iii.  42-59;  ^\nr  with  Salv., 

1822-:i,  iii.  02-4. 
jNIoxioo    City,    machinations    against 

Cortes,  i.  572-5,  580-1. 
]Meyncr,   (J.,   gov.  of  Van.,   1812,   iii. 

495. 
Milla,  J.  J.,  vice-jefo  of  Homl.,  1824, 

iii.  101;  defeats  Ilcrrera,  iii.  102. 


Milieu,  F.  F.,  colonization  Hchenie  of, 

1S8'!,  iii.  590-J. 
Mining,  in  Hond.,  ii.  295;  iufluat.,  ii. 

383;  in  I'an.,   ii.   395-0,  585-C;   iu 

Cent.  Anier.,  iii.  055-00. 
Mini,  C,.,  president  of  I'an.,  1873,  iii. 

541. 
Mitla,  insurrection  iii,  1837,  iii.   124- 

5. 
Mixco,   capture   of,    1525,    i.   080-92; 

federal  victory  at,  1.S29,  iii.  97. 
Modei-ados,    Cuat.,    )iart\'   oruanizod, 

1848,  iii.  275. 
Molina,  (Vil  M.  A.,  jefe  of  Los  Altos, 

18.38,  iii.  l.">7-9;  execution  of,  1842, 

iii.  218. 
^Molina,  1'., '  Kl  Editor  ( 'onstitucional,' 

iii.  27-8;  l)iog.,  iii.  27-8;  revolution- 

ary  movctncnt.;,   iii.    33;   envoy  to 

liogotii,  1825,  iii.  81;  jefe  of  (!uat., 

iii.  104;  downfall  of,  iii.  105. 
Molliuedo  y  Saravia,   fr.,   cant. -gen., 

1801,  iii.  3;  rule,  iii.  .'!-(!;  ifeath,  iii. 

0. 
Monasteries,  suppression  of,  1829,  iii. 

104. 
Monasterio,  Capt.  J.  de,   oiierations, 

etc.,  of,  1003-9,  ii.  (i50-l. 
Montaiglon,  !M.  de,  worl;s  of,  i.  54. 
Montallioddo,  'Faesi  Nouaniente  re- 

trouati,'i.  12.3. 
Montalvo,    F.,  viceroy  of  New  (ira- 

iiada,  181.3,  iii.  4!;5. 
Mfinti^alegrc,  J.  M.,  president  of  Costa 

llica,  18.59-03,  iii.  373-7. 
Montejo,  F.  de,  gov.  of  llond.,  1537- 

9,  ii.  289-9'.;;  negotiations  with  Al- 

varado,  290-9. 
Monterroso,   F.  de  H.,  acting  gov.  of 

Fan.,  1708,  ii.  583. 
Montes,  F.,  arrest,  etc.,  of,   1810,  iii. 

493. 
Monies,  J.   F.,   president    of   Hond., 

1803,  iii.  324-5. 
Moutfraisicr,  l)ii  1'.  do,  '  Histoire  I'ni- 

verscllo,'  ii.  748. 
Mo:iti:ino,  M.  de,  gov.  of  Fan.,  1749- 

55,  ii.  584. 
r.Iontiil'ar,   Col   M.,   surrender  of,    iii. 

95. 
Mora,  F.,  invasion  of  C.  U..  iii.  387. 
Mora,  J.,   Kle  of  C.  1{.,   1822  .33,  iii. 

179-81;  liiog.,  iii.  180. 
Mora,  J.  I'.,  president  of  C.  R.,  1849 

-53,  iii.  23{i-7. 
Mora,  (Ion.  J.  J.,  operations  of,  1850, 

iii.  358. 
Mora,  J.  K.,  president  of  C.  R.,  1859, 

iii.  372;  revolt  against,   iii.  372-3; 

exile,  iii.  .373;  revolt  of,  iii.  374-5; 

execution,  1800,  iii.  375-0. 


INDKX. 


roo 


Morali's,  Cqit.  (r.  do,  joiii.s  l'e(li-;iria.s' 
fXJiril.,  l.")]4,  i.  .'{'.tO;  ixptd.  to  tlit^ 
IVarl  Islands,  1."],"),  i.  40S-11;  atro- 
citirH  of,  i.  411. 

.Morales,  M,  11.,  director  of  Nic,  1.S47, 
iii.  '24;{. 

^^orazall,  (It'u.,  victory  at  riualclifi, 
1S'_'S,  iii.  'Jo;  campaign  in  (iiiat., 
IS'JS-a,  iii.  !»(;-l(»;);  liarsli  iiioasurcs 
of,  iii.  KM)-:!;  opcivitioiis  in  Ifond., 
iii.  Ill;  president,  IS.'JO,  iii.  ]!•_'; 
rule,  iii.  ll'_'-t'J;  dc]parturc,  IS40, 
iii.  14'-'-:?;  invasion  of  ('.  R.,  IS4'_', 
iii.  21()-17;  measures,  iii.  •_'17-KS; 
provis.  jefe,  iii.  '2\S;  ea]>ture  of,  iii. 
•jr.)-20;  execution,  iii.  l.':.'l-2. 

Moreno,  Fiscal  ]'.,  cxjieil.  to  ilond., 
l.VJ."),  i.  .'):{.")-(). 

Morgan,  II.,  earl}-  career  of,  ii.  4812-.*?; 
plunders  I'ucrto  rrineipo,  ii.  4.S.'{; 
captures  rortol>ello,  KJOS,  ii.  4S:J-!t; 
atrocities  of,  ii.  4S4-7,  r)10-r2;  en- 
counters gov.  of  I'an.,  ii.  488-'.!; 
forces,  etc.,  of,  ii.  41) I -'J;  captures 
Santa  Catarina,  ii.  4'.).'{;  lands  at 
C'hagrc,  ii.  400-7;  march  across  tlie 
Jstlimus,  ii.  4',)7-r)():.';  captures  Pa- 
nama, 1()7I,  ii.  r)()4-7;  plot  against, 
ii.  '>\'2;  return  to  San  Lorcn/o,  ii. 
ol'J-Ki;  division  of  sj)oils,  ii.  r)I4; 
knighted,  etc.,  ii.  T)!.");  imprison- 
ment of,  ii.  r>l."). 

Morillo,  Mariseal  1'.,  exped.  of,  ISl."), 
iii.  4'.)(j. 

Moseoso,  L.,  exped.  of,  l.'i.'U),  ii.   1"_M. 

Mosipiitia,  ilescriptioM  of,  ii.  o'.I.VS, 
(!00-1;  liuccaneers  in,  ii.  o'.IS;  Brit- 
ish riglits  in,  ii.  S'.tS-i);  British  ag- 
gression in,  ii.  (Wl-'i;  maps  of,  ii. 
00;{;  iii.  'J4(i;  (Jalve/.' exped.  to,  l7Sl', 
ii.  (>()4-.~);  ])esp;ird's  exped.  to,  ]7>S'i, 
ii.  ()(),")-();  llrilish  proteetorati^  over, 
iii.  12l:4-.")'_';  kings  of,  iii.  '-'I.V.S;  at- 
tempts at  colonization,  iii.  L'kS-i). 

!Motolinia,  Fray  T.  do,  lalxus  in  \ic., 
1.VJ8,  ii.  1.S4;  in  Cnat.,  ii.  :!4.V7. 

^lourgcon,  iMariscal.l.  de  la  ('.,  capt.- 
gcn.  of  New  <  iranada,  ISlII,  iii.  ."lOl!; 
exped.  of,  iii.  aOl. 

Moya,  R.,  jefe  of  t'.  it.,  1S44,  iii.  '2-21. 

Muuoz,  F.,  execution  of,  I."(I7,  i. 
4.-)7-D. 

Munoz,  .T.  B.,  'llistoria  del  Niie\o 
•Mondo,'  i.  11)7-8. 

Mufioz,  <Jen.  J.  T.,  siege  of  Leon, 
IS44,  iii.  11)7;  promotion  of,  iii.  L'4I); 
operations,  etc.,  of,  184."),  iii.  'JH  H; 
revolt  of,  IS")!,  iii.  ^'.")(i;  negotiations, 
iii.  'J(i();  deatli.  IS.")."),  iii.  XM. 

Murillo,  Lieut-col  A.,  victory  at  Te- 
caiuiatnc,  1855,  iiij  '2GI. 


N 


Xaeaonie,  diet  of,  1848,  iii.  '20S. 
Naco  \'allej',  exped.   to,    ii.    14.">,    147, 

l."i(i-7. 
N'ancintlan,  burning  of,  l.'rJl,  i.  MS. 
Xapoleon  I.,  usurpation  of,  iii.  '2. 
Xarango,  liattle  of,  187(>,  iii.  4(i'J. 
Xarragansett  Ray,  settlement  founded 

at,  10()(),  i.  70. 
Xarvaez  y  la  Torre,  Brigadier  .\.,  gov. 

of  Fan.,  ISOl,  iii.  4S!>. 
Xata,  suri>rise(l  l>y  Fspino.s.i,  l.")l(i,  i. 

4'j;i;  settlement  founded  at,  i.  AO.'t-l). 
Xata,    Caeiipie,    capture   of,     l.')I,'),   i. 

414;  surreuiler  of,    l.")lt),    i.    4:2ll-(; 

exped.  against,  i.  424-5;  revolt  of, 

1.".17,  i.  4:!1. 
Xava,  .i.   de,   gov.   of  ('.   R.,  177.'!,  ii. 

01'2. 
Xavirette,  M.  F.  do,  works  t<<,  i.  01), 
^]!/8-2()();  l.iog.,  11)8. 
Xavas  y  (j>uevada,  A.  de  las,  hishop  of 

Xic,  1007,  ii.  44:f-4. 
Xavigation,  internal,  iii.  007-8. 
Xavio,  picture  of,  i.  ISl). 
.Xel.ah,  capture  of,  ],");!0.  ii.  Ill    I'J. 
X'egroes,    importation    of,    ii.    liSli  7; 

regtdations  concerning,  ii.  .'iSD-DO. 
Xeira,  (I.,  jircsident  of  I'an.,  187'--:!, 

iii.  5.';8-4l. 
X\lson,  II.,  exped.    to  Xic,    1780,    ii. 

001)-I1. 
'  Xew  {.'ollection  of   Voyages,' ii.  750. 
Xcwl'oundlaiiil,  Leif  lands  at,   I(H)(),  i. 

70. 
Xew  (iranada,   rehellion  in,   1810   Ki, 

iii.  41):i  0;  state  of,  oiganized,  IS.'il, 

iii.    5i:{;    revolution    in,    1840,    iii. 

515   10;    dilliculty     wjtli    iMigland, 

IS.'iO,  iii.  518;  with  I'.  S.,  1855,  iii. 

511);    18.")(i-7,   iii.   5L'(>-'_';  mining  in, 

iii.  051)- 00;  treaty  with  V.  S.,  1840, 

iii.  7(J0-1. 
New  laws,  puhlication  of  the,    1.54;!, 

ii.  240;  provisions,    ii.  210-1;  oppo- 

siti.>n  to  the,  ii.  242  :!,   :!0l-2,  :!2:!; 

re^ieah'd,    ]5t5,    ii.   325;    opposition 

to,  ii.  :!;i4-."»,  ;!;!s. 

New  .St  Au'lrew,  founding  of,  1()1)8, 
ii.  570. 

Newspapers,  iii.  27-8,  27:!,  288,  21)0, 
551),  5,84,  022,  027. 

'  Nc!W  Universal  Collection,'  ii.  750. 

'  New  \'oyages  and  Travels,'  ii.  751. 

Nicaragua,  l)avila's  exped.  to,  1.522- 
;{,  i.  48;i-l)4;  majis  of,  i.  51.S;  ii.  175; 
iii.  2.58;  ehureh  all'airs  in,  ii.  1()8  i), 
44:!  4,  012  17;  iii.  0:!2  :!:  revolts 
in,  ii.  274-8;  iii.  240  2,  2.")1»-01;  set- 
tlements,   etc.,   of,    ii.   4.'{4,   4U7-8; 


700 


iNJ)i:.\. 


l)iiiiiiiiii'iiu.s  in,  ii.  4;{(i-7;  oomiiierot^ 
of,  ii.  4IW;  piraticiil  raids  in,  Ki.S,")- 
(i,  ii.  rM;{-(i2;  (lipiituL'ion  provincial 
in,  iii.  47;  anncxatinn  to  .M^^\., 
J8'J1,  iii.  47-8;  internal  strife  in, 
Is;!;{-7,  iii.  170-7;  juntas  gubcrna- 
tivas,  iii.  170-'J;  assoniMy,  iii.  17-- 
:},  24:?,  'j:)7-ti(),  :il>7,  47.')-H;  eartli- 
•iuaku,  ttc,  in,  ISH."),  iii.  170-7;  se- 
cession, 18.'{8,  iii.  178;  liritish  mi'dia- 
tion  roquosti'd,  lS.10-40,  iii.  18(;-7; 
war  with  Hond.,  1844,  iii.  ]!)4-t20(); 
union  witli  S;dv.  and  llond.,  iii. 
'JOK-ll;  ('.  K.  boundary  ijuustion, 
iii.  '2^M~•^;  ]}ritish  claims,  iii.  'J.T.)- 
40;  ]$ritisli  ag}j;riissions  in  !Mos(jui- 
tia,  iii.  '244-51 ;  hostilities  with 
England,  ]S4S,  iii.  l!r)l-2;  ZuIcmIou- 
Wyku  treaty,  1800,  iii.  'J.")2-S; 
treaty  with  Spain,  J8r)l),  iii.  2.').'{; 
concordat,  iii.  2.");{;  foreign  rela- 
tions, iii.  254;  ditliculty  with  U.  S., 
1854,  iii.  254-5;  with  (iermany, 
187t),  iii.  25G;  declared  a  rejjiiblic, 
1852-4,  iii.  257;  war  with  tJuat., 
1850-3,  ii..  27'J-80;  Walker's  cam- 
paign in,  1S55-0,  iii.  328-4(i;  cholera 
in,  1855,  iii.  330;  war  with  C.  K., 
1857,  iii.  302;  junta  do  gobierno  in, 
1857,  iii.  305;  revenue,  iii.  300-7; 
constitution,  iii.  307;  rebellion  in, 
1809,  iii.  471-4;  difliculty  with 
L\  K.,  1873-5,  iii.  47D-82;  Jesuitic 
seditions,  iii.  484-5;  opposition  to 
Barrios,  1885,  iii.  480;  boundaries, 
iii.  507;  departments,  etc.,  iii.  507- 
8;  cities,  iii.  508-9;  population, 
1883,  iii.  588;  colonization  in,  iii. 
591-2;  character  of  population,  iii. 
599-001;  dress,  etc.,  iii.  001-2; 
dwellings,  iii.  002;  mode  of  life, 
iii.  003;  amusements,  iii.  003-4; 
education,  iii.  022-4;  ailministr.  of 
justice,  iii.  041-3;  army,  iii.  04(>-7; 
agric,  iii.  052-3;  mining,  iii.  057- 
8;  manufact.,  iii.  0(il;  revenue,  etc., 
iii.  083;  debt,  iii.  483,  083;  railroads, 
iii.  708. 

Nicaragua,  Caci(iue,  Davila's  visit  to, 
1522,  i.  480-9;  attacks  the  Span- 
iards, iii.  493. 

Nicarauiia,  istiimus,  project  for  canal, 
iii.  ()94~S. 

Nicaragua,  Lake,  discovei-y  of,  1522, 
J.  489. 

Nicoya,  Caci(iue,  Davila's  meeting 
M-ith,  1522,  i.  485-0. 

Nicoya,  iirovince,  incorporated  with 
('.  R.,  1825,  iii.  179. 

Nicoya,  town,  the  L'ontreras  revolt, 
1550,  ii.  277-8. 


Nicucsa,  1>.  de,  biog.,  etc.,  of,  i.  292- 

4;  gov.  of  (.'astilla  tlel  Oro,  i.  294  - 

0;  ipiarrcd  with  Ojeda,  i.  290-7;  ex- 

piMl.  to  Vcragua,   1509,  i.  290  308; 

relieved   by   Colmenares,   i.   331-2; 

reception  at  Antigua,  i.  334-5;  de- 

pr)sal,  i.  335;  fate  of,  i.  3.'!5-(!. 
'Nina,' voyage  of  the,  1492  3,  i.  159- 

CA. 
Nindiri,  volcano,    eruption    of,    1775, 

ii.  008. 
Nino,  I'ilot  A,  exiled.,  cti'.,  of,    15'22- 

3,  i.  478-93. 
Nino,  r.  A.,  voyagi'  of,   1499,  i.  180. 
Nito,  fortes' arrival  at,  I.V25,  i.  .505-7; 

sickness,  eti'.,  at,    i.  507-8;  site   of, 

abandoned,  i.  5()8,  570. 
Niza,  Friar  "SI.  de,  cxjied.  of,  1539,  i. 

151-2;  rept  of,  ii.  '205. 
Nombre  de  Dios,  name,  i.  307;  Nicu- 

esa  .-it,  i.  307-8;  fort  of,  built,  1510, 

i.  307-8;  departure  of  garriso-      i. 

337-8;  abandoned,  i.  331-3;  4l'2-13; 

rcfounded,  1519,  i.  471;  trade,  etc., 

of,  ii.  '248-9;  Nombre  (le  Dios,  Ver- 

dugo's  invasion  of,  ii.  203-4;  (iasca 

at,  1540,  ii.  207-9;  1550,  ii.  282-3; 

the  Contreras  revolt,   1550,  ii.  278, 

281-3;  removal  of  site,  etc.,  ii.  390- 

9;  Drake's  attack  on,  157*2,  ii.  405-0; 

destroyed  by  Drake,  1595,  ii.  422. 
Nori,  Caeii[ue,  execution  of,  ii.  55-0. 
North-west    passage,    discov.    of,    iii. 

089-91. 
'  Notes  de  Voy.agc  en  Centre   Anier- 

ique,'  iii.  07(5-7. 
'  Nouvelle  Bibliotheque  des  Voyages, ' 

ii.  757. 
Nueva  Andalucia,   name,  i.  294;  Oje- 

da's  exped.  to,  1509-10,  i.  '294-301. 
Nueva  Jacn,  fountling  of,  ii.  180. 
Nueva  Segovia,  freebooters  at,   1087, 

ii.  503-4. 
Nueva   Valladolid,   growth,   etc.,    fif, 

1557-74,  ii.  040-1;  earthquake    in, 

1774,  ii.  040. 
'Nucvo  Viajero  Universal,'  ii.  758. 
Nufiez,    A.,  Nicuesa's   exped.,    1509- 

10,  i.  307-8. 
Nuftez,  J.,  viee-jefe  of  Nic,  1835,  iii. 

177. 
Nunez,  Capt.  V.,  capture,  etc.,  of,  ii. 

'257-8. 
Nutibara,  Cacique,   defeat  of,   ii.  54. 


0 


Oajaca,  city,  capture,  etc.,  of,  iii.  (>. 
Obahlia,  J.  de,  gov.  of  I'au.,  1858,  iii. 
528. 


INDEX. 


7«7 


Obal.lia,  Col  A.,  revolt  of,  1808,  iii. 
Ml  S. 

Ocoliuc,  Tzfiulalus  repulseil  at,  171 -, 
ii.  70:{  4. 

Ocociiigo,  massacre  at,    171-,  ii.  690. 

Ojeda,  A.  do,  voyago  of,  14'.»1)-1.")(K), 
i.  Ill,  18(1;  1.")IL',  i.  118,  l'.»;  early 
career,  etc.,  of,  i.  'J'.>'2  4;  gov.  of 
NiU'va  .\iulalucia,  i.  21>4  (j;  <[iiarrel 
with  Nicuesa,  i.  'J!l(»  7;  exped.  of, 
1.")0<.I,  i.  •_«»()  :«)1;  death,  i.  ."iOi. 

Olandio,  sedition  ill,  IS'J'.t,  iii.  109-11; 
revolt  at,  1844,  iii.  'MO. 

Olaiiclio  Valley,  oeeupatioii  of,  l.")'J(!, 
i.  r)89  90. 

Olaiio,  L.  de,  NiciU'.sa'.s  exped.,  ITjOO- 
10,  i.  :{l)!  7;  ill  treatment  of,  i.  3;J2- 
:$;  <leath,  i.  441. 

Olarte,  V.,  .see  <Jalindo,    V.  (,). 

Ola/iregui,  \'.,  gov.  of  Pan.,  17G9,  ii. 

r)84. 

Olid,  (..'.  de,  exped.  to  Hond.,  lo'J4,  i. 

0124;  character,  i.  .")'J5;  treachery  of, 

i.    .")'JG-7;   meeting   with   (Jonzalez, 

i.  527-  S;  fight  with  Casas,   etc.,   i. 

529  ;M(;  assassination,  i.  Tj.SI   .'{. 
Olnios,  1'.  de,  defeat  of,  ii.  109  10. 
Omoa,  lioinhardmentof,  187H,  iii.  IWO. 
O'Neill,  (ten.,  e.xpcd.  to  Belize,  1798, 

iii.  .-^14. 
Orhita,   Friar  J.  de,  mission  to  Itza, 

1(3 IS,  ii.  iuli-o. 
Onhinez,    (Jol     (.'.,    commandant    at 

(Irunada,    iii.  59;   revolt   of,    1824, 

iii.  171-2. 
Ordufta,    F.    de,    juez  de    rcsidencia, 

1529^  ii.   105-0;  exped.  of,  ii.   110- 

II;   prosecution,  etc.,  of,   IS.'W,   ii. 

117-18. 
Oreanumo,  F.  M.,  jefo  of  C.  R.,  1844, 

iii.  220-7;  vice-president,    185.*},  iii. 

237. 
Orosco,  Prcshyter  L.  de,  assassination 

of,  ii.  709. 
Ortega,  J.,  president  of   Pan.,   1878, 

iii.  543-4. 
Ortiz,  A.,  cxpeil.  of,  ii.  148. 
Orueta  y  Irusta,    J.    B_    de,   gov.    of 

Pan.,  1709,  ii.  583. 
Osorio,   1>.  A.,  bishop  of  Nie.,   1531, 

ii.  108-9. 
O.stuncalco,    Indian  <mtl)reak  at,    iii. 

123. 
Osnna,  J.    V.  de,   capture  of  Copan, 

15.30,  ii.  115. 
Ovalle,  Missionary  P.  de,  lahors  of,  ii. 

044. 
Ovando,  N.  de,  gov.  of  F.spanola,  1502, 

i.  249;    instructions   to,    i.   249-50; 

exped.  of,  i.  2.">():  admiuistr.  i.  250- 

2,  250,  259-01,  200-8. 


Oviedo,  (i  F.  de,  hiog.,  i.  310;  works 
of,  i.  150,  310  12;  veedor  at  Anti- 
gua, 1514,  i.  3'.H);  eUbrts  in  Spain, 
151.-),  i.  403-4;  l,->2.3,  i.  511  12; 
regidor  p(^rpetnode  Antigua,  i  473; 
rule,  i.  474-5;  deposed,  i.  470; 
departure,  etc.,  1.VJ8,  i.  477;  capt.- 
gen.  of  t'artagena,  i.  593. 

Oxenham,  .1.,  expt'd.  to  L'an.,  1575,  ii. 
418. 

Oxii)  C^uieh,  King,  acecision  of,  1524, 
i.  t>45;  plot  of,  i.  (!40;  capture,  etc., 
of,  048. 

Ozorco  y  IJt^rra,  '  ( 'artografia  Mexi- 
caua, '  i.  70. 


Paclieco,  (ien.,  defeat  of,  1829,  iii. 
97. 

Pacific  Ocean,  see  South  Sea. 

Paiz,  Brigadier  (i.,  cabinet-minister, 
1845,  iii.  2(»8  9. 

Palahunoh  Pass,  Alvarado's  victory 
at,  1524.  i.  0:{4  0. 

Paloinar,  .1.  M.,  in  command  at  Tru- 
jillo,  1820,  iii.  24. 

Palomino, .].  A.,  exped.  toNic,  ii.  2()2. 

Panaguali,  (.'aci(|ue,  execution  of,  ii. 
91. 

Panama  (see  al.io  L'astilla  del  Oro), 
audiencias  of,  ii.  57-8,  370  1,  585; 
slavery,  etc.,  in,  ii.  2.32  3;  com- 
merce, etc.,  in,  ii.  390  .3,  587,  594; 
iii.  072-5;  shipping,  ii.  392;  pearl 
fisheries,  ii.  394-5,  585;  mining,  ii. 
395-0,  585-0;  iii.  (J.VJ-OO;  J)rake"s 
raids  in,  1572,  ii.  405-17;  Oxenham's 
exped.,  1575,  ii.  418;  otiicials  of, 
ii.  471;  snmggliug  in,  ii  473-4;  iii. 
491-2;  chureii  afl'airs,  i.  'M)-\,  ii. 
474-80;  iii.  035-7;  Mor;;an"s  raid.i 
in,  I()(i8-7I,  ii.  48.3  515;  Indian 
raids  in,  1745-74,  ii.  581-2;  in- 
eorporateil  with  New  (Iran.,  1718, 
ii.  584;  revenue,  iii.  490,  (580  7; 
industrial  depression  in,  iii.  4'.H); 
population,  etc.,  iii.  490  2,  580  1; 
viceregal  seat  at,  1812,  iii.  494; 
Macgregor's  invasion  of,  |8|S  19, 
iii.  498-.")01;  revolution  in,  1821, 
iii.  002  7;  1831,  iii.  514;  1840,  iii. 
514  15;  18()8,  iii.  .5.3li  7:  aiUKJXed 
to  Cohunbia,  1821,  iii.  500  8;  slav- 
ery aijolished  in,  iii.  509;  subju- 
gation of,  iii.  515-10;  declared  a 
state,  1855,  iii.  525,  52!t;  eoiintltu- 
tion  of,  iii.  52(!.  .->40.  .")42,  541;  dis- 
turbances in,  I8.S3  4,  iii.  540  8;  a 
national  department,  iii.  5.")9;  boun- 
daries, etc.,  iii.  577-8;  dopartnientu, 


708 


INDEX. 


iii.  578;  cities,  iii.  r)78-9;  woinon 
of,  iii.  581-2;  eilucatioii  in,  iii.  5!S;} 
4;  literature,  iii.  584;  aimiMeiiieiits, 
iii.  584-5;  cpideniii'.x,  etc.,  iii.  585  (1; 
iulniiiiistration  of  justice,  iii.  (i44  5; 
aririy,  iii.  (>45-(;;  agric,  iii.  054  5; 
currency,  iii.  ()75-(i;  tclegraph.s,  iii. 
708  ». 

Panama,  city,  name,  i.  404;  post  es- 
estaMisiied  on  site  of,  1517,  i.  4'2!t; 
founiling  of,  151 !(,  i.  4liiS;  progress, 
etc.,  <if,  i.  4U5-5()0;  arms  of,  i.  5011; 
slave  market  at,  i.  (iOS  !l;  I'izarro's 
expc<l.,  ii.  1  15;  proposed  removal 
of  site,  15;)l,  ii.  'J47;  prosperity, 
etc.,  of,  ii.  'J4!>  50;  pillage  fif,  ii. 
255;  llinojosas  eonipiest  of,  1.545, 
ii.  255  01;  (iasca  at,  1540  7,  ii. 
200  72;  captured  liy  I'ontreras, 
1550,  ii.  270  81;  Bei'mejo's  defeat 
at,  ii.  284  0;  sickness  at,  ii.  309- 
400;  otiicial  emliezzlenient  at,  ii. 
401-2;  defences  of,  ii.  402-;{;  deca- 
dence of,  llJiO,  ii.  470;  convent 
estal)ld.  at,  1502-8,  ii.  475-0;  llres 
at,  1044,  ii.  470;  1737  71,  ii.  5S2; 
prosperity  of,  1045  70,  ii.  480  1 ; 
descriptions  of,  ii.  502-3;  iii.  578- 
9;  captured  by  Morgan,  ii.  504  7: 
destruction  of,  KiTl,  ii.  ,507-8;  site 
of,  removed,  ii.  517-18;  reliuilding 
of,  ii.  517-19;  naval  condiat  off, 
1080,  ii.  534-7;  freebooters  defeated 
oil',  1085,  ii.  552-3;  revolution  at, 
1821,  iii.  504-8;  gen.  congress  at, 
1820,  iii.  510-12;  disturbances  at, 
1850,  iii.  520-1;  18.59-00,  iii.  52S-30. 

Panama.  Istlmms,  infested  witii  crimi- 
nals, iii.  518-19;  guard  of  the,  1854, 
iii.  519;  traiisit  refused,  iii.  522-3; 
order  restored  at,  iii.  524;  protec- 
tion of  the,  iii.  539  40,  55l_-8;  dis- 
turbances at,  18S5,  iii.  5.50-7;  canal, 
iii.  098-700,  703-0;  railroad,  iii. 
700-2. 

Panciaco,  story  of  the  Soutli  8ea,  i. 
348;  kinilncss  to  tlio  Spaniards,  i. 
383. 

Parada,  J.  (1.  de,  bishop  of  Guat., 
1729-30,  ii.  710-11. 

Peredes,  A.  (i.  de,  exped.,  etc.,  of, 
1095,  ii.  087-90. 

Parcdes,  M.,  president  of  (Juat.,  1849, 
iii.  277;  treachery  of,  iii.  277-8. 

Paris,  Cacique,  defeats  Badajoz,  1515, 
i.  415-17;  tomb  of,  plundered,  i.  408. 

Parker,  Capt.  W.,  exped.  of,  1002-3, 
ii.  405-8. 

Pasamonte,  M.  de,  treasurer-general 
at  Santo  Domingo,  l.")08,  i.  200-7. 

Pasaquina,  battle  of,  1870,  iii.  404. 


Pastora,  F.  V.  de  la,  gov.  of  (!.  R., 

1740,  ii.  022. 
Patersoii,  \V.,  the  Scots' colony,  1095- 

9,  ii.  570-7. 
I'atinamit,    description   of,    i.    055  0; 
Alvarado's    reception    at,     1524,    i. 
050  7;  abandoned  by  natives,  1521, 
i.  083  4;  .sack,  etc.,  of,  1525,  ii.  77; 
battle  of,  1.520,  ii.  S4. 
Patzicia,    pronunciamiento   at,    I  ST  I, 
I      iii.  420-1. 

j  Paul  III.,  bull  of,  1531,  ii.  239. 
;  Pavon,   i\\.   F.,  minister  of  relations, 
I      etc.,   1844,  iii.  192;  death  of,    1S55, 
I      iii.  283. 

Paz,  M    J.,  jefe  of  (luat.,    183S,   iii. 
j       159. 

j  I'az,  R.,  president  of  (inat.,   1840-4, 
1      iii.  200-7. 
Pazaco,   Alvarado  attacked   at,    l.")24, 
j      i.  009. 

I  Pearl    lislieries,    of    Pan.,    ii.    394-5, 
I      585;  condition  of,  iii.  07ti. 
'  Pearl  Islands,  named,    1513,  i.  ."77  8; 
Morales'  exped.  to,  1515,  i.  408   11; 
i      Balboa  at,    1517,   i.   445-,52;   yield, 

etc.,  of,  iii.  070. 

!  Pedrarias,   D.,  character,  etc.,  i.   387, 

I      ()15-1();  capt. -gen.    of    CastiUa    del 

I      Oro,  1514,  i.  387;  armament,  i.  389; 

I      retinue,  etc.,  i.  389-91;  instructions 

I      to,  i.   391-2,  397-9;  voyage,  i.   ;!92; 

landing  at  Antigua,  i.  393  4;  cxiied. 

to  Cenii,  1515,  i.  417;  founds  Ada, 

i.   418;  feud  with  Balboa,  i.  4.")2  3; 

fraud  of,  i.  435-0;  duplicity,  i.  4.52, 

455;  Balboa's   trial    and   execution, 

1517,     i.    450-9;    founds    I'anami'i, 

1519,   i.   408;  residencia    of,   i.   474, 

594  0;  resignation,   i.   474;   dispute 

with    (Jonzalez,    i.     481   3;    exped. 

against  Urracii,  i.  507  8;  cxjied.  to 

Nic,    1520,  i.   587  92;    1.528,  i.   005; 

I'izarro's  expeil.,  i.  ()12   13;  death, 

1530,  i.  014. 

Pedraza,  Licentiate  (.'.   de,  arrival  in 

Hond.,    1538,    ii.    292;  intercession 

of,  ii.  29S;  bishop,  ii.  299;  adniin- 

istr.,  ii.  299-308. 

Peinado,    J.    M.,    intcndente    of    Sau 

Salv.,  ii.,  13-14. 
Pelaez,  F.  de  P.  (!.,   '  Mcniorias,' ii. 
732-3,    737;    archbishop   of   <!uat., 
iii.  030. 
Pclham,  C,  'The  World,' ii.  751. 
Pefialver  y  v 'ardenas,  L.,  archbishop 

of  (luat.,  iii.  29. 
Peralta,  F.  de,  naval  combat  oil'  I'an., 

1080,  ii.  535-7. 
Peraza,   Friar  V.  de,  bishop  of  Pan., 
i.  501;  ii.  59. 


INDKX. 


769 


IV.  lit  (!.  K., 

colony,  Hi'.l.'j- 

(if,    i.    t>."M  (i; 

at,     1.VJ4,    1. 

native's,  I.VJl, 

,  l.VJ"),  ii.  77; 

ito   at,    I  h7  I , 

ii.  '-':'.'.». 

'  of  ri'latioiis, 

•atli  of,    185o, 

at.,   1S:W,  iii. 

liiat.,   lS-tO-1, 

kfil  at,    l.VJi, 

,u.,  ii.  :w4-r), 
till). 

1, ■)!:?,  i.  :i77  H; 
51.-),  i.  40S  11; 
44.-)-r)2;   yicltl, 

;r,  etc.,  i.  •W7, 
{  L'astilla  <k'l 
iiiaiiiciit,  i.  :51S'.I; 
1;  iustnictioiis 
k-oyago,  1.   ■>".'_, 

;«);?  4;  ixiicd. 

;  fouiiils  Ada, 

liioa,  i.  4:;-_'  :i; 

i^ilicity,  i.  4-'-, 

mil  LXii'Utioii, 

inds    J'aiuuijri, 

lia    of,   i.   4(4, 

474;   ilispiitc 

4M   :!;    txputl. 

7  ,S:  ('XiK'tl.  to 

;    l.VJS.  i.   t)()5; 

W2   i:!;  'K^atli, 

(Ic,  arrival  in 
L;  iiitcrct'ssioii 
Ii.   '2W:  ailmiii- 

luk'Uto    of    'Sail 

Moiiioriai*,'  ii. 
(lop   of   (!uat., 

il.'ii.  7.")1. 
\L.,  aruhl>i«hop 

Imliat  olVrau., 

Lhop  of  I'liu., 


Perez,  A.,    insurrection   of,    1512,    i. 

3r)5-G;  captures  Nata,  1515,  i.  414. 
Perez,  B.,  viceroy  of  New  (iran.,  1812, 

iii.  494-5. 
Perez,  .1.,  works  of,  iii.  345-0. 
Perez,  M.,  director  of  Nic,  1843,  iii. 

2:«t. 

Perie,  ,1.,  gov.  of  C.  R.,  1779,  ii.  G22. 
Perks,  W.,  command,  etc.,  of,  iii.  93 

-4. 
Peru,  Pizarro's  conquest  of,  ii.  1-42; 

map,   ii.    9;    tradition.s,   ii.    10-17; 

annals,  ii.  17-lS;  Alvarado's  exped. 

to,   ii.   38-9,    122-30;    rebellion   in, 

ir>44-7,  ii.  252-73. 
Pcteii,  capture  of,  1097,  ii.  092-3. 
Peten,  lake,  Cortes  .".t,  i.  559-(>l. 
Pieilrahita,   Bishop  L.   F.,   works  of, 

ii.  02. 
Pierzon,  Col  J.,  operations  of,   1820, 

iii.  148-9;  execution,  iii.  150. 
Pineda,  D.  de,  juez  de  coinision,  ii. 

178. 
Pineda,  Gen.  J.  L.,  director  of  Nic, 

1851-3,  iii.  250;  revolt  aj;ainst,  iii. 

250;  defeat  of,  1855,  iii.  332. 
PiAeda  y  Zuldana,  T.  M.,  bishop  of 

Salv.,  iii.  0.32. 
Pinelo,  A.  de  L.,  works  of,  i.  2S7-8; 

ii.  702. 
Pinkerton,  J.,  works  of,  ii.  755-0. 
Pinol  y  Ayeinena,  B.,  archbishop  of 

(iuat.,  1808,  iii.  0.30. 
'I'iiita,'   voyage    of    the,     1492  ,3,    i. 

159-04. 
Pinta,  A.,  capture  of  San  Jose,  1842, 

iii.  219-20;  biog.,  iii.  219;  execution 

of  Morazan,  iii.  222;  comand.-gen., 

iii.  224;  dismissal,  iii.  225-0. 
Pinto,  J.  A.,  vice-president  of  C.  R., 

1872,  iii.  381-2. 
Pinzon,  AI.  A.,  voyage,  etc.,  of,  1492-.3, 

i.  158-03. 
Pinzon,  V.  Y.,  voyage  of,   1492-3,   i. 

112,   158-03;   1499,  i.   180;   1.500,  i. 

122,  289. 
Pisa,  A.  de,  caj)turcs  Dururua,  ii.  08; 

cxped.  to  C.  11.,  ii.  192-9. 
Pizarro,  ¥.,  joins  Ojedas'  exped.,  1.509, 

i.  298;  at  San  Sabastian,   i.   .321-3; 

defeats    Ceniaeo,    i.    344;    Balitoas 

cxped.,  1514,  i.  37t);  Tabira's.  i.  407; 

cxped.  to  the  Pearl  Islands,  1515,  i. 

408  11;    arrests    Balboa,     1517,    i. 

452-3;    exped.    against    Urraca,    i. 

504-5;  character,  etc.,  ii.  1-3;  con- 
quest of  Peru,  ii.  3-38;  commission, 

ii.  13;  assassination  of,  ii.  40-2. 
Pizarro,  (}.,  conquest  of  Peru,  ii.  13; 

gov.    of   Quito,    ii.   251;   revolt   of, 

J 544,  ii.  252-4;   conquest  of  Pan.. 
UlST.  CENT.  Am.,  Vor,.  III.    4'J 


ii.  254-Gl ;  defeat  of,  ii.  272;  cxeca- 
tion,  ii.  273. 

Pizarro,  H.,  conquest  of  Peru,  ii.  22- 
40;  death,  ii.  40. 

Pizarro,  .1.,  eonipiest  of  Peru,  ii.  l;{. 

Piziirro,  Friar. I.,  martyrdom  <if,  158(1, 
ii.  433. 

Pizarro  y  Drellana,  F.,  works  of,  ii. 
273. 

Poooa,  Cacique,  attack  on  Nata,  etc., 
1527,  i.  510. 

Pocorosa,  Caci([ue,  meeting  with  Bal- 
boa, etc.,  1513,  i.  381  2;  captuicn 
Santa  Cruz,  1515,  i.  403;  attacks 
<iuzman,  i.  405  0. 

Ponca,  Cacique,  exped.  against,  1512, 
i.  .'UO;   welcomes   Ballxia,    i.   3l)l   3. 

Ponce,  (leu.  F.,  president  of  Pan., 
1808,  iii.  .5.30. 

Poncra,  Cacique,  I^lboa's  cruelty  to, 
i.  379-80. 

Pontaz,  Friar,  labors  of.  ii.  1.33. 

Pontaza,  Friar  F.  .M.  de,  'lermitiigo 
establ.  by,  1524,  i.  (i.38. 

Porque,  Cacique,  defeat  of,  1513,  i. 
303-4. 

PortoI)ello,  CoUnnbu:-!  at,  1.502,  i.  210; 
Nicuesa  at,  1510,  i.  307;  fair,  etc., 
at,  ii.  48  9;  site  of  Noinbre  de  Dios 
removeil  to,  1.597,  ii.  399;  captuiccl 
by  Parker,  lli()2,  ii.  400-8;  descrip- 
tion of,  ii.  408-70;  treasure  flicb 
.•vt,  ii.  4()8-9;  captured  liy  Morgan, 
10(i8,  ii.  483-9;   sacked  by  pirati's, 

1079,  ii.  519;  captured  by  Wrnou, 
1739,  ii.  588-91;  by  Mac(;regor, 
1819,  iii.  498-9;  recaptured,  iii.  501. 

Poveda,    A.,    gov.    of   Nic,    1722,    ii. 

007. 
Prado,      M.,      vice-president.      Cent. 

Amer.   republic,    1830,   iii.    112   13; 

jefe  of  S.dv.,  18.32-4,  iii.    Ili2,  107; 

rule,  iii.  I()7  8. 
Prescott,  W.   H.,  works  of,  i.  242-<l 
I'res.s,  freedom  of,('stal)li.siu'<l,  iii.  44  .5. 
Prcstan,    P.,    outrages 

551-3. 
Prevost,   Abbe    A.    F., 

740-8. 
Prior,  P.,  'Inforine,'  ii 
'  Provincias    Unidas    del     Ci;ntro 

America,'     established,      1823, 

08;  debt  of,  iii.  007-8. 
Ptolemy,  maps  of,  i.  1.30,  147. 
Pueblo   Nuevo,    ])irates    defeated 

1080,  ii.  .539;  1080,  ii.  .557. 
Pueblo  Viejo,  captureil  by  freeliooters, 

1()80,  ii.  550. 

Puentc,  A.  de  la,  treasurer  at  Anti- 
gua, 1514,  i.  390. 

I'uerta,    C.    M.    de   la,    labors   of,   in. 


of,     1885,    iii. 

works   of,    ii.. 

.  702. 

.le 
iii. 

at. 


770 


1NI>KX. 


Tfgiioigalpa,  ii.  M2;  martyrdom  of, 
ii.  m:\. 
I'lUTto  ilo  ('al)allo.s,  Alvanulont,  \i>',V,), 
ii.    '204;    rai.U   on,    l.V.>5 C,  ii.  C.a'.t; 
KiOJl,  ii.  fi-V);   nito  of,  rt'iuovutl,  ii. 

mi 

I'ucrto  l>nlci',  founding' of,  ii.  (ifil. 
riK-rto  I'riiiript',  (■.■nitiircil  liy  Morgan, 

ii.  4S;{. 
I'lii-rtofarroro,  1'.,  liattlo  of  Xnlaliuli, 

I.VJ4,    i.    0:J'.»;    tliarai'tcT,    ii.    87-.S; 

c'xpril.  to  Zac  atfpoc,  ii.  XS-!tl ;  cai>- 

tnro    of    Ninaoaiu'd    Htroiii^liold,    li. 

'.)3-iJ;   invasion  of  Cliiap.,   ]5i20,  ii. 

•J'27-8. 
I'lirclias,  S.,  Works  of,  ii,  74'2-4. 


Q. 


(,!:it,  Kinj,',   Alv;ira<lo's  oiuliassy  to,  i. 

»■.•_'•-'-:<. 

(,)iia(lra,  V.,  jirrsidtmt  of  Xic,  1.S7I-.", 

iii.  47.VN1. 
liliKirt'(|ua,   lialhoa  at,    l.")l;i,    i.  ;{(i.'{-4. 
(,*ii;iiiIiU'niotzin,   Kinj,',   t'xec;ution    of, 

I.V24,  i.  Cm]  4. 
(,'u.ina,    ('aci<]\ii',     faittiim,    cti'.,    of, 

1.">1(),  i.  4l.'(>. 
«,'ii.sada,   J)r  A.   11.   do,  president   of 

tiiu  audioncia  of  llic  Confines,  ].").")."i, 

ii.  .■{.")S;  adniini.str.,  ii.  S.")8  tlO. 
<i>m>Vfd(>,  .r.  de,  liisliopof  ])arii;n,  loll, 

i.  IV.H);  iiiodiation,  etc.,  of,  i.  4;i(i-',); 

dopartiiro  for  Spain,  i.  4()1 ;  dispute 

with  J-iasCasas,  i.  4l)'2-3;  niciiiorials 

<rf,  i.  4(>;);  duatli,  i.  4[y.\. 
<,tiuv.ada,  convention  of,  lM-4,  ill.   I'.l.'i. 
(j>iu/altcnango,  founiling  of,   ir>i;4,  i. 

(ilW;  riotat,  iii.  S8-'.l;  .statu  oon^'i'css 

at,  1S2(!,  iii.  14S;  ca])t\ired  liy  Tiii- 

zon,    iii.    14');    revolt   at,    iii.    i-'.s;}; 

atlairat,  ISTl,  iii.  4'2'2. 
♦jhiiche,  ])ower,  etc.,  of,  i.  t)"2\>-"2;  map 

of,    i.    (i2'.t;    eonijuest   of,    i,    (>.'?4-(i, 

(Vt:?  ,■.!. 

<,>llijano,    ],ieMt.-rnl,    p^ot<^-lt,    etc..    iil, 

ii'i.  'SAl 
•  iMiifiones,  F..  i-4ViiU,  at,  I.con,  ISl'J,  iii. 

14. 
(.•iiintana,  works,  etc'.,  of,  ii.  4'2. 
<.iuiro,t;a,  M.  tie,  gov.  of  Nie.,  IT.SO,  ii. 

(lOS! 


R 


llaliago.  J.  do  E.,  exped.  of,  ii.  4"2.">-(i. 
Kada,  il.  lie,  as.sassiiiation  of   I'i/.arro, 

ii.    lO-I. 
Kadroads  in  Cent,   .\niei'.,  iii.  THit-'.;, 

700-8. 


'  llamiroz,  !>.,  nii«Hiou  to  Cliiaj).,  IM^, 
I      ii.  :{:!8. 
lliiMiire/,  ]''riar    11.,    liisliop  nt    I'lin., 
I      lf)44,  ii.  47'.t 
lianiirez,  if.,  op  of  <  iiial,.,  ItilMt,  ii. 

;{81. 
R.'iniire/,  :SI.,    director  of  Nie,,    ISI'.t, 
:      iii.  'JM. 

1  Kaniirez,  N.,   jefe  of  Salv.,    INU,    iii. 
1      '28(1. 
Itiiniirez,     1'..    I'xped.    to     Lai'andon, 

],">'.»,  ii.  ;ic.:t-'). 

liiion,  .1.,  ^'ov.  of  I'an,,  170"2,    ii.   ."i.vl. 

ii.'ioiil,    iS'.,    coinniander   of   artillery, 

etc.,  182."),   iii.  So;  arrest,  iii.  8.")-(J. 

I  lleaetioni.sts,   (!uat.,    elioicu   of  jinsi- 

1      dent,  1848,  iii.  '274;  etiorts  of,  1872, 

iii.  427- !>:   "^7:?,  iii.  4.*!:}. 
I  lt<!aliJo,  the  Contreras  revolt,  liVK),  ii. 
!      277;  piratical  rai<l  on,  108-1,  ii.  548; 
I      108."),  ii.  .").").");  I(i8t),   ii.   ")<iO;  Mock- 
I      ado  of,  1840,  iii.  240. 
i  '  Kecopilacion  delii'yes  de  las  Iiidias,' 
i.  2")7-8. 
'lluciieil     de    \'oiaf,'es    an    Nord,"    ii. 

74<.»-r)0. 
Regent  of  Andicncias,o(liee  of,ercated, 
j       1770,  ii,  714-1."). 

:  lleniesal.    Friar   A.   de,   works   of,    ii, 
!      :m  41).  730-7. 

:  Kep.irtiiiiiento,     system,      ilescription 
of,  i.  2(i2-(). 
'Repnl)lica      di;       ( 'oloiiilii.i,'      nanu; 

adopted,  iii.  5."i8. 
Residcncia,    explanation    of    term,    i. 

2.")0. 
lleveiuie,    of   Cent.    Amer.    stati's,  iii. 

()77-S7. 
I  llevolntifnis,    Carrcra's    tiuat.,    l.s;{7- 

41),  iii.  127-14;  Alfaro's  C.  K.,  iii. 
I  21!)  22;  against  Carreia.  1847-8, 
!       iii.  271-:!;   Menendez',  INN'),  iii.  411; 

(!ranado.s-15arrios,  1871,  iii.  41'.)- 24; 
I  in  Tan.,  1821,  iii.  502-7;  1840,  iii. 
I      .")15-I0;  1808,   iii.   r).'^0-7;  187"),   iii. 

-)41-2. 
Ivihera,   'l>r,  defeats  N'ei-duLio,  il.  2(i3- 

4. 

llibera,    iHlipie    de,    liisliop    i^i    I'an., 

l.V,)4,  ii.  475. 
llihera,    ]'.    E.   dii,   liis!io[)    ni'    <liiat., 

l!l.")i) CS,  ii.  007-  S. 
lUliero,  1>.  de,  Nieiicsa's  exped  ,   l.">0!) 

-10,  i.  ;i()2-4. 
Riuhanlsoii,   .1.,  '  I'olar   Ite^imis,'   iii. 

70l>. 
Rincou,   (ien.  B.  T.  M.  del,  president 

of  (luat.,  178!)- 04,  ii.  728. 
Riugrose,  15. ,   adventure    of,    lOhO,  ii. 

r):'t0-2;    naval    cond)at    oil    Van.,   ii. 

5I!.")-7;  works,  etc.,  of,  ii.  508. 


INDKX. 


m 


niiaj).,  1543, 

llop    i.f    1*111,   , 

l.lt...   KilMt,   ji. 

'  Xi--.,    IM".>, 

*■■,    IMl,    lii. 

J^acaiiildri, 

7(>"_',  ii.  i-i.vj. 
of  artillery, 
st,  iii.  8r)-(j. 
CO  of  jircsi- 
rts  of,  IS7'_>, 

olt,  liVK),  ij. 
IkS-I,  ii,  548; 
")(10;   l)locl;- 

l.(«  Jiitlia.s, ' 

Noril,'    ii. 

'  ot,cr(!atcil, 

iirliH    (if,    ii. 

description 

iiaiiK! 

term,    i. 

fates,  iii. 

a.,  l,s:{7- 
]l.,  iii. 
IS47-8, 
,  iii.  411; 
■I  I '.I- --'4; 
IStO,  iii. 
I •'^7"),   iii. 

il.  'J(i:i- 

>i    I'aii., 

<;ual., 

,  l.")0!) 
'IIS,'   iii. 

•iideill 

ItJhO,  ii. 
'ail.,   ii. 

8. 


Rios,  P.  de  lo8,  gov.   of  Castilla  del 

Oro,  l.VJti,   i.  5'>2  ;{;  rule,  i.  f)<.>3-4; 

e.xpeil.  to  Mic,  i.  00--4;  I'izJirroH 

conquest,  ii.  ()  H,  12;  character,  etc., 

ii.  44-r>;   UHurpatiou  of,  ii.  177-8. 
Riottc,   Oeii.  ('.  N.,   iiitcrveiitioii  of, 

I8(i»,  iii.  474. 
litviis,    Friiir,    iiiissioit    to   Liicantloii, 

1085,  ii.  080-1. 
llivas,    F.  K.  tie,   jiresideiit  of  (iiuit., 

1710-'_'4,  ii.  HM. 
Kivaa,  rresideiit  1'.,  deiioiiiices  Walk- 
er,   iii.    ;W0;    govt    of    recouuized, 

iii.  H5();  colonization  ileoreo  of,  1855, 

iii.  502. 
lliv;u(,  city,  Walker's  defeat  at,  1850, 

iii.  ;i44-5;  siege  of,  1857,  iii.  H58-t)(h 
Roads,  in  I'an.,  1541-5(),  ii.  247— S;  in 

Hoiid,,  15:{!>-47,  ii.  '2<Xi-4;  of  Cent. 

Aiiier.,  iii.  009. 
Koatau,  i.sland,   captured  Ly  jiirates; 

etc.,    ii.    047-8;   restored,   iii.    1  111; 

liritish  seizure  of,  iii.  H1S». 
Itoberts,  ().  W.,    'Narrative  of  V<iy. 

ages,'  iii.  247-8. 
Rolicrtsoii,  W.,  Works  of,  i.  190-7. 
Rol)les,  l)r,  exped.  to  El  Desaguadcro, 

ii.  170;  gov.  of  Castilla  del  Oro,  ii. 

245;  oidor,  15.38,  ii.  245;  residencia 

of,  ii.  245-0. 
lifidriguez,  J.  M.,  revolt  of,  1811,  iii. 

la. 

Uojas,  D.  de,  capture,  etc.,  nf,  1't'M),  \ 
ii.  lia.  : 

Uojas,  Cr.  do,  in  charge  at  Ada,  151.5,  | 
i.  418;  e.xped.  <if,  1525,  i.  577-8;  | 
1520,  i.  589-92.  ] 

llnano,  (.'apt.  J.,  liieiitioa  <pf,  i.  5IJ0. 

Uueda,  1'.  ^I.  dc,  president  of  (luat., 
1589-9;t,  il.  :W2. 

Ilniz,  I'ilot  IJ.,  e.xjied.  to  I'eru,  ii.  5-8. 

Runnels,  R.,  chief  of  isthinus  unard, 
iii.  519. 

Ruscelli,  map  nf,   l.")44,  i.   148. 

Kuysuli,  .T.,  map  of,  l.'(()8.  i.  120. 


S 


Siuvvedra,  H.,  capt.-r,'en  of  Uond.,  j 
1525,  i.  574,  582;  1  cdrarias"  ixpiMl.  j 
against,  1520,  i.  5S9  92. 

Sacasa,  Col  C.,  general  order  of,  iii.  | 
47;  comand.-gt.'ii.  of  Xic,  iii.  48;  j 
measures,  iii.  4S-9.  ; 

iSaca.sa,  J.,  deputy  to  cdrtes,  iii.  20. 

Sahquiab,  Cacique,  defeat  of,  1>'")2,"),  i. 
(•)99-700. 

Salaya,  H.  do,  death  of,  i.  501. 

Salaya,  Licentiate  S.  de,  alcalde  mayor  ' 
of  Antigua,  1522,  i.  475. 


Salazar,  A.  de,  the  Za<'atepec  revolt, 

1525,  i.  om. 

Salu/ar,  iien.  C,  revolt  at  Leon,  1H12, 
iii.  14;  l)iog.  iii.  131-2;  victory  at 
VillaniU!va,  18:i8,  iii.  1:15-0. 

Salazar,  Factor  <1.  de,  proceetlings  of, 
15110,  ii.  10;  usurpation,  etc.,  of,  ii. 
75  0. 

Salazar,  L.,  pronunciamieiito  «i|',  |H((8, 
iii.  378. 

Salcedo,  |).  L.  de,  gov.  of  Hond., 
1525,  i.  ,598;  rule,  i.  Si<M-VAM;  ex- 
ped, to  Nic,  i.  0<X)-5;  imprison- 
ment, etc.,  of,  i.  005-7;  return  to 
TrujiUo,  1.529,  ii.  145;  death,  ii.  140. 

Salguero,  R.,  the  Coiitrera.s  revolt, 
1.550,  ii.  274-80;  death,  ii.  280. 

Salinas,  .Minister,  suggestions  to  Nic. 
assemhly,  1847,  iii.  24:i-4. 

Salvador,  Alvarado's  invasion  of,  i. 
009-70;  independence  proclaimed 
in,  1821,  iii.  45;  protest  of,  1822, 
iii.  .57;  war  with  (!uat.,  iii.  57- 
8,  iK)-l(K),  278-80,  401-5,  409- 
10;  with  Mex.,  1822-.'},  iii.  02-4; 
secession  of,  iii.  110-17,  108;  de- 
partments, iii.  105;  state  govt  or- 
ganized, 1824,  iii.  105-0;  church 
afl'airs  in,  iii.  100,  0,'t2;  maps  of,  iii, 
191,  205;  war  with  Nic,  1844,  iii. 
190  200;  with  Hond.,  iii.  202-0, 
.•{9;{-9,  428,  455-02;  union  with  Nic. 
and  lloiid.,  iii.  209-11;  assemhly, 
iii.  28.5-7,  397-8,  407;  constitution, 
iii.  280,  ;i08,  ,397-8,  407-9;  invasion 
of,  iii.  295;  dilliculty  with  Kiigland, 
1849,  iii.  297-8;  declared  a  repuh- 
lic,  iii.  .'{OD-l;  seal  of,  iii.  301; 
AN'alker's  i!.xped.,  iii.  350-01;  earth- 
quaku  in,  1873,  iii.  399  40(»;  pros- 
perity of,  1874,  iii.  4(M);  disturb- 
ances in,  187.J,  iii.  4(K)-1;  revolu- 
tion in,  1S85,  iii.  411-12;  hounda- 
I'ies,  etc.,  iii.  571-2;  jiolit.  divisions, 
iii.  572;  govt,  iii.  572-3;  cities,  iii. 
573"t;  poi)ulali<in,  etc.,  iii.  588, 
004-0;  immigration,  iii.  591;  dress, 
iii.  (!00;  mode  of  life,  iii.  000-7; 
eilucation  in,  iii.  ()24;  administr.  of 
justice,  iii.  041;  army,  iii.  047-8; 
agric,  iii.  0.52;  mining,  iii.  058; 
maiiufact.,  iii.  (iOI;  revenue,  etc., 
iii.  081;  debt,  iii.  081-2;  railroads, 
iii.  707-8. 

'  Salvador,'  ship,  case  of  the,  1804,  iii. 
522. 

Samauo,  viceroy  of  New  flran.,  1821- 
2,  iii.  503. 

Sainayoa,  J.  M.,  minister  of  war, 
(luat.,  1870,  iii.  402;  exile  of,  iii. 
419. 


772 


INPKX. 


Sail    Bartoloine    Inland,    rapturi)   uf, 

I7S0,  ii.  000-10. 
Sim     liuuiiuvt'iitura,     Father    .1.    do, 

iiii.ssiiiii  of,  KJ'.t;'),  ii.  O'.tO. 
t<a:i  ( 'alios,   fort,  oapturo  of,  1(1(1"),  ii. 

•Ml;   I81'.>,  iii.   11;  attack  on,  17lll», 

ii.  (i;)8  9. 
San  ('ri.itohal,  freehooters  at,  Itl'J.'),  ii. 

4:.:{  4. 

Sa;i  I'tTuando,  urat  of  Nic.  govt  at, 
iii.  '-'40. 

Sail  FvTiiaiulii  do  Oinoa,  fort,  Imild- 
inj.;  of,  ii.  (U.'i;  oajituncl  liy  English, 
177!*,  ii.  (i-td;  ri'cai>tiirt'(l,  ii.  047. 

San  (111  du  llucnaviata,  Bitu  of,  trans- 
furrud,  i.  ,1;),'). 

San  J(nj,'o  do  Olaiiclio,  founding  ipf, 
l."i:U),  ii.  V2l. 

8an  .lojc,  Morazau  licsicifud  at,  1842, 
iii.  •Jll)-'_>();  treaty  of,  ISJS,  iii.  ^.'t'J- 
3;  ])ronuncianiiento  at,  18(18,  iii. 
878;  enieuto  at,  1870,  iii.  '.il'X 

San  Juan,  J.  N.,  deputy  to  edrtes,  iii. 
2(1. 

San  Juan  du  Tuerto  Kii'o,  ])rake  de- 
feated at,  1.",!).-),  ii.  4122. 

San  Juan  del  Norte,  British  af,'gros8ion 
at,  iii.  249-52;  l)ond)ardinent  of, 
18.")4,  iii.  254-5. 

San  Juan,  fort,  capture  of,  1780,  ii. 
Gil. 

San  Juan  River,  exploration  of,  1528, 
i.  (107-8. 

San  Lorenzo,  fortifications  of,  ii.  494; 
captured  by  Bradley,  1070,  ii.  4it4- 
(1;  castle,  etc.,  of,  destroyed,  ii.  514; 
captured  by  X'eruon,  1740,  ii.  59. 

San  Lucas,  ali'air  at,  1871,  iii.  42;i. 

San  Miguel,  federal  defeat  at,  1828, 
iii.  95;  sack,  etc.,  of,  1875,  iii.  400- 
1;  occupied  by  Solares,  1870,  iii. 
404;  <lescrii>tion  of,  iii.  574. 

Sau  Miguel,  gulf  of,  named  by  Bal- 
boa, 15111,  i.  'M'.i. 

San  Martin,  J.  l\l.  de,  president  of 
Sal  v.,  iii.  299. 

Sau  re(lro,  Ij'Olounois'  raid  on,  ii. 
4.-)8-9. 

San  ISalvador,  revolt  at,  1811,  iii.  Kl- 
14:  1814,  iii.  20;  1844-5,  iii.  200-1; 
junta  at,  1821,  iii.  45;  Ar/.u's  atUick 
on,  1822,  iii.  00-1;  1828,  iii.  94; 
Filisola's  exped.  a|;ainst,  iii.  (12-4; 
aitl  sought  from  U.  S.,  iii.  64;  ArcuY; 
repulse  at,  1827,  iii.  91;  captured  by 
Morazan,  18l?2,  iii.  117-18;  a  federal 
district,  18;i5,  iii.  120;  convention 
at,  1840,  iii.  143-4;  seat  of  federal 
govt,  iii.  152,  108-9;  carUuiuake  at, 
1854,  iii.  :«K);  siege  of,  180:i,  iii.  3011; 
Uuscriptiou  of,  iii.  573-4. 


San  Sebastian,  founding  of,  1510,  i. 
2<.K)  ;M)0;  abandonod,  i.  321  5;  re- 
built,  ii.  50. 

Sanabria,  Alcald(>,  mention  of,  ii  71  2. 

Sanchez,  I'dot  B.,  in  Verag.,  1503,  i. 
225-0. 

Sande,  ])r  F.,  president  of  (Juat., 
1593(1,  ii.  .382;  gov.  of  Nueva  (lali- 
cla,  l.V.Ml,  ii.  382  3. 

Sandoval,  J.  L.,  jliret^tor  of  Nic, 
1845  7,  iii.  240  2. 

Sant;>  Ana,  ca[>tured  by  Arce,  1826, 
iii.  92;  allair  at,  1827,  iii.  93;  battlo 
of,  1871,  iii.  395-(l;  treaty  of,  1870, 
iii.  4  )0. 

Santa  < 'atarina,  buccaneer  colony  at, 
i.  4lll  ;t;  captured  by  Morgan,  i(170, 
ii.  49:i,  490. 

Santa  Clara,  B.  de,  treasurer  at  Santo 
l)oinin]no,  i.  2(17. 

Santa  (.'olonia,  tlen.  1'.,  president  of 
Pan.,  1803,  iii.  533. 

Santa  Cruz,  settlement  of,  founded, 
1514,  i.  400;  destroyed,  1515,  i.  40:1. 

Santa  Fe  do  Bogotii,  revolt  at,  1810, 
iii.  4911. 
I  Santa  Maria,  i)iratical  raid  on,  1080, 
ii.  520  8. 

'Santa  Maria,'  voyage  of  the,  1492, 
i.  159  (12. 

Santa  Marta,  viceregal  .scat  at,  ISIS, 
iii.  495. 

Santa  Kosa,  insurrection  in,  1871,  iii. 
424  5. 

Santa  Teela,  insurrection  at,  1883, 
iii.  408. 

Santiago,  city  (see  also  ttuatcinala, 
city),  founding  of,  1524,  i  078-81; 
site  of,  removed,  1527-8,  ii.  90-9; 
1542,  ii.  321-2;  disorders  in,  I5:i0, 
ii.  118-19;  distress  at,  ii.  120; 
church  uffairs  at,  ii.  130;  catiudral 
of,  ii.  1.^.7  6.  341-2,  008;  Hood,  etc., 
at.  1541,  ii.  314-18;  decree  of  ca- 
bildo,  154."',  ii.  32.'{;  prosperity  of, 
1050  ;,(>.,  ii.  053;  Cage's  sketcii  of, 
ii.  OVir-'s  ottice-holding  in,  ii.  055-0; 
ayuntamiento  of,  ii.  057;  convents, 
etc.,  of,  ii.  045;  earthquakes  at, 
1702-17,  ii.  707-8. 

Santiago  del  I'rincipe,  founding  of, 
1570,  ii.  388. 

Santillan,  F'iscal  P.  de  M.,  imprisou- 
ment,  etc.,  of,  1069,  ii.  658. 

Santo  Domingo,  founding  of,  i.  179; 
gold-hunting  near,  i.  252;  sovereign 
tribunal  at,  1511,  i.  209;  audienoia 
of,  establd.,  1520,  i.  209-70;  cap- 
tured by  Drake,  ].")80,  ii.  420. 

Santo  Tonias,  culuuizatiou  at,  iii.  589- 


INDEX. 


Itt 


ficrnn,  Capt.  H.  ih^  la,  cxiiloriitions  of, 

ii.  '.MiJ. 
Seivilc'H,   (Juiit.,    party,   iii.   (li);    atti- 

tuiloof,  iii.  H.'i;  downfall  of,  iii.  10,); 

plot  of,   lcs:!l,   iii.    lia  14;   .listurl.- 

aiu'fs  crcatitl  liy,  iii.  l'.'it-4;  Ica^^iu' 

witli   Carrera,  iii.   110  I;  clci'tiiHH, 

iii.  150  1;  ji;rsc'cutiori  of,  iii.  !.")'_'  ;i. 
Sliarj),  ("apt.  11.,  lai.l  on  Santa  Maria, 

lOSO,   ii.  .VJ;)  8;  fiirtlur  o]iiration.s, 

ii.  r);t:i,  .-.41 -2;  trial  of,  ii.  .M'.'. 
Silva,    ]>ona   H.    lU',    nifiition    of,    ii. 

.'{44. 
Simon,  I'.,  work.-*  of,  ii.  (ii. 
Sinacani,    Kin^,    Alvarailo's    meeting 

with,  l.")'24,   i.  (».'il.'-.'{;  i'apt\irt',   etc., 

of,  i.  (UiU'_';  ii.  ICJ  "). 
Siiulialdi,    A.,    provin.    pro.siilont     of 

(!uat.,  1885,  iii.  4i'.)  50. 
Santo  Toniiis  do  Castilla,  founding  <if, 

ii.    (15.);   Dntih    raid   oji,    llJO",    ii. 

(151;  aliandoni'd,  ii.  (151. 
Saraxia,  .1.  M.,  uiini.stt'r  of  .state,  1842, 

iii.    '211;    cajitnre    of,    iii.    iilD-'JO; 

death,  iii.  2l'0  1 ;  liio^'.,  iii.  'i'-l. 
Sawkiiis,  ('apt.,  riid  on  Santa  Maria, 

1(180,    ii.    5'J.'i  5;    naval   i'ond)at   otl' 

Pan.,   ii.  5."t5-7;    n]Ay    to   gov.,  ii. 

53.'»-9;  death  of,  ii.  5:i<». 
SchlosHingcr,  L.,  envoy  to  V.  K.,  1855, 

iii.    'M'2;  defeat  of,  'l8.")(>,  iii.  :U;i~4. 
Sfluinor,  .1.,  map  of,  15'J(),  i.   lliT. 
Scots'     Colony,     the,     l(l!)5-17O0,    ii. 

570-1). 
Seal.H,  t,'ent.   Ainer.,  iii.  71;  Salv.,  iii. 

301. 
Segovia,  N.  de,  campaign  of,  171-',  ii. 

703-4. 
Sensonti,  treaty  of,  1845,  iii.  200. 
Slavery,  Indian  and  African,  i.  253- 

(1(1;  in  Pan.,  ii.  232-3;  in  Jloiid.,  ii. 

233-4,   302;  in  (iuat.,  ii.  2.S4-(J;  in 

Vera  I'az,  ii.  355. 
Soherani.s,    R.   de,  gov.   of  Yiie.,  etc., 

1(}!)5,  ii.   (188,  (l'.;r. 
Society,  media  val,  in  Spain,  i.  ].")-u7. 
Soconuseans,  .sul)jugatio;i  of,    1524,  i. 

(128. 
Socunusco,  church  ali'airs  in,  ii.  3,35, 

372. 
Solarcs,   Gen.  (r.,   invasion  of   Salv., 

1876,   iii.   403-4;    cooperation  with 

(Iranados,  iii.  420  2. 
Solis,  J.  1).  de,  voyag..iof,  i.  i:!l,  289. 
Soltero,  B.  G.,  bishox)  of  Gnat.,  1(150, 

ii.  004-5. 
Sosa,  J.  do,  c.xped.  to  Vcragua,  1535- 

(1,  ii.  05-73. 
S(Ma,   Lope  de,  capt.-gen.  of  Castilla 

dol  Oro,  1517,  i.  400;  arrival  at  An- 
tigua, i.  472;  death,  1520,  i.  472-3. 


Soto.  IV,  i.residcnt  of  C.  R.,  1S85,  iii. 
3'.K)  I;  liioL'.,  iii.  .3!H). 

Soto,  1".  de,  exi>ed.  of,  1,">"S,  i.   151. 

Soto,  ii.  de,  joins  I'cdraria.s'  ex|K'(l., 
1514,  i.  3!)1;  e.xped.  aLiaiii.st  r.raca, 
i.  .504;  encounter  with  (ionzaliv,,  i. 
51'.)-2();  dispute  with  (Vidolia,  i. 
5s0;  joiiriuy  to  Natii,  i.  58(1-7;  eon. 
(piest  i>f   I'eru,  ii.  20  5. 

Soto,  M.  A.,  ]iri''ident  ipf  lloml.,  187(> 
-83,  iii.  4(1.1  .S;  (jiiarnl  witii  lir- 
rio.s,  l.ss.S,  iii.  407  8. 

Sotoinayor,  A.  tie,  gov.  of  I'an.,  I(i;>l, 
ii.  40t. 

,Soto-Mayor,  V.,  works  of,  ii.  701. 

South  Sea,  di.seov.  of,  1513,  i.  3.14-8; 
liallioa  takes  jios.session  of,  i.  370- 
.3. 

Spain,  ori'.iin  of  inhabitants,  i.  5-7; 
tli(!  llierian  element  in,  i.  5  (1,  15- 
1(1;  the  (.'eltic,  i.  5-0,  15-17;  the 
rhieiii 'ian,  i.  5-(>,  10-17;  the 
Koinan,  i.  0  7,  15-10;  the  Gothic, 
etc.,  i.  0-7,  10-18;  the  Moori.di,  i. 
7-10,  10- lit;  language  of,  i.  70; 
greatness  of,  1474-1510,  i.  II;  de- 
cadence, i.  11-12:  climate,  i.  14  15; 
imiuisiiion  in,  i.  3J;  idavery  in,  i.  .'13; 
sumptiiaiv  laws,  i.  55  7;  voyag  's 
of  ('oltiml)us,  i.  157  82;  title  to 
new  world,  i.  100  8;  extension  of 
new  Morld  ]iriv;lcges,  i.  l!S3-4;  cur- 
rency of,  1475-l.">2.5,  i.  |'.)2  3;  ad- 
niinistr.  of  tlie  Indies,  1 ''.)_'  1,"_0, 
i.  247-85;  colonization  oi  Ticrra 
Firme,  i.  2!)0  2;  etl'ect  of  liallioa's 
diicov.,  i.  38(1;  colonial  policj',  i. 
514  15,  51)7-8;  ii.  251  2;  commer- 
cial ))olicy,  ii.  ;)l)l-3;  war  witii  Kng- 
land,  173l)-44;  ii.  588  1)3;  1701)  80, 
ii.  0i)8  1 1 ;  treaties  witli  England, 
1070  1721,  ii.  .")1)8-(1;J0;  1783,  ii. 
ODil;  aO'airs  in,  iii.  1  4;  niea.surcs  for 
jirotection  agaiast,  iii.  l().")-0;  ( '.  R. 
iKiundary  (|ue  tion,  iii.  235-0;  treaty 
with  Nic,  iii.  253;  exped.  of,  1815, 
iii.  4'.:(1  7. 

Spaniards,  race  elements  and  evolu- 
tion, i.  15-19;  diaraetor,  i.  12-24.. 
29  32,  57  8;  castes,  etc.,  i.  25-0; 
occupations,  i.  20-7;  pastiu  es,  i. 
34  .5,  49  .">;);  dwclliii;.'.^,  i.  35-9; 
market 5,  etc.,  i.  37;  women,  i.  39, 
51 -t;  dress,  i.  39  45;  icli,L'ion,  i. 
45;  food,  etc.,  i.  45-8;  lio  pitality, 
i.  49;  treatment,  etc.,  of  women,  i. 
51-4. 

Sijuier,  E.  <r.,  hiog.,  iii.  201-2;  works 
of,  iii.  202-3. 

Sterling,  Vice-admiral  C,  mention  of, 
iii.  494-5. 


774 


INDEX. 


Stevens,  H.,  'Historical  and  Geo- 
graphical Notes,'  i.  70. 

Stout,  P.  F.,  'Nicaragua,' iii.  247. 

Strangeways,  T.,  *  Sketch  of  the  Mos- 
quito Shore,'  iii.  247. 

Swan,  Capt.,  raida  oflf  coiist  of  South 
Ainer.,  1684-5,  ii.  549-50;  capture 
of  Leon,  ii.  554. 


Tabira,  J.  de,  factor  at  Antigua,  1514, 
i.  .'WO;  uxped.  of,  1515,  i.  407. 

Tohaga,  island,  Pedrarias  at.  1519,  i. 
4(57;  pirates  at,  1()80,  ii.  538. 

Taeuxcalco,  l)attlc  of,  1524,  i.  (573-4. 

Tauuylula,  Alvarado  at,  1524,  i.  607. 

Tafur,  Licentiate,  mention  of,  ii.  7. 

Talanianca,  revolt  in,  1610,  ii.  445- 
6;  Maldonado's  cxped.  to,  1060,  ii. 
446;  Franciscans  in,  ii.  447;  at- 
tempted subjugation  of,  ii.  617-20. 

Talavera,  B.  ile,  piracy  of,  i.  300;  exe- 
cution, 1510,  i.  301. 

Tapia,  O.  de,  capture,  etc.,  of,  1550, 
ii.  282. 

Tarragona,  Maestre  de  Campo,  execu- 
tion of,  1554,  ii.  425. 

Tatahuitlapan,  Cortes  at,  1524,  i.  544- 
5. 

Tataracherubi,  Cacique,  Badajoz'  deal- 
ings with,  1515,  i.  413-14. 

Tayasal,  pueblo,  Cortes  at,  i.  559-01. 

'iVcuin  Uman,  King,  defeat  of,  1524, 
i.  039-41. 

Tegucigalpa,  missionary  labors  in,  ii. 
042-3. 

Ti'gucicalpa,  city,  cai''t-'l  of  llond., 
1880,  iii.  405;  description'  of,  iii. 
571. 

Tehuantepec,  city,  Alvarado's  recep- 
tion at,  1524,  i.  027. 

Tehuantepec,  isthmus,  project  for  ca- 
nal, iii.  093-4. 

Telegraphs,  in  Cent.  Amer.,  iii.  708- 
9. 

Tenango,  captured  by  Tzendales,  171*2, 
ii.  098. 

Tenciz,  pueblo,  Cortes  at,  1525,  i. 
5l>4. 

Teoca,  Cacique,  inicounter  with  li.'d- 
boa,  1513,  i.  378. 

Teotilac,  Cortes  at,  1524,  i.  550-7. 

Tevci,  J.,  gov,  of  C.  K.,  1785,  ii.  022. 

Tcrminos,  bay  of,  buccaneer  settle- 
ment at,  ii.  623. 

Ternaux-Compans,  H.,  works  of,  i. 
2(M>;  ii.  759. 

Tetli'innquotzal,  execution  of,  1524,  i. 
551  4 


Theveuot,  M.,  'Relation  de  Divers 
Voyages,'  ii.  744. 

Thevet,  A.,  works  of,  ii.  233. 

Thiel,  Bishop,  mention  of,  iii.  ,S89; 
expulsion,  fltc,  of,  iii.  635. 

Tiac,  Cortes  at,  1524,  i.  558. 

Tierra  Firnie,  name,  i.  290-1 ;  proposed 
colonization  of,  i.  290-2;  partition 
of,  i.  294;  subject  to  viceroy  of 
Peru,  1571,  li.  400-1. 

Tiger  Island,  British  seizure  of,  1849, 
iii.  318. 

Tizapetlan,  Cortes  at,  1524,  i.  549-50. 

Tlascaltecs,  enslavement  of,  ii.  2.34. 

Toledo,  M.  de,  claim  of,  ii.  64. 

Tologalpa,  missionary  labors  in,  ii. 
447-50. 

Tolosa,  Father  D.  de,  martyrdom  of, 
1549,  ii.  356. 

Touala,  battle  of,  1524,  i.  628. 

Torre,  Friar  T.  de  la,  niention  of,  ii. 
345;  provincial,  ii.  370. 

Torres,  Friar  J.  de,  mention  of,  ii.  133. 

Tortuga,  freebooters  at,  ii.  45;i-4. 

Totonagua,  Cacique,  surprised  by  Ba- 
dajaz,  1515,  i.  413. 

Totonicapan,  natives  nuister  at,  1524, 
i.  033. 

Townley,  Capt.,  joins  Davis'  free- 
liooters,  1085,  ii,  550-1;  capture  of 
Leon,  ii,  5.")4;  of  firanada,  1080,  ii. 
.557-9;  surprise  of  Los  Santos,  ii. 
501;  defeat  of,  ii.  5(>1;  death,  ii.  501. 

Treasure  lleet,  regulations,  etc.,  for, 
ii.  408-9,  473. 

Treaties,  Anglo-Spanish,  1070-1721, 
ii.  598-000;  1783,  ii.  000;  1780,  ii. 
()32-4;  of  Zacota,  1844,  iii,  19ti-7; 
Ciiinameca,  1845,  iii,  203-4;  Sen- 
senti,  1845,  iii,  206;  San  Jose,  18.")8, 
iii,  232-3;  Clayton-Bulwer,  18.")0, 
iii.  252;  Zeledon-Wyke,  1800,  iii. 
253;  of  Santa  Ana,  1870,  iii,  400, 

Triana,  ii.  de,  mention  of,  i.  KiO, 

Triunfo  de  la  Cruz,  founding  of,  1524, 
i.  52(t,  527. 

Trota,  Caciciiie,  exped.  against,  1527, 
i,  .WJ-IO. 

Trujillo,  founding  of,  1525,  i,  535;  ('or- 
tes  at,  l.")25  (>.  i,  .■)71  82:  Meutlez* 
revolt  at.  l.'>31,  ii.  150-3;  destitution 
at,  ii.  l.">5  (!;  partial  abandonment 
of,  ii.  150,  289;  demands  of  cohiuists, 
ii.  159  00;  raid  on,  1590,  ii.  039; 
1(543,  1797,  ii,  (545;  description  of, 
ii,  (539;  capture  of,  1820,  iii.  24-5; 
British  occupation  of,  1849,  iii. 
317. 

Tuljanama,  Cacique,  captured  by  Bal- 
boa, 1513,  i,  ,381-2, 

Tucro,  .F.  N,,  deputy  to  cdrtcs,  26. 


INDKX. 


775 


Tumaco,  Cacique,  inecting  with  Bal-  j  with  tVmtreras,  ii.  180-3;  disputo 
boa,  l')13,  i.  375-7.  '      witli  tlic  auilieiicia  of  the  Continea, 

TuMibez,  Pizarro  at,  ir)32,  ii.  18.  1545,    ii.    303-7;    assassiuatiou    of, 

Tuxpan,  Corti's  at,  15-_"_',  i.  024.  1550,  ii.  270. 

Tuzuhitlan,  see  Vera  Paz.  Valencia,   (..'apt.-geii.   P.  ilc  O.,  caiu- 

Tzeiulales,  revolt  of  the,    1712-13,  ii.        paigu  of,  ii.  38S. 

01)0-705.  Valenziiela,  joins  Kspinosa,  i.  425;  ex- 

])e(l.  of,  1510,  i.  42(). 

U  Valladoliil,  junta  at,  1541,  ii.  239-40. 

Valle,   J.   (lei,   leader  of  gazi.-jta.s,    iii. 

Ubilla,  Don  F.  A.  do,  bishop  of  Chiap.,        20;  biog.,  iii.  20-7;  ilcath  of,  iii.  121. 

1502,  ii.  373.  Valtonado,  B.,  bishop  of  Nic,  1021,  ii. 

Ugarte   y  Saravia,    A.   de,   bishop  of        443. 

Ouat.,  1030  41,   ii.  0l)4.  |  Valverde,  (i.  de,  president  of  Guat., 

Ulloa,   A.   de,  '  Xoticias  Americanas, '  j       1578  80,  ii.  380  1. 

ii.  700-1.  ':  ^'alve^de,  \'.  de,  eoni|ue8t  of  Peru,  ii, 

Ulloa,  F.  de,  exped.  of,  1539,  i.   152.  i      27  !»,  37-8. 

United  States,  Clay  ton- Bulwer  treaty,  Vara,  R.  de  la,  archbishop  of  Guat., 
1850,  iii.  252;  (liliiculty  with  Nic,  !      iii.  29. 

iii.  2.54-5;  with  New  <!ran.,   18.J5,  ,  Vargas,   Capt.  A  tie,  exped.  of,  1527, 
iii.  519;   18.50  7,  iii.  520-2;    treaty        i.  509  10. 

with  N(^w  (iran..    1840,   iii.  700  1.    Vandiageii,    F.  A.    de,    'Le    Premier 

United  States  of  ( 'olonibia,  organized.         Voyage  de  Amerigo  Vespucci, "  i.  70. 

18(i(),  iii.  529;  govt  ol,  centralized,    Va.sco  y  Orosco,  .).,  gov.  of  Pan.,  1704, 

1885,  iii.  558.  ii.  ■")S4. 

Uraga,   (ien.  L.,   opei'ations  of,    1870,  :  Vasconcelos,    1).,  defeat  of,    18.50,   iii. 

iii.  40.3.  279  80;  president  of  Salv.,  iii.  294  9. 

Urbina,  Col  .1.  de  M.,  gov.   of  Pan.,     Vaz<piez,     F.,   works    of,     ii.     142  3, 

1803,  iii.  489.  7.30-7. 

Urraci",  Cacique,  exped.  agiiiiist,  i.  I  N'ela,  Viceroy  V.  N.,  measures  of,  in 
.504  5;  attack  on  Natii,  i.  .">()() ;  con- i  Pan.,  1.544,  ii.  242-3;  arrival  in 
llict  witii  Pedrarias,  i.  .507 ->S;  cap-'  Peru,  l.")44,  ii.  2.52;  revult  a^^aiiist, 
ture,  etc.,  of,  509;  dcatli,  510  ii,  2.52  3;  death  of,    1,540,  ii.  254. 

Urriitia,  C.,  capt. -gen.,    1818,   iii.  23;    Velasco,  1).  F.  de,  gov.  of  Castilla  lUl 

rule,  iii.  23  32.  Oro,  KilO,  ii.  471. 

Ursua,  .M.,  enteri)ri.seoi,  lt)92,  ii   (i.Sl-    N'elasco,  .1.  D.  de,  exped    of,   1095,  ii. 

2;  Soberanis'  r>p]i(isition  to,  ii.  088,        082  5;   1090,  ii.  OSO. 

091;  cainp;;igns  of.  1097 -9,  ii. 'MM  5.     Vera  Pa/,    iiacilication  of,   ii.  'MS  54; 

Ursua,   P.  de,  c,inq':iign  of,   ii.  .,87-8.  ,      :  iavery,  etc.,  in,  ii.,  355;  church  af- 

Uspantan,    exjieil.    against,    I5'">,    ii.         !ai''s  in,  ii.  374;   ciiloiii/.ition   in,  iii. 

108  10;  captiireof,  l.5:i(l,  ii.  112  30.  \    ^  122  ;t.  .5S9. 
Utatlan,     ■cesciiption    of,     i.     (i43-5;  i  Vii' i   v  \  ill  iquiraii,   I  >.  C.  de.   i  xped. 
"  '  '      of,  iiilO  .N,  II.  977  9. 

Vi'ragua,  ( 'olumbn.s'exploraticms,  etc., 
ill,  1.5(13,  i.  21 S  :{];  qiiihian  of,  i. 
2!9  2S;  colotiy  fomidcd  in,  i.  221  2; 
alMiidoned.  i.  229  30;  Nicue.--a's  ex- 
i  ped.  tn,  1509  10,  i.  302  8;  ilescrll*- 
tion  ol,  ii.  ,»3;  ( iutlerri'z' exped.  to, 
1535  (i,  ii.  05  7.3;  seccNsion  ot,  lft-10, 


burning  ol,  1524,  i.  049-.')O. 


V'acna,  .1..  labors  of,  in  Tcgiiciualpa, 
ii.  042  3;  maityidoiii  i>l,  li.  (143. 

Valarino,  .1.,  biog.,  iii.  5'3. 

Vii'  .  i,  Fri:ir,  niission  to  Spiiu,  ii. 
;i-H;. 

Valilcrrabano,  .\.  de.  execution  ol', 
^  1517,  i.  457  9, 

Valilerrania,  1''.  de,  gov.  of  C.  U.,  ii. 
021. 


iii.  515. 
N'erdclete,  1''..,  labors  in  Tuln^.ilpa.  ii. 

41.S  ,50;    niariyrd.iiii,    Iiil2.   ii.   AM. 
\'eriliigo,  .M.,  ari'"  n    eic.,  ol,  ii.  2(il   2; 

invasion    of    Pan,    151, i,    ii.    202  3; 
■teat   of,     ii.    203  4:    rebuked    ))y 


Valdivia,     Ucgido]-,     mission    to    l',s-  (iasca,  ii.  2()',i. 

jianola,  1511,  i.  342;  Lite  of,  i.  ,349  \'eiiioii,  Capt.  ]•].,  .:    ^.i  .1.  of,  1739-42, 

,5(1.  ii,  5Sf-  93, 

Valibvieso,    .A.    dc,    bisliop   of    Nic,  Verr.izaiio,  <  i.,  expe  1.  of,  1524,  i.  140- 

1.5-14,  ii.  179-80;  biog,,  ii.  179;  leiul  1. 


770 


INDKX. 


VcrviM  r,  Ocn.,  incdintion  of,  iii.  OS. 
Vcsiiucci,    A.,  Vdyagi'H   of,   i.    '.)'.(   107, 

.12  i:»,  117  IS. 

Vctiitoiir,  Doll  K.  v.,  gov.  of  Ym;.,  ii. 

(>:)l;  expod.  to  Hilizc,  ii,  iVM   -2. 
V«!t;»ii(Mir,    Fiitlii'i-    <lo    S.    J.,  fouiulH 

IV'tlili'lii'inito  oi'iliT  ill  (Jiiiit.,  ii.  (»(!(». 
Villi,   (!(Mi.  1{.  S.,  jii'i'Hiilrnt   ot   I'lui., 

IHS."),  iii.  r)»".>  M,  ,W.». 
Villii  llcniio.Ma,   M,in|iu'.s  do,  gov.   of 

Pan  ,  I7:U)  T).  ii.  f.,s;{  4. 
Viliii  iU'    Nicaragua,   revolt  at,  ISliJ, 

iii.    14. 
Vill.i  ileal,  SCO  C'iudad  Ueal. 
A'lll  I  Uoi'iia,  Mai'<|iu<Hdf,  gov.  of  Pan., 

170>S.  ii.  .WJ. 
Villai'orta,  J.  V.,  jofo  of  Salv.,  lS-24, 

iii.  I*ii;  7. 
Villalpanilo,   B.   do,  liisliop  of  (luat., 

irilU,  ii.  a?")  8. 
Vilianui'va,  hattlo  of,  ISIIS,  iii.  135  G. 
Villar,  A.  di'l,  prosoi-utioii  of  oonsiiir- 

ators,  iii.  I.S   IK. 
Viliiisi'rtor,     t'ol     v.,     di'fw'tion     of, 

ISlL',    iii.    'JI(5-17;    c.xocntion,    iii. 

•J'.M  '2. 
Villasis,  Vriar  S.  do,  niissioii  of,  1640, 

ii.  (>77  S. 
Vit-cri,    Itisliop,    inoiitiou   of,   iii.    lOl), 

\'Xi.   *.'()•-';    revolution  of,    1S41>,    iii. 

'JSII;  intrigue.i  of,  iii.  '21)1   X 
Vivi'ro,    U.    do,    gov.   of  Costilla  dol 

Oio,  ii.  472. 
Votan,  tradition  of,  ii.  '213. 
'  X'oyaj,'!'  Pittoros(iuo,'  ii.  7r)l-.'). 
'  Voyagos  round  tlio  World,' ii.   7r>'2. 
'Voyanos  and    .Advontiiros  of    ('apt. 

Hartli.  Sliarp,'  ii.  otiS. 
Voyages  of  discovory,  early,  i.  »>8-iri4. 

w 

Wafor,  '  A  N«>w  Voy.ngo,'  ii.  filiO. 
Walokonaor,  C  A.,  woriia  of,  ii.  740. 
WalUor,  \V.,  oaniiiaign  in  Nio.,  IS;").")- 

(>,   iii.  3'28-4();    l>iri;.,   iii.   3'20;  plan 

of    o.xpod.,    iii.    M'A;    president    of 

Nio.,  iii.  3.")0;  Burrendor,  iii.  3t»t)   1; 

Hooond     expeil.    to    Nio.,    iii.    3li.'!; 

oxpoil.    to    llond.,    iii.    3(»3;  oxeou- 

tioii,  ISliO,  iii.  ;i(i4. 
Wai>p;ius,    ,1.    •).,    '  (ioogra|>liio    und 

Statostif.'iii.  700. 
Warner,  T.,  oxped.  of,  l(i'2r>,  ii.   453. 
Weatliorlioad,   \V.   1).,   works   of,    iii. 

M'2. 
Wells,  W.  v.,  works  of,  iii.  3'23. 
Wlioi'ler,    Amor,    iiiinistor,    relations 

witli,  disoontinued,  18r)5,  iii.  340. 
'Worlil  Displayoil.'ii.  '2M. 


Xnlpatlatiua,  Pcflol,  capture,  ii.  8'2-.1. 
Xatruoh,    (ion.,    invasion    of    Htiiid., 

1871,  iii.  4.");-)  (5. 
Xel.'ihnii,  oity,  Alvarado's   occupation 

of,  1.V24.  1.  0:;8;  battle  of,  i.  (530  41. 
.X<'(pii(|uol,  river,  naiiiod,  ir)'24,  i.  (i3(i. 
Xioaipios,    inis.sionary    laliors    among 

the,  I(i(i7  08,  ii.  (>43-4. 
Xumay,  outbreak  at,  I5'29.  ii.  107-8. 


Yucatan,  Valdivia's  shipwrook,  etc., 
otr,  ir)|'2,  i.  .'C)0;  liuoeancors  in,  ii. 
ii'2'2  3;  Hritisli  usurpation  in,  iii. 
31');  |ioi>ulatioii,  iii.  31(1;  pnxlucts, 
iii.  310  17. 

z 

Zacalia,  fortitications  of,  i.  G33. 
Zaeatopeos,     revolt    of    t\\j,     152,     i. 

00'2  ;");  ir.'27,  ii.  88  01. 
Xaoatula,  sliip-buildiiigat,  1.V22,  i.  (>'23. 
Ziohnu^s,  revolt  of  tlu',  lt)'24,  ii.  (>70. 
Zaoota,  treaty  of,  1844,  iii.  100-7. 
Zakuli'-u,  capture  of,  ir)'2."),  i.  700-2. 
Zaldivar,  K.,  president  of  tSah'.,  1870- 

84,    iii.    400   11;    biog.,    iii.    400  7; 

negotiations  with  llarrios,  iii.  440  7. 
Zamora.  A.  C,  bishop  of  (.'.  K.,  1884, 

iii.  03."). 
Zamora.  J.,  revolt  of,  1S'2(),  iii.  170  80. 
Zamudio,  M.,  gov.  of  Castilla  dol  Oro, 

ir)ll,   i.   33.');  cruelty  to  Niouo.sa,  i. 

33,')  0;  outdone  by  litlboa,  i.  330  40. 
Zapata    y    Sandoval,    J.,     bishop    of 

(iiiat.,  KV.l  30,  ii.  (504. 
Zapotitlan,  capture  of,  ir)'24,  i.  t)'20  31. 
Zavala,    (Jon.   .).,    president  of   Nic, 

1870  8,3,  iii.  482  T). 
Zavala,  (ieu.  V.,   operation.s  of,  ISoC), 

iii.  353  (i;  disturbances  caused  by, 

iii.  3()l   2;  revolt  in  favor  of,  18(i0, 

iii.  410   17. 
Zolaya,  (i.,  jefo  of  Hond.,   I8'27,  iii. 

I(i2. 
Zoldoii-Wyko  treaty,  1800,  iii.  253. 
Zoiio,  chart  of,  131M),  i.  S'2. 
Zopeda,  Father,  explorilioiia  of,  1750- 

1,  ii.  01314. 
Zepoda,  J.,  jofe  of  Nic,  18?5,  iii.  177. 
Zifiangu,  fabled  realm  of,  i.   MiO-l. 
Zorita,  Oidor,  measures  of,  in(!uat., 

1 5.55,  ii.  350. 
Zua/o,  Iiiceutiato,  despatch  to  Cortes, 

i.  572  3. 
Zul)iaur,  P.  .lo,  oxped.  of,  1605      .  «!(0. 
Zutugils,  subjugation,  15*24,  i.  vio/-60. 


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